Search types
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This document describes three types of searches that can be performed in database search engines: subject searches use controlled vocabulary related to an article's topic and ensure relevance even if the exact terms are not used; keyword searches find more articles but may be less relevant as the keywords must be explicitly included; title/author searches only return results that contain the search terms in the title or author fields, providing a narrow focus.
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Subject terms
This slideshow is part of a Decision-based Learning module for Information Literacy. The information is not intended to stand on its own.
Successful essay writing
Successful essay writing requires considering several factors such as writing style, grammar, quality, citations, research, and organization. The style used should follow a standard format like APA or MLA. Spelling and grammar mistakes can lower grades by making the essay hard to understand. A quality essay answers the assigned question using relevant ideas and research. In-text citations and reference pages must correctly attribute sources. Thorough research of past works on the topic aids the essay. Proper organization includes elements like an abstract, table of contents, and subheadings to structure the information clearly.
Keywords training
This document discusses choosing effective keywords for researching a topic. It prompts the reader to consider whether their keywords represent each key idea and are an appropriate level of specificity. It also notes that authors may use synonyms, so readers should consider related terms to avoid missing key articles. The document concludes by instructing the reader to close the tab and return to the original learning material.
Keywords training
This document discusses choosing effective keywords for researching a topic. It asks the reader to consider whether their keywords represent each key idea and are an appropriate level of specificity. It also notes that authors may use synonyms, so the reader should consider related terms to avoid missing key articles.
Keywords training3
This document discusses choosing effective keywords for research. It asks the reader to consider whether their keywords represent each key idea in their topic and are appropriately specific. It also notes that authors may use synonyms, so the reader should consider adding synonyms to their keywords to avoid missing key articles.
How to write an essay
Plan your essay by thinking of the topic, writing down your ideas, and organizing it with an introduction, 3-4 body paragraphs each making a major point, and a conclusion summarizing without new ideas. When writing, use a formal style without short forms, varied vocabulary and structures, and linking words to connect your paragraphs.
The Awesomeness of MLA Format
MLA format provides a standardized way to format papers and cite sources. It includes:
1. A built-in paper format that specifies the placement of elements like the student and teacher names, page numbers, and formatting of the first page and works cited page.
2. In-text citations that correspond to sources in the works cited list and provide enough information to lead the reader to each full reference.
3. A works cited list that provides full references for all sources cited in the paper, with each type of source like books, articles, and websites having a specific required citation format.
The Awesomeness of MLA Format
The document discusses the key components of MLA format, including the built-in paper format, in-text citations, and works cited list. The paper format specifies guidelines for margins, font, headers, paragraphs, and the title page. In-text citations correspond to sources in the works cited list and provide enough information to locate each source. The works cited list is on a separate page at the end and each source type, such as books, articles, and websites, has a specific citation style.
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Subject terms
This slideshow is part of a Decision-based Learning module for Information Literacy. The information is not intended to stand on its own.
Successful essay writing
Successful essay writing requires considering several factors such as writing style, grammar, quality, citations, research, and organization. The style used should follow a standard format like APA or MLA. Spelling and grammar mistakes can lower grades by making the essay hard to understand. A quality essay answers the assigned question using relevant ideas and research. In-text citations and reference pages must correctly attribute sources. Thorough research of past works on the topic aids the essay. Proper organization includes elements like an abstract, table of contents, and subheadings to structure the information clearly.
Keywords training
This document discusses choosing effective keywords for researching a topic. It prompts the reader to consider whether their keywords represent each key idea and are an appropriate level of specificity. It also notes that authors may use synonyms, so readers should consider related terms to avoid missing key articles. The document concludes by instructing the reader to close the tab and return to the original learning material.
Keywords training
This document discusses choosing effective keywords for researching a topic. It asks the reader to consider whether their keywords represent each key idea and are an appropriate level of specificity. It also notes that authors may use synonyms, so the reader should consider related terms to avoid missing key articles.
Keywords training3
This document discusses choosing effective keywords for research. It asks the reader to consider whether their keywords represent each key idea in their topic and are appropriately specific. It also notes that authors may use synonyms, so the reader should consider adding synonyms to their keywords to avoid missing key articles.
How to write an essay
Plan your essay by thinking of the topic, writing down your ideas, and organizing it with an introduction, 3-4 body paragraphs each making a major point, and a conclusion summarizing without new ideas. When writing, use a formal style without short forms, varied vocabulary and structures, and linking words to connect your paragraphs.
The Awesomeness of MLA Format
MLA format provides a standardized way to format papers and cite sources. It includes:
1. A built-in paper format that specifies the placement of elements like the student and teacher names, page numbers, and formatting of the first page and works cited page.
2. In-text citations that correspond to sources in the works cited list and provide enough information to lead the reader to each full reference.
3. A works cited list that provides full references for all sources cited in the paper, with each type of source like books, articles, and websites having a specific required citation format.
The Awesomeness of MLA Format
The document discusses the key components of MLA format, including the built-in paper format, in-text citations, and works cited list. The paper format specifies guidelines for margins, font, headers, paragraphs, and the title page. In-text citations correspond to sources in the works cited list and provide enough information to locate each source. The works cited list is on a separate page at the end and each source type, such as books, articles, and websites, has a specific citation style.
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- A unified paragraph stays focused on one subject, considers its audience, makes a specific point about the subject, and has a narrow focus.
- The topic sentence communicates the main idea and purpose, usually as the first sentence. It includes the main idea, the author's purpose, and a key word expressing their point of view.
- Supporting details explain or prove the paragraph's point and give the reader a clear understanding, not just obvious generalizations.
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Subject terms
Subject terms, also known as controlled vocabulary, are special words used by databases to describe what an article is about. Using subject terms allows for a precise search, as the selected terms do not need to be explicitly stated in an article's text. To perform a subject search, you must know the specific terms used by the database. Reviewing subject terms from previous relevant articles found in that database can help identify appropriate search terms, as controlled vocabularies vary between databases.
Search strategies – subject searching
Subject searching uses controlled subject terms and keywords to search databases in a more focused way. Subject terms allow consistent organization of articles regardless of keyword variations. Keywords are descriptive words for a topic found through research. The database suggests subject terms to aid discovery. An advanced search combines subject terms in the SU field with keywords joined by Boolean operators to narrow results about both the subject and keywords.
Getting started with your research skills
This document provides guidance on starting research for a dissertation or independent project. It covers choosing a topic, conducting a literature review, developing search strategies using keywords and Boolean logic, evaluating sources, and tools for record keeping and referencing. Tips are given for selecting a topic of interest, systematically searching databases and following citation trails, and keeping track of information found. Further support resources from the library and academic staff are also highlighted.
Summary
The document provides information on how to write a summary in 3 steps or less. It defines a summary as a restatement of someone else's words in your own words. Summaries have two main purposes - to provide quick overviews for busy readers and to show that the writer understands the general point of the text. The document outlines three types of summaries - main point, key points, and outline summaries. It then provides an 8-step method for writing a summary that involves dividing the text, reading it, identifying key points, writing topic sentences, drafting a thesis statement, and revising.
Productive Searching
This document provides tips for conducting productive searches to find relevant sources for a research paper. It recommends searching for sources that are related to your thesis, reliable, and recent. Databases and library catalogs are suggested as they contain vetted sources. Keyword and subject heading searches within these resources can produce results, but keyword searches may be too broad so the document offers strategies like using quotation marks, Boolean operators, or examining subject headings to focus searches. Once sources are found, it reminds to properly cite them using the style guidelines.
Word searching
This document discusses search strategies for library databases, including subject headings, keywords, and Boolean operators. It covers:
- Subject headings are controlled vocabulary terms that categorize items, allowing easier searches. Library of Congress subject headings are commonly used.
- Keywords are flexible terms for searching but are less precise than subject headings. Identifying keywords involves making your topic a question and noting significant terms.
- Boolean operators like AND, OR, and NOT allow combining keywords to broaden or narrow searches effectively. AND is automatically applied, while OR expands results and NOT excludes terms.
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This document provides guidance on searching traditional academic databases. It explains that these databases use controlled vocabularies and subject headings assigned by indexers to describe items, whereas discovery databases rely on author keywords which can vary. It recommends using keyword searches initially, then reviewing subject headings in relevant results to identify synonyms to refine searches using the database's controlled vocabulary. This strategy helps overcome challenges of authors using different terms to describe the same topic.
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This document provides tips for conducting productive searches to find relevant and reliable sources for a research paper. It recommends searching academic databases which contain vetted sources. Keyword searches on databases or Google can produce many results, so the document suggests using quotation marks, Boolean operators, and subject headings to focus searches. Once sources are found, it is important to properly cite them.
Using search tools
This tutorial teaches students how to effectively search for information from various sources to write research papers. It covers how to formulate search statements using keywords and Boolean operators to search tools like the library catalog, databases, and the internet. Students will learn search techniques like phrase searching, truncation, and field searching to maximize relevant results. The goal is to equip students with the skills to find, evaluate, and apply information from different sources for their academic work.
Finding articles for your research
This document provides tips for finding relevant articles for research. It recommends choosing appropriate databases and identifying search terms by reading background information on the topic. Search techniques like using one concept per search box, truncation, and quotation marks are suggested. Common mistakes to avoid include searches that are too narrow or broad, not following citation links, and failing to save searches. Tips include searching specific journals and authors, and reviewing reference lists of relevant articles.
Top tips for searching
The document provides tips for effective searching when conducting research. It recommends getting keywords and phrases before beginning to search, broadening or narrowing search terms if no results are found or there are too many, and keeping track of searches and materials found in a research diary. The document also notes that course reading lists and additional readings from lectures are good starting points and that references can be organized using a citation manager.
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Introduction to apa citation style
The document provides an introduction to APA citation style, which is commonly used in social sciences. It discusses how APA style regulates stylistics, in-text citations, and references to ensure accurate sourcing. The document also covers the benefits of APA style, such as ease of source verification. It describes the typical sections and formatting of an APA paper, including use of a title page, abstract, references section, double-spacing, and page headers. Guidelines are provided for in-text citations, signal words, and the five levels of APA headings.
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The document provides guidance on writing mechanics such as numbers, dates, titles, underlining/italics, hyphenating words, spaces/punctuation, and commonly used abbreviations in research papers. It also covers documentation best practices like citations, bibliographic references, taking notes, integrating sources, and keeping a working bibliography. Key points include using numerals for numbers above 10, consistency with dates, italicizing or putting titles in quotation marks depending on the type of work, using hyphens carefully, and giving proper credit to sources in citations and a reference list.
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This document discusses grammar basics including parts of speech like nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. It also covers sentence patterns, phrases and clauses, subject-verb agreement, and punctuation rules for periods, commas, colons, semicolons, apostrophes, and quotations. The key aspects of grammar, syntax, and punctuation are defined and examples are provided.
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This document provides guidance on writing effective paragraphs, including the following key points:
- A paragraph is a set of sentences that develops one main idea through details and examples. Paragraphs are indented from the left margin.
- A unified paragraph stays focused on one subject, considers its audience, makes a specific point about the subject, and has a narrow focus.
- The topic sentence communicates the main idea and purpose, usually as the first sentence. It includes the main idea, the author's purpose, and a key word expressing their point of view.
- Supporting details explain or prove the paragraph's point and give the reader a clear understanding, not just obvious generalizations.
Annotated Bibliography
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Similar to Search types
Subject terms
Subject terms, also known as controlled vocabulary, are special words used by databases to describe what an article is about. Using subject terms allows for a precise search, as the selected terms do not need to be explicitly stated in an article's text. To perform a subject search, you must know the specific terms used by the database. Reviewing subject terms from previous relevant articles found in that database can help identify appropriate search terms, as controlled vocabularies vary between databases.
Search strategies – subject searching
Subject searching uses controlled subject terms and keywords to search databases in a more focused way. Subject terms allow consistent organization of articles regardless of keyword variations. Keywords are descriptive words for a topic found through research. The database suggests subject terms to aid discovery. An advanced search combines subject terms in the SU field with keywords joined by Boolean operators to narrow results about both the subject and keywords.
Getting started with your research skills
This document provides guidance on starting research for a dissertation or independent project. It covers choosing a topic, conducting a literature review, developing search strategies using keywords and Boolean logic, evaluating sources, and tools for record keeping and referencing. Tips are given for selecting a topic of interest, systematically searching databases and following citation trails, and keeping track of information found. Further support resources from the library and academic staff are also highlighted.
Summary
The document provides information on how to write a summary in 3 steps or less. It defines a summary as a restatement of someone else's words in your own words. Summaries have two main purposes - to provide quick overviews for busy readers and to show that the writer understands the general point of the text. The document outlines three types of summaries - main point, key points, and outline summaries. It then provides an 8-step method for writing a summary that involves dividing the text, reading it, identifying key points, writing topic sentences, drafting a thesis statement, and revising.
Productive Searching
This document provides tips for conducting productive searches to find relevant sources for a research paper. It recommends searching for sources that are related to your thesis, reliable, and recent. Databases and library catalogs are suggested as they contain vetted sources. Keyword and subject heading searches within these resources can produce results, but keyword searches may be too broad so the document offers strategies like using quotation marks, Boolean operators, or examining subject headings to focus searches. Once sources are found, it reminds to properly cite them using the style guidelines.
Word searching
This document discusses search strategies for library databases, including subject headings, keywords, and Boolean operators. It covers:
- Subject headings are controlled vocabulary terms that categorize items, allowing easier searches. Library of Congress subject headings are commonly used.
- Keywords are flexible terms for searching but are less precise than subject headings. Identifying keywords involves making your topic a question and noting significant terms.
- Boolean operators like AND, OR, and NOT allow combining keywords to broaden or narrow searches effectively. AND is automatically applied, while OR expands results and NOT excludes terms.
4 how to_search_traditional_academic_databases
This document provides guidance on searching traditional academic databases. It explains that these databases use controlled vocabularies and subject headings assigned by indexers to describe items, whereas discovery databases rely on author keywords which can vary. It recommends using keyword searches initially, then reviewing subject headings in relevant results to identify synonyms to refine searches using the database's controlled vocabulary. This strategy helps overcome challenges of authors using different terms to describe the same topic.
Pop culturecritics productivesearching
This document provides tips for conducting productive searches to find relevant and reliable sources for a research paper. It recommends searching academic databases which contain vetted sources. Keyword searches on databases or Google can produce many results, so the document suggests using quotation marks, Boolean operators, and subject headings to focus searches. Once sources are found, it is important to properly cite them.
Using search tools
This tutorial teaches students how to effectively search for information from various sources to write research papers. It covers how to formulate search statements using keywords and Boolean operators to search tools like the library catalog, databases, and the internet. Students will learn search techniques like phrase searching, truncation, and field searching to maximize relevant results. The goal is to equip students with the skills to find, evaluate, and apply information from different sources for their academic work.
Finding articles for your research
This document provides tips for finding relevant articles for research. It recommends choosing appropriate databases and identifying search terms by reading background information on the topic. Search techniques like using one concept per search box, truncation, and quotation marks are suggested. Common mistakes to avoid include searches that are too narrow or broad, not following citation links, and failing to save searches. Tips include searching specific journals and authors, and reviewing reference lists of relevant articles.
Top tips for searching
The document provides tips for effective searching when conducting research. It recommends getting keywords and phrases before beginning to search, broadening or narrowing search terms if no results are found or there are too many, and keeping track of searches and materials found in a research diary. The document also notes that course reading lists and additional readings from lectures are good starting points and that references can be organized using a citation manager.
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The document provides tips for improving search results when an initial search does not yield the desired number or quality of articles. It recommends reviewing the search string syntax, keywords, database searched, and topic scope. It also suggests using filters on the search results such as limiting to journal articles, applying subject terms or year filters, and refining the search strategy based on related papers found. Filters should be used carefully to avoid missing relevant information.
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The document provides tips for improving search results when an initial search does not yield the desired number or quality of articles. It recommends reviewing the search string syntax, keywords, database searched, and topic scope. It also suggests using filters on the search results such as limiting to journal articles, applying subject terms or year filters, and refining the search strategy based on related papers found. Filters should be used carefully to avoid missing relevant information.
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The document provides tips for taking reading exams, including how to plan time and understand the scoring system, how to approach different question types, and reading techniques. Some key tips are to skim first to understand the overall content, scan for specific details, read questions carefully, find and highlight relevant information in the text, and use context clues for unfamiliar vocabulary. Different question types require locating relevant information, using evidence from the text, and rewriting answers in your own words without copying directly.
Troubleshooting Your Search Strategy
This document provides tips for troubleshooting different issues that may arise when performing searches:
1) If getting too few or too many articles, it recommends adjusting keywords by using broader/more specific terms, synonyms, Boolean operators, or limiting to specific fields.
2) To get more Canadian content, it suggests using "Canad*" as a keyword, limiting results by country/province/city, or searching Canadian databases and publications.
3) For mostly off-topic articles, it recommends using synonyms, quotation marks, searching specific fields, or using Boolean operators like "NOT" to filter unwanted terms.
How to write a synthesis essay
This document provides instructions for writing a synthesis essay. A synthesis essay combines information from multiple sources and develops an original perspective. It should report information from sources using different phrasing, organize overlapping ideas, and help readers understand sources more deeply. When writing a synthesis essay, students should consider the writing prompt, summarize common themes between sources, and explore effective organizational structures. The body of the essay should integrate information from sources using clear transitions and attributions. A conclusion restates significant themes and connections to the overall topic.
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The document discusses strategies for reading informational texts, including:
1) Using text features like titles, headings, and glossaries to help understand and get ready to read informational texts.
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3) Differences between fiction and informational texts and how they are structured.
Type of database searches
Searching a database can be done in different ways:
1) Searching for works by a specific author or institution looks for all records containing that author or institution. This provides a narrow search focused on one entity.
2) Searching for sources about a known topic uses what is already known about the topic to find additional publications on that topic. The topic is defined with some level of detail.
3) Both author/institution searches and topic searches may find sources that were previously unknown or found, depending on the search terms and database searched.
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When to stop searching
There are no definitive rules for when to end a literature review. A comprehensive review should include all sources that meet the search criteria or allow further criteria to be applied to determine which sources receive analysis. A review identifying significant contributions should cover highly cited works and recent, unique or impactful works. A review framing new research should represent all key issues influencing the new work. Repeating themes in the literature means the breadth of knowledge has been covered. Researchers should continue scanning for new contributions over their work's duration by setting up automated search queries with database providers.
Purpose of lit review
This document defines literature reviews and outlines their common purposes and products. It discusses two major divisions of literature reviews - those that introduce original research, and those that only collect and summarize existing literature. For the second type, the four most common products are comprehensive assessments of a knowledge domain, quantitative/qualitative assessments of current research, summaries of other reviews, and critical reviews. The intent and desired end product determines how comprehensive the literature review should be.
Purpose of lit review
Literature reviews have specific purposes and end products depending on their type. There are two major types: those that introduce or frame original research, and those that only collect and summarize existing literature. Common products of summarizing reviews include comprehensive assessments of a knowledge domain, quantitative/qualitative assessments of current research through sampling or examining all literature, summaries of other reviews to synthesize information, and critical reviews of influential sources. The intent and end product of the review determines how comprehensive the literature search should be.
Relevance vs Utility
This document discusses how to judge the relevance of information based on its utility. Relevance refers to how well an item meets an information need and depends on its relationship to the topic and practical application. Relevance is often a matter of degree rather than binary. To determine relevance, one must understand the purpose of the information search. Ultimately, for information to be relevant it must be useful - it must add new information not already known. Information from other domains can also be relevant if it helps solve a problem in one's own domain.
Relevance vs credibility
Credibility is an important factor in determining the relevance of information to an information need. To judge credibility, researchers should consider the author's credentials, the publication process such as peer review, and how the knowledge community has responded to the work. Several sources can provide information to assess credibility, such as details about peer review in a database record, information on journals from Ulrichsweb, and metrics on the prestige of the publishing journal. Sections within articles like the methods, results, and conclusions can also provide insight into credibility. Ultimately, individual researchers must make their own judgment about whether a work is credible enough to be relevant for their specific information need.
Relevance vs Subject
This document discusses judging the relevance of information based on its subject. It defines relevance as how well an item meets an information need. Relevance is determined on a degree, not a binary scale. Information can fall into three zones of relevance - the specific subject domain, broad subject domain, or outside the domain but still tangentially related. When assessing relevance, one should understand their information need and scan different parts of research articles like the abstract, keywords, background, and conclusions to determine the subjects discussed. Database records and paper sections like the abstract and keywords can help identify the topics covered.
Relevance vs Info Needs
This document discusses judging the relevance of information based on information needs. It defines relevance as how well an item meets an information need, which can be a matter of degree rather than binary. When judging relevance, one must understand the purpose of the information search. There are many types of reviews with different purposes that affect what is considered relevant. Systematic reviews take an exhaustive look at literature, critical reviews focus on influential sources, and literature reviews for research papers select sources that frame the research. The relevance of articles depends on the objective of the specific review.
Similarity of sources
This document discusses two techniques for finding relevant articles: searching for similar articles based on references from an initial article, or searching based on subject words if no initial articles have been identified yet. Searching for similar articles utilizes the references and information from an article that has already been found to locate related articles, while searching based on subject words relies on descriptive terms when no initial articles are available as a starting point.
Database information domains
Library databases collect and index information on defined subject areas, with some overlap between databases. Each database represents a subset of journals focused on a specific information need. To determine the best database to search, categorize your topic into broad subject areas like general/cross-disciplinary, general science education, or engineering & technology as a starting point, then search multiple databases as needed to find the required information.
Leveraging articles
Each source references other related sources, creating a network that can be followed forward or backward in time to find additional relevant information. Useful information like keywords, subject terms, related documents, and authors from a known source can also be leveraged to discover other related sources. This document discusses how existing sources can be used to find new sources by following citation links between documents and utilizing metadata like titles and authors.
Specific needs
This document defines two types of information needs based on specificity: searching for a known reference where the publication details are already known, and searching for sources that meet certain criteria where the topic is defined but specific publications are unknown. It provides examples of each, such as finding a specific published article with a known title and authors, or finding any articles on a general topic like coordinated control of UAVs.
Topic specificity
The document discusses topic specificity for research, noting that while a perfectly defined topic is not necessary to begin searching, a well-defined topic allows for more efficient searching. It recommends thinking of a topic as a focused area of interest within a broader domain and provides examples of poorly defined, broadly defined, and narrowly defined research topics, with autonomous vehicles, autonomous UAVs, and image recognition algorithms for vision systems in autonomous UAVs as examples ranging from broad to narrow.
Strategies concept block
Concept blocking is a search strategy that breaks topics down into major concepts represented by search terms. Each concept is described with synonyms to capture alternative wordings. The search strings combine the concepts with Boolean operators - using AND between concepts and OR between synonyms. This intuitive approach represents the intersection of knowledge domains that comprise topics. An example breaks down the topic of coordinated control of UAVs into search terms for unmanned aerial vehicles, control/automation, and coordination/cooperation.
Currency
This document discusses how to determine the currency, or recency, of information sources. It notes that what is considered current depends on how rapidly the field is changing, with articles about new materials potentially remaining current for 5 years while those on additive manufacturing may date quickly. It also explains that different source types, like newspapers, conference papers, journal articles, and books, cover events and research at different points along the information cycle, from immediate coverage to discussion years later.
Types of sources
Peer-reviewed journals can be identified by searching Ulrichsweb or checking the publication's website for information about their peer review process. Conference articles found in proceedings may contain more current information than journal articles but are typically not reviewed to the same extent. Other sources like books, theses, dissertations, reports and patents can be identified from their search record but are generally not considered peer-reviewed.
Strategies concept block subject terms
This document discusses concept blocking strategy, an intuitive method for searching topics that breaks them down into major concepts represented by search terms. It recommends using subject terms from databases and considering related terms from thesauri to broaden searches. Search strings should use AND between concepts to narrow the topic and OR between similar terms, while removing concepts broadens the topic. An example search string is provided to coordinate control of unmanned aerial vehicles using subject terms from Compendex.
Strategies successive fractions
This document describes the successive fractions strategy for searching, where a searcher starts with a broad search term related to their topic of interest. They then review the results to identify more specific ideas or topics to refine the search with, adding these additional terms with Boolean AND operators. An example is provided where a searcher starts with a search on "UAV" or "drone", then examines results to add a second search term like "control" or "coordination" to narrow the results. The strategy aims to iteratively refine the search through multiple steps until a manageable number of relevant results are obtained.
Database selection citation indexes
Web of Science and Scopus are citation indexes that provide access to articles in the broad sciences and assist researchers by tracking who cites whom in their articles. Citation indexes allow researchers to find a known article and then click "Cited by" to get a list of articles that have cited the original article.
Database selection google scholar citation
Google Scholar uses web crawlers to link citations together across a broad range of sources on the internet, providing a very comprehensive set of scholarly search results. It tracks citations to articles and papers, allowing users to see which works cite a particular publication. Google Scholar searches a wide variety of academic publications without requiring users to sign in or pay for access.
Types of sources
There are several types of sources that can provide information, with peer-reviewed journals being the most authoritative due to a rigorous review process either through an online database or publication website. Conference articles are typically not reviewed to the same degree as journals but can contain more recent findings, while books, theses, reports and patents are not usually peer-reviewed but may still offer relevant information.
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Search types
- 2. Most database search engines allow a variety of search types: •This search uses special vocabulary that pertains to what an article is about •A subject search is precise, ensuring the articles you find are relevant to your subject area •The selected subject words need not be included explicitly in the article text •You must know the specific terms to use – the search engine’s thesaurus is helpful here Subject Search •This search looks for language used in the article •A keyword search will find more articles but they may or may not be relevant •The keywords must be included explicitly in the article text •You should brainstorm synonyms for your keywords to ensure you use what authors use Keyword Search •This search looks for all works that contain the search terms in their title or author fields •A title/author search is narrower than other types of searches •The search terms must be included explicitly in the title or author field chosen •The format of an author’s name is often important, e.g., Nelson, G. not George Nelson Title/Author Search
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