Scientific management aims to maximize efficiency in the workplace. It was developed by F.W. Taylor based on observations in factories. Key principles include using science over intuition for each job, scientifically selecting and training workers, cooperation between management and workers, and dividing work equally. Techniques include separating planning and production, standardizing work, studying fatigue/methods/time/motion, paying piece rates, and changing mental attitudes. While Taylor's techniques increased efficiency, they also treated humans as machines and exploited workers.

1. Scientific
Management

2. Introduction
 This theory was developed by F. W. Taylor.
 He was primarily concerned about the efficiency of workers and optimum
utilization of resources.
 His principles and techniques were based on the observations he
conducted in the factory.
 Scientific management can be defined as application of science for each
and every element of management.

3. Scientific Principles of
Management
1. Principle of Science, not rule of thumb: According to this principle, Taylor
insists that each job performed in the organization should be based on
scientific inquiry and not on intuition and experience.
Rule of thumb means dictatorship of manager whereas scientific decisions
are based on cause and effect and scientific measurement of methods
and ways of production.
2. Principle of Scientific selection & Training of workers:The procedure for
selection of workers should be designed scientifically. The selected workers
should be trained to avoid wrong methods of work. It must provide
opportunities for the development of workers having better capabilities.

4. 3. Principle of Cooperation:Scientific management is based on cooperation
between management and workers, as also between workers themselves.
Scientific management also promotes cooperation among workers and
departments.
4. Principle of maximum output:Both the management and workers should try
to achieve maximum output in place of restricted output. Maximum output will
result in higher wages for the workers and greater profit for the management.
5. Principle of equal division of work:There must be equal division of
responsibility between the managers and the workers. The management
should assume responsibility for the work for which it is better suited.

5. Techniques of Scientific
Management
1. Functional Foremanship: The division of factory in 2 departments: planning
department and production department as Taylor felt that workers must be free
from the burden of panning and they must concentrate on work and production. To
develop specialization in the productivity, Taylor suggested under each department
there must be some functional experts to supervise, guide and instruct the worker.
2. Standardization and Simplification of work: Scientific management always
emphasizes on maintaining standards relating to every step of business operation.
Standardization does not mean only quality standards but it refers to setting up
standards for size, type, weights, measures and quality of product. Simplification
emphasizes on elimination of unnecessary diversity of product, size and types.

6. 3. Work Study: It ensures maximum production at minimum cost and getting
best contribution from every factor. It includes:
A. Fatigue study:
I. The frequency of rest intervals.
II. The duration of rest intervals.
III. The no. of rest intervals.
B. Method Study: This technique is conducted to find out the one best
method or way of performing the job which keeps production cost
minimum and makes maximum use of resources of the organisation.

7. C. Time Study: Taylor suggested to observe an average worker for this study.
I. The standard time required to perform a job.
II. Setting up the standard target for workers.
III. Determining the no. of workers required to perform a job.
IV. Categorizing the workers in efficient and inefficient categories.
D. Motion Study:
I. To determine the movements of workers when they are performing the job.
II. To differentiate between productive and unproductive movements.
III. For cutting down unproductive and wasteful movements.
IV. To design suitable equipment and tools to minimize the unproductive
movements of workers.

8. 4. Differential piece wage system:
a) Paying different rate of wage to efficient and ineffecient workers.
b) Extra wages paid to efficient employees will motivate them to remain
efficient.
c) Extra wages paid to efficient employees will motivate inefficient employees
to come in the category of efficient employees.
d) When payment is given according to no. of units produced automatically
the production will be maximized .

9. 5) Mental Revolution:
a) Change in mental attitudes of workers and management towards each
other.
b) Co-operation between workers and management.
c) Ruling out feeling of suspicion or prejudice from the minds of workers and
management to adapt systematic thinking.

10. Conclusion
Taylor’s scientific techniques were
effective to some extent but it also
exploits the human resources .Human
resources are considered as machines.