Mamdani argues that Western approaches to conflicts in Africa, like Darfur, are shaped by colonial assumptions of African inferiority and a "savior mentality." Colonialism disrupted indigenous social structures and boundaries in Darfur, exacerbating conflicts over scarce resources. Western groups like Save Darfur simplify the conflict as a genocide and call for military intervention, ignoring its complex historical roots. By labeling it a genocide, they attract attention and funds but undermine local peace efforts. Mamdani calls for removing exploitative influences and allowing indigenous societies to rebuild sustainable social systems.
Presentation at the workshop on Decolonisation of the curriculum, arranged by Ad hoc Senate task team on the decolonisation of knowledge. On 24 May 2016 at APK UJ
1) This document provides guidance for writing a portfolio reflection that analyzes two elements of language.
2) It outlines the sections to include: preface, introduction, analysis, and reflection.
3) The analysis section asks the writer to comment on two of the following forms of language: register, dialectal variation, attitude to language, or communicative behavior.
This School Based Assessment was made to fulfill Samantha's Tourism Unit 1 Course for the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination. Please do not plagiarize this document in any way. This is solely for the purpose of helping others to improve their grades as a Caribbean student.
The document is a student portfolio on depression among teenagers in Trinidad and Tobago. It includes an introduction outlining the purpose of examining this issue and discussing the author's personal connection. It also includes a table of contents, preface, reflective short story, and analysis. The reflective short story, titled "Beena's Dilemma", depicts the life of a teenager named Beena who is suffering from depression due to bullying at school and abuse at home from her alcoholic father. After being verbally abused by her father one night, Beena attempts suicide by slashing her wrists. She is rushed to the hospital and survives. Her parents realize their role in her depression and seek counselling and therapy to help Beena
This document provides an overview of sociology as a discipline and its development. It discusses:
1. The key founders of sociology including Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber and their important contributions to establishing sociology as a scientific field of study.
2. The origins and nature of sociology emerging from industrialization and social changes in Europe.
3. The subfields and related social sciences that sociology encompasses and is informed by such as psychology, political science, anthropology and economics.
4. The development of sociology in the Caribbean region informed by classical sociological theories but also examining issues relevant to the Caribbean context such as slavery,
This unit covers the topics of sociology, culture, identity, social institutions, and social stratification and mobility in the Caribbean region. It is divided into three modules that examine the definitions and origins of sociology and Caribbean culture and identity. The second module analyzes social institutions like the family, religion, and education - exploring their functions and development in the Caribbean. The final module defines social stratification and mobility and discusses these concepts specifically for Caribbean societies.
Communication studies Basic Exposition pieceCrissi Daley
The document discusses failing schools in Jamaica and potential solutions. It notes that failing schools contribute to issues like low academic performance, illiteracy, and future crime and violence. Three sources are examined that provide perspectives on why schools fail and how to address it. The first source describes a speech where the former education minister said failing schools should not be allowed to exist and leadership is key. The second source discusses common reasons for failure like poor leadership, teaching, and resources. The third and most comprehensive source provides several solutions, including putting principals on contracts, improving teaching techniques, and reducing class sizes. Overall, the document seeks to understand why schools fail in Jamaica and what can be done to improve academic performance.
MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS Cape '07 u1 p2 #1Liam Nabbal
Globalization refers to the free movement of labor, capital, and goods around the world and the growing integration of the world's economy. There are both positive and negative impacts of globalization on Caribbean businesses. Positively, it provides access to improved technologies, enlarges potential markets, and offers cheaper supplies of raw materials. However, it also increases competition from foreign firms and can create a technological divide if local businesses cannot keep up with advances. On balance, while globalization poses challenges, its benefits are likely greater for Caribbean businesses.
Presentation at the workshop on Decolonisation of the curriculum, arranged by Ad hoc Senate task team on the decolonisation of knowledge. On 24 May 2016 at APK UJ
1) This document provides guidance for writing a portfolio reflection that analyzes two elements of language.
2) It outlines the sections to include: preface, introduction, analysis, and reflection.
3) The analysis section asks the writer to comment on two of the following forms of language: register, dialectal variation, attitude to language, or communicative behavior.
This School Based Assessment was made to fulfill Samantha's Tourism Unit 1 Course for the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination. Please do not plagiarize this document in any way. This is solely for the purpose of helping others to improve their grades as a Caribbean student.
The document is a student portfolio on depression among teenagers in Trinidad and Tobago. It includes an introduction outlining the purpose of examining this issue and discussing the author's personal connection. It also includes a table of contents, preface, reflective short story, and analysis. The reflective short story, titled "Beena's Dilemma", depicts the life of a teenager named Beena who is suffering from depression due to bullying at school and abuse at home from her alcoholic father. After being verbally abused by her father one night, Beena attempts suicide by slashing her wrists. She is rushed to the hospital and survives. Her parents realize their role in her depression and seek counselling and therapy to help Beena
This document provides an overview of sociology as a discipline and its development. It discusses:
1. The key founders of sociology including Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber and their important contributions to establishing sociology as a scientific field of study.
2. The origins and nature of sociology emerging from industrialization and social changes in Europe.
3. The subfields and related social sciences that sociology encompasses and is informed by such as psychology, political science, anthropology and economics.
4. The development of sociology in the Caribbean region informed by classical sociological theories but also examining issues relevant to the Caribbean context such as slavery,
This unit covers the topics of sociology, culture, identity, social institutions, and social stratification and mobility in the Caribbean region. It is divided into three modules that examine the definitions and origins of sociology and Caribbean culture and identity. The second module analyzes social institutions like the family, religion, and education - exploring their functions and development in the Caribbean. The final module defines social stratification and mobility and discusses these concepts specifically for Caribbean societies.
Communication studies Basic Exposition pieceCrissi Daley
The document discusses failing schools in Jamaica and potential solutions. It notes that failing schools contribute to issues like low academic performance, illiteracy, and future crime and violence. Three sources are examined that provide perspectives on why schools fail and how to address it. The first source describes a speech where the former education minister said failing schools should not be allowed to exist and leadership is key. The second source discusses common reasons for failure like poor leadership, teaching, and resources. The third and most comprehensive source provides several solutions, including putting principals on contracts, improving teaching techniques, and reducing class sizes. Overall, the document seeks to understand why schools fail in Jamaica and what can be done to improve academic performance.
MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS Cape '07 u1 p2 #1Liam Nabbal
Globalization refers to the free movement of labor, capital, and goods around the world and the growing integration of the world's economy. There are both positive and negative impacts of globalization on Caribbean businesses. Positively, it provides access to improved technologies, enlarges potential markets, and offers cheaper supplies of raw materials. However, it also increases competition from foreign firms and can create a technological divide if local businesses cannot keep up with advances. On balance, while globalization poses challenges, its benefits are likely greater for Caribbean businesses.
Dependency theory views development and underdevelopment as relational between core wealthy nations that dominate the global economic system and poorer peripheral nations. It argues that peripheral nations mainly function to provide cheap labor and raw materials to core nations, with the benefits primarily accruing to the wealthy nations as they grow richer while poorer nations have their resources drained and do not advance economically. Dependency theorists believe underdeveloped nations must break ties with developed nations and pursue internal growth, such as through import substitution industrialization policies, in order to develop.
Jim is overworked by his demanding boss which leads to high stress levels. The stress causes Jim to consider suicide but he has a sudden realization in the rain and decides to change his life for the better. The story highlights how excessive workloads and stress can negatively impact mental health and lead one to make irrational decisions if not properly managed.
This document discusses definitions and types of terrorism as well as profiles of terrorists and how they are recruited. It examines similarities between terrorist groups and cults, and explores psychological theories for why people engage in terrorist behavior, such as groupthink, social learning of aggression, and moral disengagement. Media coverage of terrorism is also discussed as terrorists seek attention, while government terror warnings may increase presidential approval ratings due to social identity and halo effects.
Comprehensive presentation that looks at the question of civil-military relations, specifically the relationship between multi-national military forces and international humanitarian organizations.
The document provides an overview of neo-liberalism, which advocates for free market capitalism and reduced restrictions on trade. It discusses how neo-liberalism emerged in response to economic crises in the late 20th century and was advanced by powerful international institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. While neo-liberalism aims to maximize profits and economic growth, the document notes it can negatively impact inequality, public services, and local industries in developing countries.
This document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to business, economics, and management. Specifically, it tests knowledge on topics like the objectives of the CSME, subsidies, privatization, organizational structures, and accounting/finance concepts. It contains 40 total multiple choice questions with options A-D for each question. The questions cover a wide range of business and management topics.
Fidel Castro overthrew the corrupt dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and installed a communist government in Cuba. He nationalized private property, collectivized farms, increased education and healthcare, but also eliminated elections and disregarded human rights. This alienated the middle class. The U.S. tried to overthrow Castro through the failed Bay of Pigs invasion and imposed an embargo, further impoverishing Cuba. Castro's reforms changed Cuba from a country ruled by a dictator to a communist state with universal healthcare and education but no political freedom or democratic elections.
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)Nitin Sharma
The document discusses the rise of ISIS in Iraq and Syria and potential threats posed. It provides background on how ISIS formed from al-Qaeda in Iraq and took control of territory across Iraq and Syria. Six potential scenarios for the future of Iraq are outlined, ranging from protracted civil war to ISIS gaining control of the entire country. The document also discusses how ISIS aims to establish a caliphate and how their actions could impact neighboring countries and threaten global security. Measures to counter ISIS are mentioned, including training local ground forces in Iraq to conduct operations to push ISIS from cities.
This is my Management of Business Internal Assesment hat i scored very high on. I would like to share this with you to give a little guidance to you.
I also have Communication Studies, Sociology and Entrepreneurship Unit IA Sba also available.
you can contact me at - erica5dacas@gmail.com
CAPE Sociology Social stratification in_caribbeancapesociology
Social stratification in the Caribbean has traditionally been defined along lines of class, status, power, race, ethnicity, color, gender, and education. Systems varied between countries but generally involved upper, middle, and lower classes divided along racial lines. Over time, factors like industrialization, increased opportunities, and expanded education and political systems weakened old social orders defined by race and allowed for more mobility between classes. While mobility increased for some groups, inconsistencies remained for those from poorer backgrounds. Gender also emerged as an increasingly important factor in social stratification.
This document discusses terrorism and provides examples of major terrorist attacks. It defines national and international terrorism and lists Osama Bin Laden's involvement in terrorist activities. Examples of major attacks described include the 7/11 Mumbai train bombings and 9/11 attacks in the US. Causes of terrorism discussed include social injustice, belief in violence as effective, religious factors, illiteracy, and injustice. The economic, social, and political impacts of terrorism are outlined. Prevention strategies proposed include education, addressing root causes, surveillance, protective systems, early detection, and rescue/support. The conclusion notes terrorism aims to achieve political and ideological goals through violence but risks of death remain lower than other causes.
This document discusses several models of Caribbean society: plantation society, plural society, and creole society. It provides details on the plantation society model proposed by Best, Levitt, and Beckford, describing it as characterized by hierarchical class relations and unstable family units. It also summarizes George Beckford's influential outline of plantation society, focusing on its roots in slave systems and production of commodities for international markets. The document then briefly outlines M.G. Smith's plural society model and concepts of creole society proposed by scholars like Braithwaite and Goveia.
Alex christopher pandora's box - the ultimate unseen hand behind the new wo...Prado Compensados
This document provides an overview of how history has been recorded and shaped over time. It discusses how oral histories from long ago would change with each retelling, becoming more like legends. The introduction of writing allowed histories to be recorded permanently but also allowed them to be manipulated. It notes that history has generally been written by the winners of wars and conflicts, meaning the perspectives and accounts of the vanquished were often suppressed. It suggests that if adversaries had won wars instead, our understanding of events and ideologies would be very different. The document then outlines some methods used to gain power or lands besides outright war, such as assassination of leaders or usurping authority from within under the guise of loyalty.
This document outlines the guidelines for an internal assessment project on business principles. It provides details on the required sections and content for the project, including a title, table of contents, introduction with topic and aims, literature review, methodology, presentation and analysis of data, interpretation of results, conclusion and recommendations, and references. The project should be based on one business module, be 2500 words or less, and worth a total of 60 marks. Key sections that must be included are an introduction stating the aims and objectives, a literature review of at least three sources, description of the research methodology, presentation and analysis of primary or secondary data, relating the findings back to theories, and conclusions and recommendations based on the results.
A research conducted by Tashieka King on the role women played in resisting enslavement. The research shows that women has contributed significantly to make their life of enslavement better.
CAPE Communication Studies IA
Please note that the example of Language/Dialectal Variation used in the Expository piece is "Jamaican Creole" and may not be a suitable example for other countries. Thank you.
Glamourising tragedy revictimising the victimmuchativugwahv
This document summarizes an article that examines how wars and genocide in Africa are portrayed through juridical, cinematic and literary means. It discusses how these portrayals can re-victimize victims and unintentionally glorify tragedy by focusing on graphic images and selective depictions of violence. It also analyzes how the arbitrary borders drawn at the 1884-1885 Berlin Congress contributed to ethnic conflicts and civil wars in Africa by dividing groups and fueling tensions. The International Criminal Court is presented as focusing prosecutions on African perpetrators of atrocities, raising criticisms that it represents neocolonialism by not also prosecuting Western countries accused of similar crimes.
Article
Decolonial Designs: José Martı́,
Hò̂ Chı́ Minh, and Global
Entanglements
Quỳnh N. Pha
˙
m1 and Marı́a José Méndez1
Abstract
Drawing on the writings of two prominent political thinkers and activists, José Martı́ and Hò̂ Chı́
Minh, our article foregrounds the imaginative crossings, ethical–political inspirations, and mutual
learning among the colonized. Although embedded in different histories, both Martı́’s and Hò̂’s
writings evince an insurgent solidarity with others under colonial enslavement. They evoke con-
ceptions of self-determination and relationality that are strikingly global rather than national or
regional. Going beyond affinities of insurgency, we also investigate critical moments of silence and
effacement in Martı́’s and Hò̂’s engagement with subaltern groups. In weaving their anticolonial
visions together as well as examining their limitations, we seek to sketch the contours of an
alternative, non-Eurocentric international relations.
Keywords
decolonization, solidarity, José Martı́, Hò̂ Chı́ Minh, global political thought, subaltern politics
Global Crossings
In April 1976, affirming Cuba’s commitment to support the armed struggle in Angola, Fidel Castro
observed: “In Africa, Cuban blood was shed alongside the heroic fighters of Angola, that of the chil-
dren of Martí, Maceo and Agramonte, that of those who inherited the international blood of Gómez
and el Che Guevara. Those who one day enslaved men and sent them to America, never imagined that
one of those pueblos who received the slaves, would send their combatants to fight for freedom in
Africa.”1 Postcolonial theorists of International Relations (IR) have argued that the discipline of IR
has been predicated on a systematic amnesia of transatlantic slavery and how it constitutively marked
the modern (post-Columbian) world along with the question of race in global politics.2 Castro’s
remembrance of the transatlantic crossing of European slave ships contrasts with such amnesia. But
more importantly for us, he pointed out what was unimaginable for the former enslavers: cross-
oceanic solidarities among the once enslaved. While much of postcolonial literature counters what
Edward Said calls the “consolidated visions” of empire by reminding us of the hybridity and “inter-
twined histories” that mutually constitute the metropole and the colony, in this article, we point to
1Department of Political Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Corresponding Author:
Quỳnh N. Pha
˙
m, Department of Political Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Alternatives: Global, Local, Political
2015, Vol. 40(2) 156-173
ª The Author(s) 2015
Reprints and permission:
sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/0304375415594059
alt.sagepub.com
http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
http://alt.sagepub.com
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1177%2F0304375415594059&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2015-07-15
...
Dependency theory views development and underdevelopment as relational between core wealthy nations that dominate the global economic system and poorer peripheral nations. It argues that peripheral nations mainly function to provide cheap labor and raw materials to core nations, with the benefits primarily accruing to the wealthy nations as they grow richer while poorer nations have their resources drained and do not advance economically. Dependency theorists believe underdeveloped nations must break ties with developed nations and pursue internal growth, such as through import substitution industrialization policies, in order to develop.
Jim is overworked by his demanding boss which leads to high stress levels. The stress causes Jim to consider suicide but he has a sudden realization in the rain and decides to change his life for the better. The story highlights how excessive workloads and stress can negatively impact mental health and lead one to make irrational decisions if not properly managed.
This document discusses definitions and types of terrorism as well as profiles of terrorists and how they are recruited. It examines similarities between terrorist groups and cults, and explores psychological theories for why people engage in terrorist behavior, such as groupthink, social learning of aggression, and moral disengagement. Media coverage of terrorism is also discussed as terrorists seek attention, while government terror warnings may increase presidential approval ratings due to social identity and halo effects.
Comprehensive presentation that looks at the question of civil-military relations, specifically the relationship between multi-national military forces and international humanitarian organizations.
The document provides an overview of neo-liberalism, which advocates for free market capitalism and reduced restrictions on trade. It discusses how neo-liberalism emerged in response to economic crises in the late 20th century and was advanced by powerful international institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. While neo-liberalism aims to maximize profits and economic growth, the document notes it can negatively impact inequality, public services, and local industries in developing countries.
This document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to business, economics, and management. Specifically, it tests knowledge on topics like the objectives of the CSME, subsidies, privatization, organizational structures, and accounting/finance concepts. It contains 40 total multiple choice questions with options A-D for each question. The questions cover a wide range of business and management topics.
Fidel Castro overthrew the corrupt dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and installed a communist government in Cuba. He nationalized private property, collectivized farms, increased education and healthcare, but also eliminated elections and disregarded human rights. This alienated the middle class. The U.S. tried to overthrow Castro through the failed Bay of Pigs invasion and imposed an embargo, further impoverishing Cuba. Castro's reforms changed Cuba from a country ruled by a dictator to a communist state with universal healthcare and education but no political freedom or democratic elections.
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)Nitin Sharma
The document discusses the rise of ISIS in Iraq and Syria and potential threats posed. It provides background on how ISIS formed from al-Qaeda in Iraq and took control of territory across Iraq and Syria. Six potential scenarios for the future of Iraq are outlined, ranging from protracted civil war to ISIS gaining control of the entire country. The document also discusses how ISIS aims to establish a caliphate and how their actions could impact neighboring countries and threaten global security. Measures to counter ISIS are mentioned, including training local ground forces in Iraq to conduct operations to push ISIS from cities.
This is my Management of Business Internal Assesment hat i scored very high on. I would like to share this with you to give a little guidance to you.
I also have Communication Studies, Sociology and Entrepreneurship Unit IA Sba also available.
you can contact me at - erica5dacas@gmail.com
CAPE Sociology Social stratification in_caribbeancapesociology
Social stratification in the Caribbean has traditionally been defined along lines of class, status, power, race, ethnicity, color, gender, and education. Systems varied between countries but generally involved upper, middle, and lower classes divided along racial lines. Over time, factors like industrialization, increased opportunities, and expanded education and political systems weakened old social orders defined by race and allowed for more mobility between classes. While mobility increased for some groups, inconsistencies remained for those from poorer backgrounds. Gender also emerged as an increasingly important factor in social stratification.
This document discusses terrorism and provides examples of major terrorist attacks. It defines national and international terrorism and lists Osama Bin Laden's involvement in terrorist activities. Examples of major attacks described include the 7/11 Mumbai train bombings and 9/11 attacks in the US. Causes of terrorism discussed include social injustice, belief in violence as effective, religious factors, illiteracy, and injustice. The economic, social, and political impacts of terrorism are outlined. Prevention strategies proposed include education, addressing root causes, surveillance, protective systems, early detection, and rescue/support. The conclusion notes terrorism aims to achieve political and ideological goals through violence but risks of death remain lower than other causes.
This document discusses several models of Caribbean society: plantation society, plural society, and creole society. It provides details on the plantation society model proposed by Best, Levitt, and Beckford, describing it as characterized by hierarchical class relations and unstable family units. It also summarizes George Beckford's influential outline of plantation society, focusing on its roots in slave systems and production of commodities for international markets. The document then briefly outlines M.G. Smith's plural society model and concepts of creole society proposed by scholars like Braithwaite and Goveia.
Alex christopher pandora's box - the ultimate unseen hand behind the new wo...Prado Compensados
This document provides an overview of how history has been recorded and shaped over time. It discusses how oral histories from long ago would change with each retelling, becoming more like legends. The introduction of writing allowed histories to be recorded permanently but also allowed them to be manipulated. It notes that history has generally been written by the winners of wars and conflicts, meaning the perspectives and accounts of the vanquished were often suppressed. It suggests that if adversaries had won wars instead, our understanding of events and ideologies would be very different. The document then outlines some methods used to gain power or lands besides outright war, such as assassination of leaders or usurping authority from within under the guise of loyalty.
This document outlines the guidelines for an internal assessment project on business principles. It provides details on the required sections and content for the project, including a title, table of contents, introduction with topic and aims, literature review, methodology, presentation and analysis of data, interpretation of results, conclusion and recommendations, and references. The project should be based on one business module, be 2500 words or less, and worth a total of 60 marks. Key sections that must be included are an introduction stating the aims and objectives, a literature review of at least three sources, description of the research methodology, presentation and analysis of primary or secondary data, relating the findings back to theories, and conclusions and recommendations based on the results.
A research conducted by Tashieka King on the role women played in resisting enslavement. The research shows that women has contributed significantly to make their life of enslavement better.
CAPE Communication Studies IA
Please note that the example of Language/Dialectal Variation used in the Expository piece is "Jamaican Creole" and may not be a suitable example for other countries. Thank you.
Glamourising tragedy revictimising the victimmuchativugwahv
This document summarizes an article that examines how wars and genocide in Africa are portrayed through juridical, cinematic and literary means. It discusses how these portrayals can re-victimize victims and unintentionally glorify tragedy by focusing on graphic images and selective depictions of violence. It also analyzes how the arbitrary borders drawn at the 1884-1885 Berlin Congress contributed to ethnic conflicts and civil wars in Africa by dividing groups and fueling tensions. The International Criminal Court is presented as focusing prosecutions on African perpetrators of atrocities, raising criticisms that it represents neocolonialism by not also prosecuting Western countries accused of similar crimes.
Article
Decolonial Designs: José Martı́,
Hò̂ Chı́ Minh, and Global
Entanglements
Quỳnh N. Pha
˙
m1 and Marı́a José Méndez1
Abstract
Drawing on the writings of two prominent political thinkers and activists, José Martı́ and Hò̂ Chı́
Minh, our article foregrounds the imaginative crossings, ethical–political inspirations, and mutual
learning among the colonized. Although embedded in different histories, both Martı́’s and Hò̂’s
writings evince an insurgent solidarity with others under colonial enslavement. They evoke con-
ceptions of self-determination and relationality that are strikingly global rather than national or
regional. Going beyond affinities of insurgency, we also investigate critical moments of silence and
effacement in Martı́’s and Hò̂’s engagement with subaltern groups. In weaving their anticolonial
visions together as well as examining their limitations, we seek to sketch the contours of an
alternative, non-Eurocentric international relations.
Keywords
decolonization, solidarity, José Martı́, Hò̂ Chı́ Minh, global political thought, subaltern politics
Global Crossings
In April 1976, affirming Cuba’s commitment to support the armed struggle in Angola, Fidel Castro
observed: “In Africa, Cuban blood was shed alongside the heroic fighters of Angola, that of the chil-
dren of Martí, Maceo and Agramonte, that of those who inherited the international blood of Gómez
and el Che Guevara. Those who one day enslaved men and sent them to America, never imagined that
one of those pueblos who received the slaves, would send their combatants to fight for freedom in
Africa.”1 Postcolonial theorists of International Relations (IR) have argued that the discipline of IR
has been predicated on a systematic amnesia of transatlantic slavery and how it constitutively marked
the modern (post-Columbian) world along with the question of race in global politics.2 Castro’s
remembrance of the transatlantic crossing of European slave ships contrasts with such amnesia. But
more importantly for us, he pointed out what was unimaginable for the former enslavers: cross-
oceanic solidarities among the once enslaved. While much of postcolonial literature counters what
Edward Said calls the “consolidated visions” of empire by reminding us of the hybridity and “inter-
twined histories” that mutually constitute the metropole and the colony, in this article, we point to
1Department of Political Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Corresponding Author:
Quỳnh N. Pha
˙
m, Department of Political Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Alternatives: Global, Local, Political
2015, Vol. 40(2) 156-173
ª The Author(s) 2015
Reprints and permission:
sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/0304375415594059
alt.sagepub.com
http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
http://alt.sagepub.com
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1177%2F0304375415594059&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2015-07-15
...
This document discusses ethnicity in Africa. It argues that ethnicity has long been viewed negatively in Africa as "tribalism" or a remnant of the past, but that this view is misguided. Ethnicity remains an important part of African identity and should be viewed positively. Seeing ethnicity as positive could help address conflicts, support development, and guide resource mobilization. Rather than blaming ethnicity for issues like violence or economic competition, the artificial borders imposed during colonization and dysfunctional post-colonial states are more valid sources of problems in Africa. The document advocates reexamining ethnicity in a positive light and drawing on ethnic history and community as a basis for development.
This document provides an overview of terrorism, including its definition, historical background, causes and conditions that facilitate its start and survival, as well as strategies to curb it. It discusses terrorism in terms of initiating "pull factors" and "push factors" that motivate individuals to engage in terrorism. It also analyzes sustaining conditions like marginalization, identity politics and lack of political empowerment. The document recommends a multidimensional and coordinated long-term approach, including addressing socioeconomic grievances, improving criminal justice systems, and increasing regional/global cooperation to counter terrorism.
This document discusses identity and how it relates to terrorism in Europe. It argues that while some see a pan-Islamic identity or "Ummah" as fueling terrorism, in reality religious identity is complex and multifaceted. Terrorism is often motivated more by political goals than religious teachings. The document also discusses how globalization and transnational relations were expected to foster more cosmopolitan identities and cooperation, but instead ethnic and cultural conflicts have increased as identities become more isolated. It analyzes how immigrants and their descendants in Europe struggle with competing identities in their new environments.
Terrorism is an historical as well as a universal phenomenon; has been practiced by every type of organisation, religious or non-religious, right-wing or left-wing.Consequently, the reasons for the terrorist activity and the identity of those who carry out these acts are always subject to the context, time and place.Unfortunately, there is no consensus on its accurate definition. More than one hundred definitions in the field; one country’s terrorists are other country’s freedom fighters. Rather than seeking the causes of terrorism itself, a better approach is to determine the conditions that make terror possible or likely.Stopping violence is rarely simple or easy. Only time and commitment by a majority of the parties involved can resolve a conflict. Keeping in view the multidimensional nature of terrorism, we must adopt a long term holistic and comprehensive approach for its eradication.
This presentation is an attempt to encompass the various issues related to this complex phemenon and presents a plan of action to control this menace
Seventh generation warfare humanitarian terrorismekossof f
Humanitarian Action has become an instrument of power and domination. Disastars, where Nature fails to create them, stronger nations make an effort to create them, for Foreign policy and geopolitical advantages.
This document discusses the causes and history of terrorism. It begins by defining terrorism and tracing its origins and original meaning. It then examines different perspectives on how terrorists should be classified and treated. The document then explores five main drivers of terrorism: 1) ethno-nationalism, 2) alienation and discrimination, 3) religion, 4) socio-economic factors, and 5) political grievances. For each cause, it provides historical examples and explains how the cause can contribute to radicalization and terrorist activities.
The document discusses clan politics and conflict regulation in Somalia. It examines how lineage segmentation causes social conflict and how clan politics based on democratic principles like elections could help regulate conflicts. It provides a brief history of Somalia and analyzes the protracted Somali conflict from 1991-2006 through Edward Azar's theory of protracted social conflict. It discusses how deprivation of needs and historical tribal rivalries were the main drivers of conflict and how clan politics models incorporating elements of democracy have been used as a conflict resolution strategy in Somalia.
The document discusses several factors that contributed to instability following World War 1, including a weak League of Nations, French demands for harsh penalties against Germany, and inflation in Germany after the war. It notes that the League of Nations was intended to promote stability but instead caused instability by endorsing the Treaty of Versailles, which bankrupted Germany and created tensions between countries.
Space and gender are two important factors that determine the way trauma is received and experienced. The meaning, expression and treatment of trauma should be considered in the light of cultural, historical and social conditions. John Maxwell Coetzee offers a portrayal of the socio-cultural and historical landscape with the ongoing racial conflicts inherited from the apartheid regime in the post-apartheid South Africa in Disgrace. Coetzee’s novel Disgrace can be read as an allegory of the suffering, frustration and muddle of Post-Apartheid South Africa where racial, sexual and gender politics intricately work together. The tragic history of South Africa is marked by systematic oppression, violence, exclusion, fragmentation and dispossession. This paper aims to analyze how the experience and symptoms of trauma of sexual assault are determined by the gender of the victim and the place where the offensive contact and trauma are experienced with references to the three characters in Disgrace, the father David Lurie, the daughter Lucy and the female student Melanie.
The Politics of Distinction discount flyerMattia Fumanti
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Politics of Africa
Book Summary 1
Mahmood Mamdani: “Saviors and Survivors”
Mahmood Mamdani’s “Saviors and Survivors” argues that Western-style democratic, capitalist and
humanitarian institutions behave in their approaches to African violence quite differently than they have in
parts of the world in which non-humanitarian interests are the prevailing factor in military and economic
intervention. Specifically, Mamdani highlights the assumptions underlying the Western processes of
identifying (and naming) a civil conflict, responding to non-economically sensitive international crises, and
implementing aid and development strategies. Critical to the formation of these assumptions, Mamdani
argues, is the undergirding struggle of ideologies between an exogenous and endogenous root of African civil
unrest and a willingness to ‘adopt’ a cause in which an easily identifiable, if casuistic, paradigm of good versus
evil is steeped in capitalist notions of “cause as commodity,” or cause fetishism, and a politically expedient
tethering of Arab aggression to the war on terror.
Mamdani gives the reader a brief history of the Darfur conflict as the product of both endogenous
and exogenous factors. Mamdani stresses that all peoples have settled conflicts in varying ways, often
violently, yet a strictly endogenous explanation cannot account for the conflict. It is a particularly insidious
Western assumption of African savagery and misunderstood African “tribal” rivalries coupled, of course, with
geopolitical and economic strategic wrangling among other colonial powers, that has left the Darfur region
partitioned without regard to traditional, but climatically necessary nebulous social boundaries. This
Westphalian model of creating defined territories with sovereign (if intentionally dependent) hierarchical
structures was (at partitioning) and remains an incomplete approach to indigenous African notions of civil
society and migration patterns.
These influences of colonialism – arbitrary imposition of political boundaries not commensurate with
longstanding ethnic and community boundaries – collude with endogenous problems of desertification,
drought and resource depletion with disastrous effect. Mamdani explains that traditional patterns have been
upset by restrictions on movement between political regions created in response to independence
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movements which where a kind of “scramble for independence and self-determination” - a recursive pattern
mirroring the “scramble for Africa.” The word “scramble” - unpacked to mean a rush to create political
boundaries without regard for tradition and sustainability - is important here. Existing climate patterns in
Africa, what Mamdani identifies as the highlands, savanna and the Sahel, (Mamdani 10-11) have been the
levers of cultural evolution with which climate change may wreak havoc, particularly given changing political
structures not in accord with the sustainable symbiotic living patterns in place before partition. Mamdani
states:
Until the Sahelian drought of the 1960s, each nomadic group had its own discrete cycle of
movement, either within the belt that borders mud and flies in the south or along the
semidesert in the north. The need to access different types of land in different seasons
dictated the nature of water, grazing, and cultivation rights, with joint rights over grazing
and surface water but individual ownership of gardens and wells. Constant movement made
for a constantly fluctuating relation to political power, leading to a process that involved
splitting, migrating, and resettling both among and within kin-based groups. This is why
close kinship relations did not necessarily translate into close political alliances, whether at
the highest or lowest levels. (Mamdani 11)
Given the externally-contingent endogenous roots of the Darfur conflict, Mamdani builds an
exogenous-cause component of the violence “in a national, African, and global context, which over the past
century has been one of colonialism, the Cold War, and the war on terror.” (Mamdani 7) Colonial influences
have often left indigenous populations with depleted resources and radically altered socioeconomic patterns
and the Cold War machinations of Western governments in Africa have propped up strategic dictators and
authoritarian oligarchies which might have been reformed or removed by natural political processes, as
happened in the West throughout its history, had the sinews of civil society not been atrophied by
colonialism. The analog with terrorism is complete with an us-versus-them mentality and a oversubtle
statement of the problem in terms of Arab-African conflict.
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It is into the complex admixture of colonial legacy and environmental factors that the Save Darfur
Coalition and other aid and advocacy groups have introduced what I label cause fetishism and what Mamdani
cites as a feel-good constituency fueled by the “CNN Effect.” (Mamdani 56) Mamdani identifies Save Darfur
as representative of the growing movement to bring international aid and political intervention to Darfur
without a full appreciation of the context of the violence. He explains that past errors in identifying, labeling
and confronting seemingly similar conflicts, particularly in the shadow of the Holocaust, give momentum to
a post-modern impetus to “recognize something [people] have already seen elsewhere and conclude that
what they know is enough to call for action. They need to know no more in order to act.” (Mamdani 3)
Mamdani stresses that Save Darfur began as an alliance of religious movements. Early rallies involved
the dissemination of Christian, Muslim and Jewish “faith packets.” The Christian faith packet explained that
God had empowered Christians to lead humanity and had invested believers with “the burden to save,” (eerily
evocative of the UN’s R2P – the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ now enshrined in the UN zeitgeist). The Jewish
packets “emphasized the special moral responsibility of Jews as, ‘quintessential victims’ particularly sensitive
to sensing genocide when it occurs. The Muslim packets stressed the responsibility of Muslims to fight
oppression, particularly when, as Dr. Mamdani has explored in previous writings, ‘good Muslims’ were called
upon to check ‘bad Muslims.’ (Mamdani 58)
Although these faith packets are indicative of a tendency to view the conflict as a dichotomy between
Arab Muslims and African Muslims - between perpetrators and victims – the cause fetishism community also
thrives on what Mamdani calls the ‘CNN Effect,’ the predisposition to view certain conflicts “as the camera
sees it.” This cinematic retelling of a complex narrative has much in common with religion’s glossing of
complex, often impenetrable moral and philosophical human truths and Hollywood’s love of the blockbuster
and the morality tale. It has attracted religious personalities like Al Sharpton and celebrities like Angelina
Jolie, George Clooney, Mia Farrow, and Bono – who appears ubiquitous in the fabric of the ‘CNN Effect.’
Though exogenous AND endogenous death counts in Iraq may be an order of magnitude greater
than conservative estimates of deaths in Darfur (based upon sources at either end of the ideological
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spectrum), Mamdani claims that the Save Darfur followers, who are well known to harbor resentment of the
intervention in Mesopotamia, have utilized war slogans like “out of Iraq, into Darfur,” to redistribute
interventionist ideology from a nation where Americans are forced to consider their own powerlessness to a
region where a savior mentality sustains a vast humanitarian-industrial complex.
Indeed, Mamdani explains that Save Darfur’s highly de-contextualized documentation of atrocities
has no place for a historical or political narrative, instead promulgating evidence of killing, raping and ethnic
cleansing. This ‘pornography of violence,’ is defined by Mamdani as a form of voyeurism meant for the good
of the one who views it, not for the good of the one who is being viewed. Mamdani stresses Save Darfur’s
focus on ‘naming and shaming’, punishment, and criminal justice rather than reform. It is this bellicosity that
Mamdani links to the war on terror, as an underlying assumption of the problem-as-violence begets an
assumption of solution-as-violence.
Mamdani suggests that, unlike the peace movement of the 1960s which turned the world into a
classroom and stressed ‘teach-ins’ and from whose tradition Save Darfur claims provenance, interventionists
in Darfur garnered greater support as propaganda became more and more estranged from actual happenings
on the ground. Instead of educating the world about the complexities underlying the violence in Darfur, the
Save Darfur Coalition has turned the world into an advertising medium. It relates to its constituency not as
an educator but as an advertiser; it has played obscurantist to an informed movement while courting and
creating a “feel-good” constituency. The West has regained a sense of potency in Darfur after a decade long
crisis of confidence in the war on terror and a disastrous adventure in Mesopotamia, where economic
ambitions and political realities confound easy attempts to identify saviors. Darfur presents an opportunity
to approach a suffering population not as citizens, as the West must in Iraq, but as victims who require our
assistance, for whose lives we may expiate some of our guilt, and whom we have a responsibility to protect.
This savior-victim dichotomy is inherently racist, Mamdani argues, tacitly ascribing to African civil
society a lesser capability to achieve self-determination than has been observed in the Western World.
Genocides, without complete alienation from reason of the circumstances surrounding the violence, are non-
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western aberrations, we are told, and the few Western genocides the West admits to having occurred have
been excused as the whims of madmen or the product of mass-delusion. Only non-white peoples, it seems,
have the everyday capacity to rape, torture and murder each other with impunity, and the definitional
contortions with which the West grapples shed light on this process of insidious, if well-meaning imposition
of genocidal terminology on non-white domestic conflict.
The statistics used by various reporting services illuminates the difficulty in identifying victims of
genocide and the danger of allying one’s data to one’s ideology. Mamdani identifies the common definition
of genocide not as killing – even on a monstrous scale – but as killing with intent to extirpate a defined group.
Given this definition, sheer numbers of deaths in a conflict, however alarming, must first be shown to be the
result of a concerted effort by one group to eliminate another. Without this caveat, the numbers reported by
the US Department of State (60,000 – 160,000), the World Health Organization (70,000+) the Center for
Research on the Epidemiology of Diseases (118,142), the Coalition for International Justice (CIJ) (396,563), and
the Save Darfur Coalition (400,000+) are estimates only of a tragedy, not a genocide. Still, one might be able
to supply least a proportional enumeration of these organization’s numbers without the raw data, given a
dossier of information about the organization’s methodology and ideology. The low numbers produced by
the State Department, Mamdani argues, are surprisingly so, given the US Government’s dedication to a
definition of genocide. Mamdani credits deputy secretary of state for Africa, Robert Zoellick for investigating
personally the violence in Darfur and reaching a reasonable conclusion free of ideological overtones.
(Mamdani 26-27) Highlighting the backlash from this “low estimate,” Mamdani cites a Washington Post
article written shortly after Zoellick’s report:
The Post [after ‘correcting’ its numbers to the 400,000 CIJ and Save Darfur accounting] went
on to point out the real damage done by Zoellick’s low estimates: “International partners are
likely to drag their feet unless they are forced to confront the full horror of the killings.” And
for that reason [emphasis added] it advised: “Next time he should cite better numbers.” The
editorial left little doubt as to what it meant by “better numbers.” (Mamdani 27)
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Mamdani’s point here is clear: politics and ideological a prioris shaped the US Government’s and
other Western nations’ official accounting of the violence in Darfur. Colonialism, leaving a legacy of disrupted
political and regional ties, has both drawn an unsustainable political map and insisted upon an untenable
concord between groups previously capable of working out disputes peacefully and politically. Changing
climate conditions have compounded this colonial legacy, giving Darfur over to the humanitarian-industrial
complex and cause fetishism. Rebuilding African socioeconomic patterns from within, at which, Mamdani
argues, the African Union has been particularly adept, and removing exploitative economic influences may
allow indigenous African society an opportunity to heal and reconstruct a sustainable civil society in Darfur.