SCULPTURE
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Sculpture has served many roles throughout human history. Early sculptures were made to aid hunters or represent gods. Ancient kings had portraits carved to seek immortality. The Greeks sculpted idealized human forms. Christians later decorated churches with demons. Sculpture has largely been monumental, honoring biblical or modern figures. Methods include carving, modeling, casting, and construction using various materials and tools.
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This document discusses the development of Byzantine art from its origins in Roman imperial art. It notes that Byzantine art was influenced by classical Greek and Roman styles but developed its own distinctive "abstract" or symbolic aesthetic over time. Scholars have debated the causes and nature of this shift from naturalism to a more conceptual approach. The document outlines the major periods and genres of Byzantine art, including the proliferation of religious icons and illuminated manuscripts, as well as debates around the use of images during the iconoclastic period.
History of civil engineering
The document provides a history of architecture from ancient times to the present. It begins with Neolithic architecture such as structures built by early farming societies. It then discusses ancient architecture in the Near East, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Byzantium. Key styles and structures are described, including temples, civic buildings, and domes. The history ranges from early civilizations to contemporary global architecture, covering periods such as medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, modern, and postmodern.
Italian Renaissance and its Architects
This presentation gives complete detail about the design styles as well as the major works of some of the famous architects of this period.
The Importance of Monuments
The document discusses the importance and symbolism of monuments throughout history. It provides many examples of monuments from around the world and what they represent, such as the Voortrekker Monument in South Africa commemorating the Great Trek of the Voortrekkers. Monuments are said to reflect identity, virtues, and remind people of their shared past and ideals. They are a way for societies to remember significant people, events, and ideas.
Art Appreciation Topic III: Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages
Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages saw the emergence of early Christian art between 300-1450 AD. Artworks were initially hidden away due to Roman persecution of Christians. The Good Shepherd became a favored theme in paintings and mosaics seen in the Catacombs of Rome. Byzantine art influenced by Greek and Near Eastern cultures flourished in Constantinople after 330 AD. Religious icons transmitted Byzantine influence abroad and were strictly controlled in appearance. Romanesque and Gothic styles dominated architecture and art in Western Europe after 1000 AD, expressing new confidence with ambitious building projects.
Early renaissance a new era
The document discusses developments in art and architecture during the Early Renaissance period from the 14th to 16th centuries. Key points include:
- Artists and scholars looked to classical Greek and Roman art and literature for inspiration, valuing humanity's achievements.
- Major patrons of the arts included the Catholic Church, wealthy families like the Medici, and local governments. Artists gained more social status during this time.
- Important early Italian cities included Florence, where major cathedrals like Santa Maria del Fiore were constructed. Architects like Brunelleschi pioneered new techniques like the double-shell dome to complete structures like the Florence Cathedral dome.
Byzantine art
Byzantine art developed from Roman imperial art and never lost its classical influences. It is divided into four periods: Early, Middle (High), Period of Latin Occupation, and Late. During the Early period, Constantine built up Constantinople as the new capital and decorated it with statues and forums. Ivory carving and silver plates were also important art forms. Under Justinian I's rule, many churches were built or renovated in Constantinople and elsewhere. Mosaic art flourished beginning in the 4th century. In the 7th century crisis, art was produced outside the capital, including rebuilt churches. Veneration of icons not made by humans became significant. As the military situation improved in the 9
Art history lecture 8 byzantine art period
The document summarizes Byzantine art from 500-1453 AD. It notes that Byzantine art combined elements of classical Roman art with Christian themes. Mosaics, icons, and illuminated manuscripts were especially prominent art forms. Architects also developed new techniques like the pendentive and squinch to support domes over square spaces. The period saw controversies over the use of religious icons before they were fully embraced. Art served to visually express church theology in an abstract, symbolic style rather than realistic depiction.
1 20Art History Unit 5 The Roman Empire2 2.docx
1 / 20
Art History
Unit 5: The Roman Empire
2 / 20 4th century CE. Catacomb of Santissimi Pietro e Marcellino, Rome
Early example of Christian painting. Stylistically similar to Roman wall paintings of Pompeii, which Christian motifs.
The central figure is a shepherd and represents Jesus Christ.
3 / 20 Jacopo Grimaldi. Interior of Old St. Peter’s, Rome. 1619
Original building at St. Peter’s square, Vatican City. Early Christian Art such as this represents the
styles formulated in Rome and the West.
4 / 20 Old St. Peter’s, Rome. Basilica floor plan.
5 / 20 Interior (view through ambulatory into rotunda), Santa Costanza, Rome. ca. 350 CE
6 / 20 Santa Costanza, Rome. Central Floor Plan
7 / 20 Interior of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome. ca. 440–442 CE
Interiors of Christian worship buildings were decorated using mosaic, which are small stones arranged into a picture.
The overall effect is a glittering jewel-box, one that symbolizes the divine..
8 / 20 The Parting of Lot and Abraham and Shepherds in a Landscape. Mosaic. ca. 432–440 CE
9 / 20 Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus. ca. 359 CE
Commissioned for a prominent Roman official, this sarcophagus has the appearance of Ancient Roman Art sensibilities,
with representational, three-dimensional, human forms. Yet, the images all represent Christian stories from the Bible.
10 / 20 BYZANTINE Art: Exterior, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy
Byzantine is a style of early Christian art that derives its inspiration from Constantinople, and the church leaders from the east.
11 / 20 Interior (view from the apse), San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy
12 / 20 Emperor Justinian and His Attendants. ca. 547 CE
Byzantine Art represents government leaders in Christian roles and motifs. Where in Rome,
the papacy controlled the Church, in Constantinople it was ruled by the Emperor and a Patriarch.
13 / 20 Empress Theodora and Her Attendants. ca. 547 CE
14 / 20 Exterior, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
The Hagia Sophia is a Byzantine Church originally built in Constantinople. It survived the Turkish invasions
that led to the fall of the Eastern Christian Empire, and was converted into a Mosque. Today, it is a museum.
15 / 20 Interior, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
16 / 20
Jacob Wrestling the Angel. Page from the
Vienna Genesis. Early sixth century CE
• Manuscript Illumination played a key role in Early Christians leaders ability
to teach the masses about Christian doctrine.
• These manuscripts are works of art, carefully and methodically crafted
using precious materials to express the utmost in beauty.
• Advancements in paper making during this time led to the discovery of
parchment, a paper made from animal hide and strong enough to bound into
books.
• The image on this page is a continuous narration, which means this one
picture represents the progression of the story as it travels along the road,
rather than one brief moment of time.
17 / 20
Christ Icon. Sixth cen ...
Baroque art
The Baroque art movement originated in the 17th-18th centuries, emphasizing motion, drama, and emotion over Renaissance ideals. Religious Baroque art served as Counter-Reformation propaganda, depicting miracles and martyrdom to reinforce Catholic traditions against Protestantism. Secular Baroque art depicted the splendor and absolute power of monarchs. Notable artists included Bernini, Caravaggio, and Velázquez. Spanish Baroque art and architecture focused on Catholic religious subjects through extreme realism and ornate styles.
GUIDE 8 .docx
This document provides an overview of early Christian and Byzantine art from the 3rd century to the 15th century. It begins with a brief history of the division of the Roman Empire into western and eastern halves in the 4th century. Early Christian art developed in the catacombs and other hidden places out of necessity during periods of persecution. Notable examples include frescoes and mosaics incorporating Christian symbolism. The Edict of Milan in 313 marked the beginning of the Period of Recognition, during which large churches like St. Peter's Basilica in Rome were constructed. Byzantine art flourished in the Eastern Roman Empire centered in Constantinople from the 4th to 14th centuries, characterized by stylized realism
UVCSp15Module13.1
Urban planning is an essential modern discipline for organizing cities in a thoughtful way that considers various needs and activities. Early cities showed characteristics of urban planning, such as Beijing's Grand Canal, which provided transportation and communication across large distances in China by the 13th century. Jane Jacobs criticized the urban renewal practices of planner Robert Moses in New York City in the 1960s, which demolished existing neighborhoods to build infrastructure like expressways. She proposed a new approach of studying healthy urban streets and blocks to develop principles to guide development.
Architecture Essay
Spanish expeditions during the 15th-18th centuries brought architectural influences from Spain to Mexico. The architecture exhibited wealth, politics, religion, and beauty through ornamentation. Styles included Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and Churrigueresque. Churches often had domes and rectangular plans. Precious materials were used in many buildings constructed during this period in Mexico.
Christian (Pp Tminimizer)
The document discusses early Christian art from the 2nd to 4th centuries AD. It describes how early Christian art was restricted before 313 but grew after Christianity became the official religion. Art was used to transmit faith through symbols like the fish, peacock, and Good Shepherd. The catacombs of Rome contain some of the earliest frescoes depicting biblical stories. After Constantine, churches like basilicas and baptisteries were constructed on a grand scale with rich interior decorations.
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My storyboard for a sword fight scene with lightsabers
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SCULPTURE
- 1. Brief History of Sculpture • For thousands of years sculpture has filled many roles in human life. The earliest sculpture was probably made to supply magical help to hunters. After the dawn of civilization, statues were used to represent gods. Ancient kings, possibly in the hope of making themselves immortal, had likenesses carved, and portrait sculpture was born. The Greeks made statues that depicted perfectly formed men and women. Early Christians decorated churches with demons and devils, reminders of the presence of evil for the many churchgoers who could neither read nor write. • From its beginnings until the present, sculpture has been largely monumental. In the 15th century, monuments to biblical heroes were built on the streets of Italian cities, and in the 20th century a monument to a songwriter was built in the heart of New York City. Great fountains with sculpture in the center are as commonplace beside modern skyscrapers as they were in the courts of old palaces. The ancient Sumerians celebrated military victory with sculpture. The participants of World War II also used sculpture to honor their soldiers.
- 2. Sculpture
- 3. Sculpture Sculpture is created in four basic ways: • Carving • Modeling • Casting • Construction CCCM
- 4. Sculpture Carving: Subtractive process: material is removed Mainly wood and stone (marble)
- 5. Sculpture Modeling: Additive process: material is added Clay, wax, plaster, paper-mache
- 6. Sculpture Casting: a mold is used to form molten bronze(or other material) into a desired shape. http://www.verylgoodnight.com/casting3.html
- 7. Sculpture Casting: “Lost wax” method or cire-perdue, often used for jewelry or small sculptures http://library.thinkquest.org/23492/data/bronze.htm ?tqskip1=1&tqtime=0318
- 8. Sculpture Construction: welding, gluing, nailing materials together.
- 9. Sculpture Assemblage: assembling found objects in unique ways. Joseph Cornell
- 10. Sculpture Kinetic Sculpture: movable parts (wind) Alexander Calder: the mobile
- 11. Sculpture Relief: attached to a surface High Relief Bas Relief