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![Xtrewqsdfghjkl;’
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THE SPECIAL
DOCUMENTS
OF ZHARLA
SHANE
MERCADO
LACAp
[Type the document subtitle]
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
AND GALILEO GALILI AND
THE WORLDS GREATEST
INVENTOR
2013
ALMA
[Type the company name]
5/3/2013](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/inventorsinvented-140802234802-phpapp01/85/science-1-320.jpg)
![AcademyofFlorencehadbeen arguing
overa100-year-oldcontroversy:What
werethelocation, shape,and
dimensionsofDante'sInferno?Galileo
Galileiwantedtoseriouslyanswerthe
questionfromthepointofviewofa
scientist.ExtrapolatingfromDante's
linethat"[thegiant Nimrod's]facewas
aboutaslong/AndjustaswideasSt.
Peter'sconeinRome,"Galileodeduced
thatLuciferhimself was2,000arm-
lengthlong.Theaudiencewas
impressed,andwithintheyear, Galileo](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/inventorsinvented-140802234802-phpapp01/85/science-32-320.jpg)
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- 1. Xtrewqsdfghjkl;’ ] THE SPECIAL DOCUMENTS OF ZHARLA SHANE MERCADO LACAp [Typethe document subtitle] ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL AND GALILEO GALILI AND THE WORLDS GREATEST INVENTOR 2013 ALMA [Type the company name] 5/3/2013
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- 3. OCCUPATION:Educator,Lingui st,Inventor,Scientist BIRTHDATE:March03,1847 DEATHDATE:August02,1922 EDUCATION:EdinburghRoyal HighSchool,EdinburghUniversity, UniversityCollegeinLondon PLACEOFBIRTH:Edinburgh, Scotland PLACEOFDEATH:CapeBreton Island,NovaScotia,Canada BEST KNOWN FOR
- 4. AlexanderGraham Bellwasoneofthe primaryinventorsof thetelephone,did importantworkincommunicationfor thedeafandheldmorethan18patents. AlexanderGraham Bellwasbornon March3,1847,inEdinburgh,Scotland. Hiseducationwaslargelyreceived throughnumerousexperimentsin soundandthefurtheringofhisfather’s workonVisibleSpeechforthe deaf.Bell workedwithThomasWatsononthe designandpatentofthefirstpractical
- 5. telephone.Inall,Bellheld18patentsin hisnamealoneand12thatheshared withcollaborators. HediedonAugust2, 1922,inCapeBretonIsland, Nova Scotia,Canada. EarlyLife AlexanderGrahamBellwasborn AlexanderBellonMarch3,1847,in Edinburgh,Scotland.(Hewasgiventhe middlename"Graham"when hewas10 yearsold.) ThesecondsonofAlexander MelvilleBellandElizaGraceSymonds
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- 7. Scotland, knownasthe"Athensofthe North,"foritsrichcultureofartsand science.Anotherwashisgrandfather, AlexanderBell,awell-knownprofessor andteacherofelocution.Alexander's motheralsohadaprofoundinfluenceon him,beingaproficientpianist despite herdeafness.ThistaughtAlexanderto lookpastpeople'sdisadvantagesand findsolutionstohelpthem. AlexanderGrahamBellwas homeschooledbyhismother, who instilledinhimaninfinitecuriosity
- 8. aboutthe worldaroundhim. He receivedoneyearofformaleducationin aprivateschoolandtwoyearsat Edinburgh'sRoyalHighSchool.Though amediocrestudent,hedisplayedan uncommonabilitytosolveproblems.At age12,whileplaying withafriendina grainmill,henotedtheslowprocessof huskingthewheatgrain.Hewenthome andbuilta devicewithrotatingpaddles withsetsofnailbrushesthatdehusked thewheat. Itwashisfirstinvention. EarlyAttemptstoFollowHisPassion
- 9. Alexander'sfather, Melville,followedin hisfather'sfootsteps,becominga leadingauthorityonelocutionand speech correction.YoungAlexander wasgroomedearlytocarryoninthe familybusiness,buthewasambitious andheadstrong,whichconflictedwith hisfather'soverbearingmanner.Then, in1862,Alexander'sgrandfatherbecame ill.Seekingtobeoutofhisfather's control,Alexandervolunteeredtocare fortheelderBell.Theexperience profoundlychangedhim.His
- 10. grandfatherencouragedhisinterests, andthetwodevelopedaclose relationship.Theexperiencelefthim withanappreciation forlearningand intellectualpursuits,andtransitioned himtomanhood. At16,AlexanderGrahamBell accepteda positionatWestonHouseAcademyin Elgin,Scotland,wherehetaught elocutionandmusictostudents,many olderthanhe.Atthe endofthe term, Alexanderreturnedhomeand joinedhis father,promotingMelvilleBell's
- 11. techniqueofVisible Speech,which taughtthe deaftoalignspecificphonetic symbolswithaparticularpositionofthe speech organs(lips,tongue,andpalate). Between1865and1870,therewasmuch changein theBellhousehold.In1865, MelvilleBellmovedthefamilyto London,andAlexanderreturnedto WestonHouseAcademytoteach.In 1867,Alexander'syoungerbrother, Edward,diedoftuberculosis.The followingyear,Alexanderrejoinedthe familyandonceagainbecame his
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- 14. Mutes.Becausethe positionconflicted withhislecturetour,herecommended Alexanderinhisplace.TheyoungerBell quicklyaccepted.Combininghisfather's system ofVisibleSpeechand someofhis ownmethods,heachievedremarkable success.Thoughtheschoolhadnofunds tohireBellforanothersemester,hehad falleninlovewiththerichintellectual atmosphereofBoston.In1872,heset outonhisown,tutoringdeafchildrenin Boston.Hisassociationwithtwo students,GeorgeSandersandMabel
- 15. Hubbard, wouldsethimonanew course. Afteroneofhistutoringsessionswith Mabel,Bellsharedwithherfather, Gardiner,hisideasofhowseveral telegraphtransmissionsmight besent onthesamewireiftheywere transmittedondifferentharmonic frequencies.Hubbard'sinterestwas piqued.Hehadbeen tryingtofindaway toimprovetelegraphtransmissions, whichatthetimecouldcarryonlyone messageatatime.Hubbardconvinced
- 16. ThomasSanders,thefatherofBell's otherstudent,George,tohelp financiallybacktheidea. Between1873and1874,Alexander GrahamBellspentlongdaysandnights tryingtoperfecttheharmonic telegraph. Buthisattentionbecame sidetrackedwith anotheridea: transmittingthehumanvoiceover wires.The diversionfrustrated Gardiner Hubbard. Heknewanother inventor, ElishaGray,wasworkingona multiple-signaltelegraph.TohelpBell
- 17. refocushisefforts,Hubbard hired ThomasWatson,a skilledelectrician. Watsonunderstoodhowtodevelopthe toolsandinstrumentsBellneededto continuetheproject.ButWatsonsoon tookinterestinBell'sideaofvoice transmission.Likemanyinventors beforeandsince,thetwomenformeda greatpartnership,withBellastheideas manandWatsonhavingthe expertiseto bringBell'sideastoreality. Through1874and1875,Belland Watsonlaboredon boththeharmonic
- 18. telegraphandavoicetransmitting device. Hubbardinsistedthattheharmonic telegraphtakeprecedence,butwhenhe discoveredthatthe twomenhad conceptualizedthemechanismforvoice transmission,hefiledapatent.Theidea wasprotected,forthetimebeing,but thedevice stillhadtobedeveloped.On March10,1876,BellandWatsonwere experimentingintheirlaboratory. LegendhasitthatBellknocked overa containeroftransmittingfluidand
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- 20. thedistancebetweenthetwo telephones.Atthe Centennial ExhibitioninPhiladelphia,in1876,Bell demonstratedthetelephonetothe EmperorofBrazil, DomPedroII,who exclaimed,"MyGod,ittalks!"Other demonstrationsfollowed,eachata greaterdistancethan thelast.TheBell TelephoneCompanywasorganizedon July9,1877.Witheachnewsuccess, AlexanderGraham Bellwasmovingout oftheshadowofhisfather.
- 21. OnJuly11,1877,withhisnotorietyand financialpotentialincreasing,Alexander GrahamBellmarriedMabel Hubbard, hisformerstudentandthedaughterof GardinerHubbard, hisinitialfinancial backer.Overthecourseofthenext year, Alexander'sfamegrewinternationally andheandMabeltraveledtoEuropefor moredemonstrations.While there,the Bells'firstchild,ElsieMay,wasborn. UpontheirreturntotheUnitedStates, Bellwassummoned toWashingtonD.C. todefend histelephonepatentfrom
- 22. lawsuitsbyothersclaimingtheyhad inventedthetelephoneorhad conceived oftheideabeforeBell. Overthenext18years,theBell TelephoneCompanyfacedover550 courtchallenges,includingseveralthat wenttotheSupreme Court,butnone wassuccessful.Despitethese patent battles,thecompanycontinuedtogrow. Betweentheyears1877and1886,the numberofpeopleintheUnitedStates whoownedtelephonesgrewtomore than150,000,andduringthistime,
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- 27. wasborninPisa,ItalyonFebruary15, 1564.Hewastheoldestofseven children.Hisfatherwasamusicianand wooltrader,whowantedhissonto studymedicineastherewasmore moneyinmedicine.Atageeleven, Galileowassent off tostudyinaJesuit monastery. Afterfouryears,Galileohadannounced tohisfatherthathe wantedtobea monk.Thiswasnotexactlywhatfather hadinmind,soGalileowashastily
- 28. withdrawnfromthe monastery.In 1581,attheageof17,heenteredthe UniversityofPisatostudymedicine,as hisfatherwished. GalileoGalilei-LawofthePendulum Atagetwenty,Galileonoticedalamp swingingoverheadwhilehe wasina cathedral.Curioustofindouthowlong ittookthe lamptoswingbackandforth, heusedhispulsetotimelargeandsmall swings.Galileodiscoveredsomething thatno oneelsehad everrealized:the
- 29. periodofeachswingwasexactlythe same.The lawofthe pendulum,which wouldeventuallybeusedto regulate clocks,madeGalileoGalileiinstantly famous. Exceptformathematics,GalileoGalilei wasboredwithuniversity.Galileo's familywasinformedthattheirsonwas indanger offlunkingout.Acompromise wasworkedout,whereGalileowould betutoredfull-timeinmathematicsby themathematicianofthe Tuscancourt. Galileo'sfatherwashardly overjoyed
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- 31. tellhimthatapiece of,say,goldwas19.3 timesheavierthanthesame volumeof water.Healsostartedcampaigningfor hislife'sambition:a positiononthe mathematicsfaculty atamajor university.AlthoughGalileowasclearly brilliant,hehadoffendedmanypeople inthefield,whowouldchoose other candidatesforvacancies. GalileoGalilei-Dante'sInferno Ironically,itwasalectureonliterature thatwouldturn Galileo'sfortunes.The
- 32. AcademyofFlorencehadbeen arguing overa100-year-oldcontroversy:What werethelocation, shape,and dimensionsofDante'sInferno?Galileo Galileiwantedtoseriouslyanswerthe questionfromthepointofviewofa scientist.ExtrapolatingfromDante's linethat"[thegiantNimrod's]facewas aboutaslong/AndjustaswideasSt. Peter'sconeinRome,"Galileodeduced thatLuciferhimself was2,000arm- lengthlong.Theaudiencewas impressed,andwithintheyear, Galileo
- 33. hadreceivedathree-yearappointment totheUniversityofPisa,the same universitythatnevergrantedhima degree! TheLeaningTowerofPisa AtthetimethatGalileoarrivedatthe University,somedebatehadstartedup ononeofAristotle's"laws"of nature, thatheavierobjectsfellfasterthan lighterobjects.Aristotle'swordhad beenacceptedasgospeltruth,andthere hadbeenfewattemptstoactuallytest
- 34. Aristotle'sconclusionsbyactually conductinganexperiment! According tolegend, Galileodecidedto try.Heneededtobeabletodropthe objectsfromagreatheight.Theperfect buildingwasrightathand--theTowerof Pisa,54meterstall.Galileoclimbedup tothetop ofthebuildingcarryinga varietyofballsofvaryingsize and weight,anddumpedthemoffofthetop. Theyalllandedatthebaseofthe buildingatthesame time(legendsays thatthedemonstrationwaswitnessed
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- 36. NecessityistheMotherofInvention GalileoGalileimovedonto the UniversityofPadua.By1593,hewas desperateinneedofadditional cash.His fatherhaddied,soGalileowasthehead ofhisfamily,andpersonallyresponsible forhisfamily.Debtswere pressingdown onhim,mostnotably,thedowryforone ofhissisters,whichwaspaidin installmentsoverdecades(adowry couldbethousandsofcrowns,and Galileo'sannualsalarywas180crowns).
- 37. Debtor'sprisonwasarealthreatif GalileoreturnedtoFlorence. WhatGalileoneededwastocomeup withsomesortof devicethatcould makehimatidyprofit.A rudimentarythermometer(which,for thefirsttime,allowedtemperature variations tobemeasured)andan ingeniousdevicetoraisewaterfrom aquifersfoundnomarket.Hefound greatersuccessin1596withamilitary compassthatcouldbeusedto accuratelyaimcannonballs.Amodified
- 38. civilianversionthat couldbeusedfor landsurveyingcame outin1597,and endedupearningafairamountof moneyforGalileo.Ithelpedhisprofit marginthat1)theinstrumentswere sold forthreetimesthecostofmanufacture, 2)healsoofferedclassesonhowtouse theinstrument,and3)theactual toolmakerwaspaiddirt-poorwages. Agoodthing.Galileoneededthemoney tosupporthissiblings,hismistress(a21 yearoldwithareputationasawoman of easyhabits),andhis threechildren(two
- 39. daughtersandaboy).By1602,Galileo's namewasfamousenoughtohelpbring instudentstotheUniversity, where Galileowasbusilyexperimenting withmagnets. InVeniceonaholidayin1609,Galileo GalileiheardrumorsthataDutch spectacle-makerhadinventedadevice thatmade distantobjectsseemnearat hand(atfirstcalledthespyglassandlater renamedthe telescope).Apatenthad beenrequested,butnotyetgranted,and themethodswerebeingkeptsecret,
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- 41. toahighly impressedSenate. Hissalary waspromptlyraised,andhewas honoredwithproclamations. GalileoGalilei-TheMoon Ifhehadstoppedhere,andbecomea manofwealthandleisure,Galileo Galileimightbeamerefootnotein history.Instead,arevolutionstarted when,one fallevening,thescientist trainedhistelescopeonanobjectinthe skythatallpeopleatthattimebelieved mustbea perfect,smooth, polished
- 42. heavenlybody--the Moon.To his astonishment,GalileoGalileivieweda surfacethatwasuneven,rough,andfull ofcavitiesandprominences.Many peopleinsistedthatGalileoGalileiwas wrong.Someoftheirargumentswere veryclever,likethemathematicianwho insistedthatevenifGalileowasseeing a roughsurfaceonthe Moon,thatonly meantthattheentiremoonhadtobe coveredin invisible,transparent, smoothcrystal. GalileoGalilei-Jupiter
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- 45. Messenger.550copieswerepublishedin Marchof1610,totremendouspublic acclaimandexcitement. GalileoGalilei-Saturn Andthere weremorediscoveriesviathe newtelescope:theappearance ofbumps nexttotheplanetSaturn(Galileo thoughttheywerecompanionstars;the "stars"wereactuallytheedgesof Saturn'srings),spotsontheSun's surface(thoughothershadactuallyseen
- 46. thespots before),andseeing Venus changefromafulldisktoasliveroflight. ForGalileoGalilei,sayingthattheEarth wentaroundtheSunchanged everythingsincehe wascontradicting theteachingsofthe Church. Whilesome oftheChurch'smathematicianswrote thathisobservationswereclearly correct,manymembersoftheChurch believedthathemustbewrong.
- 47. InDecemberof1613,oneofthe scientist'sfriendstoldhimhowa powerful memberofthenobilitysaid thatshecouldnot seehowhis observationscould betrue,sincethey wouldcontradicttheBible.Thelady quotedapassageinJoshuawhereGod causestheSuntostandstillandlengthen theday.Howcouldthismeananything otherthan thattheSunwentaroundthe Earth? GalileoGalilei-HeresyCharges
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- 49. Andsome oftheChurchclergystarted responding,accusinghimofheresy. SomecreditswenttotheInquisition, theChurchcourtthatinvestigated chargesofheresy,andformally accused GalileoGalilei.Thiswasaveryserious matter.In1600,amannamedGiordano Brunowasconvictedofbeing aheretic forbelievingthattheearthmovedabout theSun,andthattherewere many planetsthroughouttheuniversewhere life--livingcreationsofGod--existed. Brunowasburnttodeath.
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- 51. wouldallowashipcaptainto navigate withhishandsonthewheel.Thatis, assumingthecaptaindidn'tmind wearingwhatlookedlikeahorned helmet! Asanotheramusement,Galileostarted writingaboutoceantides.Insteadof writinghisargumentsasascientific paper,hefoundthat itwasmuchmore interestingtohaveanimaginary conversation,ordialogue,between threefictionalcharacters.One character,whowouldsupportGalileo's
- 52. sideofthe argument, wasbrilliant. Anothercharacterwouldbe opento eithersideoftheargument.Thefinal character,namedSimplicio,was dogmatic andfoolish,representingallof Galileo'senemieswhoignoredany evidencethatGalileowasright.Soon,he wroteupasimilardialoguecalled "DialogueontheTwoGreatSystemsof theWorld."Thisbooktalkedaboutthe Copernicansystem. "Dialogue"wasanimmediatehitwith thepublic,butnot,ofcourse, withthe
- 53. Church.Thepopesuspectedthathewas themodelforSimplicio.Heorderedthe bookbanned,andalso orderedthe scientisttoappearbeforetheInquisition inRomeforthe crimeofteachingthe Copernicantheoryafterbeingordered nottodoso. GalileoGalileiwas68yearsoldandsick. Threatenedwithtorture,hepublicly confessedthathehadbeenwrongto havesaidthattheEarthmovesaround theSun.Legendthenhasitthatafterhis
- 54. confession,Galileoquietlywhispered "Andyet,itmoves." Unlikemanylessfamousprisoners,he wasallowedtoliveunderhousearrestin hishouseoutsideof Florence.Hewas nearone ofhisdaughters,anun.Until hisdeathin1642,hecontinuedto investigateotherareasofscience. Amazingly,heeven publishedabookon forceandmotionalthoughhe hadbeen blindedbyaneyeinfection. TheStoryContinues...
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