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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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10. - Fasting blood Sample
- Postprandial blood sample
Approximately 8 to12 hours fast before blood test.
-Drink only water
- Regular drug allow
2 Hours after Regular major Meal
11. Lipid profile
Fasting required
Tri glyceride is high in non fasting
sample
Why fasting is not require for
cholesterol & thyroid profile ?
12. Method of blood collection
1) With Syringe and non-vacuum
vacutte
2) With vacuum Vaccutiner
3) With Butterfly Needle
4) Lancet
13. 1) With Syringe and non-vacuum
vacuette
Advantage:
Cheaper
Not extra accessory requiry
Disadvantage:
Improper volume – especially when
blood collection is require for
cougulation profile
Haemolysis
14. 2) With vacuum Vaccutiner
Advantages:-
Maintain proper volume of blood
Safe & Speedy
Reducing the risk of haemolysis
Disadvantages:-
not suited for small veins.
15.
16. 3) With Butterfly needle
Disadvantages.
1) The risk of hemolysis
2) It is difficult to collect large
quantity of blood as well as in multiple
vacuette
Advantages:
Useful in infants & children
17.
18. Preanalytic Interference In Sample
Haemolysis
Reddish discoloration of serum/plasma
due to rupture of RBCs.
Factor causing haemolysis
◦ Sampling = Inject forcefully in vacutte
◦ Store = Frozen = Due to high or low temp,
◦ Vigorously shaking of blood - trasnporatation
Icteric
Yellowish discoloration of Serum due to high bilirubin.
Lipemic
Milky or Turbid appearance of Serum due to high
19. CSF
CSF collected in small amount
So, CSF is collected in Plain Tube
(For glucose estimation )
Tube immediately transported to
laboratory.
Tube is keep over ice packs but do not
allow to frozen
Sample is as early as possible to
analyse
(half an hour)
21. Top Color Additives Principle Uses
Lavender EDTA
Dose= 1to2g/l
of blood
-The strongest anti-coagulant
-Ca+2 chelating agent
- Hematology
- Blood bank
Light Blue Sodium
Citrate
2g/l
Ca+2 chelating agent - PT
- APTT:
Green Sodium
Heparin or
Lithium
Heparin
Heparin binds to Thrombin and
inhibits the second step in the
coagulation cascade
(Prothrombin Thrombin)
Fibrinogen Fibrin
Enzymes
Hormones
Electrolytes (Na+,
K+, Mg+, Cl)
Heparin
Plasma Separating Tubes (PST)
22. Top Color Additives Principle Uses
Gray -Sodium Fluoride
2g/l
-Potassium
Oxalate
Glycolysis
inhibitor
Anti-
Coagulant
Glucose tests
Top Tubes Additives Principle Uses
Red ------
Sometimes it has gel
or silicon at the
bottom of tube to
reduce hemolysis
Enhancing the
formation of
blood clot
Serology
-Antibodies
-Hormones
-Drugs
Virology
Chemistry
Blood cross matching
before blood
transfusion
Serum Separating Tubes (SST)
25. Why plain tube is take after the
citrate tube ???
Plain tube –Clot activated
This contaminate citrate tube
Low result of PT
26. Why Heparin tube is take after
the plain tube???
Heparin contain Sodium or
Potassium or Lithium salt.
So it contaminate plain tube with
Sodium or Potassium or Lithium salt.
So result of Sodium or Potassium
or Lithium is high if heparin tube is
collected before plain tube.
27. Why is EDTA tube take after the
Heparin tube???
EDTA chelate calcium
In plain tube ca+ result is low
So Heparin and Plain tube
collected before EDTA.
28. Why Fluoride tube is take after
the EDTA tube ???
Fluoride can contaminate EDTA tube
if collected before EDTA
Fluoride can distorted Red Blood cell
Morphology.
So Peripheral smear can not be
reliable.
30. 1. Never do mouth pipetting.
2. Barrier protection such as gloves,
masks, goggles and apron must be
available,
3. Phlebotomists must change gloves
and adequately dispose of them
between drawing blood from different
patient.
4. Frequent hands washing whenever
gloves are changed.
31. 6. Facial barrier protection used for
spattering of blood or body fluid.
7. Avoid using syringes whenever
possible and
dispose of needle in white
coloured container
8. Make a habit of keeping your
hands away from your mouth, nose,
eyes and other mucous membrane
inoculation.
32. 11. Decontaminate all surfaces and reusable
device after use.
12. Before centrifuging tubes, inspect them
for cracks.
13. Use biohazard disposal techniques. Eg.
Red bag.
14. Never leave a discarded tube or infected
material unattended and unlabeled.
15. All employees must be vaccinated with
hepatitis B vaccine.