This document summarizes a presentation on optimizing the whole life cost of a timber building through structural optimization and consideration of mechanical and energy subsystems. The presentation examines minimizing costs over three scenarios (15, 25, and 35 years) by varying parameters like insulation levels, window size and orientation, HVAC systems, lighting controls, and frame design. An optimization algorithm is used to determine optimal values for these parameters while meeting structural requirements. The goal is to determine the most cost-effective design when considering both initial construction and long-term maintenance costs.
Commercialising Grid-Scale Energy Storage Congress 2015 - Programme BrochureAurore Colella
After months of research with utilities across Europe involved in Energy Storage applications, a few things are clear-cut. Stakeholders want to:
- Cut through the technology hype
- Objectively assess the specific applications of grid-scale energy storage across the electricity supply chain
- And very importantly, hear commercial, business case-driven case studies to adopt and implement rather than reinvent the wheel.
For this reason, the Commercialising Grid-Scale Energy Storage Global Congress 2015, taking place in London on 25-26 November, has partnered up with leading European utilities, grid operators, the European Commission and other stakeholder groups to demonstrate and deliver actual results from pilot studies and the future road for commercialising energy storage applications across power generation, distribution and transmission.
The carefully selected case studies will benchmark progress, shape future plans and establish ROI from grid-scale energy storage applied to the entire electricity supply chain.
The document discusses the Concerted Action EPBD IV, which aims to support implementation of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) and maximize its outcomes. It notes the EPBD requires large amounts of data related to energy efficiency in buildings but could also deliver large datasets at low cost. In particular, energy performance certificates for buildings have great potential for data collection since over a million buildings are assessed annually across Europe. However, gaps remain around combining building data with energy use data and better connecting measured and calculated energy performance.
Energy systems modelling and CCS: Insights from the COMET projectIEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes a presentation given at the 71st Semi-annual ETSAP meeting in Maryland in July 2017. The presentation discussed insights from the EU FP7 COMET research project, which modeled the potential development of a CO2 transport and storage network in Spain, Portugal, and Morocco using the TIMES energy systems modeling framework. The TIMES-COMET model integrated national TIMES models with a CCS infrastructure module. Scenarios examining different CO2 emission reduction levels found that CCS could play a significant role in mitigation, though capture potential and pipeline constraints affected deployment more than engineering costs. CCS remained competitive across many assumptions, and was important when mitigation targets were stronger, though other options were used
An explanatory presentation about Life Cycle Assessment for the composites industry. Supporting the expert panel discussion at METSTRADE 2018 on 14th November. Entitled: 'How Green is Green in the Leisure Marine World.'
This proposal outlines a PhD project to develop pervasive systems for online assistance of tourist communities. The goal is to enable cooperation between people, software, and devices to offer and consume services in trusted online communities. Specifically, the project will (1) integrate different service providers seamlessly, (2) create and manage knowledge within communities and services, and (3) use knowledge to publish, discover, compose and use services. As a use case, it will apply these technologies to tourism, building an infrastructure to enhance the tourist experience. This will support tourists throughout their journey by providing contextualized information and recommendations from an online community.
Experimental Analysis of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes- Bio Compositescoreconferences
In this study, a technique is presented for developing constitutes models for polymer composite systems with single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). Because the polymer molecules are on the same size scale as the nanotubes, the interaction at the polymer/nanotube interface is highly dependent on the local molecular structure and bonding. It is proposed herein that the nanotube, the local polymer near the nanotube, and the nanotubes polymer interface can be modeled as an effective continuum fiber by using an equivalent-continuum modeling method. The effective fiber serves as a means for incorporating micromechanical analyses for the prediction of bulk mechanical properties of SWNT/polymer composites with various nanotube lengths, concentrations and orientations. This experiment results the importance of composites in aviation industry and also explains in details about carbon nanotubes composites that can be used in aircraft structures. Considerable growth has been seen in the use of biocomposites in the automotive and decking markets over the past decades. The dispersion of nanotubes in composites has been investigated as a means of deriving new and advanced engineering materials, these composite materials have been formed into fibers and thin films and their mechanical and electrical properties determined. The remarkable properties of carbon nanotubes offer the potential for fabricating conducting polymers without impairing the other desirable polymer properties. Aircraft wing is made up of SWNT-biocomposites, which is allowed to test in a wind tunnel. These results in the determination of drag force and pressure distribution. The strength of the wing can be increased by using this biocomposites materials in recent works at laboratories, SWNTs have been dispersed in polymer and pitch solutions using high energy ultrasonic probes.
The document presents a methodology for selecting energy efficient and environmentally safe construction materials and technologies. It discusses factors affecting energy efficiency at different lifecycle stages of construction systems. A computer program was developed to select thermal insulants for facade systems based on characteristics like thermal conductivity and vapor permeability. Testing identified PENOCOM, a composite foam made from industrial waste, as the most suitable insulant. The methodology aims to comprehensively address energy efficiency and environmental safety at all lifecycle stages of construction systems through an integrated analysis using a computer program.
Commercialising Grid-Scale Energy Storage Congress 2015 - Programme BrochureAurore Colella
After months of research with utilities across Europe involved in Energy Storage applications, a few things are clear-cut. Stakeholders want to:
- Cut through the technology hype
- Objectively assess the specific applications of grid-scale energy storage across the electricity supply chain
- And very importantly, hear commercial, business case-driven case studies to adopt and implement rather than reinvent the wheel.
For this reason, the Commercialising Grid-Scale Energy Storage Global Congress 2015, taking place in London on 25-26 November, has partnered up with leading European utilities, grid operators, the European Commission and other stakeholder groups to demonstrate and deliver actual results from pilot studies and the future road for commercialising energy storage applications across power generation, distribution and transmission.
The carefully selected case studies will benchmark progress, shape future plans and establish ROI from grid-scale energy storage applied to the entire electricity supply chain.
The document discusses the Concerted Action EPBD IV, which aims to support implementation of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) and maximize its outcomes. It notes the EPBD requires large amounts of data related to energy efficiency in buildings but could also deliver large datasets at low cost. In particular, energy performance certificates for buildings have great potential for data collection since over a million buildings are assessed annually across Europe. However, gaps remain around combining building data with energy use data and better connecting measured and calculated energy performance.
Energy systems modelling and CCS: Insights from the COMET projectIEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes a presentation given at the 71st Semi-annual ETSAP meeting in Maryland in July 2017. The presentation discussed insights from the EU FP7 COMET research project, which modeled the potential development of a CO2 transport and storage network in Spain, Portugal, and Morocco using the TIMES energy systems modeling framework. The TIMES-COMET model integrated national TIMES models with a CCS infrastructure module. Scenarios examining different CO2 emission reduction levels found that CCS could play a significant role in mitigation, though capture potential and pipeline constraints affected deployment more than engineering costs. CCS remained competitive across many assumptions, and was important when mitigation targets were stronger, though other options were used
An explanatory presentation about Life Cycle Assessment for the composites industry. Supporting the expert panel discussion at METSTRADE 2018 on 14th November. Entitled: 'How Green is Green in the Leisure Marine World.'
This proposal outlines a PhD project to develop pervasive systems for online assistance of tourist communities. The goal is to enable cooperation between people, software, and devices to offer and consume services in trusted online communities. Specifically, the project will (1) integrate different service providers seamlessly, (2) create and manage knowledge within communities and services, and (3) use knowledge to publish, discover, compose and use services. As a use case, it will apply these technologies to tourism, building an infrastructure to enhance the tourist experience. This will support tourists throughout their journey by providing contextualized information and recommendations from an online community.
Experimental Analysis of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes- Bio Compositescoreconferences
In this study, a technique is presented for developing constitutes models for polymer composite systems with single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). Because the polymer molecules are on the same size scale as the nanotubes, the interaction at the polymer/nanotube interface is highly dependent on the local molecular structure and bonding. It is proposed herein that the nanotube, the local polymer near the nanotube, and the nanotubes polymer interface can be modeled as an effective continuum fiber by using an equivalent-continuum modeling method. The effective fiber serves as a means for incorporating micromechanical analyses for the prediction of bulk mechanical properties of SWNT/polymer composites with various nanotube lengths, concentrations and orientations. This experiment results the importance of composites in aviation industry and also explains in details about carbon nanotubes composites that can be used in aircraft structures. Considerable growth has been seen in the use of biocomposites in the automotive and decking markets over the past decades. The dispersion of nanotubes in composites has been investigated as a means of deriving new and advanced engineering materials, these composite materials have been formed into fibers and thin films and their mechanical and electrical properties determined. The remarkable properties of carbon nanotubes offer the potential for fabricating conducting polymers without impairing the other desirable polymer properties. Aircraft wing is made up of SWNT-biocomposites, which is allowed to test in a wind tunnel. These results in the determination of drag force and pressure distribution. The strength of the wing can be increased by using this biocomposites materials in recent works at laboratories, SWNTs have been dispersed in polymer and pitch solutions using high energy ultrasonic probes.
The document presents a methodology for selecting energy efficient and environmentally safe construction materials and technologies. It discusses factors affecting energy efficiency at different lifecycle stages of construction systems. A computer program was developed to select thermal insulants for facade systems based on characteristics like thermal conductivity and vapor permeability. Testing identified PENOCOM, a composite foam made from industrial waste, as the most suitable insulant. The methodology aims to comprehensively address energy efficiency and environmental safety at all lifecycle stages of construction systems through an integrated analysis using a computer program.
The document summarizes the contributions of ENEA, the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, in the area of material innovation for sustainable transport. ENEA employs over 3000 people across 11 research centers in Italy, with over 200 researchers focused on material technology. ENEA conducts research, demonstration projects, and prototype development. Some key areas of focus include developing new materials for green propulsion like batteries, fuel cells, and biofuels, as well as light-weight structural materials like metal foams, fiber-reinforced ceramics, and basalt fiber composites. The document describes several of ENEA's facilities and large-scale projects for material testing and qualification relevant
Comparison of Zero Energy Building from Different Climatespaperpublications3
This document compares zero energy building strategies in temperate and tropical climates. It analyzes four case studies: the PTM Zero Energy Building in tropical Malaysia and the Centre for Sustainable Energy Technologies in temperate China. The PTM building uses integrated photovoltaics, passive design with optimal orientation and shading, high-performance windows, radiant floor cooling, and efficient lighting. The CSET building employs a high-performance envelope, exposed thermal mass, daylight/solar control, and natural ventilation strategies to achieve net-zero status in a temperate climate. Both demonstrate that zero energy goals can be met through strategic passive design and on-site renewable energy generation tailored to local climate conditions.
Green cast demonstration of innovative lightweight construction components ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes the GREEN CAST project which aims to develop an innovative, sustainable construction material made from recycled fly ash as an alternative to autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). The material is produced using a geopolymer process with fly ash activated in an alkaline solution and foaming agent. Testing found the material has similar mechanical, thermal and acoustic properties as AAC but with lower environmental impact. Two full-scale demonstrator buildings were constructed using the new material and AAC blocks to compare performance, finding the new material performs similarly as an insulating material.
T. Stephen Wittrig has an extensive background in chemical engineering and the energy industry. He received BS and PhD degrees in chemical engineering and held various roles at companies including Amoco Oil, Amoco Chemical, and BP focused on process development, business development, and technology strategy. More recently, he has advised non-profits on clean energy technologies and founded Kinetic Emergy to model and develop integrated systems using technologies such as ammonia and liquid air energy storage to enable scalable zero-carbon solutions.
Anna Osello - The Smart Energy Efficient Middleware for Public Spaces Project...Cultura Digitale
The goal of the SEEMPubS project is to define a methodology, easily reproducible in different European realities, to reduce CO2 emissions by realizing a smart ICT system for the monitoring and control of energy consumption in existing public buildings and spaces, even historical ones. In order to tune such a system, a parametric model has been realized and different tests are in progress to optimize the interoperable data exchange process. In parallel, other tests are in progress to make the data related to energy consumption available to the different users in real through the use of a Web Portal, QR Codes and Augmented Reality.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Epoxy Coated Flow through Pipe by CFDIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of an epoxy-coated flow-through pipe using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The authors aim to improve the lifetime properties of pipes by applying an epoxy resin coating and analyzing it using CFD. They model the pipe geometry, apply boundary conditions related to fluid flow, mass conservation, and thermal properties. Temperature and heat flux results are obtained and discussed using ANSYS. The study shows that the epoxy coating experiences thermal expansion when heated, ultimately impacting the pipe structure volume. It is concluded that the coating works as a solid material and provides protection against corrosion.
The document summarizes the DeremCo project which aims to develop innovative solutions for recycling end-of-life composite materials. It discusses challenges with composite recycling and presents 14 investment cases that will demonstrate technical and business feasibility of reusing composites from sources like wind turbines. These cases include producing automotive lighting frames using recycled glass fibers from wind blades and using recycled materials to 3D print tooling and make outdoor fences. The overall goal is to unlock the potential of composite waste as a manufacturing source.
The document discusses using lignin extracted from coir dust as a partial cement replacement material in concrete. Coir dust is a biological byproduct that contains lignin, a complex polymer that can increase concrete strength. The study extracted lignin from coir dust using various solvents like water, acetone, and combinations. Water-extracted lignin yielded the highest percentage extract at 13.1%. Concrete mixtures were made with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% cement replaced with lignin. Compressive strength testing at 7 and 28 days showed that 10% lignin replacement achieved similar strength to plain concrete, while higher replacement levels saw strength reductions. However, lignin concrete still gained strength with age. The study concluded lignin has potential as a cement replacement but
The document discusses the RECREATE project which aims to develop innovative technologies to exploit the circularity potential of end-of-life composite waste. The consortium includes 21 partners from academia, technology providers, product managers, end users, and public awareness organizations. There will be nine demo cases showing the reuse of glass and carbon fiber reinforced composites for the transport sector. The main ambition is to make composites recycling more feasible and affordable to drive wider industry adoption. The key challenges are reducing fiber costs and developing viable end-of-life strategies for composites manufacturers.
The document discusses a study involving measurements of greenhouse gases in tropical Africa using a portable spectrometer. Key points:
- A Bruker EM27/SUN spectrometer was deployed in Jinja, Uganda to measure carbon dioxide and methane columns.
- Initial data from the first three months showed good temporal coverage and were compared to satellite measurements from Sentinel-5P, OCO-2, and OCO-3.
- Atmospheric chemistry models like GEOS-Chem will be evaluated using the ground-based measurements to validate their ability to represent greenhouse gas amounts over tropical Africa.
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO S. Minetto - SUPERSMART: ENERGY EFFICIENT SUPERMARKETS ...Centro Studi Galileo
The SuperSmart project aims to promote more energy efficient cooling and heating solutions in European food retail stores. It has three main objectives: 1) Remove non-technological barriers to efficient solutions, 2) Raise expertise among technical and non-technical staff through training, and 3) Support a new EU Ecolabel for food retail stores by developing draft criteria. The project will develop training materials, educate through training sessions, and make proposals for criteria for an EU Ecolabel to recognize more sustainable food retail stores.
Alternative binders for a sustainable built environment. SUS-CON alkali activ...soniasaracino
The document discusses alkali activated materials (AAMs) as alternative binders for sustainable construction. It provides an overview of the expertise needed to develop AAMs, including microstructural analysis, laboratory testing of source materials and AAM mixtures, and testing of full-scale prototypes. While AAMs allow for reduced environmental impact compared to traditional cement, some challenges remain regarding mix design optimization, durability analysis, and development of lower impact activators.
NJIT has implemented numerous sustainability projects on campus to promote environmental protection and conservation. Goals include education, water and ecosystem conservation, pollution control, efficiency improvement and energy conservation. Projects involve building upgrades, recycling programs, renewable energy sources like solar panels, and sustainable design practices for new construction. Key sustainable buildings highlighted include the Central King Building, Honors College, Naimoli Center, and Oak Hall energy efficiency retrofit. NJIT sustainability staff work with students and conduct industry presentations to support these initiatives through education.
Compositi e economia circolare – aggiornamenti attività europee e Tavolo di l...Compositi
The document provides an overview of European activities related to circular economy and composites sustainability. It discusses the work of EuCIA to develop an eco-calculator for composite life cycle assessment and monitor recycling in Europe. It also summarizes initiatives by the European Commission like the Circular Plastics Alliance and the Green Deal agenda. For composites, it notes a focus on plastic recycling with no specific strategies due to lower volumes. The document proposes creating an Italian working group to mirror EuCIA's Sustainability Committee and promote national initiatives to support regulatory and technical development for composites sustainability.
Development of Recycled Aggregates In The Implementation ofthe Concrete:Liter...IJERA Editor
Civil engineering is rapidly evolving with the natural, political and environmental development. Due to
a shortage of natural resources, to sustainable development and environmental certificationsrequirements,
recycling of aggregates is increasingly valued.Research is done everywhere in the world (in 2016, more
than a hundred doctoral subjects were proposed in this sense) in order to normalize the use of recycled aggregates,
specify the domain and restrictionsof using concrete constructions design protocols based on recycled
aggregates.Since the 80s, researches are based on the type of the recycled (concrete aggregates,
remains aggregates , glass, rubbers…) and the percentage of it compared to natural aggregates to
study the influence on the basic characteristics of concrete..
The main characteristics studied are the porosity of the concrete, the tensile strength and the compressive
strength. In comparison with natural aggregates, concrete based on recycled aggregates has
lower resistance values of approximately 20% but has better thermal characteristics than about 5% .These
characteristics are basic for the dimensioning especially of the carrier elements so they are demanding
bettertechnical and experimental studies to determine the optimum proportion of recycled aggregates for use in
the preparation of concrete.
In Morocco, recycled aggregates, does not have any specific standards, and is used mainly in roads
and pavements construction. Even if it’s not normalized this use is not recent, in 1999 during the rehabilitation
of the expressway road from Casablanca which was severely damaged on both channels,
the authorities have opted for the reuse of aggregates instead of reloading the existing pavement with
a new one.
The chosen alternative combinesthe replacement of existing material by a bituminous mixture and a
cold instead reprocessing depending of differences of damage and requirement on the structural capacity for
slow and fast lanes.This paper, part of my doctoral research, discusses different aspects of the problem beginning
with a brief description of the advantages of recycling in all of the levels: social, economic… and a review
of the international and national standards in terms of construction and demolition waste generated, recycled
aggregates producedand their utilization in concrete. It also gives a benchmarking of the engineering properties
of recycled aggregates and concludes by proposing some market opportunities and development paths and potential
uses of recycled aggregates
Alenka Burja: New approach to EU GPP criteria for office buildings - key resu...Umanotera
This project develops green public procurement criteria for office buildings through the Central Europe Programme funded by the ERDF. The process involves clarifying criteria around the use of environmentally certified construction materials and products, finalizing the analysis of equivalence within national schemes, and determining effective procurement routes. A technical background report provides definitions, analyzes key environmental impacts like those from energy and water use, and proposes core and comprehensive criteria for greening public procurement of office buildings.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
The document summarizes the contributions of ENEA, the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, in the area of material innovation for sustainable transport. ENEA employs over 3000 people across 11 research centers in Italy, with over 200 researchers focused on material technology. ENEA conducts research, demonstration projects, and prototype development. Some key areas of focus include developing new materials for green propulsion like batteries, fuel cells, and biofuels, as well as light-weight structural materials like metal foams, fiber-reinforced ceramics, and basalt fiber composites. The document describes several of ENEA's facilities and large-scale projects for material testing and qualification relevant
Comparison of Zero Energy Building from Different Climatespaperpublications3
This document compares zero energy building strategies in temperate and tropical climates. It analyzes four case studies: the PTM Zero Energy Building in tropical Malaysia and the Centre for Sustainable Energy Technologies in temperate China. The PTM building uses integrated photovoltaics, passive design with optimal orientation and shading, high-performance windows, radiant floor cooling, and efficient lighting. The CSET building employs a high-performance envelope, exposed thermal mass, daylight/solar control, and natural ventilation strategies to achieve net-zero status in a temperate climate. Both demonstrate that zero energy goals can be met through strategic passive design and on-site renewable energy generation tailored to local climate conditions.
Green cast demonstration of innovative lightweight construction components ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes the GREEN CAST project which aims to develop an innovative, sustainable construction material made from recycled fly ash as an alternative to autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). The material is produced using a geopolymer process with fly ash activated in an alkaline solution and foaming agent. Testing found the material has similar mechanical, thermal and acoustic properties as AAC but with lower environmental impact. Two full-scale demonstrator buildings were constructed using the new material and AAC blocks to compare performance, finding the new material performs similarly as an insulating material.
T. Stephen Wittrig has an extensive background in chemical engineering and the energy industry. He received BS and PhD degrees in chemical engineering and held various roles at companies including Amoco Oil, Amoco Chemical, and BP focused on process development, business development, and technology strategy. More recently, he has advised non-profits on clean energy technologies and founded Kinetic Emergy to model and develop integrated systems using technologies such as ammonia and liquid air energy storage to enable scalable zero-carbon solutions.
Anna Osello - The Smart Energy Efficient Middleware for Public Spaces Project...Cultura Digitale
The goal of the SEEMPubS project is to define a methodology, easily reproducible in different European realities, to reduce CO2 emissions by realizing a smart ICT system for the monitoring and control of energy consumption in existing public buildings and spaces, even historical ones. In order to tune such a system, a parametric model has been realized and different tests are in progress to optimize the interoperable data exchange process. In parallel, other tests are in progress to make the data related to energy consumption available to the different users in real through the use of a Web Portal, QR Codes and Augmented Reality.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Epoxy Coated Flow through Pipe by CFDIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of an epoxy-coated flow-through pipe using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The authors aim to improve the lifetime properties of pipes by applying an epoxy resin coating and analyzing it using CFD. They model the pipe geometry, apply boundary conditions related to fluid flow, mass conservation, and thermal properties. Temperature and heat flux results are obtained and discussed using ANSYS. The study shows that the epoxy coating experiences thermal expansion when heated, ultimately impacting the pipe structure volume. It is concluded that the coating works as a solid material and provides protection against corrosion.
The document summarizes the DeremCo project which aims to develop innovative solutions for recycling end-of-life composite materials. It discusses challenges with composite recycling and presents 14 investment cases that will demonstrate technical and business feasibility of reusing composites from sources like wind turbines. These cases include producing automotive lighting frames using recycled glass fibers from wind blades and using recycled materials to 3D print tooling and make outdoor fences. The overall goal is to unlock the potential of composite waste as a manufacturing source.
The document discusses using lignin extracted from coir dust as a partial cement replacement material in concrete. Coir dust is a biological byproduct that contains lignin, a complex polymer that can increase concrete strength. The study extracted lignin from coir dust using various solvents like water, acetone, and combinations. Water-extracted lignin yielded the highest percentage extract at 13.1%. Concrete mixtures were made with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% cement replaced with lignin. Compressive strength testing at 7 and 28 days showed that 10% lignin replacement achieved similar strength to plain concrete, while higher replacement levels saw strength reductions. However, lignin concrete still gained strength with age. The study concluded lignin has potential as a cement replacement but
The document discusses the RECREATE project which aims to develop innovative technologies to exploit the circularity potential of end-of-life composite waste. The consortium includes 21 partners from academia, technology providers, product managers, end users, and public awareness organizations. There will be nine demo cases showing the reuse of glass and carbon fiber reinforced composites for the transport sector. The main ambition is to make composites recycling more feasible and affordable to drive wider industry adoption. The key challenges are reducing fiber costs and developing viable end-of-life strategies for composites manufacturers.
The document discusses a study involving measurements of greenhouse gases in tropical Africa using a portable spectrometer. Key points:
- A Bruker EM27/SUN spectrometer was deployed in Jinja, Uganda to measure carbon dioxide and methane columns.
- Initial data from the first three months showed good temporal coverage and were compared to satellite measurements from Sentinel-5P, OCO-2, and OCO-3.
- Atmospheric chemistry models like GEOS-Chem will be evaluated using the ground-based measurements to validate their ability to represent greenhouse gas amounts over tropical Africa.
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO S. Minetto - SUPERSMART: ENERGY EFFICIENT SUPERMARKETS ...Centro Studi Galileo
The SuperSmart project aims to promote more energy efficient cooling and heating solutions in European food retail stores. It has three main objectives: 1) Remove non-technological barriers to efficient solutions, 2) Raise expertise among technical and non-technical staff through training, and 3) Support a new EU Ecolabel for food retail stores by developing draft criteria. The project will develop training materials, educate through training sessions, and make proposals for criteria for an EU Ecolabel to recognize more sustainable food retail stores.
Alternative binders for a sustainable built environment. SUS-CON alkali activ...soniasaracino
The document discusses alkali activated materials (AAMs) as alternative binders for sustainable construction. It provides an overview of the expertise needed to develop AAMs, including microstructural analysis, laboratory testing of source materials and AAM mixtures, and testing of full-scale prototypes. While AAMs allow for reduced environmental impact compared to traditional cement, some challenges remain regarding mix design optimization, durability analysis, and development of lower impact activators.
NJIT has implemented numerous sustainability projects on campus to promote environmental protection and conservation. Goals include education, water and ecosystem conservation, pollution control, efficiency improvement and energy conservation. Projects involve building upgrades, recycling programs, renewable energy sources like solar panels, and sustainable design practices for new construction. Key sustainable buildings highlighted include the Central King Building, Honors College, Naimoli Center, and Oak Hall energy efficiency retrofit. NJIT sustainability staff work with students and conduct industry presentations to support these initiatives through education.
Compositi e economia circolare – aggiornamenti attività europee e Tavolo di l...Compositi
The document provides an overview of European activities related to circular economy and composites sustainability. It discusses the work of EuCIA to develop an eco-calculator for composite life cycle assessment and monitor recycling in Europe. It also summarizes initiatives by the European Commission like the Circular Plastics Alliance and the Green Deal agenda. For composites, it notes a focus on plastic recycling with no specific strategies due to lower volumes. The document proposes creating an Italian working group to mirror EuCIA's Sustainability Committee and promote national initiatives to support regulatory and technical development for composites sustainability.
Development of Recycled Aggregates In The Implementation ofthe Concrete:Liter...IJERA Editor
Civil engineering is rapidly evolving with the natural, political and environmental development. Due to
a shortage of natural resources, to sustainable development and environmental certificationsrequirements,
recycling of aggregates is increasingly valued.Research is done everywhere in the world (in 2016, more
than a hundred doctoral subjects were proposed in this sense) in order to normalize the use of recycled aggregates,
specify the domain and restrictionsof using concrete constructions design protocols based on recycled
aggregates.Since the 80s, researches are based on the type of the recycled (concrete aggregates,
remains aggregates , glass, rubbers…) and the percentage of it compared to natural aggregates to
study the influence on the basic characteristics of concrete..
The main characteristics studied are the porosity of the concrete, the tensile strength and the compressive
strength. In comparison with natural aggregates, concrete based on recycled aggregates has
lower resistance values of approximately 20% but has better thermal characteristics than about 5% .These
characteristics are basic for the dimensioning especially of the carrier elements so they are demanding
bettertechnical and experimental studies to determine the optimum proportion of recycled aggregates for use in
the preparation of concrete.
In Morocco, recycled aggregates, does not have any specific standards, and is used mainly in roads
and pavements construction. Even if it’s not normalized this use is not recent, in 1999 during the rehabilitation
of the expressway road from Casablanca which was severely damaged on both channels,
the authorities have opted for the reuse of aggregates instead of reloading the existing pavement with
a new one.
The chosen alternative combinesthe replacement of existing material by a bituminous mixture and a
cold instead reprocessing depending of differences of damage and requirement on the structural capacity for
slow and fast lanes.This paper, part of my doctoral research, discusses different aspects of the problem beginning
with a brief description of the advantages of recycling in all of the levels: social, economic… and a review
of the international and national standards in terms of construction and demolition waste generated, recycled
aggregates producedand their utilization in concrete. It also gives a benchmarking of the engineering properties
of recycled aggregates and concludes by proposing some market opportunities and development paths and potential
uses of recycled aggregates
Alenka Burja: New approach to EU GPP criteria for office buildings - key resu...Umanotera
This project develops green public procurement criteria for office buildings through the Central Europe Programme funded by the ERDF. The process involves clarifying criteria around the use of environmentally certified construction materials and products, finalizing the analysis of equivalence within national schemes, and determining effective procurement routes. A technical background report provides definitions, analyzes key environmental impacts like those from energy and water use, and proposes core and comprehensive criteria for greening public procurement of office buildings.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
2. Structural Optimization including whole
life cost of a Timber Building using
evolutionary algorithms
Georgios K. Bekasa, Georgios E. Stavroulakisb
a,b Department of Production Engineering and Management, Technical University of
Crete, Greece
2
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
3. OUTLINE
• Objectives
• Optimization process and scenarios
• Life cycle costs of the examined subsystems
• Variables of the optimization problem
• Service lives prediction for the examined subsystems
3
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
4. OUTLINE
• Model
• Objective function
• Constraints
• Optimization methodology
• Conclusions
4
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole
life cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
5. OBJECTIVES
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
5
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
6. OBJECTIVES
• Minimization of the whole life cost (initial construction cost
+ operational/maintenance costs) of the mechanical, the
energy and the structural subsystems of a timber building.
• Examined parameters: heating and cooling costs, building
envelope insulation profiles, window sizes, photovoltaic
array sizing, air-conditioning system type and number of
units, lighting control system, frame type (frame bay length
optimality), spacing among frames, sizing of cross sections.
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
6
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
7. OBJECTIVES
• Modeling is based on the Eurocodes and KENAK (that is the
Greek national interpretation of European standard EN ISO
13790).
• The examined costs are based on real market data and when
it was considered helpful, statistical and machine learning
techniques were used to facilitate computational efficiency.
• Ultimately, the proposed approach allows for more efficiency
in the usage of resources.
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
7
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
8. OPTIMIZATION PROCESS AND SCENARIOS
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life cost
of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
8
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
9. OPTIMIZATION PROCESS AND SCENARIOS
• The present study -unlike similar ones- aims to a
holistic cost optimization (considering all the critical
mechanical, energy and structural subsystems) of a
timber building.
• Subsystems such as frame bay length optimality and
spacing among frames are very rarely encountered in
similar structural optimization studies.
• Furthermore, most similar energy performance
optimization studies focus mostly on minimizing
energy consumption -not the whole life cost- of each
critical subsystem.
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
9
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
10. OPTIMIZATION PROCESS AND SCENARIOS
The relationship between the useful life of the optimized
subsystems and the whole life cost of the building, is
also examined by considering three different periods:
• Scenario 1:
15 years
• Scenario 2:
25 years
• Scenario 3:
35 years
Session 4- 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
10
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
11. LIFE CYCLE COSTS OF THE EXAMINED SUBSYSTEMS
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
11
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
12. LIFE CYCLE COSTS OF THE EXAMINED SUBSYSTEMS
The main considerations (that reflect a score of 50% economic efficiency
and 50% environmental friendliness), are the following:
• The mineral wool wall insulation profiles and the gypsum boards are
expected to end up in a landfill.
• The PV array requires replacement of the inverter (indicative useful life:
every 5-10 years). The periodic removal of the dust concentrated on the
panels is a negligible cost.
• The maintenance rates for the structural frames are considered to be
equal to 4% of their initial value per year, with a start point 5 years after
its construction .
• The maintenance rates for rest of the building are considered to be
equal to 1% of its initial value per year, with a start point 5 years after its
construction.
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
12
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
13. LIFE CYCLE COSTS OF THE EXAMINED SUBSYSTEMS
• For the HVAC systems, the maintenance rate is considered to
be equal to 2% of their initial value (unaffected by inflation
rates) per year.
• The residual NP values of the building components
(windows, structural frames, walls, insulation profiles) will be
ignored, reflecting a predefined design assumption that the
building owner would not be interested to recycle them or
reuse them at the end of its life cycle.
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
13
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
14. VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
14
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
15. VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
• Building envelope u-values.
• Area of windows (south elevation and north elevation). In the
simulation, it is assumed that area of windows at the south
elevation and north elevation can have a value between 20 and
150 m2.
• Area of windows (all other elevations). It is assumed that area of
windows can have a value between 10.50 and 100 m2.
• ggl value (window glass solar heat gain coefficient; it is assumed
that it can have a value between 0.29 and 0.55).
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
15
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
16. VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
16
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
17. VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
• Type of air conditioning system based on its energy parameters
(SCOP (Seasonal coefficient of performance), SEER (Seasonal
energy efficiency ratio), Power in kW). 25 different A/C types
were considered.
• Number of A/C units: between 1 and 15.
• Variable examining whether the existence of lighting control is a
cost-effective decision or not.
• Heating energy needs during the day of winter that exhibits the
lowest levels of solar irradiation that can be covered by a
photovoltaic panel array, in a way that a 4-day autonomy is also
ensured: between 0 and 20 kWp.
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
17
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
18. VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
18
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
19. VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
19
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
20. VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole
life cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
20
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
21. VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
• Variable related to the spacing between the structural frames (4 possible choices
corresponding to a number of equally spaced frames between 3 (30/3 = 10 m) and 6
(30/6 = 5 m)).
• Variable related to the form of the frames that compose the building whose change
influences the number of bays (4 possible choices leading to a total number of
beam-column elements between 13 and 19).
• Variables related to the lengths of the front beams. The front elevation is considered
to be the one that is equal to 35 m, therefore the front beams are the ones along
that direction. Each front beam length is considered to have a value between 3 and 6
meters.
• Variables related to the cross sections of the ground floor columns that compose
the structural frames. The following cross sections were considered in the
simulation: b = 100 mm h = 100 mm, b = 125 mm h = 125 mm, b = 150 mm h = 150 mm, b = 175 mm h = 175 mm, b =
200 mm h = 200 mm, b = 225 mm h = 225 mm, b = 250 mm h = 250 mm, b = 275 mm h = 275 mm, b = 300 mm h = 300
mm, b = 325 mm h = 325 mm, b = 350 mm h = 350 mm, b = 375 mm h = 375 mm, b = 400 mm h = 400 mm, b = 425 mm h
= 425 mm, b = 450 mm h = 450 mm, b = 475 mm h = 475 mm, b = 500 mm h = 500 mm. (Where: b is the smaller
dimension, h is the larger dimension). Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
21
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
22. VARIABLES OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
• Variables related to the cross sections of the upper floor
columns that compose the structural frames (same as above).
• Variables related to the cross sections of the front beams that
compose the structural frames. The following cross sections
were considered: b = 100 mm h = 200 mm, b = 110 mm h = 210 mm, b = 120 mm h = 220 mm, b
= 130 mm h = 230 mm, b = 140 mm h = 240 mm, b = 150 mm h = 250 mm, b = 160 mm h = 260 mm, b = 170
mm h = 270 mm, b = 180 mm h = 280 mm, b = 190 mm h = 290 mm, b = 200 mm h = 300 mm, b = 210 mm h
= 310 mm, b = 220 mm h = 320 mm, b = 230 mm h = 330 mm, b = 240 mm h = 340 mm, b = 250 mm h = 350
mm.
• Variables related to the cross sections of the back beams that
compose the structural frames (same as above).
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
22
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
23. SERVICE LIVES PREDICTION FOR THE EXAMINED
SUBSYSTEMS
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
23
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
24. SERVICE LIVES PREDICTION FOR THE EXAMINED
SUBSYSTEMS
• Building Exteriors, Doors and Windows: 80 years.
• Mineral wool insulation profiles: 50 years.
• Photovoltaic panels: 25 years.
• HVAC systems: 15 years.
• Structural timber: 50 years.
• Lighting control systems: 15 years.
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
24
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
25. MODEL
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
25
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
26. MODEL
• A two-storey
timber office
building, located
on Athens,
Greece.
• Plan view:
Rectangular
shaped, 30x35 m.
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
26
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
27. MODEL
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
27
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
•Identical roof
and wall
insulation
profiles.
•A 5-day working
week, a 12-hrs
occupancy and
a continuous
type of heating
is assumed.
28. OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
28
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
29. OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
• total cost = cost of insulation + Heating cost*Number of
years + Cooling cost*Number of years + cost of A/C system +
cost of windows + cost of roof + cost of walls + HVAC system
maintenance and replacements + general building
maintenance + cost of the floor slab + cost of photovoltaic
array + PV array maintenance and replacements costs +
frame costs + frame maintenance + illumination costs +
illumination control system cost + illumination control system
replacement cost + ∑pi
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
29
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
30. CONSTRAINTS
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
30
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
31. CONSTRAINTS
• The total area of the building windows should ensure
sufficient natural illumination and ventilation (at least 10%
of the total area of the building).
• The power of the heating system and the cooling system is
determined and through the constraints it is ensured that
the heating and the cooling needs are covered for the most
adverse days of the winter and the summer respectively.
• Functional structural constraints (ULS, SLS) are imposed
after a structural analysis for each beam and column, in
accordance with Eurocode 5.
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
31
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
32. OPTIMIZATION METHODOLOGY
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
32
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
33. OPTIMIZATION METHODOLOGY
• Simulated annealing as well
as Genetic algorithms via the
use of the optimization
toolbox of Matlab.
• The second method in all
scenarios was found to be
faster.
• Nevertheless, the first
method is more suitable after
some relaxation of the
optimization search space
(when several initial optima
have been found).
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
33
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
34. CONCLUSIONS
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
34
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
35. CONCLUSIONS
• No optimal front beam length was less than 4.62 m. Moreover, the
optimal total number of elements in the building elevation that is
equal to 35 m, is 13 and the optimal spacing between frames -in
the building elevation that is equal to 30 m- is 10 m.
• For all scenarios, the most cost-effective combination for the HVAC
system is that of 3 units composed of A/C systems that fall into the
A-energy class category.
• For all scenarios, it seems more preferable to primarily place the
larger total area of windows on the north elevation (the elevation
with the least amount of solar gains) and secondarily on the south
elevation (the elevation with the highest amount of solar gains).
This is related to the chosen geographic location.
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
35
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
36. CONCLUSIONS
• Due to the occupancy profile of the building it seems that for the
examined rates and periods of times the optimal mechanical
equipment does not change during the examined life cycle
periods.
• This is not necessarily the truth for other types of buildings; due to
the type and occupancy level of the building considered in the
simulation, a fast pay-off is attained that excludes other types of
photovoltaic arrays and combinations of A/C systems for the
examined periods from being the optimal solution.
• For all the examined scenarios, using a lighting control system is
not a cost-effective decision.
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
36
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016
37. Structural Optimization including whole
life cost of a Timber Building using
evolutionary algorithms
Georgios K. Bekasa, Georgios E. Stavroulakisb
a,b Department of Production Engineering and Management, Technical University of
Crete, Greece
37
Session 4 - 17.03.16
Georgios K. Bekas et.al - Structural optimization including whole life
cost of a timber building using evolutionary algorithms
EUROPE & THE
MEDITERRANEAN
TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
Excelsior Grand Hotel
Valletta, Malta.
16 – 18th March 2016