Science (human science&natural science)
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Human science differs from natural science in its challenges with observation and measurement. While natural sciences can directly observe phenomena, human sciences must rely on self-reported data from questionnaires, interviews, and experiments which can be influenced by participants' desire to present themselves positively or have their behavior altered by the research process. True objectivity and control are difficult to achieve in human science due to the complexities of human thought and ethics around experimental design.
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The document provides an overview of the field of psychology. It discusses:
- Early definitions that viewed psychology as the study of the soul or mind. Modern definitions see it as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
- Key figures and approaches in the history of psychology, including structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanistic psychology, and cognitive psychology.
- Main research methods like introspection, observation, experimentation, surveys and case studies.
- Applications of psychology in various fields like education, clinical, industrial, and health settings.
- Ways psychology can help understand oneself and others to enhance communication, career prospects, and overall well-being.
Introduction to psychology
This document provides an introduction and overview of the field of psychology. It discusses that psychology is the study of behavior and cognitive and physiological processes. It also outlines six main perspectives in psychology: biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, sociocultural, and humanistic. Additionally, it describes various subfields and types of psychologists such as clinical, cognitive, developmental, and experimental psychologists. Finally, it discusses different research methods used in psychology including experiments, surveys, observation, tests, and their importance in studying behavior scientifically.
Prologue+and+ch.+1
This document provides an overview of psychology as a field of study. It discusses what psychology studies, including different types of behavior and levels of analysis. It also describes common sense beliefs about human behavior and how psychology aims to scientifically study behavior to overcome biases. The document outlines the scientific process used in psychology, including generating hypotheses and theories to explain observations. It then reviews several areas of psychology as a field today and traces the history of psychology from its philosophical roots to the development of different traditions like structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, cognitivism, and humanism.
Prologue+and+ch.+1
This document provides an overview of psychology as a field of study. It discusses what psychology studies, including different types of behavior and levels of analysis. It also describes common sense beliefs about human behavior and how psychology aims to scientifically study behavior to overcome biases. The document outlines the scientific process used in psychology, including generating hypotheses and theories to explain observations. It then reviews several areas of psychology today as well as the history of the field, tracing influences from philosophy and outlining early traditions like structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, cognitivism, and humanism.
Prologue+and+ch.+1
This document provides an overview of psychology as a field of study. It discusses what psychology studies, including different types of behavior and levels of analysis. It also describes common sense beliefs about human behavior and how psychology aims to scientifically study behavior to overcome biases. The document outlines the scientific process used in psychology, including generating hypotheses and theories to explain observations. It then reviews several areas of psychology as a field today and traces the history of psychology from its philosophical roots to the development of different traditions like structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, cognitivism, and humanism.
Ryan's psy ch02
This document provides an overview of psychological research methods. It discusses conducting research through forming a research question and hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. It also covers surveys and sampling, noting the importance of proper sampling techniques to accurately represent populations. Key methods of observation and the experimental method are mentioned. Ethical issues in research are also briefly addressed.
14357173.ppt
The document provides instructions for students in an AP Psychology class. It outlines assignments that are due, including signing and returning a syllabus, purchasing a review book, and completing chapter outlines. It also lists materials needed for the class and behavioral expectations for students. The class will cover the major topics in psychology based on the AP exam, using approaches like biological, cognitive, behavioral, and humanistic perspectives. Students will develop research skills and learn to think critically about controversial topics in the field.
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English has become a universal language due to its widespread use globally. It has advantages like allowing easy communication between people from different countries and opening up opportunities for education, work, and business internationally. However, it also has disadvantages such as being difficult to master for some due to its extensive vocabulary and multiple skill sets required. Additionally, overreliance on English could cause people to lose aspects of their native culture if used exclusively for a long time abroad. While English provides benefits as a shared global tongue, it also presents challenges.
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English has become a universal language due to its widespread use globally. It has advantages as a lingua franca in that it allows people to communicate internationally and opens up opportunities for education, work, and business abroad. However, English also has disadvantages. Learning English skills like reading, writing, listening and speaking is challenging for some people. Using English extensively can also cause people to lose aspects of their native culture and identity over time. While English provides benefits as a common global tongue, it also faces criticism for its difficulties and potential cultural impacts.
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Editor's Notes
- Problem of human science : - observe people’s behavior - cannot observe minds directly Educated guess about thinking -never completely sure it is right. Want others to have good image of them -change behavior a little Psychology evidence : - people overestimate own strengths -underestimate own weakness.
- People are reasonably honest: can learn a lot from questionnaires, opinion polls and interview to know people’s thinking. - usually say will do one thing but do another -question can point to answer (loaded question) -people change behavior when watched -embarrassed (observer effect) - putting label can change behavior (expectation)
- Difficult to measure anything precisely in human science T ry to count your thoughts, process of counting interferes what trying to count. American psychologist William James : thinking not single thoughts but a continuous stream of consciousness .
- Some twentieth-century psychologists: -unscientific--neither objectively observed nor precisely measured. Experiments not accurate: -impossible to run controlled experiments -experiments may change behavior of participants -ethical reasons: experiments negative effect on participants