The document is a lab manual focusing on Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), covering key concepts such as problem-solving, programming paradigms, and the principles of OOP including encapsulation, abstraction, and inheritance. It includes a comparison of procedural and object-oriented programming, highlights the significance of constructors, and provides numerous programming exercises and examples in C++. Additionally, it elaborates on various types of inheritance like single, multi-level, multiple, and hierarchical inheritance.

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LAB MANUAL
(Object-Oriented Programming.)
Submitted By
Name: ________________M.Faizan_______________________
Roll No#: _________________Bsf23006565_______________________
__________________________________________________________________
Prepared By
_____________________________________________________________________________

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CONTENTS
1. ------------------------------------Problem Solving ------------------------------------------
2. ---------------------------------Programming Paradigms ------------------------------------
3. ---------------------------------Procedural programming------------------------------------
4. ------------------------------Object-oriented programming ---------------------------------
5. -------------------------------Procedural Oriented Programming------------------------------
VS
-----------------------------Object Oriented Programming----------------------------------
6. --------------------------------------Encapsulation -------------------------------------------
7. --------------------------------------Abstraction ----------------------------------------------
8. -------------------------------------- Inheritance-----------------------------------------------
9. -------------------------------------- Constructors---------------------------------------------

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Problem Solving
Understanding the problem
Understanding
Analyzing the problem
Analyzing
Formulating a plan
Formulating
Implementing the plan
Implementing
Programming paradigms

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Procedural programming

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Object-oriented programming
• Object-oriented programming is a paradigm that
focuses on the data and behavior of the entities or
objects that a program manipulates.
• It organizes the code into classes, which are
templates or blueprints for creating objects.
• Classes define the attributes and methods of the
objects, which are the data and functions that belong
to them.
• Objects can interact with each other through
messages, which are calls to their methods. Object-
oriented programming is based on the idea of
bottom-up design, where the problem is modeled by
identifying the objects and their relationships.
• Object-oriented programming is often associated
with languages like Java, C++, and Python.

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 In object-oriented programming, the
program is divided into small parts
called objects.
 OOp follows a bottom-up approach.
 OOP has access specifiers like private,
public, protected, etc.
 Adding new data and function is easy.
 Object-oriented programming provides
data hiding so it is more secure.
 Overloading is possible in object oriented
programming.
 In object-oriented programming, the
concept of data hiding and inheritance is
used.
 In object-oriented programming, data is
more important than function.
 Object-oriented programming is based on
the real world.
 Object-oriented programming uses the
concept of data abstraction.
 Code reusability present in object-
oriented programming
 Examples:C++,C#,Python,Java
Procedural Oriented Programming
VS
Object Oriented Programming
 In procedural programming, the program
is divided into small parts
called functions.
 Procedural programming follows a top-
down approach.
 There is no access specifier in procedural
programming.
 Adding new data and functions is not
easy.
 Procedural programming does not have
any proper way of hiding data so it is less
secure.
 In procedural programming, overloading
is not possible.
 In procedural programming, there is no
concept of data hiding and inheritance.
 In procedural programming, the function
is more important than the data.
 Procedural programming is based on
the unreal world.
 Procedural programming uses the
concept of procedure abstraction.
 Code reusability absent in procedural
programming,
 Examples: C, FORTRAN, Pascal, Basic,
etc.

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Classes And Functions
Activity No.1
Write a C++ function that takes two integers as parameters and returns their sum.
Activity No.2222
Implement a C++ function to calculate the area of a circle given its radius.

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Activity No.3
Create a C++ function that checks whether a given number is even or odd.

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Activity No.4
Write a C++ program that uses a function to find the maximum of three numbers.
Activity No.5
Implement a C++ function that reverses a string.

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Activity No.6
Write a C++ function that takes two integers as parameters and returns their sum.

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Activity No.7
Implement a C++ function to calculate the area of a circle given its radius.

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Activity No.8
Create a C++ function that checks whether a given number is even or odd.

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Activity No.9
Write a C++ program that uses a function to find the maximum of three numbers

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Activity No.10
Implement a C++ function that reverses a string.
Activity No.11

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Encapsulation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Data and behaviour are tightly coupled inside an object
Both the information structure and implementation details of its operations are hidden from the outer world
Example:
Ali stores his personal information and knows how to translate it to the desired language
We don’t know
How the data is stored
How Ali translates this information
Example:
A Phone stores phone numbers in digital format and knows how to convert it into human-readable characters
We don’t know
How the data is stored
How it is converted to human-readable characters
Encapsulation – Advantages
► Simplicity and clarity
► Low complexity
► Better understanding

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Abstraction
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Smalltalk was the first pure object-oriented
language, where everything was an object, even
numbers and functions. Smalltalk also introduced
the concepts of dynamic typing, garbage collection,
and graphical user interface.
Abstraction is a way to cope with complexity.
► Principle of abstraction:
“Capture only those details about an object that are relevant to current perspective”
Example:
Ali is a PhD student and teaches BS students
► Attributes
- Name - Employee ID
- Student Roll No - Designation
- Year of Study - Salary
- CGPA - Age
Ali is a PhD student and teaches BS students
► behaviour
- Study - DevelopExam
- GiveExam - TakeExam
- PlaySports - Eat
- DeliverLecture - Walk
Abstraction – Advantages
 Simplifies the model by hiding irrelevant details
 Abstraction provides the freedom to defer implementation decisions by avoiding commitment to details

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Inheritance
► A child inherits characteristics of its parents
► Besides inherited characteristics, a child may have its own unique characteristics
Inheritance in Classes:
► If a class B inherits from class A then it contains all the characteristics
(information structure and behaviour) of class A
► The parent class is called base class and the child class is called derived class
► Besides inherited characteristics, derived class may have its own unique characteristics
Example:
Person
Teacher
Doctor
Student

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Inheritance – Advantages
► Reuse
► Less redundancy
► Increased maintainability

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Inheritance
Activity No.1
Define a base class Shape with private attributes width and height. Create public member
functions in the base class to set and get the values of these attributes. Derive a class Rectangle
from Shape and demonstrate how to access and modify the private attributes through the
public member functions.
Activity No.2
Implement a base class Vehicle with a protected member function startEngine() and a derived
class Car that inherits this function. Show how the protected access specifier allows the derived
class to call the startEngine() function.

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Activity No.3
Create a base class Person with private attributes name and age. Provide a public member
function in the base class to display the person's information. Derive a class Student from
Person and demonstrate how the derived class can access the base class's private attributes
through the member function.

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Activity No.4
Define a base class Employee with a protected attribute employeeID. Create a derived class
Manager that has a public member function to access and display the employeeID.
Activity No.5
Implement a base class Animal with a private attribute species. Create a derived class Dog that
inherits the species attribute but adds a public member function getSpecies() to access it.

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Activity No.6
Use the virtual keyword to declare a virtual function display() in a base class Shape. Derive two
classes, Circle and Rectangle, and override the display() function in each. Create an array of
pointers to the base class and call the display() function on objects of the derived classes to
demonstrate dynamic binding.

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Activity No.7
Create a base class BankAccount with protected attributes accountNumber and balance.
Provide public member functions to deposit and withdraw funds. Derive a class SavingsAccount
that inherits from BankAccount and includes a private attribute interestRate. Implement a
public member function in SavingsAccount to calculate interest based on the balance and
interest rate.

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Activity No.8
Define a base class Person with private attributes name and age. Create a derived class Student
with additional private attributes like studentID and major. Provide public member functions to
set and get these attributes.
Activity No.9
Implement a base class Shape with protected attributes width and height. Derive a class
Rectangle from Shape and add a public member function calculateArea() that calculates the
area of the rectangle using the width and height attributes.

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Activity No.10
Create a base class Employee with private attributes employeeID and salary. Derive a class
Manager that inherits these attributes. Implement public member functions in both classes to
display the employee's information, including their ID and salary.

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Activity No.11
Define a base class Animal with a protected member function makeSound(). Derive classes Dog
and Cat that override makeSound() to produce different sounds. Demonstrate polymorphism
by calling makeSound() on objects of both derived classes using a base class pointer.
Activity No.12
Implement a base class Vehicle with private attributes speed and fuelType. Create a derived
class Car with a public member function displayInfo() that accesses and displays the speed and
fuelType attributes.

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Activity No.13
Create a base class BankAccount with a private attribute accountNumber. Derive a class
SavingsAccount that inherits the accountNumber attribute. Demonstrate how to access and
modify the accountNumber attribute using the derived class.
Activity No.14
Define a base class Shape with a public member function printInfo() that displays information
about the shape. Derive classes Circle and Rectangle from Shape and override the printInfo()
function in each derived class to provide specific information.

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Activity No.15
Implement a base class Employee with a private attribute employeeID. Create a derived class
Manager with a public member function getEmployeeID() that returns the employeeID.

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Activity No.16
Create a base class Animal with protected attributes name and type. Derive classes Mammal
and Bird from Animal and provide public member functions in each derived class to access and
display the name and type attributes.
Activity No.17
Define a base class Person with a protected member function printName(). Create a derived
class Student that inherits this function and provides its own implementation. Demonstrate
how to call both the base class and derived class versions of printName().

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Activity No.18
Implement a base class Fruit with private attributes name and color. Derive classes Apple and
Banana from Fruit and provide public member functions in each derived class to access and
display the name and color attributes.
Activity No.19
Create a base class Shape with protected attributes width and height. Derive a class Rectangle
from Shape and add public member functions setWidth() and setHeight() to modify the
attributes.

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Activity No.20
Define a base class Animal with protected attributes name and type. Create a derived class
Mammal with an additional attribute habitat and a public member function to display all
attributes of the animal.

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Activity No.21
Create a base class BankAccount with attributes accountNumber ,name and
balance with function Deposit() and withdraw(). Create a derived class
SavingsAccount (2 Function(), inherits from BankAccount and includes attributes
like interestRate and withdrawLimit.
Users want to open a saving account and deposit some money

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Single Inheritance
In this inheritance, a
derived class is created
from a single base class.
In the given example,
Class A is the parent
class and Class B is the
child class since Class B
inherits the features and
behavior of the parent
class A.

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Multi-Level Inheritance
In this inheritance, a derived class is
created from another derived class.
In the given example, class c inherits the
properties and behavior of class B and
class B inherits the properties and
behavior of class B. So, here A is the
parent class of B and class B is the parent
class of C. So, here class C implicitly
inherits the properties and behavior of
class A along with Class B i.e there is a
multilevel of inheritance.

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Multiple – Inheritance
Multi-path Inheritance
In this inheritance,
a derived class is
created from more
than one base
class.
In this inheritance,
a derived class is
created from other
derived classes
and the same base
class of other
derived classes

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Hierarchical Inheritance
• In this inheritance,
more than one
derived class is
created from a
single base class
and further child
classes act as
parent classes for
more than one
child class.
• In the given
example, class A
has two children
class B and class D.
Further, class B
and class C both
are having two
children - class D
and E; class F and
G respectively.

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Constructors
Constructor is a special method or function within a class that is
automatically called when an object of that class is created.
Its main purpose is to initialize the object's state and perform any
necessary setup for the object to be used.
Constructors typically have the same name as the class and do not
have a return type specified.
They can have parameters to accept initial values that need to be
assigned to the object's attributes during the object's creation.

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Activity No.1

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Parameterized
and
Copy constructor
A copy constructor in C++ is
a special member function
that creates a new object by
initializing it with an
existing object of the same
class.
It essentially creates a copy
of an object, allowing for
proper initialization of
objects when they are
passed by value or returned
from a function.
 A parameterized constructor in C++ is a constructor that
accepts one or more parameters or arguments.
 Unlike the default constructor, which has no parameters,
a parameterized constructor allows you to initialize the
object's data members with specific values when an
object is created.

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Activity No.11
Activity No.2
Student Class with Parameterized Constructor: Create a class representing a student with attributes like
name, roll number, and marks. Define a parameterized constructor that initializes these attributes with
values provided as arguments. Implement methods to display student details and calculate the average
marks of a group of students.
Activity No.3

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Employee Class with Copy Constructor: Develop a class representing an employee with attributes like
name, employee ID, and salary. Define a copy constructor that copies the attributes from another
employee object. Implement methods to compare employee details, update salary, and display employee
information.
Activity No.4
Date Class with Parameterized Constructor: Design a class representing a date with attributes like day,
month, and year. Define a parameterized constructor that initializes these attributes with given values.
Implement methods to validate the date, calculate the difference between two dates, and display the
date in various formats.
Activity No.5

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Vector Class with Copy Constructor: Create a class representing a mathematical vector with attributes for
magnitude and direction. Define a copy constructor that duplicates the vector attributes from another
vector object. Implement methods to perform vector addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and
vector normalization.
Activity No.6
Book Class with Parameterized Constructor: Develop a class representing a book with attributes like title,
author, and ISBN. Define a parameterized constructor that initializes these attributes with provided
values. Implement methods to compare books, display book details, and update information like the
number of pages or publication year.

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Activity No.7
Bank Account Class with Copy Constructor: Design a class representing a bank account with attributes
like account number, account holder name, and balance. Define a copy constructor that duplicates the
account details from another bank account object. Implement methods to deposit, withdraw, and transfer
funds between accounts.

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Activity No.8
Triangle Class with Parameterized Constructor: Create a class representing a triangle with attributes for
the lengths of its sides. Define a parameterized constructor that initializes these attributes with given
values. Implement methods to calculate the area, perimeter, and classify the type of triangle (e.g.,
equilateral, isosceles, scalene).

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Activity No.9
String Class with Copy Constructor: Develop a class representing a string with attributes for storing
character data. Define a copy constructor that duplicates the string content from another string object.
Implement methods for string concatenation, substring extraction, and comparison.
Activity No.10
Car Class with Parameterized Constructor: Design a class representing a car with attributes like make,
model, and year of manufacture. Define a parameterized constructor that initializes these attributes with
provided values. Implement methods to calculate the mileage, check for maintenance requirements, and
display car information.

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Activity No.11
Matrix Class with Copy Constructor: Create a class representing a mathematical matrix with attributes
for storing matrix elements. Define a copy constructor that duplicates the matrix content from another
matrix object. Implement methods for matrix addition, multiplication, transpose, and determinant
calculation.

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Activity No.122
Rectangle Class with Parameterized Constructor: Develop a class representing a rectangle with attributes
for length and width. Define a parameterized constructor that initializes these attributes with given
values. Implement methods to calculate the area, perimeter, and check for squareness.
Activity No.13
Playlist Class with Copy Constructor: Design a class representing a playlist with attributes like song title,
artist, and duration. Define a copy constructor that duplicates the playlist content from another playlist
object. Implement methods to add, remove, shuffle, and display songs.

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Activity No.14
Customer Class with Parameterized Constructor: Create a class representing a customer with attributes
like name, address, and phone number. Define a parameterized constructor that initializes these
attributes with provided values. Implement methods to update customer details and display information.

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Activity No.15
Circle Class with Copy Constructor: Develop a class representing a circle with attributes for radius and
center coordinates. Define a copy constructor that duplicates the circle attributes from another circle
object. Implement methods to calculate the area, circumference, and check for intersection with another
circle.
Activity No.16
Email Class with Parameterized Constructor: Design a class representing an email message with
attributes like sender, recipient, subject, and body. Define a parameterized constructor that initializes
these attributes with provided values. Implement methods to send, receive, and format email messages.

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Activity No.17
House Class with Copy Constructor: Create a class representing a house with attributes like address,
number of rooms, and price. Define a copy constructor that duplicates the house details from another
house object. Implement methods to update house information and calculate property taxes.

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Activity No.18
Point Class with Parameterized Constructor: Develop a class representing a point in a 2D coordinate
system with attributes for x and y coordinates. Define a parameterized constructor that initializes these
attributes with given values. Implement methods to calculate the distance between two points and find
the midpoint.
Activity No.19
Invoice Class with Copy Constructor: Design a class representing an invoice for goods or services with
attributes like invoice number, item description, quantity, and price. Define a copy constructor that
duplicates the invoice details from another invoice object. Implement methods to calculate the total
amount and generate a printable invoice.

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Activity No.20

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Arrays Vs Vectors
Array:
 Support fixed number of elements
 Memory should be managed accordingly
 Less efficient
 Multiple data types cannot be stored
 Index based
 Occupies less memory space
Vector:
 Support dynamic number of elements
 Automatic memory management
 More efficient
 Multiple data types can be stored
 Non index based
 Occupies more memory space

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Array Program:
Vector Program:

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Try Throw Catch