مادة سلامة صناعية بصفة عامة، تكرير النفط يعد عملية أساسية لتحويل النفط الخام إلى منتجات نفطية قيمة وقابلة للاستخدام. هذه التكنولوجيا تلعب دورًا حاسمًا في تلبية احتياجات العالم للطاقة والوقود. تقوم عملية التكرير بتحويل النفط الخام إلى مجموعة متنوعة من المنتجات التي تتناسب مع متطلبات السوق المختلفة، بدءًا من وقود السيارات وصولًا إلى البتروكيماويات وغيرها من المنتجات الكيميائية. تكنولوجيا تكرير النفط تتطور باستمرار لتصبح أكثر كفاءة واستدامة. يتم تطوير وتبني تقنيات جديدة لتحسين العمليات المستخدمة في التكرير، بما في ذلك إزالة الملوثات وتقليل الانبعاثات البيئية. وفرز تكنولوجيا التكرير من قابلات جديدة ومواد محفزة تعمل على زيادة الكفاءة وتقليل الفاقد في هذه العملية. علاوة على ذلك، تتواصل الجهود البحثية لتطوير عمليات تكرير جديدة ومتقدمة تستخدم تقنيات مثل التكرير الكاتاليتي والتكرير بالهيدروجين. هذه التطورات تساهم في إنتاج المنتجات النفطية عالية الجودة والنظيفة، مع تحقيق كفاءة أكبر وتقليل التأثير البيئي. في النهاية، تقنية تكرير النفط تعد عملية حاسمة في صناعة النفط والطاقة. تطورها وتحسينها المستمر لا يساهم فقط في تلبية الطلب على الوقود والمنتجات النفطية، بل يساهم أيضًا في تحقيق المستدامة البيئية والاقتصادية في قطاع الطاقة. تقنية تكرير النفط تستخدم لإنتاج مجموعة واسعة من المنتجات النفطية التي نستخدمها في حياتنا اليومية. وتشمل بعض الاستخدامات الرئيسية لتكرير النفط: 1. الوقود المتكرر: تكرير النفط ينتج الوقود المتكرر مثل البنزين والديزل والكيروسين. هذه الوقود تستخدم في السيارات والشاحنات والمحركات الأخرى. 2. الغاز الطبيعي المسال: يمكن أن ينتج تكرير النفط الغاز الطبيعي المسال الذي يستخدم كوقود نظيف وفعال في الأنظمة المنزلية والصناعية والتجارية. 3. الوقود الطيران: ينتج تكرير النفط الوقود الطيران الذي يستخدم في الطائرات التجارية والعسكرية. 4. الزيوت والشحوم: يتم إنتاج مجموعة واسعة من الزيوت والشحوم المستخدمة في الصناعات المختلفة مثل الصناعات الميكانيكية والكيماوية والزراعية. 5. المبيدات الحشرية: يمكن أن تنتج عمليات تكرير النفط مثلات دي دي تي، وهو المبيد الحشري الشهير. 6. المواد البلاستيكية: تساهم تقنية تكرير النفط أيضًا في إنتاج مكونات البلاستيك، وهي المواد التي تستخدم في الصناعات التحويلية والتعبئة والتغليف والأدوات المنزلية وغيرها. 7. المنتجات الكيماوية: قد ينتج تكرير النفط أيضًا مجموعة متنوعة من المنتجات الكيماوية المختلفة مثل المذيبات والأصباغ والأدوية. يمكننا أن نقول إن تقنية تكرير النفط تلعب دورًا حيويًا في تزويدنا بمجموعة متنوعة من المنتجات الضرورية التي نعتمد عليها في حياتنا اليومية وفي الصناعات المختلفة. عملية تكرير النفط تشمل عدة خطوات أساسية. هنا هي العملية العامة لاستخدام تقنية تكرير النفط: 1. التحضير: في هذه الخطوة، يتم تحضير النفط الخام المستخدم لتكريره. يشمل ذلك إزالة الشوائب المرئية، مثل الرمال والأتربة، وإزالة المواد الصلبة الأخرى. 2. التقطير: هي الخطوة الأولى في عملية التكرير وتهدف إلى فصل النفط الخام إلى مكوناته المختلفة بواسطة تسخينه. يتم تسخين النفط الخام في برج تقطير، وتتبخر الفروق في درجات تسخين ومراحل متعددة. تتكون الفروق المتبخرة من مجموعة مختلفة من المركبات الهيدروكربونية الأخف وزنًا التي تتكون من عدد قليل من الذرات الكربونية. يتم جمع كل فرق في مراحل مختلفة للاستخدامات المختلفة. 3. الكراكنة: تكرير الكراكنة يعني تحطيم الجزيئا

1. Safety Industry
L.A.MuntadherAllami

2. Introduction
Industrial safety or safety in the field of industry is one of
the branches of health, safety and environment, which is
concerned with the protection of workers in the workplace
as well as the maintenance of machinery and equipment and
environmental protection through a set of laws and
instructions set by the institution concerned in the field of
occupational health and safety, which leads to an increase in
productivity and profits This science is spreading rapidly
with the development of industries and the emergence of
modern technologies and technology accompanied by great
risks, which through the science of occupational health and
safety we can find the necessary solutions to prevent risks
before they occur which is the goal of health and
tuberculosis A professional nation.

3. Chapter One
Worksurfaces and walk
It is any place suitable for work and walking,
whether corridors or street or work on high
surfaces and stairs, etc. It is in its nature lead to
accidents stumbling and slipping and falling and
constitute a large proportion of accidents that occur
in public industries, where they account for about
15% of all deaths and ranks The second after traffic
accidents that cause serious accidents and deaths.

4. Safety requirementsfor work surfaces and walking
-
1 General cleanliness
All work sites, corridors, warehouses and service rooms should be kept in a
clean and tidy condition permanently.
-
2 Corridors
Corridors should be kept clean and free of any material that may impede
movement, especially in emergencies.
-
3 Covers and protective barriers:
Appropriate covers and protective barriers shall be provided to prevent the
fall of open workers or manholes.
-
4 The load of floors and floors :
A sign indicating the total allowable load value should be installed on each
floor with an obligation not to place materials weighing more than this load.

5. Stairs
1-Fixed Industrial Stairs :
❖ If the stairs are greater than 3 steps, protection against fall risk shall be provided
❖ This barrier must withstand a shock of at least 200 pound in both directions
❖ These ladders shall be designed to withstand a load of not less than 1000 pound
❖ The width of the stairs shall not be less than 22 inches
❖ These stairs shall be installed at an inclination angle of not less than 30 degrees
and not more than 50 degrees.
❖ The ceiling height of the highest stairs must not be less than 7 feet (215 cm)
❖ If the height of more than 12 feet (360 cm) is provided a ramp for the ladder not
less than 22 inches and not less than 30 depth (75 cm).

6. 2-The escalator
Instructionsfor use
❖ The escalator should be fixed well by those on the wall based on it,
using the ladder of the appropriatelength for the height to be reached
so that the ladder is not too long or too short.
❖ The escalator are designed for the use of only one person weighing
not more than about 100 kg, and it is absolutely not allowed to use
the ladder by two person at the same time.
❖ It is absolutelynot allowed to stand on the last step of the ladder, and
the third step of the ladder should not be exceeded from above.
❖ Make sure your shoes are free of mud and grease before going up the
ladder so as not to be slippery and fall off the ladder.

7. ❖ Metal stairs should not be used at all while working on or near electrical
equipment.
❖ The ladder is not allowed in a horizontal position as a scaffold.
❖ It is absolutely not allowed to install the ladder on containers, drums or
boxes in order to increase the height, the appropriate ladder must be used to
the height of the thing to be done.
❖ Stairs should never be painted and if painted, they should be removed as the
paint hides any cracks or defects in the stairs.
❖ Do not attempt to use the ladder during a severe storm.
❖ Do not try to move peace to move it from one place to another.

8. ❖ You must install peace well on the ground before boarding it and the most
suitable angle for the installation of peace is 75 degrees, and should the
distance between the peace base and wall document it is to be a quarter of
the wall length (for example, if the wall length of four meters, it must be the
distance between the base and the wall document it One meter) as shown in
figure
❖ When climbing on or down the ladder, the face of the worker must be
opposite him, leaving both hands free to hold the ladder. To the
administrators as shown in the figure

9. ❖ Do not carry any equipment, tools, or anything else on the ladder so that the
person does not fall or fall on the peoplestanding down the ladder. The tools and
toolscan be carried in the working belt or a rope and handbag can be used to lift
the equipment if it is heavy.
❖ Do not try to install the ladder on a slippery ground so as not to cause it to fall
and prefer to use stairs with non-slip legs
❖ The worker shall be tied to a safety belt in the ladder if the work he will do while
on the ladder requires the use of both hands.
❖ Safety barriers should be placed around the ladder during use, if the workplace is
in a work area with mechanisms so as not to hit the ladder and cause the worker
to fall and be injured.
❖ As you climb up the ladder, hold the ladder steps and not the side menus.

10. ❖ Do not place the ladder on a door or window or in front of them unless the
door or window is secured by closing them or leaving them open.
❖ When carrying the ladder should be carried from the middle in a horizontal
position on the shoulder with the need to lift the front up and back down in
order to avoid collision with any person coming in the oppositedirection and
can not see.
❖ In the case of climbing on roofs, the height of the ladder should not be less
than 3 feet (about one meter).

11. 3 -Extended stairs
These are the same conditions and specifications of mobile safety, but depends
on the length of the joint between the upper and lower ladder is as follows:
❖ In the case of stairs not exceeding 36 feet in length, it is 3 feet
❖ In the case of stairs from 36 to 48 feet is 4 feet
❖ In the case of stairs up to 60 feet, the length of this section is 5 feet

12. 4 -Fixed stairs
❖ They are permanently installed on the building
❖ Protection against fall risk should be provided if the staircase is longer than
20 feet (iron cage)
❖ The iron cage should extend 42 inches (105 cm) above the surface to be
climbed.
❖ Installationof the cage starts at a height of at least 7 feet and no more than 8
feet from the ground.

13. EscapeRoutes& EmergencyPlan
The Second Lecture
Industrial Safety Management

14. Emergency Plan
The contingency plan includes four basic teams, as follows:
1. Fire Fighting Team :-The team mission begins immediately upon the
outbreak of fire, which in turn must be trained and qualified to use fire
fighting equipment and are fully aware of it.
2. Follow-up team :- This team has information about each employee
located on the job site (employee name, place of work, telephone number
...) The follow-up team directs the rescue team to search in a specific place
where the missing employee is likely to be.
3. RescueTeam: - Based on the information provided by the follow-up team,
the rescue team will go to the places where the missing employee is likely
to be present.
4. First Aid Team: - The task of this team begins after the rescue of a staff
member who suffered a certain injury and immediately start providing first
aid to the injured and must have a first aid team several first aid integrated.
Industrial Safety Management

15. Escape Routes
It is the safe path that a person takes to escape from the building to a place
where he can find safety and safety. It is the pathsof transport that occupantsof
the buildingto move from any point in it until access to the open air outsidethe
building or to any safe place. Escape routes may include horizontal, vertical
and inclined paths. Parts are:
1. Path to access the exit
2. Exit
3. Port leading to the exit
Industrial Safety Management

16. BasicGeneral Requirementsfor Escape Routes
1. Adequateand suitableexits should be available to evacuate and escape all
occupants of the building in case of emergency.
2. The materials used in the construction of the building shall not pose a
danger to the occupants of the building in case they escape.
3. No locks or devices to prevent escape in emergencies are allowed except
in some special cases (prisons, Mental hospital)
4. The escape routesshould be clear and well known to the occupants of the
building.
5. The wide of escape routes must be at least 28 inches (70 cm).
6. The pure height of any part of the escape routes should not be less than
(215 cm).
Industrial Safety Management

17. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. Any doorsor roads that are not included in the escape routes must be marked
with a sign (this door is not used for escape)
8. Sufficient lighting should be provided near the escape exits and be provided
with anothersource of energy in addition to electricity or be connectedto the
backup generator
9. Clear signs should be installed on the escape exits so that the height of the
letter is not less than 6 inches (15 cm).
10. In the case of access to the exit through non-straight roads or the exit is not
clear, install signs (arrows).
Industrial Safety Management

18. Protectionof Emergency Exits
Emergency exits shall be isolated from the rest of the building by providing
protection against fire risk to the exit as follows:
1. Buildings of three floors or less shall have fire-resistant construction
materials for at least one hour.
2. Buildings of four floors or more shall be fire resistant for at least two
hours.
3. All doors shall be made of (Fire Doors) materials and shall be closed
automatically.
4. The escape stairs have a positive pressure for the rest of the building to
prevent smoke from entering in the event of a fire.
Industrial Safety Management

19. Output Capacityand Load the Place
The total occupancy of the building or floor is estimated on a predictive basis
by dividing the total area of the building or floor by the projected area per
person (table below shows some occupancy factor)
Industrial Safety Management
Unit Square Feet Square Meters
Classroom 20 square feet 1.9 square meters
Research laboratories 50 square feet 4.6 square meters
Offices 100 square feet 9.3 square meters

20. Number of Emergency Exits
1. Minimum number of exits is 2 (from 50 - less than 500 people)
2. From 501 to less than 1000 people: 3 exits
3. More than 1000 people: 4 exits
Industrial Safety Management

21. Emergency Exit Locations
The distance between two emergency exits of any buildingor floor shall be that
is not less than the largest radius of the building or floor.
Industrial Safety Management

22. The Distance Traveledto Reach the Exit
The length of the access path from any point in the building to the exit
entrance.
1. In the case of buildings that are not protected by sprinkler system, this
distance should not exceed 200 feet (60 meters).
2. In the case of buildings protectedby sprinkler system, this distance should
not exceed 250 feet (76 meters).
Industrial Safety Management

23. Emergency plans and fire fighting
A written contingency plan shall be available, which shall include, at a
minimum, the following elements:
1. Way to escape the building and escape routes
2. Method of closing and stopping dangerous operations
3. A way to calculate the number of people evacuating the building to
make sure there are no people inside the building in an emergency
4. Methods of rescue and medical services
5. Fire and emergency reporting methods
6. Identify the persons responsible for the eviction
7. The need for a fire alarm system
8. Emergency evacuation plan with periodic training
9. Continuous training
10. Provide of personal protective equipment used in emergency
11. Regular maintenance of fire fighting equipment
Industrial Safety Management

24. What didwe learnin thislecture?
1. Emergency Plan
2. Emergency Teams
3. Protection of Emergency Exits
4. Number of Emergency Exits
5. Emergency Exit Locations
Industrial Safety Management

25. (PPE)PersonalProtectiveEquipment
The Third Lecture
Industrial Safety Management

26. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Their purpose
Provide a full description of personal protective equipment and
its importance in maintaining the safety of workers and the
correct way to use and maintain and how to choose the
appropriate device or equipment to suit the type of risks to which
a person is exposed.

27. General Instructions
1. The type of workplace hazards must be determined first and then the
protective equipment to be used. This equipment is provided at no cost to
employees.
2. Personal protective equipment approved by local authorities must be used
and compliant with the American National Safety Institute (ANSI)
3. Personal protective equipment should be worn in a manner appropriate to
the person using it properly.
4. A medical examination should be carried out for workers whose work
requires the use of respirators, and is repeated annually.
5. All personnelwho are required to use PPE should be trained in the proper
use of this equipment by their direct officials.
6. If PPE is not used, it is placed in plastic bags and kept in a clean condition.

28. Types of personalprotectiveequipment
1- Head Protection
❖ The rigid plastic-treated helmet is used to protect the head and resist
heavy impact without breaking and resist penetration by falling objects.
❖ The helmet is fitted with a drawstring inside and a plastic lining adjusted
to fit the size of the head.

29. Risks to the head
1- Falling equipment or collision
2-Electricity risks

30. Helmet Classes
1- Class A
This type is designed for light work and provides limited protection against
shock hazards and limited current protection (2200 volts for one minute
only)
2- Class B:
This type is designed for heavy duty and provides great protection against
the risk of shock, as well as great protection for the electric current (20000
volts for 3 minutes).
3- Class C :
This type is made of aluminumand provides good protection against shocks
but does not provide any protection against electric current.

31. 2- Face & Eye Protection
To protect the eye and face from chemical and mechanical hazards, wear
Safety Goggles, Safety Glasses, or Face Shield

32. 3- Ear Protection :
❖ All workers working in high noise areas of more than 85 decibels must
wear ear protection equipment so that they do not experience hearing
loss gradually with the length of exposure to the extent that they can
reach a point where they lose their hearing permanently.
❖ Ear protection tasks reduce the noise level in the workplace to a lesser
extent than the permissible exposure, and each equipment has a noise
reduction value that can reduce it.

33. Equipment for Ear Protection
1- Ear Muffs
It covers the outer ear and is a sound barrier. It provides protection to the ear
from the risk of exposure to high noise, which reduces the noise intensity in the
range of 15 - 35 dB, and is used when the noise intensity in the workplace from
90 to 120 db. The workplace is less than the permissible exposure limit, and
each equipment has a noise reduction value that it can reduce.
-
2 Ear Plugs
They are placed inside the ear canal and are made of plastic or rubber and can
reduce the noise that reaches the ear within the range of 20 - 30 db. and are used
in places where the intensity of the noise is from 85 - 115 db. It may reach 130
db. The earplugs are worn with the ear muffs, where the noise in this case is
reduced by up to 50 db.

34. -
4 FootProtection
Types of Safety Shoes
1. Leather safety shoes:- The front end is covered with steel to protect the
fingers from the risk of falling objects. There is also a piece of steel-sole to
protect against the risk of penetration by sharp materials such as nails.
2. long rubber boots safety:- To work in wet places always used by firefighters.
3. Rubber safety boots are intended for electrical workers:- because they
provide them with great protection against electric shock.
4. short rubber safety boots:- Do not cause static electricity and do not use in
places containing combustible materials so that static electric charges do not
cause fire in these materials.

35. 6- Safety Belts and Life Line
❖ Safety belts used when working in working at height to secure the worker
from the risk of falling
❖ In the case of confined space work or tanks, a special safety belt and a life
line are used so that the worker can be taken upright and not exposed to
injury when taken out in an emergency.

36. 7- Hand Protection
We use safety gloves to protect hands and there are several types of them as
follows:
1. Protective gloves made of cloth and suede:- are used to protect hands
from shards and sharp objects when handling materials with sharp ends.
2. Protective gloves made of rubber or plastic:- and used to protect hands
during handling chemicals
3. Heat resistant gloves:- are used when working on hot equipment such as
steam pipes or to hold the glassware hot laboratories and during welding
operations.

37. -
8 Body Protection
❖ Overalls and protective bibs are used when working near machines and in
workshops.
❖ Plastic coats and suits are used to protect against the dangers of chemicals
such as acids and alkalis

38. (PPE)PersonalProtectiveEquipment
The fourth lecture
Industrial Safety Management

39. 5- Respiratory Protection
Different respirators are used to enable the person who wears them to work in
places where the proportionof oxygen is insufficient to breathe and cause danger
to life, or places with toxic gases or dust harmful to health, and choose the
appropriate respirators to work after the identification of the nature of the
materials to which workers are exposed And their gravity and after making the
necessary measurements of oxygen content.

40. Types of respirators
1- Air-Supplying Respirators
2. Air purifiers Respirators

41. 1- Air-Supplying Respirators
Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) consists of a cylinder with an amount of
compressed air sufficient for an hour or a half hour (depending on the volume of the
cylinder) and is installed by a pressure regulator from which the air comes out through a
hose connected to the protective mask and the cylinder is carried on the back This type of
respirator provides protection for a limited period of not more than one hour, and in the
case of work requires a prolonged presence in the workplace is used Air compressor
connected with filters and regulators He and then long hoses up to the breathing mask and
thus the person can work for long periods.

42. 2. Air purifiers Respirators
- Respirators for vapors and gases
- Breathing devices to catch dust.
- Breathing apparatus for vapors, gases and dust catching.
- Respirators for toxic gases
- Air purifying ventilators with fan.

43. 1. These types of respirators can purify the air that humans breathe from hazardous
substances, but they cannot supply it with the air needed to breathe.
2. Do not use these devices at all in places where the proportion of oxygen less than
19.5%.
3. Do not use these devices in places where the concentration of toxic substances is
unknown or when the concentrations of these substances are high enough to reach the
imminent danger to life or health.
4. Make sure that the type of filter used with these devices is appropriate and that it fits
the danger in place so that dust filters are not used in places where toxic gases and
vapors are used and vice versa.
5. Filters are disposed of in the event that their expiration date expires - if the filter is
opened and used, the usage date is recorded and disposed of after six months.

44. In case of use of air purifiers it is advisableto leave the place immediately in
the following cases:
1. Feeling difficult to breathe..
2. In case of smell or taste of the materials in the place.
3. In case of dizzy feeling.
4. In case of damage to the device.

45. Respirator Selection
1. Oxygen is first measured at the place to be used. If this percentage is less than 19.5%,
in this case, an air-supplied respirator should be used.
2. If the oxygen content in the place is more than 19.5%, the type of toxic and
hazardous substances shall be determined at the site.
3. The degree of concentration of these substances shall be measured.
4. If the degree of concentration of these toxic substances in the place to be applied
more than the allowable limit and less than the dose is imminent danger to life or
health, choose the appropriate respirator and purifier for vapors, toxic gases or dust
from the table of types of respirators as well as the appropriate type of filter by type
Toxic substance by reference to the table of types of filters.
5. In the case of the toxic substance to be protected from it does not cause any
sensitivity to the eye can use half-respirators Half Mask If the substance causes
allergies to the eye must in this case use a respirator covering the entire face Full
Face-Piece Mask.

46. Fit BreathingTest
A test should be carried out to ensure that this device is suitable for the person who will
use it and to ensure that no toxic substances enter through the mask bands. These tests are
as follows:
1- Negative Pressure Testing
This test is done before entering the workplace contaminated with toxic and hazardous
substances and is done by closing the two air intakes in the filter in the palm of the hand
and begins to breathe until the mask begins to dent and stop breathing for 10 seconds if the
device remains the same state of dentation confirms that the device is well connected

47. 2- Positive Pressure Testing
1. The air outlet is closed.
2. It is exhaled softly to generate a small amount of positive pressure inside the mask.
3. The mask is well tied if there is no air leakage between the face and the mask.
4. In case of any leakage of air, change the position of the mask on the face and
fasten it well and perform the examination again (as shown in Figure)

48. Medical Consideration
1. A medical examination should be conducted on all workers whose work
requires the use of respirators and exclude people who complain of
(chronic chest diseases - heart disease - shortness of breath - hearing
loss).
2. Depending on the result of the medical examination, the doctor will
determine who is fit to use respirators and those who are not.