This study examined floral heating and pollination in two Asian species of Illicium (I. dunnianum and I. tsangii). The researchers found that both species exhibited post-anthesis floral heating, with the highest temperatures occurring during the nursing phase to aid gall midge larvae. Pollination was exclusively by a new species of Clinodiplosis gall midge in both Illicium, unlike generalist-pollinated New World species. Ancestral state reconstruction showed that floral heating and gall midge pollination evolved independently in Schisandraceae. Post-anthesis heating provides a reward to the pollinating gall midges in their mutualistic relationship with the plants.
1) The study examined floral temperature patterns and pollination in two Asian Illicium species, I. dunnianum and I. tsangii.
2) It found that both species exhibit significant flower heating, especially during the nursing phase after anthesis when the flowers no longer have a sexual function. This post-anthetic heating helps the larvae of the gall midge pollinators survive.
3) In contrast to New World Illicium, the two Asian species were exclusively pollinated by Clinodiplosis gall midges.
4) However, ancestral trait reconstruction showed that while both species exhibit the traits, flower heating and gall midge pollination are not strictly
This study examined flower heating and pollination in two Asian Illicium species: I. dunnianum and I. tsangii. The researchers found that both species exhibited post-anthesis flower heating, with temperatures increasing during the nursing phase to provide warmth for gall midge larvae. Unlike related New World species, I. dunnianum and I. tsangii were exclusively pollinated by Clinodiplosis gall midges. While flower heating and midge pollination often co-occur, ancestral trait reconstruction showed the two traits are not strictly correlated. Post-anthesis heating appears to reward gall midge pollinators through provision of warmth and food for larvae.
Plant reproduction involves an alternation of generations between haploid and diploid phases. In seed plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms, the sporophyte phase is dominant. During reproduction, sporophyte plants produce male gametophytes (pollen grains) and female gametophytes (embryo sacs) through meiosis. Pollination transfers pollen grains which contain sperm for double fertilization - one sperm fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote, and the other fuses with polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm which nourishes the developing embryo. Each fertilized ovule develops into a seed containing the next sporophyte generation.
Anther culture is a technique where anthers are excised from flower buds and cultured to produce haploid plants. The first report of haploid tissue from anther culture was in 1964-1966 in Datura pollen grains. Over 250 species have been produced through anther culture, most commonly in families like Solanaceae, Cruciferae, and Poaceae. Haploid plants are useful for identifying recessive traits, eliminating lethal genes, and producing homozygous diploid plants more quickly. There are several pathways that microspores can follow during anther culture, such as symmetric or asymmetric division, to produce haploid plants. Successful anther culture requires optimizing various factors like donor plant genotype, anther
Anther culture is a technique where anthers are excised from flower buds and cultured on nutrient media. This can produce haploid plantlets through either organogenesis or embryogenesis. The first report of haploid tissue from anther culture was in 1966 in Datura pollen grains. Haploids are useful for plant breeding as they contain only one allele per gene, revealing recessive traits, eliminating lethal genes, and allowing for efficient production of homozygous plants. The protocol involves sterilizing tobacco flower buds, removing anthers, and culturing them on nutrient media. After 3-4 weeks, haploid plantlets emerge from the cultured anthers. Haploids have applications in basic research, mutation studies
Plant tissue culture is a technique where plant cells, tissues, or organs are grown in an artificial nutrient medium under sterile conditions. Haberlandt in 1902 first attempted to culture plant tissues in vitro and is considered the father of plant tissue culture. Important milestones in the history of plant tissue culture include the development of MS medium by Murashige and Skoog in 1962 and the first transgenic plant created in 1983. Common types of plant tissue culture include callus culture, suspension culture, organ culture, and meristem culture. Tissue culture has many applications in crop improvement including micropropagation, breeding, and production of secondary metabolites.
How to Study SSC 10th - Science - Life cycle?Ednexa
1. The document discusses various modes of reproduction including asexual reproduction through binary fission, budding and regeneration as well as sexual reproduction in plants and humans.
2. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis to produce gametes and fertilization where the gametes fuse. In plants, this occurs through the transfer of pollen and formation of seeds containing embryos.
3. Asexual reproduction methods like binary fission, budding and regeneration allow for cloning and rapid reproduction but lack genetic variation, while sexual reproduction introduces variations through meiosis and fertilization.
Angiosperms are flowering plants that represent over half of all known plant species. They contain reproductive organs like the pistil, which is the female structure. Flowers serve the function of containing the reproductive organs to produce seeds through fertilization. Some angiosperms like sunflowers have showy flowers, while others like grasses have smaller, less noticeable flowers. Overall, angiosperms are the largest group of plants and make use of flowers for sexual reproduction and seed production.
1) The study examined floral temperature patterns and pollination in two Asian Illicium species, I. dunnianum and I. tsangii.
2) It found that both species exhibit significant flower heating, especially during the nursing phase after anthesis when the flowers no longer have a sexual function. This post-anthetic heating helps the larvae of the gall midge pollinators survive.
3) In contrast to New World Illicium, the two Asian species were exclusively pollinated by Clinodiplosis gall midges.
4) However, ancestral trait reconstruction showed that while both species exhibit the traits, flower heating and gall midge pollination are not strictly
This study examined flower heating and pollination in two Asian Illicium species: I. dunnianum and I. tsangii. The researchers found that both species exhibited post-anthesis flower heating, with temperatures increasing during the nursing phase to provide warmth for gall midge larvae. Unlike related New World species, I. dunnianum and I. tsangii were exclusively pollinated by Clinodiplosis gall midges. While flower heating and midge pollination often co-occur, ancestral trait reconstruction showed the two traits are not strictly correlated. Post-anthesis heating appears to reward gall midge pollinators through provision of warmth and food for larvae.
Plant reproduction involves an alternation of generations between haploid and diploid phases. In seed plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms, the sporophyte phase is dominant. During reproduction, sporophyte plants produce male gametophytes (pollen grains) and female gametophytes (embryo sacs) through meiosis. Pollination transfers pollen grains which contain sperm for double fertilization - one sperm fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote, and the other fuses with polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm which nourishes the developing embryo. Each fertilized ovule develops into a seed containing the next sporophyte generation.
Anther culture is a technique where anthers are excised from flower buds and cultured to produce haploid plants. The first report of haploid tissue from anther culture was in 1964-1966 in Datura pollen grains. Over 250 species have been produced through anther culture, most commonly in families like Solanaceae, Cruciferae, and Poaceae. Haploid plants are useful for identifying recessive traits, eliminating lethal genes, and producing homozygous diploid plants more quickly. There are several pathways that microspores can follow during anther culture, such as symmetric or asymmetric division, to produce haploid plants. Successful anther culture requires optimizing various factors like donor plant genotype, anther
Anther culture is a technique where anthers are excised from flower buds and cultured on nutrient media. This can produce haploid plantlets through either organogenesis or embryogenesis. The first report of haploid tissue from anther culture was in 1966 in Datura pollen grains. Haploids are useful for plant breeding as they contain only one allele per gene, revealing recessive traits, eliminating lethal genes, and allowing for efficient production of homozygous plants. The protocol involves sterilizing tobacco flower buds, removing anthers, and culturing them on nutrient media. After 3-4 weeks, haploid plantlets emerge from the cultured anthers. Haploids have applications in basic research, mutation studies
Plant tissue culture is a technique where plant cells, tissues, or organs are grown in an artificial nutrient medium under sterile conditions. Haberlandt in 1902 first attempted to culture plant tissues in vitro and is considered the father of plant tissue culture. Important milestones in the history of plant tissue culture include the development of MS medium by Murashige and Skoog in 1962 and the first transgenic plant created in 1983. Common types of plant tissue culture include callus culture, suspension culture, organ culture, and meristem culture. Tissue culture has many applications in crop improvement including micropropagation, breeding, and production of secondary metabolites.
How to Study SSC 10th - Science - Life cycle?Ednexa
1. The document discusses various modes of reproduction including asexual reproduction through binary fission, budding and regeneration as well as sexual reproduction in plants and humans.
2. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis to produce gametes and fertilization where the gametes fuse. In plants, this occurs through the transfer of pollen and formation of seeds containing embryos.
3. Asexual reproduction methods like binary fission, budding and regeneration allow for cloning and rapid reproduction but lack genetic variation, while sexual reproduction introduces variations through meiosis and fertilization.
Angiosperms are flowering plants that represent over half of all known plant species. They contain reproductive organs like the pistil, which is the female structure. Flowers serve the function of containing the reproductive organs to produce seeds through fertilization. Some angiosperms like sunflowers have showy flowers, while others like grasses have smaller, less noticeable flowers. Overall, angiosperms are the largest group of plants and make use of flowers for sexual reproduction and seed production.
Morphogenesis, organogenesis, embryogenesis & other techniquesHORTIPEDIA INDIA
The document describes the process of somatic embryogenesis. It involves 7 key steps:
1) Induction of embryogenesis from explant tissue on media supplemented with auxin
2) Development of somatic embryos through globular, heart, and torpedo stages of growth
3) Maturation of embryos with the formation of root and shoot meristems and cotyledons
4) Conversion of mature embryos to plantlets through germination on auxin-free media
Factors like explant type, growth regulators, and genotype influence the process. Somatic embryos differ from zygotic embryos in lacking a seed coat and having greater potential for propagation but weaker plantlets.
The document discusses androgenesis, which is the production of haploid plants through microspore culture. Two main techniques are described: anther culture and pollen/microspore culture. Anther culture involves culturing excised anthers while pollen/microspore culture involves isolating and culturing individual pollen grains. Successful androgenesis requires stress treatments, specific culture media formulations, and plant growth regulators. The process can result in direct embryogenesis from microspores or indirect embryogenesis through a callus phase. Factors influencing androgenesis success and the pathways and stages of microspore development are also covered.
Reproduction In Organisms-CBSE Class XII Biologyshivrajrath
This document summarizes reproduction in organisms for class 12 biology. It discusses the different types of reproduction including asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction occurs through fission, budding, spore formation, or vegetative propagation. Sexual reproduction involves gametogenesis, gamete transfer through processes like pollination, syngamy and fertilization to form a zygote, and post-fertilization development of the zygote into an embryo. Sexual reproduction can be external or internal, and in animals it can result in oviparous offspring that are laid as eggs or viviparous offspring that develop internally.
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS ANDROGENESIS ?
HISTORY
TYPES OF ANDROGENESIS TECHNIQUES
ONTOGENY OF ANDROGENIC HAPLOIDS
GYNOGENESIS
FACTORS AFFECTING ANDROGENESIS
APPLICATIONS OF ANDROGENESIS
LIMITATIONS
REFERENCES
The document discusses the production of double haploid plants through anther and pollen culture techniques. It provides background on the history of double haploid development, the importance of double haploids in plant breeding, and methods used to induce haploids including anther culture, pollen culture, ovary slice culture, and ovule culture. Key factors influencing anther culture success are also reviewed, such as genotype, culture medium, microspore stage, temperature, and donor plant physiology. Advantages and disadvantages of generating double haploid lines are presented.
Androgenesis is the production of haploid plants through the culture of male gametophytes or microspores. There are two main methods - anther culture and isolated pollen/microspore culture. Anther culture involves excising anthers from flower buds and culturing them on nutrient media, while microspore culture isolates microspores from anthers. Several factors influence androgenesis success, including genotype, anther wall components, culture medium, growth regulators, and physical conditions. Androgenic haploids can develop directly from microspores or indirectly through a callus phase, following various developmental pathways. Androgenesis allows for the efficient production of haploid plants for breeding programs.
Anther and pollen culture is the production of haploid plants exploiting the totipotency of microscope and the occurrence of single set of chromosome in microscope.
The document describes the steps involved in micropropagation:
1. Explant selection from a donor plant
2. Establishment of the explant in culture media
3. Callus development and cell division from the explant
4. Development of plantlets from the callus tissue
5. Hardening or acclimatization of the plantlets for transplanting.
In vitro pollination involves pollinating pistils or ovules that have been cultured in a nutrient medium such as Nitsch's medium. This technique can help overcome pre-fertilization barriers to hybridization between plant species. Key steps include sterilizing flower parts, collecting pollen, and applying pollen to excised pistils, ovaries, ovules, or stigmas depending on the method. Factors like culture medium, temperature, genotype, and physiological state of the explant can influence seed set. In vitro pollination has applications in plant breeding like overcoming self-incompatibility or cross-incompatibility barriers and producing haploid plants or hybrids.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
The production of haploid plants exploiting the totipotency of microspore.
Androgenesis is the in vitro development of haploid plants originating from totipotent pollen grains through a series of cell division and differentiation.
This document discusses haploid plant production through anther culture. It begins by defining key terms like gametophyte, sporophyte, haploid and diploid plants. It then describes the two main methods of haploid production - anther culture and isolated microspore culture. For anther culture, it outlines the process of culturing immature anthers on nutrient media, including pretreatments, media composition and plant regeneration. Anther culture can result in direct or indirect embryogenesis and four pathways of pollen development are described. The document provides detailed steps of anther culture and potential issues like production of diploid plants.
This document discusses anther and pollen culture techniques. It provides a brief history of the development of these techniques from the 1950s onward. It then describes the process of anther culture, where anthers are cultured in nutrient medium to produce haploid callus or embryos. Pollen or microspore culture involves isolating pollen grains from anthers and culturing them. The goal is to produce haploid embryos or callus that can develop into haploid plantlets. Key factors that influence success include the genotype, microspore stage, culture medium, temperature, and physiological status of the donor plant. Anther culture has applications in mutation studies, plant breeding, and secondary metabolite production.
This document discusses haploid plant production. Haploid plants have half the normal number of chromosomes. They are important for breeding programs. Methods to produce haploids include anther or pollen culture (androgenic haploids) and ovary or ovule culture (gynogenic haploids). Both in vivo and in vitro techniques have been used, with higher success rates for in vitro methods like anther culture. Gynogenesis involves culturing unpollinated ovaries to trigger female gametophytes to develop into plants. While useful, ovary culture is less common than anther culture due to difficulties in dissecting ovaries.
Plant tissue culture, also known as micropropagation, uses sterilized plant parts or seeds placed in sterile containers with nutrient-rich gel medium to propagate plants. The explants are prevented from infection by microorganisms during rooting or multiplying. Exact copies of donor plants can be created using this method, which is useful for cloning plants with desirable traits faster than traditional propagation. The process involves establishing an aseptic culture, multiplying propagules, preparing propagules for soil transfer, and establishing plants in soil. Tissue culture allows for rapid multiplication of plants from a single explant in a brief period.
Clonal Propagation: Introduction, Techniques, Factors, Applications and Disadvantages
Multiplication of Apical or Axillary bud, Shoot tip or meristem culture
Production of Disease free plants by Micropropagation techniques: their Advantages and Disadvantages
This document discusses tissue culture techniques. It defines tissue culture as cultivating plant tissue vegetatively to produce new plants with similar properties to the parent in a short time. It then provides details on the history and development of tissue culture, its various uses, and the basic procedure which involves preparing growth medium and tissue explants, cultivating the explants in liquid medium, and transferring grown plant parts to solid medium and soil. It also answers a question about what types of plants are commonly used for tissue culture.
Ls2 afet unit 3 biodiversity of plantsThabo Bafana
The document summarizes key aspects of plant biodiversity, including:
1. There are over 290,000 known plant species that provide oxygen, food, and stabilize landscapes.
2. Land plants enabled survival of other organisms on land through traits like roots and alternation of generations.
3. Plants are grouped based on presence of vascular tissue, with seed plants dominating due to advantages of seeds over spores.
This document outlines the steps for in vitro plant regeneration: 1) preparing media, 2) selecting explant tissue, 3) establishing explants in media, 4) developing callus tissue, 5) developing plantlets, 6) hardening plants, and 7) planting in open fields. It also discusses using immature inflorescence, scutellar tissue from immature seeds, epidermis, and procambial tissue as explants for producing somatic embryos in plants like common wheat.
This document summarizes a study on the biology of Hypsopygia postflava, a snout moth parasitic on the nest of the paper wasp Polistes olivaceus. Key findings include:
1) H. postflava was found for the first time parasitizing P. olivaceus nests in Vietnam.
2) The lifecycle of H. postflava was studied, ranging from 33-49 days on average.
3) Survivorship of larvae was 88% and pupae was 82.5%. The sex ratio of emerged moths was 1:1.26 female to male.
Morphogenesis, organogenesis, embryogenesis & other techniquesHORTIPEDIA INDIA
The document describes the process of somatic embryogenesis. It involves 7 key steps:
1) Induction of embryogenesis from explant tissue on media supplemented with auxin
2) Development of somatic embryos through globular, heart, and torpedo stages of growth
3) Maturation of embryos with the formation of root and shoot meristems and cotyledons
4) Conversion of mature embryos to plantlets through germination on auxin-free media
Factors like explant type, growth regulators, and genotype influence the process. Somatic embryos differ from zygotic embryos in lacking a seed coat and having greater potential for propagation but weaker plantlets.
The document discusses androgenesis, which is the production of haploid plants through microspore culture. Two main techniques are described: anther culture and pollen/microspore culture. Anther culture involves culturing excised anthers while pollen/microspore culture involves isolating and culturing individual pollen grains. Successful androgenesis requires stress treatments, specific culture media formulations, and plant growth regulators. The process can result in direct embryogenesis from microspores or indirect embryogenesis through a callus phase. Factors influencing androgenesis success and the pathways and stages of microspore development are also covered.
Reproduction In Organisms-CBSE Class XII Biologyshivrajrath
This document summarizes reproduction in organisms for class 12 biology. It discusses the different types of reproduction including asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction occurs through fission, budding, spore formation, or vegetative propagation. Sexual reproduction involves gametogenesis, gamete transfer through processes like pollination, syngamy and fertilization to form a zygote, and post-fertilization development of the zygote into an embryo. Sexual reproduction can be external or internal, and in animals it can result in oviparous offspring that are laid as eggs or viviparous offspring that develop internally.
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS ANDROGENESIS ?
HISTORY
TYPES OF ANDROGENESIS TECHNIQUES
ONTOGENY OF ANDROGENIC HAPLOIDS
GYNOGENESIS
FACTORS AFFECTING ANDROGENESIS
APPLICATIONS OF ANDROGENESIS
LIMITATIONS
REFERENCES
The document discusses the production of double haploid plants through anther and pollen culture techniques. It provides background on the history of double haploid development, the importance of double haploids in plant breeding, and methods used to induce haploids including anther culture, pollen culture, ovary slice culture, and ovule culture. Key factors influencing anther culture success are also reviewed, such as genotype, culture medium, microspore stage, temperature, and donor plant physiology. Advantages and disadvantages of generating double haploid lines are presented.
Androgenesis is the production of haploid plants through the culture of male gametophytes or microspores. There are two main methods - anther culture and isolated pollen/microspore culture. Anther culture involves excising anthers from flower buds and culturing them on nutrient media, while microspore culture isolates microspores from anthers. Several factors influence androgenesis success, including genotype, anther wall components, culture medium, growth regulators, and physical conditions. Androgenic haploids can develop directly from microspores or indirectly through a callus phase, following various developmental pathways. Androgenesis allows for the efficient production of haploid plants for breeding programs.
Anther and pollen culture is the production of haploid plants exploiting the totipotency of microscope and the occurrence of single set of chromosome in microscope.
The document describes the steps involved in micropropagation:
1. Explant selection from a donor plant
2. Establishment of the explant in culture media
3. Callus development and cell division from the explant
4. Development of plantlets from the callus tissue
5. Hardening or acclimatization of the plantlets for transplanting.
In vitro pollination involves pollinating pistils or ovules that have been cultured in a nutrient medium such as Nitsch's medium. This technique can help overcome pre-fertilization barriers to hybridization between plant species. Key steps include sterilizing flower parts, collecting pollen, and applying pollen to excised pistils, ovaries, ovules, or stigmas depending on the method. Factors like culture medium, temperature, genotype, and physiological state of the explant can influence seed set. In vitro pollination has applications in plant breeding like overcoming self-incompatibility or cross-incompatibility barriers and producing haploid plants or hybrids.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
The production of haploid plants exploiting the totipotency of microspore.
Androgenesis is the in vitro development of haploid plants originating from totipotent pollen grains through a series of cell division and differentiation.
This document discusses haploid plant production through anther culture. It begins by defining key terms like gametophyte, sporophyte, haploid and diploid plants. It then describes the two main methods of haploid production - anther culture and isolated microspore culture. For anther culture, it outlines the process of culturing immature anthers on nutrient media, including pretreatments, media composition and plant regeneration. Anther culture can result in direct or indirect embryogenesis and four pathways of pollen development are described. The document provides detailed steps of anther culture and potential issues like production of diploid plants.
This document discusses anther and pollen culture techniques. It provides a brief history of the development of these techniques from the 1950s onward. It then describes the process of anther culture, where anthers are cultured in nutrient medium to produce haploid callus or embryos. Pollen or microspore culture involves isolating pollen grains from anthers and culturing them. The goal is to produce haploid embryos or callus that can develop into haploid plantlets. Key factors that influence success include the genotype, microspore stage, culture medium, temperature, and physiological status of the donor plant. Anther culture has applications in mutation studies, plant breeding, and secondary metabolite production.
This document discusses haploid plant production. Haploid plants have half the normal number of chromosomes. They are important for breeding programs. Methods to produce haploids include anther or pollen culture (androgenic haploids) and ovary or ovule culture (gynogenic haploids). Both in vivo and in vitro techniques have been used, with higher success rates for in vitro methods like anther culture. Gynogenesis involves culturing unpollinated ovaries to trigger female gametophytes to develop into plants. While useful, ovary culture is less common than anther culture due to difficulties in dissecting ovaries.
Plant tissue culture, also known as micropropagation, uses sterilized plant parts or seeds placed in sterile containers with nutrient-rich gel medium to propagate plants. The explants are prevented from infection by microorganisms during rooting or multiplying. Exact copies of donor plants can be created using this method, which is useful for cloning plants with desirable traits faster than traditional propagation. The process involves establishing an aseptic culture, multiplying propagules, preparing propagules for soil transfer, and establishing plants in soil. Tissue culture allows for rapid multiplication of plants from a single explant in a brief period.
Clonal Propagation: Introduction, Techniques, Factors, Applications and Disadvantages
Multiplication of Apical or Axillary bud, Shoot tip or meristem culture
Production of Disease free plants by Micropropagation techniques: their Advantages and Disadvantages
This document discusses tissue culture techniques. It defines tissue culture as cultivating plant tissue vegetatively to produce new plants with similar properties to the parent in a short time. It then provides details on the history and development of tissue culture, its various uses, and the basic procedure which involves preparing growth medium and tissue explants, cultivating the explants in liquid medium, and transferring grown plant parts to solid medium and soil. It also answers a question about what types of plants are commonly used for tissue culture.
Ls2 afet unit 3 biodiversity of plantsThabo Bafana
The document summarizes key aspects of plant biodiversity, including:
1. There are over 290,000 known plant species that provide oxygen, food, and stabilize landscapes.
2. Land plants enabled survival of other organisms on land through traits like roots and alternation of generations.
3. Plants are grouped based on presence of vascular tissue, with seed plants dominating due to advantages of seeds over spores.
This document outlines the steps for in vitro plant regeneration: 1) preparing media, 2) selecting explant tissue, 3) establishing explants in media, 4) developing callus tissue, 5) developing plantlets, 6) hardening plants, and 7) planting in open fields. It also discusses using immature inflorescence, scutellar tissue from immature seeds, epidermis, and procambial tissue as explants for producing somatic embryos in plants like common wheat.
This document summarizes a study on the biology of Hypsopygia postflava, a snout moth parasitic on the nest of the paper wasp Polistes olivaceus. Key findings include:
1) H. postflava was found for the first time parasitizing P. olivaceus nests in Vietnam.
2) The lifecycle of H. postflava was studied, ranging from 33-49 days on average.
3) Survivorship of larvae was 88% and pupae was 82.5%. The sex ratio of emerged moths was 1:1.26 female to male.
The reproductive biology of motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.)Innspub Net
Leonurus cardiaca (Lamiaceae) is an important medicinal plant, growing wildly in many parts of Iran. It has been used to cure cardiovascular diseases, stress, anxiety, and nervous irritability. There has been no report on the breeding system of this species. This experiment was accordingly conducted to investigate the flower biology, pollination system, pollinators, and breeding system. The results show protandry is the dominant form, and the stigma reaches its most receptivity 48 hours after anthesis, while the highest in-vitro pollen germination is observed within two hours after anthesis. The examination of different types of pollination in this plant indicates that the highest seed set percentage, seed weight, and seed viability can be obtained by open pollination, but the existence of pollinators improves the reproduction significantly. Based on our results, L. cardiaca, with 27.48 ± 1.45% autogamy, is a self-compatible plant, whose reproduction is improved by cross-pollination. Honey bees (Apis melleifera) were the most important and common pollinators.
39.Testicular enzymes in silkworms eposed to high temperature and RM values o...Annadurai B
This document reports on a study that investigated the effects of high temperature and mating on testicular enzymes and band patterns in silkworm moths. The study found that some enzymes like succinate and glutamate dehydrogenases increased sperm production, while malate dehydrogenase reduced it. Esterase enzymes were important for copulation. Electrophoresis revealed different band patterns for virgin, mated, and egg-laying moths. Temperature and humidity in January were found to be most favorable for sperm and egg production.
The document summarizes a study on the life cycle and morphometric measurements of Callosobruchus analis, a pest that infests stored legumes. The study found that the life cycle consisted of egg, four larval instars, pupa and adult stages. The eggs hatched in 8-9 days, and the total life cycle was 53-62 days. Morphometric measurements were recorded for each life stage, with the average length and breadth provided. For example, egg length was 0.68±0.04 mm and breadth was 0.33±0.02 mm. The study helps provide details on the pest's development and size at each stage.
Vernalization is the induction of flowering in plants by exposure to prolonged cold temperatures. It allows plants to flower after winter to take advantage of spring and summer conditions. Key points:
- Vernalization was first observed in winter wheat in 1857 and the term was coined in 1938.
- The shoot apex is the site where low temperatures are perceived to initiate flowering.
- There are two main hypotheses for the mechanism: involvement of hormones like vernalin that promote flowering, and a phase change model where cold temperatures induce a photoperiod sensitive phase.
- Factors like temperature, oxygen, and photoperiod affect vernalization. Practical applications include earlier flowering and increased disease resistance for some
Vernalization is the induction of flowering in plants by exposure to prolonged cold temperatures of winter. It allows plants to flower after winter to maximize reproductive success. There are two main hypotheses for the mechanism of vernalization - one involving hormonal changes and the other involving developmental phases. Vernalization stimulus can be transmitted between grafted plants. It requires sufficient water, oxygen, and temperatures between 3-12°C for the correct duration depending on species. Vernalization cuts the vegetative period short and increases disease resistance and cold tolerance. It is used in horticulture and crop improvement to induce early flowering.
Ovarian development in Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)IOSRJAVS
This study was undertaken to determine the ovarian development of banana weevils. Results indicated that female banana weevils have a meroistic and telotrophic ovariole. Four (4) stages of ovarian development were observed. Newly emerged females belonged to stage I, characterized by virtual absence of oocytes in female germarium; while fully mature adult females belonged to stage IV, characterized by the presence of mature, chorionated eggs in female calyces. The intermediate stages II and III were characterized by presence of small, undeveloped oocytes, and presence of developed but non-chorionated oocytes in the vitellarium of female ovarioles, respectively. The preoviposition period in this insect was found to range between 27 and 41 DAE and egg-loads in calyces ranged from 2 to 11. All females at ovarian stage IV (i.e. ages 25 DAE and above) were found to have mated, and were ready for ovulation and oviposition. Monitoring the reproductive phenology of crop pests may be helpful for predicting (forecasting) potential outbreaks. it could also aptly guide the timing of control options, and also aid varietal screening works. Field samplings that result in heavy female populations and with predominant numbers at final stages of ovarian development, may be a danger signal that should trigger instant interventions
Life history of the Hog Plum Beetle, Podontia quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus,...Open Access Research Paper
Hog plum beetle (Podontia quatuordecimpunctata) is a serious pest of hog plum tree and both their adults and larvae defoliate the hog plum tree. However, its developmental information and proper identification as well as precise photographs of each developmental stages have not been well studied and recorded. Thus, the goal of this research was to establish the developmental characteristics of P. quatuordecimpunctata. Life history was conducted in laboratory conditions at an average temperature 28 °C ± 1.2 an average 65 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a light: dark ratio (12L : 12D). The female beetles were laid clusters of eggs in numerous layers, with 9 to 53 eggs in each cluster. The durations of each developmental stage were 6.16±0.93, 3.16±0.24, 3.29±0.25, 3.21±0.33, 4.54±0.33, 5.54±0.49, and 20.92±2.7 days for the incubation, 1st instar, 2nd instar, 3rd instar, 4th instar, pre pupa, and pupa, respectively. The longevity of male and female adult beetles was found to be 42.33±6.6 days and 50.66±9.8 days, respectively. Results revealed that this study will be a valuable source of biological information for a better understanding and management of this pest species. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/life-history-of-the-hog-plum-beetle-podontia-quatuordecimpunctata-linnaeus-1767-coleoptera-chrysomelidae-with-photographs-of-each-developmental-stage/
This document contains information about classroom rules, objectives, and content about plant and animal reproduction:
1. The document outlines classroom rules for students to learn and raise questions, and lists objectives about describing plant and animal reproduction and their importance.
2. It then provides content on different types of sexual and asexual reproduction in plants and animals, including definitions and examples. Key reproductive parts of flowers and their functions are also defined.
3. Various methods of plant propagation are described, and diagrams illustrate the processes of sexual reproduction and fertilization in plants.
ECOBIOLOGY OF THE COMMON BANDED AWL HASORA CHROMUS(CRAMER)(LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPA...Dr Palem Harinath Reddy
The Common Banded Awl, Hasora chromus is univalent and seasonal and endangered in Southern Andhra Pradesh. It was on wing from April to Nov and breeds almost with high frequency during the periods of monsoon and post monsoon seasons. The development from egg to adult was 18 – 24 days. There was no dormant stage in the life history. Success development of egg, larvae and pupae was 50 - 90 %, 50 – 80 % and 50 - 80 % during the said period. Short life cycle and high success development of life stages suggest the production of 8 - 9 broods in the season. Nutritional indices growth rate (GR), consumption index (CI) and approximate digestibility(AD) decreased as the larvae aged, while those of efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) were increased.
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) Seminar Series on July 27, 2016 at RDMIC Bldg., cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
Short Research at Effect of mating duration on egg laying capacity of Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Brinjal.
Ecobiology of the Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: ...Dr Palem Harinath Reddy
This document summarizes a study on the ecobiology of the Common Pierrot butterfly (Castalius rosimon). Some key findings include:
- C. rosimon lays eggs singly on the leaves of the Zizyphus jujuba plant. The entire lifecycle from egg to adult takes 21-25 days.
- Population levels are highest during September to November (post-monsoon season) in the study area of Lankamalai, India.
- The larvae go through 4 instar stages over 14-18 days. Food consumption and growth rates increase with each instar. Nutritional indices like approximate digestibility and efficiency of conversion decrease with larval development.
Ecobiology of the Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: ...Dr Palem Harinath Reddy
In the environs of Lankamalai region (14°45' - 14°72' N and 79°07' - 78°80' E), the common pierrot
Castalius rosimon (Fabricius) lays eggs singly on Zizyphus jujuba. The butterfly available thought the year
with high frequency during September to November (post monsoon season). Enumeration of eggs, larvae and
pupae on the host plants in the field and flight observation of adults on wings attest this seasonality. The life
cycle from egg to adult emergence was relatively short spanning over 21-25 days. Success development of
adults, larvae and pupae was 90-100 % during the said period. Short life cycle and high success development
of life stages suggest the production of 12-13 broods in the year. The larvae pass through four instars and the
nutritional indices across the instars mostly the ground flora with sugar concentrations ranging between
28-52% either with sucrose of glucose dominance. Nutritional indices Consumption index (CI) and Growth rate
(GR) increase as the larvae aged, while approximate digestibility (AD) decreases, efficiency of conversion of
digested food (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) are inversely related as age increased.
This study examined the effects of different temperature and light conditions on the flowering time of three plant species: Arabidopsis thaliana, poppies, and tomatoes. Plants were grown in four conditions - high light, low light, 15°C, and 22°C - over three generations. DNA was extracted from the third generation plants and analyzed using restriction digests and bisulfite sequencing to look for epigenetic changes like DNA methylation that could have affected flowering time. No methylation was found. Basic data on plant traits like height and flowering day was collected and summarized. While phenotypic plasticity was observed, no epigenetic changes were detected to explain the differences in flowering time among the environmental conditions tested.
PPT DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF BUTTERFLIES IN THATTEKKAD BUTTERFLY.pptxAnuVarghese97
The document discusses a study on the diversity and abundance of butterflies in Thattekkad Butterfly Park located in Ernakulam district, Kerala, India. The study found 76 butterfly species belonging to 5 families, with the Nymphalidae family being the most dominant. A total of 565 individual butterflies were observed. The butterfly population was highest in January and lowest in April. Common species included the Blue Tiger and Dark Blue Tiger. The park provides a favorable habitat for butterflies due to its diverse plant life which serves as a food source. Maintaining butterfly populations is important for conservation efforts and ecological balance.
PPT DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF BUTTERFLIES IN THATTEKKAD BUTTERFLY PARK.pptxAnuVarghese97
The document discusses a study on the diversity and abundance of butterflies in Thattekkad Butterfly Park located in Ernakulam district, Kerala, India. The study found 76 butterfly species belonging to 5 families, with the Nymphalidae family being the most dominant. A total of 565 individual butterflies were observed. The butterfly population was highest in January and lowest in April. Common species included the Blue Tiger and Dark Blue Tiger. The park provides a favorable habitat for butterflies due to its diverse plant life which serves as a food source. Maintaining butterfly populations is important for conservation efforts and ecological balance.
The document discusses plant growth, development, and reproduction. It begins by defining plant growth and differentiation. It then describes the stages of plant development from seed germination through flowering and fruiting. The remainder of the document addresses the processes involved in seed formation, seed germination, shoot formation, root formation, and flower formation at the cellular and molecular level. Diagrams are provided to illustrate key concepts and structures.
1. FLOWER HEATING
FOLLOWING ANTHESIS
&
THE EVOLUTION OF GALL MIDGE
POLLINATION IN SCHISANDRACEAE
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY
JULY 2010
2. Shi Xiao Luo & Dianxiang Zhan
South China Botanical Garden,
Guangzhou, China
Shu-Miaw Chaw
Biodiversity Research Center
Taipei, Taiwan
Susanne Renner
Department of Biology,
University of Munich
Munich, Germany
3. KEY TERMS
• Agamospermy -the asexual formation of
embryos and seeds without the occurrence of
fertilization.
• Anthesis - the period during which a flower is
fully open and functional.
• Oviposition - to deposit or lay eggs.
• Saprophytic - organisms that feed on dead or
decaying matter.
• New World vs. Old World - NA vs. Asia
6. STAR VINE FAMILY
~90 SPECIES
Schisandraceae
Kadsura (22 species) - Endemic to Tropical Asia
Schisandra (25 species) - Tropical Asia- (Exception - S. glabra)
Illicium (42 species) - SE Asia, SE U.S., Mexico, Greater Antilles
7. WHY IS THIS PAPER INTERESTING?
• First Data Ever Published On
Thermogenesis & Pollination
In Any Asian Illicium Species
• TR-71U THERMO RECORDER
8. PREVIOUS STUDIES
POLLINATION BIOLOGY
(5 of 90 Species)
-Illicium floridanum
-Illicium parviflorum
-Schisandra glabra
-Schisandra henryii
-Kadsura longipedunculata
Thien et al., 1983;
White and Thien, 1985;
Deringer et al.,1999;
Liu et al., 2007;
Yuan et al., 2007, 2008
9. PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTS SUPPORT:
FLOWER HEATING:
1.) is a direct energy reward for ectothermic pollinators
2.) increases the volatilization of chemicals directed at pollinators
3.) helps the plant mimic mammalian feces or carrion attracting saprophytic pollinators
4.) enhances the respiratory release of CO₂, which in combination with other volatile
chemicals may stimulate fly oviposition
11. OBJECTIVES
QUESTIONS AUTHORS ARE TRYING TO ANSWER
1.) Given that some Schisandraceae exhibit flower heating, do Asian
Illicium species also possess this trait?
2.) Does any flower heating continue after a flower’s sexual function
is over, and if so, what is the adaptive significance of postanthetic
flower heating?
3.) Are Asian Illicium species pollinated by gall midges, or do they
show “generalized” fly and/or beetle pollination similar to New World
Illicium?
4.) Are flower heating and midge pollination functionally correlated?
12. WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP?
ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE?
POST ANTHESIS FLOWER HEATING
Schisandraceae Old World Illicium
GALL MIDGE POLLINATION
14. STUDY SPECIES 1: Illicium dunnianum
DESCRIPTION: Small shrub (0.5 – 2m high)
HABITAT: Riverbanks in wooded ravines (Elevations 300-750m)
LOCATION: Shiheqiguan - Nan Kun Shan National Forest Park, China
OBSERVED: Mid March to late April – 2008 & 2009
# OBSERVED: 53 individuals total: (38 at site A, 8 at site B, 5 at site C)
STUDY SPECIES 2: Illicium tsangii
DESCRIPTION: Shrub or small tree (up to 10m)
HABITAT: Mixed forests or thickets (Elevations 500-800m)
LOCATION: Along road - Nan Kun Shan National Forest Park, China
OBSERVED: April to late May – 2008 & 2009
# OBSERVED: 56 individuals total
17. FLORAL DEVELOPMENT, FUNCTION, & TEMPERATURE
3 TEST GROUPS
Open Pollinated (Control)
Cross Pollinated
Bagged Pre-Anthesis
•
Relative position & color of tepals, stamens, and styles.
•
Presence or absence of secretion.
•
Timing of; style movements, anther dehiscence, and floral organ
wilting/abscission.
•
Recorded Ambient and floral temperatures in open-pollinated
flowers for 50 hours using TR-71U thermo recorder (AWESOME!)
Readings taken every 5 sec.
18. Plant Reproductive Biology
-Mating Systems-
1.) Randomly selected flowers and marked as controls
(open pollinated - natural)
2.) Flowers self pollinated from male-phase flower then bagged
3.) Flowers bagged to test for agamospermy
4.) Flowers cross pollinated then bagged
19. VISITORS & POLLINATORS
Diurnal & Nocturnal observations made over 150 hrs:
-Recorded Kinds & Numbers of Visitors
-Duration of Visits
-Insect Behavior
To investigate flowers functional phases
•
Visitor behavior was monitored inside flowers
•
Flowers were bagged at end of female phase
•
Flowers were bagged at end of male phase
•
Tepal tips were trimmed in male phase flowers
•
Tepal tips were trimmed at beginning of nursing phase
20. Molecular Phylogenetics
&
Ancestral Trait Reconstruction
•
Sequenced complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA
•
Sequenced part of the chloroplast trnL region
•
Data set comprised 43 species – 2197 aligned nucleotides
•
Performed Maximum Likelihood analysis under GTR + G model of
substitution
•
Bootstrap support values were estimated w/ 100 replicate heuristic searches
22. OBJECTIVES
1. Asian Illicium species do possess postanthe:c flower hea:ng.
2. The key stage of thermal warming was well aEer the sexual func:on was over in the two
studied species. The only observable & supported benefit of post‐anthe:c hea:ng is
exclusive to the larvae of the pollinator. The increase in temperature provides warm enough
temperatures for larvae to survive and the heat also causes filament and tepal secre:on
which the larvae feed on. The hea:ng seems to be a reward for the pollinator in a plant‐
pollinator mutualis:c rela:onship.
3. In contrast to the New World Illicium, the two study species Illicium dunnianum and I. tsangii
were pollinated only by Clinodiplosis gall midges.
4. Despite these findings, comparison of the ancestral state reconstruc:ons for two traits
showed that flower hea:ng and gall midge pollina:on are not strictly correlated.
24. FLORAL TEMPERATURES (PHASE SPECIFIC)
Fig. 5. Above-ambient temperatures in Illicium dunnianum flowers during the day and at night. Mean above-ambient
temperatures in female-phase flowers, male-phase flowers, and nursing-phase flowers during the day were 0.4 ± 0.07 (mean ±
SE, N = 7735), 0.073 ± 0.001, and 2.52 ± 0.002 and at night 0.12 ± 0.001 (interim), 0.13 ± 0.001, and 2.49 ± 0.003. Mean
above-ambient temperature during the first 2 h of the female phase was 1.6 ± 0.1 (5A: 19:07–21:12 hours, N = 1441).
25. FLORAL TEMPERATURES... (PHASE SPECIFIC)
Fig. 5. Above-ambient temperatures in Illicium dunnianum flowers during the day and at night. Mean above-ambient
temperatures in female-phase flowers, male-phase flowers, and nursing-phase flowers during the day were 0.4 ± 0.07 (mean ±
SE, N = 7735), 0.073 ± 0.001, and 2.52 ± 0.002 and at night 0.12 ± 0.001 (interim), 0.13 ± 0.001, and 2.49 ± 0.003. Mean
above-ambient temperature during the first 2 h of the female phase was 1.6 ± 0.1 (5A: 19:07–21:12 hours, N = 1441).
26. Flower functional phases in Illicium dunnianum
♦ 1st night = Female flowers w/ fully receptive stigmas
♦ 1st day = interim phase (female to male)
♦ 2nd night = flowers entered male phase –last 2-3 nights (anther dehiscence)
♦ Day 3-7= Nursing phase begins
Inner tepals close, forming a chamber,
Adaxial filament surfaces and inner tepal bases produce a secretion,
Filaments increased in diameter in control from female to nursing phase
Filaments thickened from female to male and then wilted by nursing.
27. FEMALE PHASE
(Illicium dunnianum)
Pollination occurred mostly at night
Single midges entered same flower numerous times
Only one midge at a time – if occupied other midges would fly away
Midge eggs became visible & pollen grains appeared on stigmas after visits
Single midges deposited 26 (+/- 3) pollen grains
Captured midges carried numerous pollen grains on body
New species of Clinodiplosis was likely discovered
28. MALE PHASE
(Illicium dunnianum)
When anthers dehisced midges again visited to oviposit
20 eggs were found per flower in the male phase, but flowers with trimmed tepals
caused eggs to die
The highest number of larvae/ flower were found in the bagged male-phase.
Highest number of eggs was found in male phase flowers
High temperatures beginning of female phase then dropped to ambient during male
Produced little heat during day and throughout male stages
29. NURSING PHASE
(Illicium dunnianum)
At the onset of the nursing phase the chamber temperature increased to levels higher than in
female phase
Gall Midges did not try to enter nursing phase flowers
Larvae in nursing phase flowers were seen feeding on filament and tepal secre:on.
30. GALL MIDGE LARVAE
Fig. 7. Mean number of gall midge larvae in flowers of Illicium dunnianum.
31. Phylogenetic Distribution of Midge Pollination and
Flower Heating in Schisandraceae
Fig. 8. Maximum likelihood Schisandraceae adapted
phylogeny for Schisandraceae to gall midges several
based on combined nuclear times
and chloroplast data
33. Works Cited
• Hao, G., M. L. Chye, AND R. M. K. Saunders. 2001. A phylogenetic analysis of the Schisandraceae based on morphology and
nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 135: 401–411
• Liu, Z., G. Hao, Y. B. Luo, L. B. Thien, S. W. Rosso, A. M. Lu, AND Z. D. Chen. 2006. Phylogeny and androecial evolution in
Schisandraceae, inferred from sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS and chloroplast DNA trnL-F regions. International
Journal of Plant Sciences 167: 539–550
• Thien, L. B., D. A. White, AND L. Y. Yatsu. 1983. The reproductive biology of a relict: Illicium floridanum Ellis. American
Journal of Botany 70: 719–727
• Yuan, L. C., Y. B. Luo, L. B. Thien, J. H. Fan, H. L. Xu, J. Yukawa, AND Z. D. Chen. 2008. Pollination of Kadsura
longipedunculata (Schisandraceae), a monoecious basal angiosperm, by female, pollen-eating Megommata sp. (Cecidomyiidae:
Diptera) in China. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 93: 523–536
• Yuan, L. C., Y. B. Luo, L. B. Thien, J. H. Fan, H. L. Xu, AND Z. D. Chen. 2007. Pollination of Schisandra henryi (Schisandraceae) by female,
pollen-eating Megommata species (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) in south central China. Annals of Botany 99: 451–460.
• http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=610&taxon_id=242326638