The document discusses the design of a simulant solution to model the non-Newtonian viscosity behavior of coatings. Various combinations of clay and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in water were tested. A solution of 2.2% clay and 0.25% PEG with a cure time of 64 hours was found to best match the target non-Newtonian behavior, falling within the desired ranges for consistency index (m value) and recovery gap (R value). The simulant solution aims to replicate the shear thinning and thixotropic properties of coatings to enable further mixing studies.
This document provides a summary of a 7th edition handbook on fuel cells published by the U.S. Department of Energy in 2004. The handbook contains detailed information on fuel cell technologies including polymer electrolyte fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells. It discusses fuel cell components, performance, applications, and systems-level designs. The handbook serves as a comprehensive technical resource for understanding fuel cell technology fundamentals and the current state of development.
This document provides steps to set up Application Link Enabling (ALE) between two SAP systems (Shatadru 555 and Shatadru 777) to transfer vendor master data. The steps include: 1) Defining logical systems in each system, 2) Assigning logical systems to clients, 3) Creating RFC destinations in each system for communication, 4) Preparing a customer distribution model to define the messages to be transferred, 5) Generating partner profiles in the sender system, 6) Distributing the customer distribution model.
This newsletter summarizes the research activities of several semiconductor companies in March 2010. It describes projects on growing InAlN/GaN heterostructures on different substrates for HEMT device applications from Alcatel-Thales III-V Lab and Soitec/Picogiga. It also summarizes research from Applied Materials on the band gap and offsets of HfxSi1−xO2 films, Fujitsu on photodetection using InAs/AlAs/AlGaAs quantum dots, and several other companies' work on materials growth, device fabrication and testing. The newsletter provides brief insights into recent research across the semiconductor industry.
Pressure Vessel Selection Sizing and Troubleshooting Karl Kolmetz
Vessels are a vital part of the operational units in the process industries. A vessel is
a container in which materials are processed, treated, or stored. Without this type of
equipment, the process industries would be unable to create and store large
amounts of Product. Pressure vessels used in industry are leak-tight pressure
containers, usually cylindrical or spherical in shape, with different head
configurations.
The process engineer should have some knowledge of the mechanical design of
vessels. For example, the process engineer may have to make a preliminary design
of vessels for a cost estimate. A vessel consists of a cylindrical shell and end caps,
called heads. For safety, vessel design is governed by codes.
This document describes a capstone project that aims to develop a composite material through a powder metallurgical process. The project involves mixing powders of muscovite mica, ferro-silicon, and copper. The powders will be compacted and sintered to form a new material. The document provides background on the components, including descriptions of their properties. It outlines the research methodology that will be used, including mixing, compacting, sintering, and testing the final material. The results and properties of the new composite will be analyzed and discussed.
The team redesigned the rotor tooth and slot wedge component of a large generator. They generated several concepts and evaluated them through finite element analysis. The best design was a diamond-shaped wedge with a hole, which simulations showed could reduce stresses while decreasing material usage and manufacturing costs. This met the customer's needs of maintaining functionality while lowering expenses.
This document presents a thesis submitted to Worcester Polytechnic Institute in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Manufacturing Engineering. The thesis focuses on optimizing gating/riser systems for castings based on CAD and simulation technology to improve casting quality by reducing porosity and incomplete filling. The author develops an optimization framework involving castability analysis, parametric modeling of gating systems, simulation analysis, and optimization of gating/riser designs. The framework is demonstrated on an engine block casting, showing improvements such as an 18% reduction in porosity and a 16% increase in yield.
This document describes the Multiphase Flow Production Model (PROMOD1) software. It provides a theory and user's manual for the program, which was developed to model multiphase flow in wells. The program calculates production rates and pressure profiles based on reservoir properties and wellbore configuration. It uses various correlations to model flow in reservoirs, wellbores, chokes, and pipelines. The program matches reservoir inflow equations with wellbore flow equations to determine the production point.
This document provides a summary of a 7th edition handbook on fuel cells published by the U.S. Department of Energy in 2004. The handbook contains detailed information on fuel cell technologies including polymer electrolyte fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells. It discusses fuel cell components, performance, applications, and systems-level designs. The handbook serves as a comprehensive technical resource for understanding fuel cell technology fundamentals and the current state of development.
This document provides steps to set up Application Link Enabling (ALE) between two SAP systems (Shatadru 555 and Shatadru 777) to transfer vendor master data. The steps include: 1) Defining logical systems in each system, 2) Assigning logical systems to clients, 3) Creating RFC destinations in each system for communication, 4) Preparing a customer distribution model to define the messages to be transferred, 5) Generating partner profiles in the sender system, 6) Distributing the customer distribution model.
This newsletter summarizes the research activities of several semiconductor companies in March 2010. It describes projects on growing InAlN/GaN heterostructures on different substrates for HEMT device applications from Alcatel-Thales III-V Lab and Soitec/Picogiga. It also summarizes research from Applied Materials on the band gap and offsets of HfxSi1−xO2 films, Fujitsu on photodetection using InAs/AlAs/AlGaAs quantum dots, and several other companies' work on materials growth, device fabrication and testing. The newsletter provides brief insights into recent research across the semiconductor industry.
Pressure Vessel Selection Sizing and Troubleshooting Karl Kolmetz
Vessels are a vital part of the operational units in the process industries. A vessel is
a container in which materials are processed, treated, or stored. Without this type of
equipment, the process industries would be unable to create and store large
amounts of Product. Pressure vessels used in industry are leak-tight pressure
containers, usually cylindrical or spherical in shape, with different head
configurations.
The process engineer should have some knowledge of the mechanical design of
vessels. For example, the process engineer may have to make a preliminary design
of vessels for a cost estimate. A vessel consists of a cylindrical shell and end caps,
called heads. For safety, vessel design is governed by codes.
This document describes a capstone project that aims to develop a composite material through a powder metallurgical process. The project involves mixing powders of muscovite mica, ferro-silicon, and copper. The powders will be compacted and sintered to form a new material. The document provides background on the components, including descriptions of their properties. It outlines the research methodology that will be used, including mixing, compacting, sintering, and testing the final material. The results and properties of the new composite will be analyzed and discussed.
The team redesigned the rotor tooth and slot wedge component of a large generator. They generated several concepts and evaluated them through finite element analysis. The best design was a diamond-shaped wedge with a hole, which simulations showed could reduce stresses while decreasing material usage and manufacturing costs. This met the customer's needs of maintaining functionality while lowering expenses.
This document presents a thesis submitted to Worcester Polytechnic Institute in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Manufacturing Engineering. The thesis focuses on optimizing gating/riser systems for castings based on CAD and simulation technology to improve casting quality by reducing porosity and incomplete filling. The author develops an optimization framework involving castability analysis, parametric modeling of gating systems, simulation analysis, and optimization of gating/riser designs. The framework is demonstrated on an engine block casting, showing improvements such as an 18% reduction in porosity and a 16% increase in yield.
This document describes the Multiphase Flow Production Model (PROMOD1) software. It provides a theory and user's manual for the program, which was developed to model multiphase flow in wells. The program calculates production rates and pressure profiles based on reservoir properties and wellbore configuration. It uses various correlations to model flow in reservoirs, wellbores, chokes, and pipelines. The program matches reservoir inflow equations with wellbore flow equations to determine the production point.
This document summarizes consumer responses for various tire brands and models from Greenball Corp and its competitors. It includes word clouds of consumer reviews for different Greenball product lines from Costco and Sam's Club, as well as word clouds and review summaries for specific tire models from Greenball competitors like Dick Cepek, Hi-Run, Maxxis, Mickey Thompson, Nitto, Pro Comp and STI that are sold through retailers like Tire Rack, Walmart, 4WheelParts and Rocky Mountain ATV MC. The document provides high-level overviews of consumer perceptions and opinions of different company and product lines.
This document contains 100 questions and answers related to SAP Production Planning (PP). It discusses various topics around PP configuration, master data setup, MRP runs, production orders, routings, BOMs, capacity planning, and more. The questions are numbered and range from basic to more advanced topics. Answers provide explanations and solutions to common issues that may arise in SAP PP.
This document provides an overview of petroleum drilling. It describes the types of rigs used in both onshore and offshore drilling. The main systems of rigs are explained, including the rotating system, hoisting system, circulating system, and pressure control system. Drilling crew roles and routine procedures like drilling ahead, making connections, and logging operations are outlined. Common drilling problems such as stuck pipe, hole caving, and lost circulation are also discussed. Suggestions are requested to improve the next edition covering the petroleum industry overview.
This thesis proposes an innovation called Environmentally Opportunistic Computing (EOC) to address the large amounts of waste heat generated by data centers. EOC nodes would utilize an algorithm to supply waste heat from servers to locations where it is needed, such as for building heating. This would significantly reduce data center cooling costs. The thesis outlines the science and engineering behind EOC, reviews potential applications, discusses intellectual property considerations, identifies barriers to commercialization, and describes additional work needed to develop EOC into a business.
This report summarizes quality control efforts, kaizen improvements, and 5S practices at an Indian silica refractory plant. Quality control involved analyzing brick expansion data from kilns using statistical tools to better understand non-uniformity. Probability distributions examined likelihood of bricks meeting size standards. Relationships between apparent porosity and bulk density were derived. Kaizen suggestions included layout redesign, safety precautions, and housekeeping. Pictorial recommendations illustrated paths, signage and equipment changes. Excel tools simulated processes to allow flexible analysis. The aim was improving production quality and efficiency through data-driven methods.
This document provides instructions for conducting a post-study questionnaire with respondents who participated in a previous biscuit study. It includes questions about whether the respondent received and tried a product called Britannia Little Hearts Breakz, their likelihood and frequency of purchasing the product in the future, and how well they liked various aspects of the product. The document also provides instructions for interviewers on displaying questions and response options.
This Guide to the (Evolving) Enterprise Architecture Body of Knowledgetom termini
This Guide to the (Evolving) Enterprise Architecture Body of Knowledge - Enterprise Architecture (EA) is a rapidly evolving but still immature discipline; however, there is considerable knowledge about the discipline available. Capturing and organizing that knowledge will help practitioners advance the discipline by both defining and bounding EA concepts and practices and help others by explaining and showing relationships among the elements of the discipline.
An EA describes how the elements of an organization fit together – the business processes, organizations responsible for them, Information Technology (IT) capabilities and infrastructure – today and in the future. The EA also describes how the elements transition to support the organization’s strategic plans. Federal agencies are required to develop an EA to facilitate capital planning and IT development sequencing.
This document reviews recent progress in catalytically converting glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production, into value-added chemicals through carboxylation and acetylation reactions. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Catalytic routes for producing glycerol carbonate via transesterification of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate and factors that influence this reaction.
2) Pathways for acetylating glycerol into glycerol acetate esters through esterification with acetic acid and how reaction parameters impact this process.
3) Challenges with catalyst deactivation and the need for further studies on catalyst reusability and structure-performance relationships to enable more effective utilization of heterogeneous catalyst
Sharp Corporation final paper- business policy and strategySchwab Kaleb
This document contains a strategic plan analysis for Sharp Corporation, including:
1. A historical analysis of Sharp Corporation and the consumer electronics industry, as well as key competitors like LG, Panasonic, Samsung, and Sony.
2. A current analysis of Sharp's strategy, finances, marketing, and management, as well as the competitive landscape, economic factors, and key success factors of the consumer electronics industry.
3. A strategic plan proposing likely strategic maneuvers of competitors in the next 3 years and identifying a 3-year competitive strategy for Sharp, including which generic strategy fits best and specific offensive strategies to use against competitors.
A comprehensive review on passive heat transfer enhancements in pipe exchangersMohamed Fadl
This document reviews experimental and numerical works on passive heat transfer enhancement techniques in pipe heat exchangers published since 2004. The most popular and researched technique is the use of twisted tape inserts, which can strengthen heat transfer efficiency. Various twisted tape designs are discussed, including tapes with alternate axes, varying lengths and pitches, multiple tapes, rods/spacers, attached fins/baffles, and slots/holes/cuts. Other techniques analyzed include coiled wires, swirl generators, conical rings, and ribs. Twisted tape inserts generally perform better in laminar flow, while techniques like ribs are more efficient for turbulent flow. The review concludes various passive techniques can significantly improve the overall thermal performance of heat exchangers
This document provides an overview of the logistics market in the Asia Pacific region. It discusses the large geographic area that makes up Asia Pacific and some of the key developed and developing economies in the region. While there is great economic potential, the region also faces infrastructure and trade barriers that increase logistics costs. However, rising incomes are creating large domestic consumer markets and attracting more manufacturers to set up production. Major logistics companies have opportunities to consolidate and expand across the complex Asia Pacific market.
Dokumen ini memberikan panduan untuk percobaan rangkaian transistor sebagai saklar. Percobaan ini melibatkan penggunaan transistor, hambatan, lampu, dan LDR untuk mempelajari operasi transistor sebagai saklar tergantung pada pencahayaan LDR.
A empresa Hinode oferece oportunidades de negócio através da venda direta de produtos de perfumaria, cosméticos e bem-estar. O documento detalha os diversos planos de marketing da empresa, incluindo bônus e prêmios, com o objetivo de atrair novos consultores e ajudá-los a alcançar a independência financeira.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document outlines a research proposal to develop a mathematical model and calculation methodology for a virtual reality excavator simulator. The research aims to more accurately model soil-tool interactions during excavator operation to improve real-time interactivity. It will generalize existing separation and penetration models, develop a new excavator digging model accounting for changing mechanisms, and propose efficient computation methods. This will contribute to more physically valid simulator responses and the use of simulators as engineering tools. The document describes related work, excavator digging complexities, and outlines the research methodology and organization.
Borchers, H. (2004) - Hardline Islamist Discourse in Indonesia-Sabilih.borchers
This document summarizes a paper about hardline Islamist discourse in Indonesia. It discusses how the magazine Sabili promotes an exclusionary Islamist perspective that is gaining popularity. While still a minority view, Sabili's circulation has grown significantly. The document also provides historical context, noting Indonesia has a long history of both moderate and more radical Islamic movements. Radical groups in the past like Darul Islam challenged the secular government through armed rebellion.
O documento apresenta um plano de marketing para a Cachaça do Pontal, incluindo uma análise SWOT, objetivos de marketing, estratégias e programas de ação. O plano visa aumentar a notoriedade da marca através de eventos, festivais, comunicação online e offline, e parcerias com stakeholders.
Este documento explica los sistemas de alimentación ininterrumpida o SAI. Define un SAI como un equipo que asegura el suministro eléctrico a equipos críticos durante cortos períodos de tiempo. Explica los diferentes tipos de SAI, incluyendo dinámicos, estáticos y híbridos, y los factores a considerar al elegir un SAI como la protección necesaria, autonomía, consumo del equipo a proteger y posibilidad de administración remota. Concluye resaltando la importancia de un sumin
This document discusses the Toyota Production System and its transition from mass production to lean manufacturing. It provides background on Toyota as the world's largest automaker. The key aspects of the Toyota Production System discussed are just-in-time production and supply chain integration, which aim to eliminate waste through continuous improvement. Suppliers are expected to provide frequent, small deliveries with high reliability and participate in long-term relationships focused on productivity and quality gains.
This document summarizes consumer responses for various tire brands and models from Greenball Corp and its competitors. It includes word clouds of consumer reviews for different Greenball product lines from Costco and Sam's Club, as well as word clouds and review summaries for specific tire models from Greenball competitors like Dick Cepek, Hi-Run, Maxxis, Mickey Thompson, Nitto, Pro Comp and STI that are sold through retailers like Tire Rack, Walmart, 4WheelParts and Rocky Mountain ATV MC. The document provides high-level overviews of consumer perceptions and opinions of different company and product lines.
This document contains 100 questions and answers related to SAP Production Planning (PP). It discusses various topics around PP configuration, master data setup, MRP runs, production orders, routings, BOMs, capacity planning, and more. The questions are numbered and range from basic to more advanced topics. Answers provide explanations and solutions to common issues that may arise in SAP PP.
This document provides an overview of petroleum drilling. It describes the types of rigs used in both onshore and offshore drilling. The main systems of rigs are explained, including the rotating system, hoisting system, circulating system, and pressure control system. Drilling crew roles and routine procedures like drilling ahead, making connections, and logging operations are outlined. Common drilling problems such as stuck pipe, hole caving, and lost circulation are also discussed. Suggestions are requested to improve the next edition covering the petroleum industry overview.
This thesis proposes an innovation called Environmentally Opportunistic Computing (EOC) to address the large amounts of waste heat generated by data centers. EOC nodes would utilize an algorithm to supply waste heat from servers to locations where it is needed, such as for building heating. This would significantly reduce data center cooling costs. The thesis outlines the science and engineering behind EOC, reviews potential applications, discusses intellectual property considerations, identifies barriers to commercialization, and describes additional work needed to develop EOC into a business.
This report summarizes quality control efforts, kaizen improvements, and 5S practices at an Indian silica refractory plant. Quality control involved analyzing brick expansion data from kilns using statistical tools to better understand non-uniformity. Probability distributions examined likelihood of bricks meeting size standards. Relationships between apparent porosity and bulk density were derived. Kaizen suggestions included layout redesign, safety precautions, and housekeeping. Pictorial recommendations illustrated paths, signage and equipment changes. Excel tools simulated processes to allow flexible analysis. The aim was improving production quality and efficiency through data-driven methods.
This document provides instructions for conducting a post-study questionnaire with respondents who participated in a previous biscuit study. It includes questions about whether the respondent received and tried a product called Britannia Little Hearts Breakz, their likelihood and frequency of purchasing the product in the future, and how well they liked various aspects of the product. The document also provides instructions for interviewers on displaying questions and response options.
This Guide to the (Evolving) Enterprise Architecture Body of Knowledgetom termini
This Guide to the (Evolving) Enterprise Architecture Body of Knowledge - Enterprise Architecture (EA) is a rapidly evolving but still immature discipline; however, there is considerable knowledge about the discipline available. Capturing and organizing that knowledge will help practitioners advance the discipline by both defining and bounding EA concepts and practices and help others by explaining and showing relationships among the elements of the discipline.
An EA describes how the elements of an organization fit together – the business processes, organizations responsible for them, Information Technology (IT) capabilities and infrastructure – today and in the future. The EA also describes how the elements transition to support the organization’s strategic plans. Federal agencies are required to develop an EA to facilitate capital planning and IT development sequencing.
This document reviews recent progress in catalytically converting glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production, into value-added chemicals through carboxylation and acetylation reactions. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Catalytic routes for producing glycerol carbonate via transesterification of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate and factors that influence this reaction.
2) Pathways for acetylating glycerol into glycerol acetate esters through esterification with acetic acid and how reaction parameters impact this process.
3) Challenges with catalyst deactivation and the need for further studies on catalyst reusability and structure-performance relationships to enable more effective utilization of heterogeneous catalyst
Sharp Corporation final paper- business policy and strategySchwab Kaleb
This document contains a strategic plan analysis for Sharp Corporation, including:
1. A historical analysis of Sharp Corporation and the consumer electronics industry, as well as key competitors like LG, Panasonic, Samsung, and Sony.
2. A current analysis of Sharp's strategy, finances, marketing, and management, as well as the competitive landscape, economic factors, and key success factors of the consumer electronics industry.
3. A strategic plan proposing likely strategic maneuvers of competitors in the next 3 years and identifying a 3-year competitive strategy for Sharp, including which generic strategy fits best and specific offensive strategies to use against competitors.
A comprehensive review on passive heat transfer enhancements in pipe exchangersMohamed Fadl
This document reviews experimental and numerical works on passive heat transfer enhancement techniques in pipe heat exchangers published since 2004. The most popular and researched technique is the use of twisted tape inserts, which can strengthen heat transfer efficiency. Various twisted tape designs are discussed, including tapes with alternate axes, varying lengths and pitches, multiple tapes, rods/spacers, attached fins/baffles, and slots/holes/cuts. Other techniques analyzed include coiled wires, swirl generators, conical rings, and ribs. Twisted tape inserts generally perform better in laminar flow, while techniques like ribs are more efficient for turbulent flow. The review concludes various passive techniques can significantly improve the overall thermal performance of heat exchangers
This document provides an overview of the logistics market in the Asia Pacific region. It discusses the large geographic area that makes up Asia Pacific and some of the key developed and developing economies in the region. While there is great economic potential, the region also faces infrastructure and trade barriers that increase logistics costs. However, rising incomes are creating large domestic consumer markets and attracting more manufacturers to set up production. Major logistics companies have opportunities to consolidate and expand across the complex Asia Pacific market.
Dokumen ini memberikan panduan untuk percobaan rangkaian transistor sebagai saklar. Percobaan ini melibatkan penggunaan transistor, hambatan, lampu, dan LDR untuk mempelajari operasi transistor sebagai saklar tergantung pada pencahayaan LDR.
A empresa Hinode oferece oportunidades de negócio através da venda direta de produtos de perfumaria, cosméticos e bem-estar. O documento detalha os diversos planos de marketing da empresa, incluindo bônus e prêmios, com o objetivo de atrair novos consultores e ajudá-los a alcançar a independência financeira.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document outlines a research proposal to develop a mathematical model and calculation methodology for a virtual reality excavator simulator. The research aims to more accurately model soil-tool interactions during excavator operation to improve real-time interactivity. It will generalize existing separation and penetration models, develop a new excavator digging model accounting for changing mechanisms, and propose efficient computation methods. This will contribute to more physically valid simulator responses and the use of simulators as engineering tools. The document describes related work, excavator digging complexities, and outlines the research methodology and organization.
Borchers, H. (2004) - Hardline Islamist Discourse in Indonesia-Sabilih.borchers
This document summarizes a paper about hardline Islamist discourse in Indonesia. It discusses how the magazine Sabili promotes an exclusionary Islamist perspective that is gaining popularity. While still a minority view, Sabili's circulation has grown significantly. The document also provides historical context, noting Indonesia has a long history of both moderate and more radical Islamic movements. Radical groups in the past like Darul Islam challenged the secular government through armed rebellion.
O documento apresenta um plano de marketing para a Cachaça do Pontal, incluindo uma análise SWOT, objetivos de marketing, estratégias e programas de ação. O plano visa aumentar a notoriedade da marca através de eventos, festivais, comunicação online e offline, e parcerias com stakeholders.
Este documento explica los sistemas de alimentación ininterrumpida o SAI. Define un SAI como un equipo que asegura el suministro eléctrico a equipos críticos durante cortos períodos de tiempo. Explica los diferentes tipos de SAI, incluyendo dinámicos, estáticos y híbridos, y los factores a considerar al elegir un SAI como la protección necesaria, autonomía, consumo del equipo a proteger y posibilidad de administración remota. Concluye resaltando la importancia de un sumin
This document discusses the Toyota Production System and its transition from mass production to lean manufacturing. It provides background on Toyota as the world's largest automaker. The key aspects of the Toyota Production System discussed are just-in-time production and supply chain integration, which aim to eliminate waste through continuous improvement. Suppliers are expected to provide frequent, small deliveries with high reliability and participate in long-term relationships focused on productivity and quality gains.
Facultad de ciencias de la salud limpia,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Paola Ramirez
Este documento presenta información sobre diferentes tipos de antibióticos, incluyendo glucopéptidos como vancomicina y teicoplanina, que actúan inhibiendo la síntesis de la pared bacteriana; sulfamidas que inhiben la síntesis del ácido fólico bacteriano; nitrofuranos que alteran el metabolismo de carbohidratos bacterianos; y polipeptidos como polimixinas con actividad contra bacterias Gram-negativas. También describe mecanismos de acción, farmacocinética, efectos adversos y resistencia de estos antibió
Redes Sociais: Estrategias e Mensuração, por Martha GabrielMartha Gabriel
O documento fornece estratégias para marketing em redes sociais e mídias sociais. Ele discute o que são redes sociais e como elas evoluíram ao longo do tempo, além de apresentar estratégias para engajamento em plataformas sociais, medição de resultados e técnicas como SMM, SMO e WOMM.
The document discusses industrial oriented mini project work carried out by six students from Sindhura College of Engineering and Technology at Ramagundam Thermal Power Station. The students completed a project on "Transformer Protection and Maintenance" under the guidance of an Assistant Engineer from May 15-28, 2014. Their conduct during the project period was found to be satisfactory.
This document presents a final report for a single machine scheduling problem with sequence dependent setup times at an aluminum powder coating plant. The report begins with background on the company, Wispeco Aluminum, which has been producing aluminum extrusion and powder coating since the 1920s. It then describes the project aim to develop an optimization model to improve scheduling at the plant. The report includes a literature review on single machine scheduling and heuristic techniques, an analysis of the current scheduling problem and plant data, the development of a conceptual model and genetic algorithm based solution model in MATLAB, testing and validation of the solution model, and proposed improvements and applications for the plant.
The document summarizes the optimization of a TEG dehydration unit using recent advances in technology. Three technologies were selected to decrease the capital and operating costs and weight of the unit: liquid turbochargers, pervaporation membranes, and injection of semi-lean TEG. Simulation showed liquid turbochargers reduced energy consumption by 70%. Membranes decreased reboiling energy but were very costly. Semi-lean injection reduced equipment size but required design changes. The hybrid process doubled capital costs from the conventional design due to high membrane costs. Further research is needed to lower membrane prices and make them economically viable.
This document is a research paper submitted for an MSc in Automotive Engineering. It aims to improve racing car performance through understanding vehicle dynamics and elements that affect performance. The paper will focus on suspension and tires, which transmit engine power to the road surface and are important for setup. A literature review establishes the background on vehicle dynamics and factors like aerodynamics, tires, brakes, and suspension. Research will include a questionnaire, interview, and case study to analyze data and discuss findings on improving performance through adjusting vehicle elements.
This document is a thesis submitted by Gary Hopkins to the University of Cape Town in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Sciences degree in Civil Engineering. The thesis investigates the post-buckling behavior of shell structures through highly non-linear analysis. It implements an elasto-plastic constitutive law within the framework of SESKA, a C++ analysis code, to model shell structures using three-dimensional continuum mechanics while avoiding simplifications of shell geometry and behavior. Simple shell structures are analyzed to gain preliminary understanding of post-buckling behavior and determine the feasibility of the methods employed for further analyses. Results will be benchmarked against other verified analyses that used specialized shell elements and visco-plastic material laws.
Material science, vol 1 of 2 us doe (1993) wwDiep Phan Hoang
This document provides an overview of the structure of metals, including:
- Atomic bonding and how it leads to ordered crystal structures in metals
- Common crystal lattice structures such as body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic
- Grain structure and boundaries in polycrystalline metals
- Polymorphism and how metals can exist in different crystalline phases
- Alloys and how adding alloying elements changes metal properties
- Common imperfections in metal structures such as vacancies, dislocations, and inclusions
This chapter introduces engineering and discusses the nature of the field. It describes what engineers do, the skills and qualities needed to be an engineer, and how engineering impacts society. The chapter explores how engineering affects areas like transportation, communication, public health and infrastructure development. It aims to help students understand the broad role of engineering and why it is an important profession.
This document is a report that analyzes replacing regular transmission line conductors with superconductors. It discusses the problems with current transmission lines, such as losses due to resistance, instability, and environmental/safety issues. The report proposes using superconducting cables cooled by liquid hydrogen in underground conduits as a solution. It evaluates the feasibility and costs/benefits of implementing this system compared to alternatives. The conclusion recommends superconducting cables as they would eliminate losses and provide a more efficient, reliable and environmentally friendly grid.
This dissertation examines the design of lightweight steel sandwich panels with integrated structural and thermal insulating performance for use as residential roofing. The author develops models for predicting the shear buckling strength and bearing failure of thin steel webs embedded in polymer foam cores. Finite element analysis and prototype testing are used to validate the models. Design procedures are presented for determining optimal panel geometry based on thermal performance, strength, and deflection requirements for different climate zones. Minimum weight designs are developed and compared for panels using carbon steel, stainless steel, and two-layer panel configurations.
The document is an abstract for a PhD dissertation titled "Approximation Schemes for Euclidean Vehicle Routing Problems" by Aparna Das from Brown University in 2011. The dissertation studies two vehicle routing problems: the unit demand problem and the unsplittable demand problem. For the unit demand problem in constant dimensions, the dissertation provides a quasi-polynomial time approximation scheme. For the unsplittable demand problem in one dimension, it provides asymptotic polynomial time approximation schemes. The techniques involve exploiting the Euclidean structure of the input to design approximation algorithms with arbitrarily good approximations.
“Advance construction technology in megavikipatel123
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering. It examines the use of a bi-axial voided slab system, which utilizes plastic spheres embedded in a concrete lattice structure to replace a portion of the concrete in a slab. The report includes a literature review on voided slab systems, descriptions of the components and design of bi-axial voided slabs, design of test slab specimens with varying plastic sphere sizes and slab thicknesses, details of casting and testing the slab specimens, results of the material testing and structural testing, and comparisons of the test results. The overall goal is to better understand the behavior of bi-axial voided slabs through experimental testing and comparison with
This document provides an overview of corrosion protection for passenger car and light truck underbody structural components. It discusses various types of corrosion that can occur, including crevice corrosion, pitting corrosion, and galvanic corrosion. It also covers steel materials, coating methods, manufacturing processes, design considerations, testing methods, and lessons learned from corrosion testing conducted by the Auto/Steel Partnership. The goal is to help automotive engineers and suppliers minimize vehicle weight through the use of thinner, higher-strength steel, while also addressing corrosion issues that can arise from reduced steel thickness.
Simplified design of reinforced concrete buildings Sarmed Shukur
This document provides an overview of a publication titled "Simplified Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings" which outlines simplified design methods for reinforced concrete structures. The publication aims to reduce design time by providing timesaving procedures and aids for experienced designers. It focuses on conventional reinforced concrete buildings between 3-5 stories tall with typical framing systems. The document discusses loading calculations, frame analysis techniques using coefficients or analytical methods, and preliminary sizing of structural elements like floors, columns, shear walls and footings.
This document compares three approaches to combining topology optimization and additive manufacturing using selective laser melting (SLM). The approaches differ in the optimization code and penalization level used. A stress-constrained, continuous compliance, and discrete compliance optimization problem were solved for a cube under pressure. The resulting structures were additively manufactured using SLM and tested mechanically. All structures were resistant, though one approach provided a better tradeoff between strength and material savings. The study validates using industrial topology optimization codes and SLM manufacturing for mechanically optimized parts.
This document discusses topology optimization of lithium-ion batteries to maximize discharge capacity by changing electrode geometry. It presents mathematical models for optimization studies that ignore time-dependent effects and for verification studies that consider transients. Topology optimization is applied to maximize total current density and minimize terminal potential. Both steady-state and time-dependent optimizations are performed. Results show topology optimization can help increase capacity at low discharge rates by optimizing current density and at high rates by optimizing potential. Optimized shapes are verified through time-dependent simulations.
This document appears to be a dissertation investigating the aerospace industry, specifically focusing on the aero-engine sector and its electronic advancements. The dissertation includes chapters on literature review, hypotheses, methodology, analysis, discussion, conclusion and references. The analysis chapter will examine market trends in civil and military aerospace and the aero-engine industry. It will also analyze the business environment using models like PEST, Porter's Diamond and Five Forces, and examine Rolls-Royce's internal environment and the benefits of its investment in electronic data systems. The dissertation aims to provide a detailed understanding of an aero-engine manufacturer's internal and external environments.
Analysis of Ferrocement and Textile Reinforced Concrete for Shell StructuresMile Bezbradica
This document is Mile Bezbradica's master's dissertation which analyzes the stiffness properties of ferrocement, glass fiber textile, and carbon fiber textile for concrete shell structures. Three analysis strategies were used: an analytical model, experimental beam prototypes, and numerical analysis. Comparison of mechanical experiments to numerical models showed stiffness deviations of 38% for ferrocement, 272% for glass fiber, and 211% for carbon fiber beams. Ferrocement was stiffest in experiments but carbon fiber was stiffest in analytical and numerical models. The disparity between numerical and experimental results makes the overall comparison inconclusive. Future research should focus on material properties, numerical modeling assumptions, and construction techniques.
This document provides an overview of biomass briquetting technology and practices. It discusses various agro-residues that can be used for briquetting, including rice husk, coffee husk, and groundnut shells. It describes the fundamental aspects and mechanisms of briquetting using screw press and piston press technologies. Key aspects covered include feed processing equipment, material and energy balances, the process for setting up a briquetting plant, and an economic analysis of briquetting. The document aims to familiarize readers with biomass briquetting and its potential to provide a cleaner fuel alternative while making productive use of agricultural residues.
This document discusses biomass briquetting technology and practices. It provides an overview of potential agricultural residues for briquetting in Asia, fundamental aspects of briquetting including binding mechanisms and compaction characteristics. It also describes various briquetting technologies such as screw press and piston press. Key components of a briquetting plant and procedures for setting up a new plant are outlined. The document concludes with sections on economic analysis and applications of biomass briquettes.
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1) Creating parts for the deformable bulk material and rigid press and assembling them, defining materials, contacts, steps, and meshing.
2) Developing a viscoplastic constitutive model and implementing it in ABAQUS through user subroutines UMAT and VUMAT.
3) Running a simulation of hot plain strain compression of copper and comparing results from UMAT and VUMAT.
The document is a 78-page master's thesis on completion technologies. It begins with an abstract stating that completion costs have become a larger proportion of total well costs as wells have become more challenging. It then provides a table showing completion accounts for over 50% of total well construction time. The thesis will review different completion techniques to overcome issues with horizontal wells, with emphasis on those commonly used in Norway. It acknowledges assistance from industry professionals and its supervisor.
2. 2
DISCLAIMER
This thesis is submitted as partial and final fulfillment of the cooperative work
experience requirements of Kettering University needed to obtain a Bachelor of Science
in Mechanical Engineering Degree.
The conclusions and opinions expressed in this thesis are those of the writer and
do not necessarily represent the position of Kettering University or PPG Industries, Inc.,
or any of its directors, officers, agents, or employees with respect to the matters
discussed.
3. 3
PREFACE
This thesis represents the capstone of my five years combined academic work at
Kettering University and job experience at PPG Industries, Inc. Academic experiences in
Mechanical Engineering proved to be valuable assets while I developed this thesis and
addressed the problem it concerns.
Although this thesis represents the compilation of my own efforts, I would like to
acknowledge and extend my sincere gratitude to the following persons for their valuable
time and assistance, without whom the completion of this thesis would not have been
possible:
1. Thomas Cook – Manager, Global Process Management, PPG Industries
2. Andrew Tatarko – Global Process Management, PPG Industries
3. Conor Hawkins – Global Process Management, PPG Industries
4. Dr. David Asay – OEM Coatings Research and Development, PPG Industries
5. Dr. Homayun Navaz – Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Faculty Thesis
Advisor, Kettering University
4. 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DISCLAIMER ........................................................................................................................2
PREFACE ...............................................................................................................................3
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .................................................................................................5
I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................7
Problem Topic ...............................................................................................7
Background .....................................................................................................7
Criteria and Parameter Restrictions ................................................................7
Methodology ...................................................................................................8
Primary Purpose ...........................................................................................10
II. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................11
Conclusions ....................................................................................................11
Recommendations ..........................................................................................13
III. SIMULANT SOLUTION DESIGN...........................................................................14
General Procedure ..........................................................................................16
Results ............................................................................................................17
IV. IMPELLER POWER NUMBER STUDY .................................................................21
General Procedure ..........................................................................................25
Data Analysis..................................................................................................27
Results ............................................................................................................29
Sources of Error and Recommendations ........................................................38
V. BLEND TIME STUDY..............................................................................................39
General Procedure ..........................................................................................39
Results ............................................................................................................43
REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................48
GLOSSARY .........................................................................................................................49
APPENDIX: ABET PROGRAM OUTCOMES..................................................................50
5. 5
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures Page
1. Front view of the current 8TNK830.................................................................................12
2. Front view of the current 8TNK830 with proposed changes ...........................................12
3. Solid color coating viscosity as a function of Shear Rate ................................................15
4. Metallic color coating viscosity as a function of Shear Rate ...........................................15
5. Tabulated results from Simulant Solution Design Study .................................................18
6. Simulant Solution Design study data comparison............................................................19
7. Viscosity Comparison of Simulation solution and target behavior..................................20
8. Examples of Impeller Power number vs. Reynolds numbers curves ...............................23
9. A standard Cylindrical Mixing Vessel. ............................................................................23
10. Effect of Clearance on Power Number for Rushton, Free Blade Turbine and Pitched
Blade Turbine Impellers...................................................................................................24
11. Effect of dual Impeller spacing on Power Number for Free Blade Turbine and Pitched
Blade Turbine Impellers...................................................................................................24
12. Impeller types used...........................................................................................................25
13. Comparative behavior of all Impellers that were studied in the Newtonian solutions.....30
14. Comparative effects of top Impeller clearance in Newtonian solutions for Dual and
Single Lightnin A310 Impeller configurations.................................................................31
15. Comparative effects of top Impeller clearance in Newtonian solutions for Dual and
Single Chemineer HE-3 Impeller configurations.............................................................32
16. Comparative effects of top Impeller clearance in Newtonian solutions for Dual and
Single Pitched Blade Turbine configurations...................................................................33
17. Comparative behavior of all Impellers that were studied in the Non Newtonian
Simulant solution..............................................................................................................34
18. Comparative effects of top Impeller clearance in the Simulant solution for Dual and
Single Lightnin A310 Impeller configurations.................................................................35
6. 6
19. Comparative effects of top Impeller clearance in the Simulant solution for Mixed
A310 and PBT Impeller configurations ...........................................................................36
20. Comparative effects of top Impeller clearance in the Simulant solution for Dual and
Single Pitch Blade Turbine configurations Impeller types used ......................................37
21. Thermocouple locations within vessel ............................................................................40
22. Temperature change in Thermocouple 4 based on Impeller clearance ...........................45
23. Temperature change in Thermocouple 1 based on Impeller clearance ............................46
24. Temperature change in Thermocouple 4 based on Impeller clearance ...........................47
25. Temperature change in Thermocouple 1 based on Impeller clearance ............................47
7. 7
I. INTRODUCTION
The Automotive OEM business unit of PPG Industries, Inc. in Cleveland, Ohio,
hereafter referred to as PPG, operates Cylindrical and Rectangular mixing vessels in
several different configurations.
Problem Topic
Understanding, evaluation and comparison of equipment mixing capabilities at all
global facilities have been an issue for PPG. Intra-facility and inter-facility product
transfers often require such critical mixing information. Mixing is often blamed for poor
batches produced and a thorough understanding of mixing characteristics of blending
vessels is also essential for Root Cause Analysis.
Background
Every year there is a multitude of defective coating batches at the global facilities
of the company. These defective batches cost the company exorbitantly in terms of
resources, and a potential cause is the lack of research in mixing. The manager of Global
Process Management, a group that works primarily on inter-facility product transfers,
decided take initiative in this direction and assigned the project to the Kettering
University co-op in the group. All mixing vessel related information at the Cleveland
facility was organized as a prelude to this project.
Criteria and Parameter Restrictions
The following is the criteria for this project:
v All involved must absolutely abide by the safety policies of PPG
Industries.
v The project must be completed by April 2014, and two sequential 3 month
co-op terms are available for this.
v The results must:
8. 8
o Describe the mixing capabilities of Cleveland production vessel
8TNK830:
§ The vessel mixing capability can be defined as the mixing
vessel’s ability to attain homogenous physical properties
such as temperature, concentration and viscosity across the
solution for a given product.
o Provide an optimal Impeller configuration for the Cleveland
production vessel 8TNK830 to mix coatings:
§ The Impeller configuration must be optimized for both top
and bottom Raw material additions.
v Three mixing equipment parameters can be used to scale-down mixing
from production to the laboratory. The available parameters are:
o Impeller Tip Speed: The speed at the tip of the rotating Impeller.
o Torque/Volume: Torque dissipated by Impeller(s) into the fluid
divided by volume of fluid in vessel.
o Power/Volume: Power dissipated by Impeller(s) into the fluid
divided by volume of fluid in vessel.
Methodology
The writer will:
ü In the first available co-op term:
v Prepare for project commencement:
o Create a folder on the “Global Process Management” Sharepoint
website and the group folder on the company H: drive.
o Update these folders with all required project information.
v Set up Torque Sensing Mixer and other required equipment for Mixing
studies:
o Visit the equipment origin facility to learn operation, assembly,
calibration and experimental use of equipment.
o Assemble mixer in the Cleveland facility after it arrives from the
origin facility.
o Download the required Interface software from the provided CD
on to the computer in order for the equipment to transfer data:
9. 9
§ Ensure the COM Port driver is updated.
§ Plug the RS232 cable in to the computer docking station
and ascertain data transfer.
o Scale-down Production Mixing Vessels:
§ Choose and then scale-down Cleveland Rectangular
Mixing vessel(s) based on Impeller size.
§ Locate local manufacturers for acrylic boxes and have
vessels manufactured.
§ Locate and order required Impellers for the study.
§ Locate and order a multi input thermometer.
v Prepare ten Gallons of 5% Polyethylene Glycol solution and ten Gallons
of 20% Polyethylene Glycol solution with DI water:
o Measure and record solution densities and viscosities.
v Design a Simulant Solution that replicates the general Non-Newtonian
behavior of Water borne coatings:
o Ensure that the solution is not abrasive to the acrylic walls of the
lab vessel.
o Ascertain that change in the solution viscosity behavior over time
is insignificant or can be reversed by mixing.
v Design and perform mixing study to measure change in Impeller Power
Number by varying Impeller clearance levels:
o Prepare required spreadsheets and other documentation to record
Torque vs. RPM data.
o Record data for at least three different solutions.
o For each solution record data for six different Impeller
configurations.
o For each Impeller configuration record data runs for varying
Impeller clearance levels.
ü In the second available co-op term:
v Begin Data refinement for all data collected from the first co-op term:
10. 10
o Delete data with RPM below 20 or Torque below 0 Nm.
o Delete all data recorded while the equipment RPM were being
ramped up or down by operator.
o Calculate and graph Power Number with respect to Reynolds
Number for each Impeller clearance level.
o Graph Power Number during turbulent mixing conditions with
respect to Impeller clearance level for each Impeller type and
number.
v Design and perform a Blend Time Study that quantifies mixing quality in
terms of mix time required:
o Prepare required spreadsheets and other documentation to record
all Temperature and Viscosity data.
o Prepare and assemble all equipment based on the experiment
requirements.
o Scaled-down all necessary experimental parameters from
Cleveland production to the lab scale.
o Collect and analyze all data as necessary to obtain optimal Impeller
clearance levels.
Primary Purpose
The primary purpose of this project is gain a deeper understanding of mixing in a
Rectangular shaped vessel and present an ideal Impeller configuration for the chosen
Rectangular vessel to mix coatings.
11. 11
II. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
The project is in progress and data is still being collected and analyzed to reach
reliable conclusions. The project has provided further understanding of mixing in
Rectangular shaped mixing vessels.
All criteria (See Introduction, p. 7,8) are being met in the following manner:
v The safety policies of PPG Industries were abided by.
v The trend of change in Power number with varying clearance levels has
been observed. However, it was determined that the equipment was not
sensitive enough to accurately measure this trend.
v The ideal configuration of Impeller(s) for chosen Rectangular vessel has
been attained.
o The top Impeller clearance must be at 43 in. for a Dual A310 set-
up.
§ Figures 1 and 2 show the proposed differences. The
number in blue the top Impeller clearance in Inches, while
the number in orange is the minimum volume of solution
required to touch top Impeller.
o The top Impeller clearance must be at 36 in. for a Dual PBT set-up.
v Of all three listed mixing parameters, Power/Volume seems to provide the
most accurate scale down of mixing from Production to the Lab scale.
12. 12
Figure 1. Front view of the current 8TNK830.
Figure 2. Front view of the current 8TNK830 with proposed changes.
13. 13
Recommendations
In order to investigate further into this area of research the mixing studies listed
below have been suggested.
v Expand the Blend Time study to understand the mixing of triple and/or
mixed (PBTs + A310) Impeller type set-ups.
v Perform the same studies for Bldg. 8, Tank#822, portable vessels and A4
totes.
v Perform the study for a cylindrical vessel in order to compare mixing
differences due to change in vessel shape.
v Perform a study to accurately scale Blend time between lab and
production.
v Research and study Nanoparticle mixing using magnetic forces.
14. 14
III. SIMULANT SOLUTION DESIGN
The Simulant Solution was chosen to model the general Non-Newtonian viscosity
behavior of two coatings, one metallic and one solid color. In order to comprehend the
Non-Newtonian behavior of these coating, they were tested for viscosity at varying shear
rates from 5 sec-1
till 1000 till sec-1
. All recorded data was graphed as shown in Figures 3
and 4.
The formulas from the graph seem to be of the form:
! = !!!
where,
y is solution Viscosity,
x is applied Shear Rate, and
m and K are constants.
According to the Handbook of Industrial Mixing (2008), K is the consistency
index and m is a representation of the flow behavior index. For shear thinning fluids,
-1 < m < 0, and the closer m is to -1, the more Non-Newtonian a fluid is. The increasing
shear and decreasing shear m values from the chosen samples were used as the prime
parameters to model the Simulant solution. In order to monitor the gap between the
increasing shear and decreasing shear m values across all samples another parameter
called Recovery Gap, R, was generated.
15. 15
Figure 3. Solid color coating viscosity as a function of Shear Rate.
Figure 4. Metallic color coating viscosity as a function of Shear Rate.
y = 2.9694x-0.444
R² = 0.99476
y = 5.1999x-0.529
R² = 0.99733
0.1
1
10
1 10 100 1000
Viscosity (log)
Shear Rate (log)
BIPCU300 (Solid) Viscosity Run
Increasing Shear
Decreasing Shear
Power (Increasing Shear)
Power (Decreasing Shear)
y = 5.3248x-0.618
R² = 0.99822
y = 5.199x-0.628
R² = 0.99862
0.01
0.1
1
10
1 10 100 1000
Viscosity (log)
Shear Rate (log)
BIP2WA14 (Metallic) Viscosity Run
Increasing Shear
Decreasing Shear
16. 16
! = !!/!!
where,
m1 is the m at increasing shear, and
m2 is the m at decreasing shear.
General Procedure
v It was determined that the Simulant solution be prepared using the
following raw materials:
o DI Water
o Clay (Laponite)
o Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), Molecular Weight = 35,000 g/mol
v The Solution preparation procedure was outlined as:
o Weigh the required amount of DI water and begin mixing it using a
Cowles blade.
o Add the required amount of Clay to the DI Water:
§ With circumspection at a slow pace so as to not cause
clumps of clay in solution.
§ Close to but not on the Impeller tip.
o Let solution mix until all visible clumps of clay have disappeared.
o Mix solution for an additional 10 minutes.
o Add PEG to the solution for 5 more minutes.
o After ensuring solution is homogenous, seal container.
o Cure solution for a minimum of 12 hours at 120°F to minimize
Thixotropic behavior.
v Various percentages and combinations of Clay and PEG were tested.
v All samples were tested using the TA Instruments AR 550 Rheometer
available at the PPG Cleveland facility.
17. 17
Results
v After several trials it was noted that to attain the target Non-Newtonian
behavior the required clay concentrations were at least:
o 2% in plain DI water.
o 2.2% in a 0.25% solution of PEG in DI water.
v It was also observed from the collected data that for the concentrations
tested PEG seemed to:
o Decrease the Non-Newtonian behavior (increase the ‘m’ value) of
solution.
o Increase the Recovery Gap of solution.
v While the cure time was held constant for majority of the study as shown
in Figure 5, it was tweaked for the final Simulant solution in order to:
o Fine tune the Non-Newtonian behavior being observed.
o Further minimize Thixotropic behavior.
v On analyzing data as shown in Figure 6, there were some samples within
the target range of Recovery Gap, R, and within or slightly less than the
increasing shear m value, m1:
o Sample 21: Within the R range but at the upper end of the m1
range.
o Sample 22a: Within the R range but at the below the m1 range.
o Sample 30: Within the m1 range but at the upper end of the R
range.
v Sample 22a was chosen for further experimentation:
o Sample was prepared again, labelled Sample 22b and cured for 64
hours.
o On testing, the m1 value of the sample had substantially increased
with insignificant change in the R value as shown in Figure 5.
18. 18
Sample # % Clay % PEG
Cure
Time
(hrs.)
m1 at
increasing
shear
m2 at
decreasing
shear Recovery Gap, R
Target Parameters (Solid) -0.529 -0.444 1.191
Target Parameters (Metallic) -0.618 -0.628 0.984
Test Sample 1 2.91 0.24 12 -0.919 -0.479 1.919
Test Sample 2 2.90 0.48 12 -0.912 -0.799 1.141
Test Sample 3 2.88 0.96 12 -0.833 -0.728 1.144
Test Sample 4 0.99 0.25 12 -0.047 0 Inconclusive
Test Sample 5 0.99 0.49 12 0 0 Inconclusive
Test Sample 6 0.98 0.98 12 0 0 Inconclusive
Test Sample 7 2.88 0.96 12 -0.828 -0.724 1.144
Test Sample 8 2.83 2.83 12 -0.677 -0.48 1.410
Test Sample 9 2.78 4.63 12 -0.61 -0.367 1.662
Test Sample 10 3.35 0.96 12 -0.906 -0.824 1.100
Test Sample 11 3.29 2.82 12 -0.795 -0.641 1.240
Test Sample 12 3.23 4.61 12 -0.717 -0.563 1.274
Test Sample 13 1.48 0 12 0.1642 0 Inconclusive
Test Sample 14 1.47 0.25 12 0 0 Inconclusive
Test Sample 15 1.96 0.00 12 -0.331 -0.3 1.103
Test Sample 16 1.96 0.24 12 0.0086 0 Inconclusive
Test Sample 17 2.44 0 12 -0.786 -0.688 1.142
Test Sample 18 2.43 0.24 12 -0.663 -0.573 1.157
Test Sample 19 2.34 0.20 12 -0.637 -0.605 1.053
Test Sample 20 2.06 0 12 -0.169 -0.191 0.885
Test Sample 21 2.15 0.24 12 -0.618 -0.542 1.140
Test Sample 22a 2.15 0 12 -0.445 -0.395 1.127
Test Sample 22b 2.15 0 64 -0.728 -0.643 1.132
Test Sample 23 2.24 0.24 12 -0.744 -0.647 1.150
Test Sample 24 2.25 0.00 12 -0.637 -0.561 1.135
Test Sample 25 2.34 0.24 12 -0.77 -0.722 1.066
Test Sample 26 2.34 0 12 -0.755 -0.645 1.171
Test Sample 27 2.14 0.49 12 -0.053 0 Inconclusive
Test Sample 28 2.14 0.73 12 -0.287 -0.231 1.242
Test Sample 29 2.24 0.49 12 -0.576 -0.479 1.203
Test Sample 30 2.23 0.73 12 -0.558 -0.473 1.180
Final Simulant
Sample 1 (5 Gal.) 2.15 0 68 -0.516 -0.481 1.073
Final Simulant
Sample 2 (5 Gal.) 2.15 0 72 -0.538 -0.482 1.116
Figure 5. Tabulated results from Simulant Solution Design study.
20. 20
v The final Simulation Solution batch was:
o Prepared with 2.15% clay in plain DI water inline with the Sample
22 formulation.
o Periodically tested for viscosity while it was being cured in order
to obtain optimal cure time.
o Cured for 72 hours at 120°F to attain the target Non-Newtonian
behavior.
v While the Simulation solution is within the target ranges in terms of the
expected Non-Newtonian behavior, the curves are shifted downwards
leading to a marginal but consistent offset between target and attained
viscosities as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Viscosity Comparison of Simulation solution and target behavior.
y = 1.0335x-0.538
R² = 0.9995
0.01
0.1
1
10
1 10 100 1000
Viscosity (log)
Shear Rate (log)
Viscosity Comparison Analysis
Target Non-Newtonian
Behavior
21. 21
IV. IMPELLER POWER NUMBER STUDY
Impeller Power number is a critical characteristic of any mixing Impeller in order
to calculate the amount of mechanical power being dissipated into the solution being
mixed. Mathematically,
! = N!ρN!
D!
(1)
where,
P is the Power consumed by mixer,
Np is the Impeller power number,
ρ is the solution density,
N is the mixing revolutions/sec, and
D is the Impeller Diameter.
Another important parameter of any mixing Impeller is its Reynolds number. The
Impeller Reynolds number can be mathematically defined as,
22. 22
!" =
!!!!
!
(2)
where,
Re is the mixing Reynolds number,
ρ is the solution density,
µ is the solution viscosity,
N is the mixing revolutions/sec, and
D is the Impeller Diameter.
The purpose of the Impeller Power Number Study was to provide Impeller
characteristic curves as shown by Figures 8, 10 and 11 for all Impeller configurations in
the given Rectangular Mixing Vessels so as to provide further understanding of the
vessel’s Mixing capabilities.
Figure 8 shows how every Impeller has a characteristic Power Number versus
Reynolds number curve. Figure 9 shows the standard configuration of an industrial
mixing vessel. Figure 10 and 11 are also graphs obtained from the Handbook of
Industrial Mixing. These illustrate the change in Power Number with Impeller clearance
from the vessel bottom for a given Impeller. Figure 12 shows the different kinds of
Impellers used in this study.
23. 23
Figure 8. Examples of Impeller Power number vs. Reynolds numbers curves. Note (Paul
E.L. et al., 2004).
Figure 9. A standard Cylindrical Mixing Vessel. Note (Paul E.L. et al., 2004).
24. 24
Figure 10. Effect of Clearance on Power Number for Rushton, Free Blade Turbine and
Pitched Blade Turbine Impellers. Note (Paul E.L. et al., 2004).
.
Figure 11. Effect of dual Impeller spacing on Power Number for Free Blade Turbine and
Pitched Blade Turbine Impellers. Note (Paul E.L. et al., 2004).
25. 25
................
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 12. Impeller types used (a) Lightnin A310 Impeller, (b) Pitched Blade Impeller
(PBT) and (c) Chemineer HE-3 Impeller.
General Procedure
v Torque vs. RPM data was recorded for three different solutions:
o 5% Polyethylene Glycol solution
o 20% Polyethylene Glycol solution
o Simulant solution
v For each solution, data Run Sets were recorded for six different Impeller
configurations:
o 2 Lightnin A310 Impellers
o 1 Lightnin A310 Impeller
o 2 Chemineer HE-3 Impellers
26. 26
§ Data not recorded in Simulant Solution
o 1 Chemineer HE-3 Impeller
§ Data not recorded in Simulant Solution
o 2 Pitched Blade Turbine Impellers (PBT)
o 1 Pitched Blade Turbine Impeller
o 1 Lightnin A310 Impeller (Top) and Pitched Blade Turbine
Impellers (Bottom)
§ Data only recorded in Simulant Solution
o 1 Lightnin A310 Impeller (Bottom) and Pitched Blade Turbine
Impellers (Top)
§ Data only recorded in Simulant Solution
v For each Impeller configuration, with each Run Set, data Runs were
recorded for various Impeller clearance levels:
o For Single Impeller Runs:
§ The first Run data was collected for an Impeller clearance
of 1 inch.
§ The Impeller was moved up the shaft by 0.5 inches for
every subsequent Run.
§ The last Run data was collected for an Impeller clearance
of 9.5 inches.
o For Dual Impeller Runs:
§ The bottom Impeller clearance was kept constant at 1 inch.
§ The first Run data was collected for Top and Bottom
Impellers stacked at the shaft bottom.
§ The Top Impeller was moved up the shaft by 0.5 inches for
every subsequent Run.
§ The last Run data was collected for a Top Impeller
clearance of 9.5 inches.
27. 27
Data Analysis
Raw data was obtained from the equipment in terms of RPM and Torque (Nm).
This data was filtered to exclude any points that may have been included due to the
acceleration or deceleration of mixing equipment. The torque transducer was zeroed at
the beginning of each run in order to exclude any zero errors in data. It was also
determined that the data was unreliable at lower RPMs due to lower sensitivity of
equipment and all data below 20 RPM was excluded for further analysis.
! = 2πNT (3)
where,
P is the Power consumed by mixer,
N is the mixing frequency in s-1
, and
T is shaft rotational torque.
Given that the N and T values were obtained from the experiment itself, the
power number, Np, was calculated using eq. (1) and (3) and the Reynolds number, Re,
was calculated using eq. (2) for each data point. The Newtonian fluid viscosities were
measured using the Brookfield CAP-2000+: a cone and plate type viscometer. All data
was plotted on logarithmic plots.
28. 28
By definition, the viscosity value varies with shear for Non-Newtonian fluids and
in order to calculate the Reynolds numbers, viscosity had to be determined separately for
each Simulant solution RPM data point. Figure 5 identifies a relationship between the
solution viscosity and the Shear rate it is put under.
µ = 1.03γ!!.!"#
(4)
where,
µ is the solution viscosity,
γ is the mixing Shear rate,
N is the mixing revolutions/sec, and
K is the proportionality constant.
In order to use the relationship above denoted in eq. (4), the Shear rate had to be
estimated as a factor of the mixing RPM and eq. (5) was established. In concurrence with
the provided literature (Paul E.L. et al., 2004), the proportionality constant was assumed
to be 10.
! = KN (5)
29. 29
where,
γ is the mixing Shear rate,
N is the mixing revolutions/sec, and
K is the proportionality constant.
All obtained Reynolds Number and Power Number data for both Newtonian and
Non-Newtonian solutions was plotted on logarithmic plots using the JMP Graph Builder.
Results
It was determined that even after refinement, the data was too scattered to plot
graphs such as in Figures 8, 10 and 11 possibly due to the equipment not being sensitive
enough. Regardless, the data plots revealed some interesting trends.
Newtonian
Figure 13 clearly shows the approximate doubling of Power numbers when the
number of each Impeller type being used was increased from one to two. It is also worth
noting that the Power numbers of the Lightnin A310 and Chemineer HE-3 Impellers are
fairly similar in comparison to that of the Pitched Blade Turbine.
Figures 14, 15 and 16 exhibit trends in Impeller Power numbers on changing the
top Impeller clearance. From all graphs it can be deduced that for the Single Impeller
runs which were studied, the Power number decreases on increasing Impeller clearance.
On the other hand, the Power number seems to increase on increasing the top Impeller
clearance for the Dual Impeller Runs. These trends may provide some clues as to how the
Impeller clearance impacts the mixing quality.
30. 30
Figure 13. Comparative behavior of all Impellers that were studied in the Newtonian
solutions.
Newtonian Run Sets (all clearance data combined)
Np(ImpellerPowernumber)
Re (Reynolds Number)
—Dual A310
—Single A310
—Dual HE-3
—Single HE-3
—Dual PBT
—Single PBT
31. 31
Figure 14. Comparative effects of top Impeller clearance in Newtonian solutions for Dual
and Single Lightnin A310 Impeller configurations.
—Impeller Clearance< 4.5 in.
—4.5 in ≤ Impeller Clearance ≤ 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance > 5.5 in.
Re (Reynolds Number)
Np(ImpellerPowernumber)
Newtonian Run Set B: Single A310 Impeller
Newtonian Run Set A: Dual A310 Impellers
Np(ImpellerPowernumber)
—Impeller Clearance< 4.5 in.
—4.5 in ≤ Impeller Clearance ≤ 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance > 5.5 in.
32. 32
Figure 15. Comparative effects of top Impeller clearance in Newtonian solutions for Dual
and Single Chemineer HE-3 Impeller configurations.
Re (Reynolds Number)
Np(ImpellerPowernumber)
Newtonian Run Set D: Single HE-3 Impeller
Newtonian Run Set C: Dual HE-3 Impellers
Np(ImpellerPowernumber)
—Impeller Clearance< 4.5 in.
—4.5 in ≤ Impeller Clearance ≤ 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance > 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance< 4.5 in.
—4.5 in ≤ Impeller Clearance ≤ 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance > 5.5 in.
33. 33
Figure 16. Comparative effects of top Impeller clearance in Newtonian solutions for Dual
and Single Pitched Blade Turbine configurations.
Re (Reynolds Number)
Np(ImpellerPowernumber)
Newtonian Run Set E: Dual Pitched Blade Turbines
Np(ImpellerPowernumber)
Newtonian Run Set F: Single Pitched Blade Turbine
—Impeller Clearance< 4.5 in.
—4.5 in ≤ Impeller Clearance ≤ 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance > 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance< 4.5 in.
—4.5 in ≤ Impeller Clearance ≤ 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance > 5.5 in.
34. 34
Non Newtonian
While the Non-Newtonian data is not as convincing as the Newtonian data, it
seems to concur with the clearance change trends as suggested by the data in the
Newtonian fluid. Also the power numbers seem to roughly double when the number of
each Impeller type was increased from one to two.
It must be noted that the HE-3 Impeller was not studied in the Simulant fluid and
instead mixed configurations of A310 and Pitched Blade Impellers were studied. The
result, as described by Run sets C` and D`, suggest Clearance change trends similar to
those of Dual Impeller configurations. An interesting result is the configuration with the
Pitched Blade Turbine on bottom and A310 on top seems to have a slightly higher Power
Number than the other one shown by Figure 17.
Figure 17. Comparative behavior of all Impellers that were studied in the Non Newtonian
Simulant solution.
Non Newtonian Run Sets (all clearance data combined)
Np(ImpellerPowernumber)
Re (Reynolds Number)
—Dual A310
—Single A310
—A310 Bottom, PBT Top
—PBT Bottom, A310 Top
—Dual PBT
—Single PBT
35. 35
Figure 18. Comparative effects of top Impeller clearance in the Simulant solution for
Dual and Single Lightnin A310 Impeller configurations.
Re (Reynolds Number)
Non Newtonian Run Set B: Single A310 Impeller
Non Newtonian Run Set A: Dual A310 Impellers
Np(ImpellerPowernumber)Np(ImpellerPowernumber)
—Impeller Clearance< 4.5 in.
—4.5 in ≤ Impeller Clearance ≤ 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance > 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance< 4.5 in.
—4.5 in ≤ Impeller Clearance ≤ 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance > 5.5 in.
36. 36
Figure 19. Comparative effects of top Impeller clearance in the Simulant solution for
Mixed A310 and PBT Impeller configurations.
Re (Reynolds Number)
Non Newtonian Run Set C`: Mixed (A310 Bot, PBT Top)
Np(ImpellerPowernumber)Np(ImpellerPowernumber)
Non Newtonian Run Set D`: Mixed (PBT Bot, A310 Top)
—Impeller Clearance< 4.5 in.
—4.5 in ≤ Impeller Clearance ≤ 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance > 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance< 4.5 in.
—4.5 in ≤ Impeller Clearance ≤ 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance > 5.5 in.
37. 37
Figure 20. Comparative effects of top Impeller clearance in the Simulant solution for
Dual and Single Pitch Blade Turbine configurations.
Re (Reynolds Number)
Non Newtonian Run Set E: Dual PBTs
Np(ImpellerPowernumber)Np(ImpellerPowernumber)
Non Newtonian Run Set F: Single PBT
—Impeller Clearance< 4.5 in.
—4.5 in ≤ Impeller Clearance ≤ 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance > 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance< 4.5 in.
—4.5 in ≤ Impeller Clearance ≤ 5.5 in.
—Impeller Clearance > 5.5 in.
38. 38
Sources of Error and Recommendations
v After observing the scattering in data, it was determined that all data collected
below the RPM of 20 must be excluded.
v The viscosity formula used to calculate the Simulant solution viscosity did not
take the solution’s thixotropic behavior into account. Hence, the formula was
incorrect as the solution’s had become much more viscous and Psuedoplastic.
v The Pitched Blade Turbine and the Chemineer HE-3 Impeller were purchased
from Indco, a mixing equipment manufacturer while the Lightnin A310 was
purchased directy from Lightnin.
o All three Impellers were of different blade thickness, a factor that could
introduce some variability in data.
o The PBT and HE-3 were not as precise as the A310 Impeller.
o The blades lengths of the PBT were slightly inconsistent.
o The PBT and HE-3 must be purchased from a different manufacturer for
further testing.
v While most of the data was collected by Saheb Kapoor, some of it was
collected by other co-op students with proper training. This operator
variability may have introduced some error as well.
39. 39
V. BLEND TIME STUDY
The purpose of this study was to provide an optimal Impeller configuration for the
chosen Rectangular mixing vessel. The mixing quality of the Impeller configuration was
quantified through the amount of time required for the Impellers to attain uniform
temperatures across the entire solution.
General Procedure
Once all the equipment was obtained, the provided temperature sensors
(Thermocouples) were affixed to locations along vessel walls.
v As shown in Figure 21, the sensors were attached at varying depths with:
o Thermocouple 1 close to vessel bottom
o Thermocouple 2, three inches from vessel bottom along a vessel
corner edge.
o Thermocouple 3, six inches from vessel bottom centered along a
long vessel edge wall.
o Thermocouple 4, close to the solution surface at a corner edge but
not exactly at the edge.
v Once heated the solution temperature and viscosity were recorded.
v Based on scaled-down Volume from Cleveland production, the lab mixing
vessel was filled with unheated Simulant solution.
ü Top add Study:
v The study was done for the following Impeller configurations:
o Dual A310 Blades
o Dual Pitched Blade Turbine
v Solution was thoroughly mixed to attain a homogenous viscosity within a
spec range of 42 – 57 cP.
40. 40
Figure 21. Thermocouple locations within vessel
v Viscosity of solution close to Thermocouple 4 was recorded.
v Based on maintaining a consistent Power/Volume between Cleveland
production and the lab equipment, mixing RPM was calculated and noted.
o The dual A310 setup was operated at 580 RPM.
o The dual PBT setup was operated at 380 RPM.
v Data collection:
o 600g of Simulant solution was heated at 120°F for 45 minutes.
o A temperature change was then induced at Thermocouple 4 by
adding the heated solution slowly and carefully so as to surround
the Thermocouple.
Thermocouple 1
Thermocouple 4
Thermocouple 3
Thermocouple 2
41. 41
o Temperature at each sensor was recorded and the mixer was turned
on after being set at the calculated RPM.
o Temperature at each sensor was recorded every subsequent minute
until 7 full minutes of mixing was attained.
o Mixer was stopped and the solution viscosity at Thermocouple 4
was measured and recorded.
o To prepare for the next run, solution was thoroughly mixed at a
higher RPM if required so as to ensure homogeneity.
o All six steps above were performed repeatedly for six different top
Impeller clearance levels that were chosen based on data collected
from the Impeller Power Number Study:
§ 1.5 in. for Dual A310s and 2.25 in for Dual PBTs
§ 3.5 in
§ 4.5 in
§ 5.5 in
§ 6.5 in
§ 8.5 in. for Dual A310s and 7.5 in. for Dual PBTs
ü Bottom add Study:
v The study was done for the following Impeller configurations:
o Dual A310 Blades
o Dual Pitched Blade Turbine
v Solution was thoroughly mixed to attain a homogenous viscosity within a
spec range of 27 – 35 cP.
v Viscosity of solution close to Thermocouple 1 was recorded.
v Trial Run:
o 600g of Simulant solution was heated at 120°F for 45 minutes.
o Once heated, five similar density beads of a specific color were
added to the solution in order to be pumped into the vessel with the
heated solution.
42. 42
o A temperature change was then induced at Thermocouple 1 by
pumping in the heated solution slowly and carefully so as to
surround the Thermocouple.
o Due to equipment constraints it was hard to pump the entire 600g
solution into the bottom and the leftover heated solution was added
on the solution surface so as to induce a temperature change at
Thermocouple 4 as well.
o Temperature at each sensor was recorded and the mixer was turned
on after being set at 100 RPM.
o Every subsequent minute the temperature at each sensor was
recorded and the RPM was increased by 25 until seven full
minutes of mixing were attained.
o Based on obtaining a slow and steady temperature change in order
to compare clearance levels, an operating RPM was selected for
each Impeller configuration.
v Based on the data from the Trial run, an operating RPM was noted for the
study.
o The operating RPM was 250 for the Dual A310 setup.
o The operating RPM was 224 for the Dual PBT setup.
v Data collection:
o 600g of Simulant solution was heated at 120°F for 45 minutes.
o Once heated, five similar density beads of a specific color were
added to the solution in order to be pumped into the vessel with the
heated solution.
o A temperature change was then induced at Thermocouple 1 by
pumping in the heated solution slowly and carefully so as to
surround the Thermocouple.
o Due to equipment constraints it was hard to pump the entire 600g
solution into the bottom and the leftover heated solution was added
on the solution surface so as to induce a temperature change at
Thermocouple 4 as well.
o Temperature at each sensor was recorded and the mixer was turned
on after being set at the chosen RPM.
43. 43
o Temperature at each sensor was recorded every subsequent minute
until 7 full minutes of mixing were attained.
o The beads’ behavior and incorporation into the solution was
observed and noted.
o Mixer was stopped and the solution viscosity at Thermocouple 1
was measured and recorded.
o To prepare for the next run, solution was thoroughly mixed at a
higher RPM if required so as to ensure homogeneity.
o All four steps above were performed repeatedly for six different
top Impeller clearance levels that were chosen based on data
collected from the Impeller Power Number Study:.
§ 1.5 in. for Dual A310s and 2.25 in for Dual PBTs
§ 3.5 in
§ 4.5 in
§ 5.5 in
§ 6.5 in
§ 8.5 in. for Dual A310s and 7.5 in. for Dual PBTs
Results
The results seemed to narrow down an ideal clearance level range for both the
studied Impeller configurations of Dual Lightnin A310 and Dual Pitched Blade Turbines
based on the top add and bottom add studies.
The data was analyzed to generate column graphs of all temperature data
collected. The Blue column represents the difference between the temperature at the
Thermocouple with heated solution right before the mixing began and the temperature of
the solution. The Red column represents the same difference after one minute of mixing
44. 44
while the Green one represents this difference after precisely seven full minutes of
mixing.
!!"#$! = !!!"#!$ − !!"#$%&"'
In order to visually analyze the mixing, a new parameter called the Bead Mix
Ranking was introduced for the Bottom Add studies. One to five Beads of a specific color
were introduced near Thermocouple 1 with the heated solution. When mixing began,
notes were taken to document the time at which the beads get incorporated into the
solution and the number of beads that get incorporated after seven minutes of mixing.
Dual Lightnin A310
Based on Figure 22 it is safe to conclude that the setup provides relatively better
top add mixing with the top Impeller clearance at or higher than 5.5 in. as compared to
below 5.5 in. In fact the mixing seems worst for the top Impeller clearance of 3.5 in.
According to Figure 23, the Bottom add mixing is worst for the Impeller
clearance of 8.5 in. The setup permits a temperature difference of more than 2°C even
after seven minutes of mixing. On observing the bead mix ranking it seems like the
45. 45
Impeller clearances of 5.5 in. and 6.5 in. provide the second and third best Bead
incorporation into the solution.
While clearances below 5.5 in. can be ruled through results of the top add study,
8.5 in. can be ruled out using results of the bottom add study. The ideal top Impeller
clearance in the provided mixing vessel will be between 5.5 in. and 6.5 in. while the
worst mixing seems to happen at an Impeller clearance of 3.5 in.
Figure 22. Temperature change in Thermocouple 4 based on Impeller clearance.
0
5
10
15
20
25
1.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 8.5
Tgraph,Temperatureproximitytosolution(°C)
Top Impeller Clearance (in.)
—at 0 min
—at 1 min
—at 7 min
Dual A310 Top Add
46. 46
Figure 23. Temperature change in Thermocouple 1 based on Impeller clearance.
Dual pitched blade turbines
The top add study data as shown in Figure 24 suggests that Impeller clearances of
4.5 in, 5.5 in, and 7.5 in provide the best mixing while the worst is when both Impellers
are stacked at the bottom of the shaft (2.25 in. clearance). The temperature data from the
bottom add study as shown by Figure 25 suggests that the better mixing at and below
Impeller clearance of 5.5 in. comparison to 6.5 in. and above. In concurrence with the
temperature data, Impeller clearances of 4.5 in. and 5.5 provide the first and second best
bead incorporation into the solution while 2.25 in. provides the worst.
In conclusion, the optimal Impeller clearance level for a Dual PBT setup must be
between 4.5 and 5.5 in. top Impeller clearance while the worst mixing seems to happen at
an Impeller clearance of 2.25 in.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1 (1/1) 6 (0/3) 5 (0/2) 2 (3/5) 3 (1/3) 4 (1/1)
1.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 8.5
Tgraph,Temperatureproximitytosolution
(°C)
Bead Mix Ranking (# incorporated/ # available)
Top Impeller Clearance (in.)
—at 0 min
—at 1 min
—at 7 min
Dual A310 Bottom Add
47. 47
Figure 24. Temperature change in Thermocouple 4 based on Impeller clearance.
Figure 25. Temperature change in Thermocouple 1 based on Impeller clearance.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2.25 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
6 (0/4) 3 (2/2) 2 (3/3) 1 (3/3) 4 (2/3) 5 (2/3)
2.25 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
Tgraph,Temperatureproximitytosolution(°C)
Top Impeller Clearance (in.)
—at 0 min
—at 1 min
—at 7 min
Dual PBT Top Add
Tgraph,Temperatureproximitytosolution(°C)
Bead Mix Ranking (# incorporated/ # available)
Top Impeller Clearance (in.)
—at 0 min
—at 1 min
—at 7 min
Dual PBT Bottom Add
48. 48
REFERENCES
Asay, David. Personal Communications. March 2013- April 2014.
Cook, Tom. Personal Communications. March 2013- April 2014.
Paul E.L., Atiemo-Obeng V.A., Kresta S.M. (2004). Handbook of Industrial Mixing :
Science and Practice. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p149-163, p345 - 366.
Ppg industries bringing innovation to the surface. (2013).
Retrieved from http://www.ppg.com/en/Pages/home.aspx
SPX Lightnin: Impeller Information
Retrieved from http://www.spx.com/en/lightnin/about-us/
Tatarko, Andy. Personal Communications. March 2013- April 2014.
49. 49
GLOSSARY
Chemineer HE-3: Chemineer HE-3 is 3 blade axial flow high efficiency Impeller
patented by Chemineer.
Lightnin A310: According to documentation provided by Lightnin, the A310 Impeller
series provides a combination of performance characteristics and high
flow efficiency not available from other types of axial flow impellers.
Non Newtonian: A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose flow properties differ in any
way from those of Newtonian fluids. Most commonly the viscosity
(the measure of a fluid's ability to resist gradual deformation by shear
or tensile stresses) of non-Newtonian fluids is dependent on shear rate
or shear rate history
Shear thinning: Same as Psuedoplastic. Shear thinning is an effect where a fluid's
viscosity decreases with an increasing rate of shear stress.
Thixotropic: Certain gels or fluids that are thick (viscous) under static conditions
will flow (become thin, less viscous) over time when shaken, agitated,
or otherwise stressed. They then take a fixed time to return to a more
viscous state. These are known as Thixotropic.
51. 51
PROGRAM OUTCOMES
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Upon graduation, students receiving the Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Degree from Kettering University will have the following knowledge, skills, and
abilities:
A. An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering.
The project required all three of the above listed skills in order to conduct the listed
experiments.
B. An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data.
Two experiments were conducted as a part of this project and data was analyzed for
each of them
C. An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within
realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health
and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability.
The project had several economic and safety constraints. The project stayed within
them.
D. An ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams.
The Mechanical Engineering co-op student worked in a team mostly comprising of
chemists or chemical engineers.
E. An ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems.
Mixing is an engineering issue, the students worked to resolve and make it better.
F. An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility.
The student abided by all such responsibility in a professional manner.
52. 52
G. An ability to communicate effectively.
There were several presentations and conference calls conducted by the student as a
part of this project.
H. The broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a
global, economic, environmental, and societal context.
The project did not require or provide any such skills.
I. A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in lifelong learning.
The project taught the student the importance of keeping an open mind while
performing experiments.
J. A knowledge of contemporary issues.
The project provided knowledge of contemporary mixing issues.
K. An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for
engineering practice.
A few different software were used for data transfer, recording and analysis.
L. Familiarity with statistics and linear algebra.
Linear algebra and statistics were used for data analysis.
M. A knowledge of chemistry and calculus-based physics with a depth in at least one of
them.
Calculus-based physics was used more in the in-depth than Chemistry for this
particular project.
N. An ability to model and analyze inter-disciplinary mechanical/electrical/hydraulic
systems.
The mixing equipment was mechanical/ electrical.
53. 53
O. An ability to work professionally in the area of thermal systems including the design
and realization of such systems.
Thermal systems were not a part of this project.
AA. An ability to work professionally in the area of mechanical systems including the
design and realization of such systems.
The mixing equipment design was studied and improved as a part of this project.