The document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data for research. It describes primary data collection methods like interviews, questionnaires, and observation which collect original data. Secondary data involves using already collected data from sources like publications, censuses, and previous studies. Both methods have advantages and limitations - primary data is accurate but costly while secondary saves resources but quality can vary. Proper planning is needed to determine the appropriate data collection approach.

1. Data Collection
 The first issue in the data collection process is to
determine whether the information needed for the
research problem has already been
generated/collected.

2. Need of Data Collection
• To get information for analysis.
• To get idea about real time situation.
• For comparison between two situation.

4. Sources of Data

5. Internal and External Source of Data
by Census or Sampling method by
External Sources of Data
When information is collected form outside
agencies, it is called external source of
data.
Such type of data are either Primary or
Secondary.
This type of information can be collected
conducting surveys.
Internal Sources of Data
Many institutions and departments
have information about their regular
functions, for their own internal
purpose.
When those information is used in
any survey, it’s called Internal
Source Of Collection of Data.
E.g.., Railway Educational
Institutes & Social Welfare
Societies etc.

6. PRIMARY V/S SECONDARY DATA
The methods of data collection depend upon the sources of
data collection including Primary and Secondary source of
data
• Data which is collected afresh and for
the first time and which is original in
nature
PRIMARY
DATA
• Data which have already been collected
by someone else and analysed
SECONDARY
DATA

7. SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTIONS
Sources of Data
Collection
Primary
Source of Data
Interview
Personal
Interview
Focussed Group
Discussions
(FGD)
Observation
Method
Controlled and
Uncontrolled
Observation
Structured and
Unstructured
Observation
Questionnaires
Secondary
Source of Data
External
Sources
Published
Source
Unpublished
Source
Internet
Books
Journals
Magazin
es
Thesis

8. Primary Data
• Primary data are those which are collected for the first time.
• It is real time data which are collected by the researcher himself.
• This is the process of Collecting and making use of the data.
• This Data originated by the researcher specifically to address
the research problem.

9. OBSERVATION METHOD
 Used most commonly in studies relating to Behavioural Sciences.
 The main advantage of this method is that the subjective bias is
eliminated.
Example:
1. Study of consumer preference towards a 2 new flavour introduced by
Lay’s chips.
2. Study of the consumer behaviour for buying a particular washing
powder.
Here, the researcher/investigator will observe the
consumer choices by just recording their
preferences by either door to door survey or through
their observation at retail outlets.

10. Investigation through Observation
In this watching behavior of object and most commonly used method
in behavior science. One major problem in this method is that
Natural response is not obtained when respondent know he is observed.
Type of Observation-
1) Participant Observation
2) Non-Participant Observation
3) Disguised Observation
4) Controlled Observation
5) Uncontrolled Observation

11. INTERVIEW METHOD
PERSONAL INTERVIEW
Method by which the interview asks
face-to-face questions to the respondent
It could be through Structured
interviews or Unstructured
interviews
Use of pre-determined questions forms
the basis of Structured Interviews.
Use of Random Questions forms the
basis of Unstructured Interviews
Most of the committees and
commissions appointed by the
Governments use this type of method
FOCUSSED GROUP
DISCUSSIONS
It is meant to focus attention on the
given experience of the respondent
and its effects.
The main task of the interviewer is to
confine the respondent to a
discussion of issues pertaining to his
study.

12. Method of Collecting Primary Data
Direct personal Investigation ( i.e. Interview Method)
Under this method the investigator collect the data personally. He
approaches the objects, conducts the enquiry on the spot, collects
information and does the needful. For the successful collection of
data under this method, it’s necessary that the investigator should be
polite, unbiased and ware of the local conditions, environment and
languages.There are two types of interviews:-
1.Unstructured interview and 2. Structured interview.

13. QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
This type of data collection is done in case of big enquiries
or surveys
Merits
Low cost
Free from interviewer’s bias
Respondent have adequate time to give
answers
Unapproachable respondents can also be
reached
Large sample can be collected
It is used by:
Private individuals
Research workers
Private and Public organisations
Government bodies
Demerits
Low Rate of Return of duly filled
questionnaires
It can only be used when the respondents
are educated and co-operating
Possibility of ambiguous replies/omissions
altogether of certain questions
Slowest method of all the methods of data
collection

14. Example: Doctor’s Information Questionnaire

15. Investigation through mailed Questionnaire
Under this method the investigator may either appoint local agents/
investigators/ enumerators and mail them the questionnaire for
collecting information or collecting by his own using mail or telephone.
Detailed understanding through separate slides

16. PREPARATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE
 Structured Questionnaire:
These are concrete, pre-determined questionnaires which are
represented with exactly the same wording to all respondents.
They are of 2 types- open and closed ended questions.
Example: Do you Smoke cigarette?
The Response recorded in the following type would be:
Open Ended
Questionnaire
Closed Ended
Questionnaire
Yes, I usually smoke 2 cigs a
day. Sometimes it can increase
to 3 to 4/day too
Yes
No, I don’t smoke cigarette. But
I have tried it once.
No

17. PREPARATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE…
 Unstructured Questionnaire:
 Here, the interviewer is only provided with a guideline on
the type of information required.
 The final framing of question is left of the interviewer’s
discretion.
 The recording of answers can be done by a tape-recorder to
achieve this goal

18. CHARACTERSTICS OF A GOOD QUESTION
1. It should be easily understood.
 Do you drink alcohol?
X Are you Dipsomaniac?
2. It should convey one though at a time.
 Do you have a permanent house in Delhi?
X Do you have a permanent house in Delhi and a flat in Gurgaon?
3. It should be realistic enough for the respondent to
recall.
 How many Maggie Noodle Packets do you consume annually?
X How many Maggie Noodle Packets did you consume in the last 15 days?
4. Avoid using emotional words, catch words,
phrases that are not easily understood.

19. CHARACTERSTICS OF A GOOD QUESTION…
5. Do not use “DIRECTING QUESTIONS” or Putting
answers in people’s mouth.
Example:
 Do you like the taste of Cadbury Bournville?
X You like the taste of Cadbury Bournville, right?
6. Size of the questionnaire should be kept minimum
7. Do not use Technical terms.
8. Control the use of open-ended questions. They are
usually difficult to analyse.

20. Advantages of Primary Data
 Targeted Issues are addressed.
 Data interpretation is better
 Current Data
 Proprietary Issues

21. Disadvantages of primary data
 High Cost
 Time Consuming
 More numbers of resources are required
 Inaccurate feedbacks

22. Secondary Data
Secondary data are those that have already been collected by
others.
• These are usually in journals, periodicals, dailies, research
publications, official records etc.
• Secondary data may be available in the published or unpublished
form. When it is not possible to collect the data by primary
method, the investigator go for Secondary method.
• This Data collected for some purpose other than the problem at
hand. Primary data that was collected by someone else or
for a purpose other than the current one.

23. Where can I use secondary data?
Proposal stage:
 Add spice to your proposal background
 Develop hypothesis for research design
Findings stage:
 Background data on market
 Support primary data/conclusions
 Provide inputs for predicting future

24. Sources of Secondary Research
 Internal Company Data
 Daily sales Reports
 Previous Sales Reports
 Annual Reports
 Government Publications
 Census
 Economic surveys
 Budget Document
 Bills and legislative Documents

25. Sources - Trade / Industry Associations
 Associations in vertical segments
 NASSCOM & MAIT (IT Industry)
 SIAM (Automobile Industry)
 CETMA, IEEMA (Electronics)
 IPPAI (Power)
 Associations in vertical segments
 Confederation of Indian Industries
 FICCI
 Regional Chamber of Commerce (like PHD Chamber of
Commerce)

26. Sources of Secondary Research
 International Publications
 World Bank Reports
 UN Publications
 Syndicated Sources
 Market research Companies (like IMRB - NRS, ORG
MARG - Retail Audits, etc.)
 Economic Consultancy Units (like NCAER)
 Publications
 Newspapers / Magazines
 Library
 Trade Journals

27. Method of sourcing information
 IMRB- Central library system (maintained by
Geeta Pandey)
 BIRD-Internal databases in a few key industries
maintained
 Public libraries (Govt. of India, Industry
associations)
 Business book suppliers
 Internet

28. Advantages of Secondary data
 It is economical. It saves efforts and expenses.
 It is time saving.
 It helps to make primary data collection more
specific since with the help of secondary data, we are
able to make out what are the gaps and deficiencies
and what additional information needs to be
collected.
 It helps to improve the understanding of the
problem.
 It provides a basis for comparison for the data that is
collected by the researcher.

29. Sources
 Population Statistics
 Statistical Abstract of India
 Estimation of National Product, 'Savings and
Capital formation: (White paper on National
Income)
 Basic Statistics Relating to Indian Economy
 India, Pocketbook of Economic Information
 India, Pocketbook of Economic Information

30.  Leading marketing research agencies like MARG and
ORG regularly survey consumers attitude and
opinions regarding consumption behaviour and a
variety of contemporary issues relevant to marketing

31. Limitations of secondary data:
 The data fitness problem:
 The accuracy problem:
 Identify the data source
 Examine the purpose for which data was
published
 Assess the source in terms of the quality of
data expected

32. CASE STUDY METHOD
It involves a careful and complete observation of a social unit,
a family, a institution, a cultural group or even the entire
community.
 This is a method of Study in Depth and lays more emphasis
on the analysis of a no. of events or conditions and their
interrelations.
Case Study!!

34. Difference between Primary and
Secondary Data
Primary Data Secondary Data
Real time data. Past data.
Sure about sources of data. Not sure about sources of data.
Help to give results/finding. Refining the problem.
Costly and Time consuming process. Cheap and No time consuming
process.
Avoid biasness of response data. Can not know in data biasness or not.
More flexible. Less Flexible.