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Keywords
Luca Marescotti 3 / 78
URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA
RESILIENZA?
CHE COSA SIGNIFICA?
IN QUALE CONTESTO?
PERCHÉ IN URBANISTICA?
Luca Marescotti 4 / 78
RESILIENZA 1
dal concetto di EQUILIBRIO
al concetto di RESILIENZA
Luca Marescotti 5 / 78
RESILIENZA 1
Equilibrio in matematica, in
architettura o in biologia nei
rapporti tra specie negli ecosistemi,
in termodinamica, in reti neurali.
Rottura dell'equilibrio, catastrof:
sistemi caotici, complessi,
metastabili.
Luca Marescotti 6 / 78
RESILIENZA 1 equilibrio
2 e 4 rappresentano uno stato di
equilibrio instabile, in quanto
un'impercettibile forza è sufficiente per
cambaire stato di energia potenziale;
1 e 3 rappresentano uno stato di
equilibrio metastabile, in cui occorre
fornire un'energia superiore alla
differenza di energia potenziale
rappresentata dal dislivello;
5 rappresenta lo stato di equilibrio
stabile, raggiunto dopo aver trasformato
tutta l'energia potenziale in energia
cinetica.
[fonte: wikipedia, voce: Metastabilità]
Luca Marescotti 7 / 78
RESILIENZA 1 RESILIENZA E SISTEMI ECOLOGICI
The concept of resilience has entered the political vocabulary
from literature on the adaptability of ecological systems.
Unlike engineering resilience which emphasises how things return
to a stable steady state,
ecological resilience is far from stable. Instabilities may change
the system leading to significant restructuring. There may even be
multiple stable states.
[fonte: Jonathan Joseph. 2013, p.38]
Luca Marescotti 8 / 78
RESILIENZA 1 variabilità nel tempo del contesto e delle relative
condizioni di equilibrio
[fonte: Patrick Martin-Breen, J. Marty Anderies. 2011, p.38]
Luca Marescotti 9 / 78
RESILIENZA 1 catastrofi
[fonte: Roberto Gamba, Sergio Morra, DiSA UNIGE]
Luca Marescotti 10 / 78
RESILIENZA 2 Biologia - cicli adattivi
[fonte: Patrick Martin-Breen, J. Marty Anderies. 2011, p.40]
RISTRETTO E VELOCE
AMPIO E LENTO
Domande:
Come è stato verificato?
Le transizioni di stato della
biosfera rispetto a quale
scala dei tempi saranno
lente o veloci?
Metafora o misurazione?
rapid growth and exploitation (r), conservation (K), collapse or release (“creative destruction”,
or Ω), renewal or reorganization (α).
Luca Marescotti 11 / 78
(…) urban resilience is a multidisciplinary concept, that explores the reactive,
recovery and adaptive capacities and also, the transformability of urban
systems and subsystems.
By conceptualising the resilience of the city, these abilities can be explored
throughout time and space and analysed in order to improve the city’s capacity
to provide services and thus guarantee its citizens well-being in an equitable
way.
[fonte: Alexander, David E. 2013]
RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
Luca Marescotti 12 / 78
[fonte: Alexander, David E. 2013]
RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
Luca Marescotti 13 / 78
[fonte: Alexander, David E. 2013]
RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
Luca Marescotti 14 / 78
“The concept of resilience is now used in a great variety of interdisciplinary
work concerned with the interactions between people and nature (...). Both
“resilience” and “sustainability,” however, have multiple levels of meaning,
from the metaphorical to the specific. “Resilience” is often used in conjunction
with “adaptive capacity,” another term with multiple meanings.
In our research on ecosystem management in diverse regions of
the world, the importance of clear and measurable definitions of
resilience has become paramount.
Practitioners have repeatedly asked how resilience, and trends in resilience,
can be measured for particular socioecological systems (SES).
This paper explores defnitions that are both useful and operational.”
[fonte: Carpenter, Steve, Brian Walker, J. Marty Anderies, e Nick Abel. 2001]
PERSISTENCE or RESISTANCE?
RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
Luca Marescotti 15 / 78
Resilience and Space–Time Scales
Measurable, quantitative definitions of resilience would open new and
important pathways for testable hypotheses related to the adaptive cycle.
The Adaptive Cycle and Resilience
The notion of the adaptive cycle has a key role in organizing our ideas about resilience
(...). According to the theory of the adaptive cycle, dynamical systems such as ecosystems,
societies, corporations, economies, nations, and SES do not tend toward some stable or
equilibrium condition. Instead, they pass through the following four characteristic phases;
rapid growth and exploitation (r), conservation (K), collapse or release (“creative
destruction”, or Ω), and renewal or reorganization (α).
[fonte: Carpenter, Steve, Brian Walker, J. Marty Anderies, e Nick Abel. 2001]
PERSISTENCE or RESISTANCE?
RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
Luca Marescotti 16 / 78
Resilience and Space–Time Scales
Measurable, quantitative defnitions of resilience
would open new and important pathways for testable
hypotheses related to the adaptive cycle.
[fonte: Carpenter, Steve, Brian Walker, J. Marty Anderies, e Nick Abel. 2001]
RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
Luca Marescotti 17 / 78
[fonte: Patrick Martin-Breen, J. Marty Anderies. 2011, p.40]
,
and
conservation (K),renewal or
reorganization (α).
collapse or release
(“creative destruction”, or Ω)
rapid growth and
exploitation (r)
Rottura
Catastrofe
RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
Luca Marescotti 18 / 78
La valutazione di quale delle due ipotesi “persistenza o resistenza” possa meglio
rappresentare la resilienza è valutata in due casi concreti:
MEASUREMENT: RESILIENCE AND THE ADAPTIVE CYCLE IN PRACTICE
●
The Adaptive Cycle for the Lakes and Agriculture in North America System in
Practice
●
The Adaptive Cycle for the Western New South Wales Rangelands (pascoli) System
(AU) in Practice
●
[fonte: Carpenter, Steve, Brian Walker, J. Marty Anderies, e Nick Abel. 2001]
RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
Luca Marescotti 19 / 78
Resilience and Space–Time Scales
Measurable, quantitative definitions of
resilience would open new and important
pathways for testable hypotheses related
to the adaptive cycle.
[fonte: Carpenter, Steve, Brian Walker, J. Marty
Anderies, e Nick Abel. 2001]
PERSISTENCE or RESISTANCE?
RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
Luca Marescotti 20 / 78
Che cosa vediamo?
Un diagramma logico?
OPPURE
Una sequenza
spazio-temporale
di un ciclo biochimico
“misurato”?
[fonte: Carpenter Steve,
Brian Walker,
J. Marty Anderies,
Nick Abel. 2001]
RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
Luca Marescotti 21 / 78
TUTTI DICONO
MY CITY IS RESILIENT
TUTTI DICONO MY CITY IS RESILIENT
Luca Marescotti 22 / 78
TUTTI DICONO MY CITY IS RESILIENT
[fonte: Chelleri et al. 2011]]
Luca Marescotti 23 / 78
TUTTI DICONO MY CITY IS RESILIENT
[fonte: Chelleri et al. 2012]]
Luca Marescotti 24 / 78
The lesson which emerges from this discussion is that, independent of the
background discipline or terminology used, the purpose of our interventions
(what – and / or who - should be resilient to what) in the urban system must be
analysed and assessed along with its multiple, long-term, cascading effects.
[fonte: Chelleri et al. 2012, p.70]
TUTTI DICONO MY CITY IS RESILIENT
Luca Marescotti 25 / 78
To sum up, Urban resilience can be understood as a
multidisciplinary framework
to explore the reactive, recovery and adaptive capacities and also
the transformability of (and within) urban systems.
Transformation is achieved by making punctual or progressive
adjustments to the urban system (or subsystems) at operational or
structural level so as to gain long-term adaptability to global
environmental change.
[fonte: Chelleri et al. 2012, p.74]
TUTTI DICONO MY CITY IS RESILIENT
Luca Marescotti 26 / 78
Evidence from the practical applications of resilience in cities
emphasises both temporal and spatial scale dependency, which
respectively frame the conservative or transformative nature of
the interventions and determine the impacts on equity and
sustainability coming from autonomous adaptations.
The local access to ‘tools’ -for improving resilience and the social
capital (knowledge, capacities and resources) needed to build it- are
the core of urban adaptive and transformative potential, because
they provide the access and capacity to use, learn from and
integrate with cross-scale dynamics.
[fonte: Chelleri et al. 2012, p.74]
TUTTI DICONO MY CITY IS RESILIENT
Luca Marescotti 27 / 78
As Chelleri Olazabal and Breton said many years ago as a conclusion to their
speech:
Conclusions as new challenges and researches inceptions
We really need to build a network in order to translate resilience thinking
in Urban Management and Planning avoiding dangerous misunderstandings.
Thank you…
… but I feel the need to formulate another question, which I fear the answer:
will never be that the planners would be afraid of measures?
[fonte: Chelleri et al. 2011
TUTTI DICONO MY CITY IS RESILIENT
Luca Marescotti 28 / 78
URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA
URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA
“Resilience of What to What?”
Luca Marescotti 29 / 78
THE STORY OF A BUG
C'ERA UNA VOLTA UN PICCOLO BATTERIO (o forse era un virus),
CHE UNO SCIENZIATO PRESE E MISE IN UN'AMBIENTE CHIUSO
COME UNA BOTTIGLIA TAPPATA, MA PIENA DI NUTRIENTI.
BUG ERA COSÌ FELICE, UNO SPAZIO IMMENSO E RICCO …
Tanto felice, che ogni minuto si replicava ...
… era così socievole…
MA QUANDO DURERÀ QUESTA PACCHIA? SI CHIESE.
Lo scienziato disse: in un'ora la bottiglia sarà colma di batteri, ma nessuno lo stava ad
ascoltare.
[Nella leggenda: l'inventore degli scacchi, il bramino Sissa, ….;
In matematica: la funzione esponenziale;
in biologia: il disco di Petri]
[fonte: Albert Allan Bartlet, September 19, 1969]
Luca Marescotti 30 / 78
URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA
WS 2016
URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA-
SOSTENIBILITÀ
Luca Marescotti 31 / 78
AVER CURA DELLA TERRA? CHI? COME?
Complesso, intricato, complicato, rapido, imprevedibile, locale, globale, ...
Luca Marescotti 32 / 78
AVER CURA DELLA TERRA? CHI? COME?
Complesso, intricato, complicato, rapido, imprevedibile, locale,
globale, ...
Attraverso l'urbanistica e in collegamento con l'ecologia si studiano le
relazioni città-ambiente, se ne valutano gli impatti derivati, si prospettano
piani e relative attuazioni
SISTEMI SOCIOECOLOGICI COMPLESSI
Luca Marescotti 33 / 78
AVER CURA DELLA TERRA? CHI? COME?
Complesso, intricato, complicato, rapido, imprevedibile, locale, globale, ...
Luca Marescotti 34 / 78
USA, PLANETIZEN, a digital review since 2001
Resilience is a term much bandied about these days in the planning and
development professions. Buildings, plans, economies and even cities
are expected to be resilient to unforeseen externalities in a world of
rapidly changing technologies, climates, and cultures.
Eric Park Jaimy Alex Kevin C. Desouza Trevor Flanery, “Getting Serious About Resilience in Planning”,
Planetizen, 31 July 2012 – 5:00pm
Abhijeet Chavan, Christian Peralta, Christopher Steins, Planetizen (a cura di), Planetizen's Contemporary
Debates in Urban Planning, Island Press, 2007, 208 pages
Luca Marescotti 35 / 78
“Getting Serious About Resilience in Planning”
Luca Marescotti 36 / 78
“Getting Serious About Resilience in Planning”
Luca Marescotti 37 / 78
In questo contesto, si intende per resilienza la capacità di
adattarsi, riorganizzarsi, reindirizzare le informazioni per i
decisori e usare le risorse e le capacità individuali per funzioni
che non erano state previste.
La resilienza dipende dal contesto
La resilienza orienta la pianificazione e la progettazione per
ottenere piani resilienti e prodotti resilienti
I fallimenti sono causati da: errori di comunicazione, cattiva
allocazione delle risorse, poca chiarezza nei processi decisionali
Oppure da mancanza di comprensione del problema?
RESILIENZA?
Luca Marescotti 38 / 78
http://www.planetizen.com/
Ke vin C. De s ouza a, , T re vor H. Flane ry b,1⇑
Designing, planning, and managing resilient cities: A conceptual
framework
RESILIENZA - LINK
Luca Marescotti 39 / 78
RESILIENZA - LINK
Luca Marescotti 40 / 78
URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA
ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
SUGGESTS to design resilience thinking about these qualities of
resilient systems:
Reflectiveness, Resourcefulness, Robustness, Redundancy,
Flexibility, Inclusiveness, Integration
Riflessività, Intraprendenza, Robustezza, Ridondanza, Flessibilità,
Inclusione, Integrazione
(a) I say: what about measurements? GRANDEZZE? PROPRIETÀ
NOMINALI? (misurabilità: sono misurabili?)
(b) please, note that all these properties are <positive and proactive>, but
we know that resilience can be negative!!!)
Luca Marescotti 41 / 78
URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA
ROCKFELLER FOUNDATION
Martin-Breen & Andries (2011) Resilience: A literature review. The
Rockefeller Foundation: New York City
Rockfeller Foundaztion & ARUP (2014) City Resilient Index. City
Resilience Framework. The Rockefeller Foundation: New York City
Luca Marescotti 42 / 78
URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA
ROCKFELLER FOUNDATION
In framework 2014:
Luca Marescotti 43 / 78
URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA
Luca Marescotti 44 / 78
URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA
ROCKFELLER
FOUNDATION
In framework 2014:
100 città
Urban planning + strategy |
Consultees proposed that cities
should have a holistic cross-sectoral
city vision, strategy or plan
underpinned by appropriate data and
delivered via policy, regulations,
standards and codes.
Luca Marescotti 45 / 78
URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA
Luca Marescotti 46 / 78
IMPATTI UMANI E SOSTENIBILITÀ A FRONTE DEI CAMBIAMENTI
GLOBALI
EIA Environment Impact Assessment
CONGRESSIONAL DECLARATION OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICY - (a) The Congress(…) declares that it is the continuing policy
(…) to use all practicable means and measures, (...), in a manner
calculated to foster and promote the general welfare, to create and
maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist in productive
harmony, and fulfill the social, economic, and other requirements of
present and future generations of Americans.
…..
1969 USA National Environmental Policy Act
Poi ci fu il convegno di Stoccolma 1972, la VIA, la Vas
Luca Marescotti 47 / 78
Planning and designing resilience
but …
0 (hazard) x population x vulnerability = 0 (risk)
hazard x 0 (population) x vulnerability = 0 (risk)
hazard x population x 0 (vulnerability) = 0 (risk)
Ma di fronte a rischi per fenomeni non prevedibili?
E SE AUMENTASSE LA POPOLAZIONE NELLE CITTà A RISCHIO?
Che cosa fare?
Ecco, si parla di resilienza e di adattività!
Luca Marescotti 48 / 78
URBANISTICA AMBIENTE PUBBLICA AMMINISTRAZIONE
CITTÀ
PRINCIPALE FORZA (driver) DEL CAMBIAMENTO
villaggio ≠ città?
quanta gente vive in città (mondo USA, UE, Italia)?
quanta gente vivrà in città nel 2050?
quante risorse consumano le città?
Luca Marescotti 49 / 78
URBANISTICA AMBIENTE PUBBLICA AMMINISTRAZIONE
Densità
(ab/kmq)
stati e territori popolazione
(milioni)
popolazione
urbana (%)
Superficie
(milioni kmq)
Unione
Europea
116 28 paesi membri 506 0,72 4,33
Stati Uniti
d'America
32 50 stati 315 0,83 9,83
India 983 28 stati federati e
7 territori
1257 0,32 3,28
Luca Marescotti 50 / 78
URBANISTICA AMBIENTE PUBBLICA AMMINISTRAZIONE
URBANISTICA
UNA SCIENZA TRA LE SCIENZE PER COSTRUIRE UNA TEORIA IN
AMBITO ECOLOGICO
UNA TECNICA AL CENTRO DELLE COMPETENZE -quanto la
progettazione e la gestione di opere pubbliche- DELLE PUBBLICHE
AMMINISTRAZIONI LOCALI (gli enti territoriali)
Luca Marescotti 51 / 78
URBANISTICA RESILIENZA AMBIENTE vs PA
URBANISTICA
La storia: l'ambiente da risorsa primaria (capitale
naturale) a spazio estetico e ricreativo
La rivalutazione: Ecology / Natural Resources as capital
resources / Ecoservices
Le prospettive:
SEA, EIA, Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk
Reduction, Disaster Resilience
Environmental certifications: Iso, Emas III, Forest
Stewardship Council FSC, Marine Stewardship Council MSC
Luca Marescotti 52 / 78
United Nations Development Programme
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
United Nations Development Programme -
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery.
Mark Pelling, Andrew Maskrey, Pablo Ruiz and
Lisa Hall (eds.), A Global Report - Reducing
Disaster Risk. A Challenge For Development,
UNDP/Bureau for Crisis Prevention and
Recovery, New York, 2004.
Luca Marescotti 53 / 78
Natural disasters exert an enormous toll on development. In doing so, they pose a
significant threat to prospects for achieving the Millennium Development Goals in
particular, the overarching target of halving extreme poverty by 2015.
Annual economic losses associated with such disasters averaged
US$ 75.5 billion in the 1960s,
US$ 138.4 billion in the 1970s,
US$ 213.9 billion in the 1980s
US$ 659.9 billion in the 1990s.
The majority of these losses are concentrated in the developed world and fail to
adequately capture the impact of the disaster on the poor who often bear the
greatest cost in terms of lives and livelihoods, and rebuilding their shattered
communities and infrastructure.
Today, 85 percent of the people exposed to earthquakes, tropical cyclones, floods
and droughts live in countries having either medium or low human development.
Mark Malloch Brown, Foreword, UNDP 2004.
United Nations Development Programme
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
Luca Marescotti 54 / 78
I disastri naturali richiedono un tributo enorme allo sviluppo, tanto da
costituire una grave minaccia al raggiungimento degli Obiettivi di Sviluppo
del Millennio, in particolare l'obiettivo globale di dimezzare la povertà
estrema entro il 2015.
Le perdite economiche annuali associate a tali disastri per i soli Stati Uniti ammontavano
a 75,5 miliardi US dollari nel 1960, a 138,4 miliardi US dollari nel 1970,
a 213,9 miliardi US dollari nel 1980 fino a 659,9 miliardi US dollari nel 1990.
La maggior parte di queste perdite sono concentrate nel mondo sviluppato e non riescono a far
cogliere adeguatamente l'impatto del disastro sui poveri, che spesso sopportano il maggior costo in
termini di vite umane e mezzi di sussistenza, e poi in termini di ricostruzione delle loro comunità
in frantumi e delle infrastrutture.
Oggi, l'85 per cento delle persone esposte a terremoti, cicloni tropicali,
inondazioni e siccità vivono in paesi a medio o basso sviluppo.
Mark Malloch Brown
United Nations Development Programme
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
Luca Marescotti 55 / 78
When we decided to produce a global report on development and
disaster risk, we wanted to highlight these development choices.
Disaster risk is not inevitable, but on the contrary can be managed
and reduced through appropriate development actions. This is the
message we want to convey in this Report to our programme
countries, our donors, our partners in the United Nations system,
regional and international organisations, civil society and the
private sector.
A great deal of support was provided in preparation of this publication, known
as the World Vulnerability Report when the process began in 2000, and we
acknowledge many generous contributions.
United Nations Development Programme
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
Luca Marescotti 56 / 78
Today,
85% of the people exposed to earthquakes, tropical cyclones, floods and
droughts live in countries having either medium or low human
development. …
… Some 75% of the world’s population live in areas affected at least
once by earthquake, tropical cyclone, flood or drought between 1980
and 2000.
Disaster Risk Index (DRI)
United Nations Development Programme
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
Luca Marescotti 57 / 78
Urbanisation does not necessarily have to lead to
increasing disaster risk and can actually, if managed
properly, help reduce it.
(UNDP 2004, p.4)
United Nations Development Programme
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
Luca Marescotti 58 / 78
United Nations Development Programme
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
Luca Marescotti 59 / 78
United Nations Development Programme
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
Luca Marescotti 60 / 78
United Nations Development Programme
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
Luca Marescotti 61 / 78
United Nations Development Programme
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
Luca Marescotti 62 / 78
H*P=PhExp
Physical exposure was obtained by modelling the area affected by each recorded event. [Pelling et al.
2004, p.100]
United Nations Development Programme
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
Luca Marescotti 63 / 78
United Nations Development Programme
Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
Rischio = f [sommatoria dei rischi]
L'assenza di prevenzione e di precauzione, di piani di
sicurezza e di preparazione nella gestione delle
emergenze
aumenta il rischio di EVENTI SISTEMICI.
Luca Marescotti 64 / 78
Kevin Fox Gotham, Richard Campanella,”Constructions of Resilience: Ethnoracial Diversity,
Inequality, and Post-Katrina Recovery, the Case of New Orleans”, Social Sciences, ISSN 2076-
0760, n. 2, 2013, pp.298-317.
In the fields of urban studies and
urban ecology, studies of post-
disaster recovery have increasingly
focused on “adaptive capacity”,
“self-organization”, “diversity”,
“transformability” and “resilience” as
major factors that explain variation
in the pace and trajectory of
rebuilding.
Diseguaglianze sociali nei danni e nella ricostruzione
Luca Marescotti 65 / 78
Just to re:think,
another workshop, that was held in Usa 2010
In 2010 NAP National Academies Press published:
Pathways to Urban
Sustainability: Research and
Development on Urban Systems
Cities as a Focal Point
for Research
Luca Marescotti 66 / 78
NAP on Sustainability Cities
Sustainability requires a healthy and well educated population as well as
security and a collective sense of optimism
Sustainability requires, of course, ecological aspects
Much of a nation’s wealth is derived from its natural capital and its ability to
efficiently conserve, sustain, and use ecosystem services.
The focus on cities and how to make them more sustainable― ―
raises another critical issue: How can we develop a strategy that allows for a
more
coordinated flow of information?
Luca Marescotti 67 / 78
Alan Randall, Precautionary Principle
Precautionary Principle:
when making multi-dimensional public
decisions, acting to avoid and/or mitigate
potential harmful consequences should be
accorded high priority.
quando il processo decisionale pubblico
coinvolge molte dimensioni, si deve dare la
massima priorità a togliere o mitigare
potenziali conseguenze dannose.
Luca Marescotti 68 / 78
Examples from Precautionary Principle statements
●
Uncertainty about harmful consequences does not justify failure to take
precautionary action (Bergen Conference on Sustainable Development and
Declaration 1990)
●
Plausible but uncertain harm justifies precautionary intervention (UNESCO
2005)
●
Uncertain harm requires intervention, and the burden of proof is shifted to the
proponent of the proposed risky action (US Wingspread Statement on the
Precautionary Principle – SEHN 1998)
●
Applications
Multinational orgs – EU, UNESCO
National laws – US endangered species laws / Regulatory policy – fisheries
International agreements – Montreal protocol
Trade disputes – hormones in beef, GMO commodities
International food aid – Zimbabwe
Alan Randall, Precautionary Principle
Luca Marescotti 69 / 78
L'ESEMPIO DELL'AMIANTO
Box 1.1 Murphy (2009) on asbestos
Proving cause and effect is a difficult undertaking. Consider the example of
asbestos and mesothelioma. Asbestos was suspected of harming human health
as far back as 1906. In 1911, studies of asbestos on rats suggested harm. In the
1930s and 1940s cancer cases were reported in workers involved in the
manufacture of asbestos. Not until 1998–9 was there a complete ban on
asbestos in the European Union and France. A Dutch study estimated that
34,000 lives could have been saved in the Netherlands alone if precautionary
measures had been taken in the 1960s when it was deemed likely, but was still
unproven, that asbestos caused mesothelioma (UNESCO 2005).
Alan Randall, Precautionary Principle
Luca Marescotti 70 / 78
LA DIFFUSIONE “QUALITATIVA” PROCEDE
RESILIENZA TRA TERRITORIO E COMUNITÀ -
QUADERNO N. 21
Il concetto di “resilienza” negli ultimi anni è divenuto
un riferimento fondamentale per orientare
l’innovazione nel campo delle politiche e delle
strategie di sviluppo sostenibile del territorio.
Fondazione Cariplo è intervenuta per accompagnare
questo processo di innovazione all’interno dei
contesti territoriali, promovendo opportunità di
sperimentazione e mettendo a disposizione
strumenti per l’azione e percorsi di formazione per le
organizzazioni del Terzo Settore impegnate in
campo ambientale (in particolare il Bando Comunità
Resilienti e il Progetto Capacity building).
REsilienceLAB
Luca Marescotti 71 / 78
URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA
WS 2016
PROSPETTIVE PER LA RICERCA
Luca Marescotti 72 / 78
Quantunque la “prevenzione” intesa come insieme di iniziative concrete per rendere il
patrimonio abitativo e il territorio più sicuro nei confronti dei possibili eventi
calamitosi debba essere l’obiettivo principale delle strategie di difesa dalle catastrofi ,
anche la“previsione”, non solo quella su basi probabilistiche, ma anche quella basata sui
fenomeni precursori può essere un valido strumento scientifico per una formulazione
razionale del processo decisionale.
[Giuseppe Grandori, Elisa Guagenti, Rischio sismico. Decidere in condizioni di
incertezza, McGraw-Hill, 2012]
Un esempio sul trattamento dei dati:
probabilità e statistica
Luca Marescotti 73 / 78
●
Correggere gli errori di misura. Se conoscete la reale probabilità e la possibilità di un falso
positivo e negativo, potete correggere l'errore della misura.
●
Correlare la probabilità effettiva alla probabilità di prova misurata.
Il teorema di Bayes permette di correlare quello che sinteticamente si indica con
P (E|O), cioé la probabilità che il verificarsi di un evento E sia data dall'osservabile O,
P (O|E), la probabilità che l'osservabile O misuri il verificarsi dell'evento E.
[http://dctf.uniroma1.it/galenotech/bayes.htm]
Il teorema di Bayes permette di
correlare questi due dati qualora
siano entrambi disponibili. In pratica
il teorema di B. fornisce la
probabilità che un dato evento sia
effettivamente quella calcolata dal
test “la probabilità di una
probabilità” (frequenza statistica)!
Per esempio, con questo teorema si
possono:
Un esempio sul trattamento dei dati:
probabilità e statistica
Luca Marescotti 74 / 78
ESPERIMENTI NELLE SCIENZE FISICHE E NELLE SCIENZE
SOCIALI
esperimenti controllati e rigorosi
metodo sperimentale
??
antropologi, psicologi clinici, economisti, storici, antropogeografi,
sociologi, URBANISTI, esperti in scienze politiche
Luca Marescotti 75 / 78
ESPERIMENTI NELLE SCIENZE FISICHE E NELLE SCIENZE
SOCIALI
esperimenti controllati e rigorosi
metodo sperimentale
Laboratorio controllato (tutti i parametri sono sottoposti a controllo)
??
antropologi, psicologi clinici, economisti, storici, antropogeografi,
sociologi, URBANISTI, esperti in scienze politiche
LABORATORIO NATURALE: IL MONDO (TUTTI I PARAMETRI SONO
IN CONTINUA VARIAZIONE), ma …
… la comparazione (statistica/probabilistica) tra le situazione e le loro
variazioni nel tempo permette di comprendere le relazioni tra le parti del
sistema locale e globale
(ipotesi e verifica delle ipotesi)
Luca Marescotti 76 / 78
ESPERIMENTI NELLE SCIENZE FISICHE E NELLE SCIENZE
SOCIALI
Il nostro laboratorio è il pianeta, la Terra nella sua unicità e nella sua
complessità,
Gli esperimenti sono i sistemi socio-ecologici, le città, i flussi di energia
nelle città, l'economia circolare nelle città, le trasformazioni delle
coltivazioni agricoli da estensive a intensive, con l'applicazione delle
grandi macchine agricole, della green revolution con le serre, delle
pesca con le navi fattorie, con le pescicolture in acqua dolce o in mare,
la riforestazione delle Amazzonia sperimentata da Salgado, …
Luca Marescotti 77 / 78
Keywords
Please discuss by using these key words that are given at the
beginning of the lecture!
Discutiamo la lezione usando le parole chiave fornite all'inizio!
Luca Marescotti 78 / 78
Discussion 2 ‐ have we much time to decide?
much? how much?
Please discuss the situations given below by giving planning examples!
Scienze e tendenze: la diffusione del concetto di resilienza Science and trends: the dissemination of the concept of resilience
Scienze e tendenze: la diffusione del concetto di resilienza Science and trends: the dissemination of the concept of resilience
Scienze e tendenze: la diffusione del concetto di resilienza Science and trends: the dissemination of the concept of resilience

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Scienze e tendenze: la diffusione del concetto di resilienza Science and trends: the dissemination of the concept of resilience

  • 1.
  • 2. Luca Marescotti 2 / 78 Keywords
  • 3. Luca Marescotti 3 / 78 URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA RESILIENZA? CHE COSA SIGNIFICA? IN QUALE CONTESTO? PERCHÉ IN URBANISTICA?
  • 4. Luca Marescotti 4 / 78 RESILIENZA 1 dal concetto di EQUILIBRIO al concetto di RESILIENZA
  • 5. Luca Marescotti 5 / 78 RESILIENZA 1 Equilibrio in matematica, in architettura o in biologia nei rapporti tra specie negli ecosistemi, in termodinamica, in reti neurali. Rottura dell'equilibrio, catastrof: sistemi caotici, complessi, metastabili.
  • 6. Luca Marescotti 6 / 78 RESILIENZA 1 equilibrio 2 e 4 rappresentano uno stato di equilibrio instabile, in quanto un'impercettibile forza è sufficiente per cambaire stato di energia potenziale; 1 e 3 rappresentano uno stato di equilibrio metastabile, in cui occorre fornire un'energia superiore alla differenza di energia potenziale rappresentata dal dislivello; 5 rappresenta lo stato di equilibrio stabile, raggiunto dopo aver trasformato tutta l'energia potenziale in energia cinetica. [fonte: wikipedia, voce: Metastabilità]
  • 7. Luca Marescotti 7 / 78 RESILIENZA 1 RESILIENZA E SISTEMI ECOLOGICI The concept of resilience has entered the political vocabulary from literature on the adaptability of ecological systems. Unlike engineering resilience which emphasises how things return to a stable steady state, ecological resilience is far from stable. Instabilities may change the system leading to significant restructuring. There may even be multiple stable states. [fonte: Jonathan Joseph. 2013, p.38]
  • 8. Luca Marescotti 8 / 78 RESILIENZA 1 variabilità nel tempo del contesto e delle relative condizioni di equilibrio [fonte: Patrick Martin-Breen, J. Marty Anderies. 2011, p.38]
  • 9. Luca Marescotti 9 / 78 RESILIENZA 1 catastrofi [fonte: Roberto Gamba, Sergio Morra, DiSA UNIGE]
  • 10. Luca Marescotti 10 / 78 RESILIENZA 2 Biologia - cicli adattivi [fonte: Patrick Martin-Breen, J. Marty Anderies. 2011, p.40] RISTRETTO E VELOCE AMPIO E LENTO Domande: Come è stato verificato? Le transizioni di stato della biosfera rispetto a quale scala dei tempi saranno lente o veloci? Metafora o misurazione? rapid growth and exploitation (r), conservation (K), collapse or release (“creative destruction”, or Ω), renewal or reorganization (α).
  • 11. Luca Marescotti 11 / 78 (…) urban resilience is a multidisciplinary concept, that explores the reactive, recovery and adaptive capacities and also, the transformability of urban systems and subsystems. By conceptualising the resilience of the city, these abilities can be explored throughout time and space and analysed in order to improve the city’s capacity to provide services and thus guarantee its citizens well-being in an equitable way. [fonte: Alexander, David E. 2013] RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
  • 12. Luca Marescotti 12 / 78 [fonte: Alexander, David E. 2013] RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
  • 13. Luca Marescotti 13 / 78 [fonte: Alexander, David E. 2013] RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
  • 14. Luca Marescotti 14 / 78 “The concept of resilience is now used in a great variety of interdisciplinary work concerned with the interactions between people and nature (...). Both “resilience” and “sustainability,” however, have multiple levels of meaning, from the metaphorical to the specific. “Resilience” is often used in conjunction with “adaptive capacity,” another term with multiple meanings. In our research on ecosystem management in diverse regions of the world, the importance of clear and measurable definitions of resilience has become paramount. Practitioners have repeatedly asked how resilience, and trends in resilience, can be measured for particular socioecological systems (SES). This paper explores defnitions that are both useful and operational.” [fonte: Carpenter, Steve, Brian Walker, J. Marty Anderies, e Nick Abel. 2001] PERSISTENCE or RESISTANCE? RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
  • 15. Luca Marescotti 15 / 78 Resilience and Space–Time Scales Measurable, quantitative definitions of resilience would open new and important pathways for testable hypotheses related to the adaptive cycle. The Adaptive Cycle and Resilience The notion of the adaptive cycle has a key role in organizing our ideas about resilience (...). According to the theory of the adaptive cycle, dynamical systems such as ecosystems, societies, corporations, economies, nations, and SES do not tend toward some stable or equilibrium condition. Instead, they pass through the following four characteristic phases; rapid growth and exploitation (r), conservation (K), collapse or release (“creative destruction”, or Ω), and renewal or reorganization (α). [fonte: Carpenter, Steve, Brian Walker, J. Marty Anderies, e Nick Abel. 2001] PERSISTENCE or RESISTANCE? RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
  • 16. Luca Marescotti 16 / 78 Resilience and Space–Time Scales Measurable, quantitative defnitions of resilience would open new and important pathways for testable hypotheses related to the adaptive cycle. [fonte: Carpenter, Steve, Brian Walker, J. Marty Anderies, e Nick Abel. 2001] RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
  • 17. Luca Marescotti 17 / 78 [fonte: Patrick Martin-Breen, J. Marty Anderies. 2011, p.40] , and conservation (K),renewal or reorganization (α). collapse or release (“creative destruction”, or Ω) rapid growth and exploitation (r) Rottura Catastrofe RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
  • 18. Luca Marescotti 18 / 78 La valutazione di quale delle due ipotesi “persistenza o resistenza” possa meglio rappresentare la resilienza è valutata in due casi concreti: MEASUREMENT: RESILIENCE AND THE ADAPTIVE CYCLE IN PRACTICE ● The Adaptive Cycle for the Lakes and Agriculture in North America System in Practice ● The Adaptive Cycle for the Western New South Wales Rangelands (pascoli) System (AU) in Practice ● [fonte: Carpenter, Steve, Brian Walker, J. Marty Anderies, e Nick Abel. 2001] RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
  • 19. Luca Marescotti 19 / 78 Resilience and Space–Time Scales Measurable, quantitative definitions of resilience would open new and important pathways for testable hypotheses related to the adaptive cycle. [fonte: Carpenter, Steve, Brian Walker, J. Marty Anderies, e Nick Abel. 2001] PERSISTENCE or RESISTANCE? RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
  • 20. Luca Marescotti 20 / 78 Che cosa vediamo? Un diagramma logico? OPPURE Una sequenza spazio-temporale di un ciclo biochimico “misurato”? [fonte: Carpenter Steve, Brian Walker, J. Marty Anderies, Nick Abel. 2001] RESILIENZA 3 dalla biologia verso l'urbanistica
  • 21. Luca Marescotti 21 / 78 TUTTI DICONO MY CITY IS RESILIENT TUTTI DICONO MY CITY IS RESILIENT
  • 22. Luca Marescotti 22 / 78 TUTTI DICONO MY CITY IS RESILIENT [fonte: Chelleri et al. 2011]]
  • 23. Luca Marescotti 23 / 78 TUTTI DICONO MY CITY IS RESILIENT [fonte: Chelleri et al. 2012]]
  • 24. Luca Marescotti 24 / 78 The lesson which emerges from this discussion is that, independent of the background discipline or terminology used, the purpose of our interventions (what – and / or who - should be resilient to what) in the urban system must be analysed and assessed along with its multiple, long-term, cascading effects. [fonte: Chelleri et al. 2012, p.70] TUTTI DICONO MY CITY IS RESILIENT
  • 25. Luca Marescotti 25 / 78 To sum up, Urban resilience can be understood as a multidisciplinary framework to explore the reactive, recovery and adaptive capacities and also the transformability of (and within) urban systems. Transformation is achieved by making punctual or progressive adjustments to the urban system (or subsystems) at operational or structural level so as to gain long-term adaptability to global environmental change. [fonte: Chelleri et al. 2012, p.74] TUTTI DICONO MY CITY IS RESILIENT
  • 26. Luca Marescotti 26 / 78 Evidence from the practical applications of resilience in cities emphasises both temporal and spatial scale dependency, which respectively frame the conservative or transformative nature of the interventions and determine the impacts on equity and sustainability coming from autonomous adaptations. The local access to ‘tools’ -for improving resilience and the social capital (knowledge, capacities and resources) needed to build it- are the core of urban adaptive and transformative potential, because they provide the access and capacity to use, learn from and integrate with cross-scale dynamics. [fonte: Chelleri et al. 2012, p.74] TUTTI DICONO MY CITY IS RESILIENT
  • 27. Luca Marescotti 27 / 78 As Chelleri Olazabal and Breton said many years ago as a conclusion to their speech: Conclusions as new challenges and researches inceptions We really need to build a network in order to translate resilience thinking in Urban Management and Planning avoiding dangerous misunderstandings. Thank you… … but I feel the need to formulate another question, which I fear the answer: will never be that the planners would be afraid of measures? [fonte: Chelleri et al. 2011 TUTTI DICONO MY CITY IS RESILIENT
  • 28. Luca Marescotti 28 / 78 URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA “Resilience of What to What?”
  • 29. Luca Marescotti 29 / 78 THE STORY OF A BUG C'ERA UNA VOLTA UN PICCOLO BATTERIO (o forse era un virus), CHE UNO SCIENZIATO PRESE E MISE IN UN'AMBIENTE CHIUSO COME UNA BOTTIGLIA TAPPATA, MA PIENA DI NUTRIENTI. BUG ERA COSÌ FELICE, UNO SPAZIO IMMENSO E RICCO … Tanto felice, che ogni minuto si replicava ... … era così socievole… MA QUANDO DURERÀ QUESTA PACCHIA? SI CHIESE. Lo scienziato disse: in un'ora la bottiglia sarà colma di batteri, ma nessuno lo stava ad ascoltare. [Nella leggenda: l'inventore degli scacchi, il bramino Sissa, ….; In matematica: la funzione esponenziale; in biologia: il disco di Petri] [fonte: Albert Allan Bartlet, September 19, 1969]
  • 30. Luca Marescotti 30 / 78 URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA WS 2016 URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA- SOSTENIBILITÀ
  • 31. Luca Marescotti 31 / 78 AVER CURA DELLA TERRA? CHI? COME? Complesso, intricato, complicato, rapido, imprevedibile, locale, globale, ...
  • 32. Luca Marescotti 32 / 78 AVER CURA DELLA TERRA? CHI? COME? Complesso, intricato, complicato, rapido, imprevedibile, locale, globale, ... Attraverso l'urbanistica e in collegamento con l'ecologia si studiano le relazioni città-ambiente, se ne valutano gli impatti derivati, si prospettano piani e relative attuazioni SISTEMI SOCIOECOLOGICI COMPLESSI
  • 33. Luca Marescotti 33 / 78 AVER CURA DELLA TERRA? CHI? COME? Complesso, intricato, complicato, rapido, imprevedibile, locale, globale, ...
  • 34. Luca Marescotti 34 / 78 USA, PLANETIZEN, a digital review since 2001 Resilience is a term much bandied about these days in the planning and development professions. Buildings, plans, economies and even cities are expected to be resilient to unforeseen externalities in a world of rapidly changing technologies, climates, and cultures. Eric Park Jaimy Alex Kevin C. Desouza Trevor Flanery, “Getting Serious About Resilience in Planning”, Planetizen, 31 July 2012 – 5:00pm Abhijeet Chavan, Christian Peralta, Christopher Steins, Planetizen (a cura di), Planetizen's Contemporary Debates in Urban Planning, Island Press, 2007, 208 pages
  • 35. Luca Marescotti 35 / 78 “Getting Serious About Resilience in Planning”
  • 36. Luca Marescotti 36 / 78 “Getting Serious About Resilience in Planning”
  • 37. Luca Marescotti 37 / 78 In questo contesto, si intende per resilienza la capacità di adattarsi, riorganizzarsi, reindirizzare le informazioni per i decisori e usare le risorse e le capacità individuali per funzioni che non erano state previste. La resilienza dipende dal contesto La resilienza orienta la pianificazione e la progettazione per ottenere piani resilienti e prodotti resilienti I fallimenti sono causati da: errori di comunicazione, cattiva allocazione delle risorse, poca chiarezza nei processi decisionali Oppure da mancanza di comprensione del problema? RESILIENZA?
  • 38. Luca Marescotti 38 / 78 http://www.planetizen.com/ Ke vin C. De s ouza a, , T re vor H. Flane ry b,1⇑ Designing, planning, and managing resilient cities: A conceptual framework RESILIENZA - LINK
  • 39. Luca Marescotti 39 / 78 RESILIENZA - LINK
  • 40. Luca Marescotti 40 / 78 URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION SUGGESTS to design resilience thinking about these qualities of resilient systems: Reflectiveness, Resourcefulness, Robustness, Redundancy, Flexibility, Inclusiveness, Integration Riflessività, Intraprendenza, Robustezza, Ridondanza, Flessibilità, Inclusione, Integrazione (a) I say: what about measurements? GRANDEZZE? PROPRIETÀ NOMINALI? (misurabilità: sono misurabili?) (b) please, note that all these properties are <positive and proactive>, but we know that resilience can be negative!!!)
  • 41. Luca Marescotti 41 / 78 URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA ROCKFELLER FOUNDATION Martin-Breen & Andries (2011) Resilience: A literature review. The Rockefeller Foundation: New York City Rockfeller Foundaztion & ARUP (2014) City Resilient Index. City Resilience Framework. The Rockefeller Foundation: New York City
  • 42. Luca Marescotti 42 / 78 URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA ROCKFELLER FOUNDATION In framework 2014:
  • 43. Luca Marescotti 43 / 78 URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA
  • 44. Luca Marescotti 44 / 78 URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA ROCKFELLER FOUNDATION In framework 2014: 100 città Urban planning + strategy | Consultees proposed that cities should have a holistic cross-sectoral city vision, strategy or plan underpinned by appropriate data and delivered via policy, regulations, standards and codes.
  • 45. Luca Marescotti 45 / 78 URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA
  • 46. Luca Marescotti 46 / 78 IMPATTI UMANI E SOSTENIBILITÀ A FRONTE DEI CAMBIAMENTI GLOBALI EIA Environment Impact Assessment CONGRESSIONAL DECLARATION OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY - (a) The Congress(…) declares that it is the continuing policy (…) to use all practicable means and measures, (...), in a manner calculated to foster and promote the general welfare, to create and maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist in productive harmony, and fulfill the social, economic, and other requirements of present and future generations of Americans. ….. 1969 USA National Environmental Policy Act Poi ci fu il convegno di Stoccolma 1972, la VIA, la Vas
  • 47. Luca Marescotti 47 / 78 Planning and designing resilience but … 0 (hazard) x population x vulnerability = 0 (risk) hazard x 0 (population) x vulnerability = 0 (risk) hazard x population x 0 (vulnerability) = 0 (risk) Ma di fronte a rischi per fenomeni non prevedibili? E SE AUMENTASSE LA POPOLAZIONE NELLE CITTà A RISCHIO? Che cosa fare? Ecco, si parla di resilienza e di adattività!
  • 48. Luca Marescotti 48 / 78 URBANISTICA AMBIENTE PUBBLICA AMMINISTRAZIONE CITTÀ PRINCIPALE FORZA (driver) DEL CAMBIAMENTO villaggio ≠ città? quanta gente vive in città (mondo USA, UE, Italia)? quanta gente vivrà in città nel 2050? quante risorse consumano le città?
  • 49. Luca Marescotti 49 / 78 URBANISTICA AMBIENTE PUBBLICA AMMINISTRAZIONE Densità (ab/kmq) stati e territori popolazione (milioni) popolazione urbana (%) Superficie (milioni kmq) Unione Europea 116 28 paesi membri 506 0,72 4,33 Stati Uniti d'America 32 50 stati 315 0,83 9,83 India 983 28 stati federati e 7 territori 1257 0,32 3,28
  • 50. Luca Marescotti 50 / 78 URBANISTICA AMBIENTE PUBBLICA AMMINISTRAZIONE URBANISTICA UNA SCIENZA TRA LE SCIENZE PER COSTRUIRE UNA TEORIA IN AMBITO ECOLOGICO UNA TECNICA AL CENTRO DELLE COMPETENZE -quanto la progettazione e la gestione di opere pubbliche- DELLE PUBBLICHE AMMINISTRAZIONI LOCALI (gli enti territoriali)
  • 51. Luca Marescotti 51 / 78 URBANISTICA RESILIENZA AMBIENTE vs PA URBANISTICA La storia: l'ambiente da risorsa primaria (capitale naturale) a spazio estetico e ricreativo La rivalutazione: Ecology / Natural Resources as capital resources / Ecoservices Le prospettive: SEA, EIA, Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction, Disaster Resilience Environmental certifications: Iso, Emas III, Forest Stewardship Council FSC, Marine Stewardship Council MSC
  • 52. Luca Marescotti 52 / 78 United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr United Nations Development Programme - Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery. Mark Pelling, Andrew Maskrey, Pablo Ruiz and Lisa Hall (eds.), A Global Report - Reducing Disaster Risk. A Challenge For Development, UNDP/Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, New York, 2004.
  • 53. Luca Marescotti 53 / 78 Natural disasters exert an enormous toll on development. In doing so, they pose a significant threat to prospects for achieving the Millennium Development Goals in particular, the overarching target of halving extreme poverty by 2015. Annual economic losses associated with such disasters averaged US$ 75.5 billion in the 1960s, US$ 138.4 billion in the 1970s, US$ 213.9 billion in the 1980s US$ 659.9 billion in the 1990s. The majority of these losses are concentrated in the developed world and fail to adequately capture the impact of the disaster on the poor who often bear the greatest cost in terms of lives and livelihoods, and rebuilding their shattered communities and infrastructure. Today, 85 percent of the people exposed to earthquakes, tropical cyclones, floods and droughts live in countries having either medium or low human development. Mark Malloch Brown, Foreword, UNDP 2004. United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
  • 54. Luca Marescotti 54 / 78 I disastri naturali richiedono un tributo enorme allo sviluppo, tanto da costituire una grave minaccia al raggiungimento degli Obiettivi di Sviluppo del Millennio, in particolare l'obiettivo globale di dimezzare la povertà estrema entro il 2015. Le perdite economiche annuali associate a tali disastri per i soli Stati Uniti ammontavano a 75,5 miliardi US dollari nel 1960, a 138,4 miliardi US dollari nel 1970, a 213,9 miliardi US dollari nel 1980 fino a 659,9 miliardi US dollari nel 1990. La maggior parte di queste perdite sono concentrate nel mondo sviluppato e non riescono a far cogliere adeguatamente l'impatto del disastro sui poveri, che spesso sopportano il maggior costo in termini di vite umane e mezzi di sussistenza, e poi in termini di ricostruzione delle loro comunità in frantumi e delle infrastrutture. Oggi, l'85 per cento delle persone esposte a terremoti, cicloni tropicali, inondazioni e siccità vivono in paesi a medio o basso sviluppo. Mark Malloch Brown United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
  • 55. Luca Marescotti 55 / 78 When we decided to produce a global report on development and disaster risk, we wanted to highlight these development choices. Disaster risk is not inevitable, but on the contrary can be managed and reduced through appropriate development actions. This is the message we want to convey in this Report to our programme countries, our donors, our partners in the United Nations system, regional and international organisations, civil society and the private sector. A great deal of support was provided in preparation of this publication, known as the World Vulnerability Report when the process began in 2000, and we acknowledge many generous contributions. United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
  • 56. Luca Marescotti 56 / 78 Today, 85% of the people exposed to earthquakes, tropical cyclones, floods and droughts live in countries having either medium or low human development. … … Some 75% of the world’s population live in areas affected at least once by earthquake, tropical cyclone, flood or drought between 1980 and 2000. Disaster Risk Index (DRI) United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
  • 57. Luca Marescotti 57 / 78 Urbanisation does not necessarily have to lead to increasing disaster risk and can actually, if managed properly, help reduce it. (UNDP 2004, p.4) United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
  • 58. Luca Marescotti 58 / 78 United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
  • 59. Luca Marescotti 59 / 78 United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
  • 60. Luca Marescotti 60 / 78 United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
  • 61. Luca Marescotti 61 / 78 United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
  • 62. Luca Marescotti 62 / 78 H*P=PhExp Physical exposure was obtained by modelling the area affected by each recorded event. [Pelling et al. 2004, p.100] United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr
  • 63. Luca Marescotti 63 / 78 United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery www.undp.org/bcpr Rischio = f [sommatoria dei rischi] L'assenza di prevenzione e di precauzione, di piani di sicurezza e di preparazione nella gestione delle emergenze aumenta il rischio di EVENTI SISTEMICI.
  • 64. Luca Marescotti 64 / 78 Kevin Fox Gotham, Richard Campanella,”Constructions of Resilience: Ethnoracial Diversity, Inequality, and Post-Katrina Recovery, the Case of New Orleans”, Social Sciences, ISSN 2076- 0760, n. 2, 2013, pp.298-317. In the fields of urban studies and urban ecology, studies of post- disaster recovery have increasingly focused on “adaptive capacity”, “self-organization”, “diversity”, “transformability” and “resilience” as major factors that explain variation in the pace and trajectory of rebuilding. Diseguaglianze sociali nei danni e nella ricostruzione
  • 65. Luca Marescotti 65 / 78 Just to re:think, another workshop, that was held in Usa 2010 In 2010 NAP National Academies Press published: Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Research and Development on Urban Systems Cities as a Focal Point for Research
  • 66. Luca Marescotti 66 / 78 NAP on Sustainability Cities Sustainability requires a healthy and well educated population as well as security and a collective sense of optimism Sustainability requires, of course, ecological aspects Much of a nation’s wealth is derived from its natural capital and its ability to efficiently conserve, sustain, and use ecosystem services. The focus on cities and how to make them more sustainable― ― raises another critical issue: How can we develop a strategy that allows for a more coordinated flow of information?
  • 67. Luca Marescotti 67 / 78 Alan Randall, Precautionary Principle Precautionary Principle: when making multi-dimensional public decisions, acting to avoid and/or mitigate potential harmful consequences should be accorded high priority. quando il processo decisionale pubblico coinvolge molte dimensioni, si deve dare la massima priorità a togliere o mitigare potenziali conseguenze dannose.
  • 68. Luca Marescotti 68 / 78 Examples from Precautionary Principle statements ● Uncertainty about harmful consequences does not justify failure to take precautionary action (Bergen Conference on Sustainable Development and Declaration 1990) ● Plausible but uncertain harm justifies precautionary intervention (UNESCO 2005) ● Uncertain harm requires intervention, and the burden of proof is shifted to the proponent of the proposed risky action (US Wingspread Statement on the Precautionary Principle – SEHN 1998) ● Applications Multinational orgs – EU, UNESCO National laws – US endangered species laws / Regulatory policy – fisheries International agreements – Montreal protocol Trade disputes – hormones in beef, GMO commodities International food aid – Zimbabwe Alan Randall, Precautionary Principle
  • 69. Luca Marescotti 69 / 78 L'ESEMPIO DELL'AMIANTO Box 1.1 Murphy (2009) on asbestos Proving cause and effect is a difficult undertaking. Consider the example of asbestos and mesothelioma. Asbestos was suspected of harming human health as far back as 1906. In 1911, studies of asbestos on rats suggested harm. In the 1930s and 1940s cancer cases were reported in workers involved in the manufacture of asbestos. Not until 1998–9 was there a complete ban on asbestos in the European Union and France. A Dutch study estimated that 34,000 lives could have been saved in the Netherlands alone if precautionary measures had been taken in the 1960s when it was deemed likely, but was still unproven, that asbestos caused mesothelioma (UNESCO 2005). Alan Randall, Precautionary Principle
  • 70. Luca Marescotti 70 / 78 LA DIFFUSIONE “QUALITATIVA” PROCEDE RESILIENZA TRA TERRITORIO E COMUNITÀ - QUADERNO N. 21 Il concetto di “resilienza” negli ultimi anni è divenuto un riferimento fondamentale per orientare l’innovazione nel campo delle politiche e delle strategie di sviluppo sostenibile del territorio. Fondazione Cariplo è intervenuta per accompagnare questo processo di innovazione all’interno dei contesti territoriali, promovendo opportunità di sperimentazione e mettendo a disposizione strumenti per l’azione e percorsi di formazione per le organizzazioni del Terzo Settore impegnate in campo ambientale (in particolare il Bando Comunità Resilienti e il Progetto Capacity building). REsilienceLAB
  • 71. Luca Marescotti 71 / 78 URBANISTICA-RESILIENZA WS 2016 PROSPETTIVE PER LA RICERCA
  • 72. Luca Marescotti 72 / 78 Quantunque la “prevenzione” intesa come insieme di iniziative concrete per rendere il patrimonio abitativo e il territorio più sicuro nei confronti dei possibili eventi calamitosi debba essere l’obiettivo principale delle strategie di difesa dalle catastrofi , anche la“previsione”, non solo quella su basi probabilistiche, ma anche quella basata sui fenomeni precursori può essere un valido strumento scientifico per una formulazione razionale del processo decisionale. [Giuseppe Grandori, Elisa Guagenti, Rischio sismico. Decidere in condizioni di incertezza, McGraw-Hill, 2012] Un esempio sul trattamento dei dati: probabilità e statistica
  • 73. Luca Marescotti 73 / 78 ● Correggere gli errori di misura. Se conoscete la reale probabilità e la possibilità di un falso positivo e negativo, potete correggere l'errore della misura. ● Correlare la probabilità effettiva alla probabilità di prova misurata. Il teorema di Bayes permette di correlare quello che sinteticamente si indica con P (E|O), cioé la probabilità che il verificarsi di un evento E sia data dall'osservabile O, P (O|E), la probabilità che l'osservabile O misuri il verificarsi dell'evento E. [http://dctf.uniroma1.it/galenotech/bayes.htm] Il teorema di Bayes permette di correlare questi due dati qualora siano entrambi disponibili. In pratica il teorema di B. fornisce la probabilità che un dato evento sia effettivamente quella calcolata dal test “la probabilità di una probabilità” (frequenza statistica)! Per esempio, con questo teorema si possono: Un esempio sul trattamento dei dati: probabilità e statistica
  • 74. Luca Marescotti 74 / 78 ESPERIMENTI NELLE SCIENZE FISICHE E NELLE SCIENZE SOCIALI esperimenti controllati e rigorosi metodo sperimentale ?? antropologi, psicologi clinici, economisti, storici, antropogeografi, sociologi, URBANISTI, esperti in scienze politiche
  • 75. Luca Marescotti 75 / 78 ESPERIMENTI NELLE SCIENZE FISICHE E NELLE SCIENZE SOCIALI esperimenti controllati e rigorosi metodo sperimentale Laboratorio controllato (tutti i parametri sono sottoposti a controllo) ?? antropologi, psicologi clinici, economisti, storici, antropogeografi, sociologi, URBANISTI, esperti in scienze politiche LABORATORIO NATURALE: IL MONDO (TUTTI I PARAMETRI SONO IN CONTINUA VARIAZIONE), ma … … la comparazione (statistica/probabilistica) tra le situazione e le loro variazioni nel tempo permette di comprendere le relazioni tra le parti del sistema locale e globale (ipotesi e verifica delle ipotesi)
  • 76. Luca Marescotti 76 / 78 ESPERIMENTI NELLE SCIENZE FISICHE E NELLE SCIENZE SOCIALI Il nostro laboratorio è il pianeta, la Terra nella sua unicità e nella sua complessità, Gli esperimenti sono i sistemi socio-ecologici, le città, i flussi di energia nelle città, l'economia circolare nelle città, le trasformazioni delle coltivazioni agricoli da estensive a intensive, con l'applicazione delle grandi macchine agricole, della green revolution con le serre, delle pesca con le navi fattorie, con le pescicolture in acqua dolce o in mare, la riforestazione delle Amazzonia sperimentata da Salgado, …
  • 77. Luca Marescotti 77 / 78 Keywords Please discuss by using these key words that are given at the beginning of the lecture! Discutiamo la lezione usando le parole chiave fornite all'inizio!
  • 78. Luca Marescotti 78 / 78 Discussion 2 ‐ have we much time to decide? much? how much? Please discuss the situations given below by giving planning examples!