Scientific name.pptx
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This document discusses propagation methods for two medicinal plant species: 1) Dactylorhiza hatagirea can be propagated vegetatively through rhizomes or tubers, or reproductively through seeds. Seeds are collected in October-November and sown the following spring. Rhizomes sprout within a week when soaked and planted. 2) Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora regenerates naturally through rhizomes and seeds. It can also be propagated vegetatively through rhizomes or reproductively by collecting and stratifying seeds in the fall and sowing them the following spring. Rhizome cultivation is faster than growing from seed.
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Family : Malvaceae,
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Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
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Nepal faces several challenges to biodiversity conservation including low public awareness, high poverty rates, weak institutions, and a lack of integrated planning. Key threats include ecosystem loss due to overpopulation and development pressures, species loss due to poor management and data, and loss of genetic resources because of absent policies and uncoordinated management approaches.
Unit-10.pptx
The document describes four decision making processes used in community-based forestry:
1) Consensus system where participants openly discuss ideas to reach a unanimous conclusion, used for regular activities.
2) Propose and accept system where an individual's proposed idea is accepted by all to become a decision, common at forest user committee levels.
3) Majority system where the decision is made based on the majority opinion when consensus is not reached, used for electing committee members.
4) Clapping system where an idea is agreed upon through clapping without discussion.
Unit-8.pptx
FUGs have developed various institutional arrangements to regulate unauthorized access to forest and protect forest resources from natural and human destruction, sometimes collaborating with other institutions. In the past, government or project paid protection systems were common, but they are now rarely used. Recent policies do not support projects covering protection costs. If rules are violated, FUGs impose fines. Informal protection by aware, well-organized FUGs is the least costly approach.
upload.pptx
Key informants such as village elders and teachers are valuable sources of information who can provide insights into local forest issues and needs in a short period of time. This information can be used to develop tools to further investigate using RRA and PRA tools. Interest groups are determined by differences in age, gender, ethnicity, wealth, or occupation, such as women collecting forest products or poorer farmers. Assumptions of community forestry include that small-scale local management is better than large-scale, open access can transition to controlled community access, and more human resources are available through local involvement instead of only professionals.
Today presentation birat veneer.pptx
The document provides details on the presentation meeting for the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report of the proposed Veneer Industry by Birat Veneer and Ply Pvt. Ltd. It includes information on the proponent, consultant, objectives of the IEE study, relevance of conducting the IEE, location and salient features of the proposed project. It also outlines the procedures to be followed in preparing the IEE report including data collection methods for physical, biological and socio-economic environments as well as methods for identifying, predicting and evaluating environmental impacts.
Lecture3-formation2022.pptx
The document provides guidance on the process of community forest user group formation and constitution development in Nepal. It outlines key steps including identification of forest users and forests, empowering users, forming user committees, drafting the constitution, and registering the new community forest user group. The constitution development process involves gathering input from households, interest groups, and tole meetings to ensure all user needs and rights are addressed in an equitable and inclusive manner.
relation with 11,2022.pptx
The document discusses community-based forest management and rural livelihoods. It explains that rural communities rely on forest resources for their livelihoods in areas like subsistence farming, animal husbandry, and gathering forest products. Community forestry helps build various livelihood capitals - natural, physical, social, financial, and human - which rural communities can draw from to secure their livelihoods and improve well-being. Through community forestry programs and management of forest resources, rural livelihoods are strengthened in terms of income, health, skills, infrastructure, social cohesion, and more sustainable use of natural resources.
Lecture6-Plan.pptx
The document discusses the process and components of a Community Forest Operational Plan (CF OP), which outlines the key forest management, protection, and utilization activities that a Community Forest User Group will implement over a 10-year period. The CF OP process involves participatory resource mapping, forest inventory, socioeconomic data analysis, and endorsement by the community general assembly before final approval by the Divisional Forest Office. The CF OP includes sections on forest management, pro-poor livelihood programs, enterprise development, and fund utilization.
Itta ToR.pptx
The document presents the terms of reference for conducting an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study of a proposed brick manufacturing industry called Bhagawati Kalika Itta Udhyog Pvt. Ltd in Nepal. Key details include the project's location in Gadhi Rural Municipality, objective to produce 25 million bricks annually, and study team members. The document outlines the manufacturing process using a Fixed Chimney Bull's Trench Kiln and presents salient features of the project such as land area, raw materials, production capacity, and expected employment.
unit-6.pptx
This document discusses research instruments and their development. It covers:
1. Drafting measurement questions such as open-ended, closed-ended, dichotomous, and rating scale questions for surveys and checklists.
2. Assembling, pre-testing, and revising instruments to ensure questions are appropriate and identify issues before full data collection.
3. Testing instruments for reliability to ensure consistent results over time and validity to confirm they accurately measure the intended constructs.
Characteristics of good research instruments and the process of designing questionnaires are also outlined.
5 to on.pptx
This document provides an overview of how to conduct research and develop a research proposal. It begins by defining research as searching for knowledge to fill gaps between what is known and what could be known. The key steps for conducting research are identified as identifying a problem, clarifying the problem, and selecting a research topic. Factors to consider when writing a research proposal include an executive summary, literature review, problem statement, objectives, questions, hypotheses, sampling, data collection, analysis plan, expected outputs, budget, work plan, and abstract. Developing valid and reliable research instruments is also discussed.
Unit-11.pptx
The document provides information about conducting research and writing research proposals. It discusses key components of a research proposal including an introduction, literature review, problem statement, objectives, hypotheses, methodology, expected outputs, budget, and work plan. It emphasizes reviewing previous literature to identify research gaps and avoid duplicating past work. The document also covers selecting a research topic, developing objectives and research questions, choosing appropriate sampling and data collection methods, and analyzing and reporting results. Overall, it serves as a guide for systematically planning and designing a quality research study.
Wood properties.pptx
The document discusses the thermal properties of wood, including:
1. Thermal expansion, where wood expands when heated and contracts when cooled. The coefficients of thermal expansion are positive in all directions for dry wood.
2. Specific heat, which is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of wood by 1°C. Wood has a higher specific heat than metal.
3. Thermal conductivity, which is the ability of wood to conduct heat. Heat is transferred through wood due to differences in temperature.
4. Thermal properties are affected by moisture content, with dry wood exhibiting the most change upon heating and cooling. Thermal expansion coefficients have been measured for various wood species.
Chapter 1.pptx
This document provides information about tropical forestry and tropical forest types. It begins by defining the tropics and tropical region, noting that tropical forests receive most of their rainfall within 23.5 degrees of the equator. It then discusses the status and distribution of tropical forests worldwide, including their extent in different tropical regions. The remainder of the document describes the main types of tropical forests, including tropical moist evergreen forest, tropical moist semi-evergreen forest, tropical moist deciduous forest, littoral and swamp forests, tropical dry evergreen and dry deciduous forests, tropical thorn forest, and montane forests. Key details on the climatic conditions and locations of each forest type are provided.
Unit 5 Marketing of Forest Products.pptx
The document discusses marketing concepts and approaches related to forest products. It provides definitions of marketing as the process of moving products from concept to customers through activities like production, pricing, promotion and distribution. It describes three approaches to marketing - product, institutional and functional. It then discusses key elements that determine demand for forest products, including price, income, population, taste and price of related goods. The law of demand and elasticity of demand are explained as ways to measure the relationship between price and quantity demanded.
Unit 12 Managing New Ventures and Entrepreneurship.pptx
1. The document discusses various concepts related to entrepreneurship including defining entrepreneurship as strategic risk-taking that results in new opportunities, and entrepreneurs as risk-taking individuals who pursue opportunities others may not see.
2. It also summarizes the process of entrepreneurship as involving creativity, innovation, and launching one's own venture which requires assuming risks to earn rewards.
3. The role of entrepreneurship in society is outlined as generating employment, contributing to GDP, improving economic efficiency, increasing the scope of economic activities, and impacting local communities through regional development and industrialization.
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Unit 12 Managing New Ventures and Entrepreneurship.pptx
Unit 12 Managing New Ventures and Entrepreneurship.pptx
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A Review on Recent Advances of Packaging in Food Industry
Effective food packaging provides number of purposes. It functions as a container to hold and transport the food product, as well as a barrier to protect the food from outside contamination such as water, light, odours, bacteria, dust, and mechanical damage by maintaining the food quality. The package may also include barriers to keep the product's moisture content or gas composition consistent. Furthermore, convenience is vital role in packaging, and the desire for quick opening, dispensing, and resealing packages that maintain product quality until fully consumed is increasing. To facilitate trading, encourage sales, and inform on content and nutritional attributes, the packaging must be communicative. For storage of food there is huge scope for modified atmosphere packaging, intelligent packaging, active packaging, and controlled atmosphere packaging. Active packaging has a variety of uses, including carbon dioxide absorbers and emitters, oxygen scavengers, antimicrobials, and moisture control agents. Smart packaging is another term for intelligent packaging. Edible packaging, self-cooling and self-heating packaging, micro packaging, and water-soluble packaging are some of the advancements in package material.
一比一原版(Sheffield毕业证书)谢菲尔德大学毕业证如何办理
学校原件一模一样【微信：6496090 】【(Sheffield毕业证书)谢菲尔德大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：6496090 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微6496090
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微6496090】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微6496090】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(Sheffield毕业证书)谢菲尔德大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(Sheffield毕业证书)谢菲尔德大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(Sheffield毕业证书)谢菲尔德大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(Sheffield毕业证书)谢菲尔德大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Cacao, the main component used in the creation of chocolate and other cacao-b...
Cacao, the main component used in the creation of chocolate and other cacao-based products is cacao beans, which are produced by the cacao tree in pods. The Maya and Aztecs, two of the earliest Mesoamerican civilizations, valued cacao as a sacred plant and used it in religious rituals, social gatherings, and medical treatments. It has a long and rich cultural history.
快速办理(Adelaide毕业证书)阿德莱德大学毕业证文凭证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Adelaide毕业证书)阿德莱德大学毕业证文凭证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Ang Chong Yi’s Culinary Revolution: Pioneering Plant-Based Meat Alternatives ...
Ang Chong Yi’s Culinary Revolution: Pioneering Plant-Based Meat Alternatives ...Ang Chong Yi Singapore
In the heart of Singapore’s bustling culinary scene, a visionary chef named Ang Chong Yi is quietly revolutionizing the way we think about food. His mission? To create delectable Ang Chong Yi Singapore — Plant-based meat: Next-gen food alternatives that not only tantalize our taste buds but also contribute to a more sustainable future.
Top 12 Best Restaurants in Panchkula city
Panchkula offers a wide array of dining experiences. From traditional North Indian flavors to global cuisine, the city’s restaurants cater to every taste bud. Let’s dive into some of the best restaurants in Panchkula
按照学校原版(KCL文凭证书)伦敦国王学院毕业证快速办理
学校原版办理【(KCL毕业证书)伦敦国王学院毕业证】【176555708微信号】电子版成绩单成绩单、外壳、offer、留信学历认证（永久存档真实可查）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路），我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
FOOD PSYCHOLOGY CHARLA EN INGLES SOBRE PSICOLOGIA NUTRICIONAL
Our decisions about what to put on our plate are far more intricate than simply following hunger cues. Food psychology delves into the fascinating world of why we choose the foods we do, revealing a complex interplay of emotions, stress, and even disorders.
FOOD OBESITY IN NORTH AMERICA ( NEW).pptx
FOOD OBESITY IN AMERICA AND MARKETING CAMPAIGNS ESTABLISHED TO DEFEAT IT
W.H.Bender Quote 67 - Start with the MENU! The First Step in a Restaurant Sta...
W.H.Bender Quote 67 - Start with the MENU! The First Step in a Restaurant Sta...William (Bill) H. Bender, FCSI
The Menu affects everything in a restaurant; as our friend and FCSI consultant Bill Main says, “The Menu is your blueprint for profitability.”
Let’s start with the segment. What will be your marketing and brand positioning? It depends on what menu items you serve. What type of cooking methods and equipment will you use? GUEST EXPERIENCE = FACILITY (Space) DESIGN + MENU + SERVPOINTS™
W.H. Bender & Associates
408-784-7371
whb@whbender.com
www.whbender.com
San Jose, California一比一原版(Bristol毕业证)布里斯托大学毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：95270640】【布里斯托大学毕业证Bristol学位证成绩单】【微信：95270640】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：95270640】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：95270640】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理布里斯托大学毕业证硕士学位证成绩单Bristol学位证【微信：95270640 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理布里斯托大学毕业证Bristol学位证硕士学位证成绩单【微信：95270640 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理布里斯托大学毕业证硕士学位证成绩单Bristol学位证【微信：95270640 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理布里斯托大学毕业证硕士学位证成绩单Bristol学位证【微信：95270640 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Scientific name.pptx
- 1. Scientific name: Dactylorhiza hatagirea, 1 Family: Orchidaceae Propagation Methods: ▶ Cultivation can be done by vegetative and reproductive methods. ▶ Rhizomes/tubers are used as vegetative means and seeds are used as reproductive means. ▶ Propagation can also be done by tissue culture method. ▶ Its extensive commercial cultivation has yet to be practiced in Nepal. Panchaule
- 2. Propagation by seed 2 ▶ Seed is collected during Oct-Nov. ▶ Seeds are sown in nursery beds duringApril-May. ▶ About one kg seed is needed to cultivate one ha field. ▶ Seeds have very low germination capacity. ▶ Seedlings from nursery can be transplanted in the field in June- July. Vegetative propagation ▶ Usage of rhizome for large scale cultivation is best suited. ▶ Rhizomes/tubers are used for vegetative propagation. ▶ For vegetative propagation sprouted cuttings are soaked in water for one night and implanted in nursery bed inApril-May. ▶ About 90% rhizomes germinate or sprout within one week. Panchaule
- 3. Cultivation method 3 ▶ Seedlings of height 15 cm in bed should be transplanted to the cultivation plot during rainy season, June-July. ▶ Spacing of 30 cm for each seedling and 60 cm for each row. ▶ Gentle slopes, open moist areas and humus soil of the subalpine and alpine zones are suitable and cultivation for better growth. ▶ Cultivation land is prepared with the treatment of compost manure 15-20 tonnes/ha. ▶ Weeding is necessary in every 2 months. ▶ Irrigation and hoeing is also preferred. ▶ An average of 300 kg rhizomes can be harvested from 1 ha cultivation. ▶ Rhizome collection can be done in Oct-Nov from 4-5 years old mother plant. Panchaule
- 4. Scientific name : Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora Family: Scrophulariaceae Propagation Method ▶ Natural regeneration takes place by rhizomes and seeds. ▶ During winter the above ground part dries and gets buried under snow. In the beginning of summer the plant starts growing from dormant underground rhizomes. ▶ Rhizome cultivation is faster than seed cultivation. ▶ Trial commercial cultivation has started in Himalayan districts. Propagation by seed ▶ Mature seeds from 2-3 years mother plant is collected during October and stored in dry place. ▶ The seeds are sown in the nursery during March-April. ▶ For better germination seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours. 4 Kutki
- 5. ▶ Seeds are mixed with sand at the ratio of 1:5, about one kg seed is required for one ha kutki cultivation. 5 ▶ Seeds are sown at a spacing of 10 cm each in a row. Can also be sown directly in poly bags. ▶ Germination takes place in 15-30 days. Germination percentage is about 60. Vegetative propagation : ▶ Rhizomes with 3-4 cm in length from 2-3 years mature plant are appropriate for cultivation. ▶ Rhizomes are implanted in nursery in November-December keeping distance 30x30 cm for individuals and 60x60 cm for rows. ▶ It is said that production from rhizome cultivation has better quality. Kutki