Safety

TOPIC I INTRODUCTION
Power plant owners and operators do not only want an efficient plant it must
also be a SAFE plant. The goal in accident prevention is "zero" disabling
injuries and no lost work time. However, there are many barriers to achieving
this goal, the most important of which is the human attitude. Most people feel
that "it won't happen to me" or "it couldn't happen here. " You can do more to
protect yourself and your fellow worker by constantly thinking and practicing
accident prevention than you can by memorizing all of the rules, regulations,
and safeguards ever written or invented. You must THINK before you act.
The purpose of this topic is to present information and rules the observance of
which will be helpful in preventing occupational injuries. The great majority of
all injuries connected with employment can be prevented by means available to
every employer and well within his resources to apply.
The chief foes of safety are ignorance, indifference, and inertia. Good safety
performances in industry must rest on a basis of managerial enthusiasm for
safety. A good accident record is not difficult to achieve. When plant
management seriously and persistently works to eliminate preventable injuries
to their employees, the culture filters down and safety becomes the focus of all
parts of the plant.

TOPIC 1 OBJECTIVES
At the conclusion of this topic, participants will be able to:
1. Explain the goal(s) of a safety program.
2. Define the following terms as they relate to a safety program.
a. Qualified Person
b. Fully Qualified Person
c. Task Qualified Person
d. Unqualified Person
3. Give a brief description of the following safety programs:
a. Electrical safety
b. Confined space safety
c. Hot work/welding safety
d. Control of hazardous energy safety
e. Fall protection safety

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
• The purpose of electrical safety programs is to prevent personnel from being
exposed to electricity that may result in injury or death.
o Other concerns are preventing damage to equipment and maintaining
power service stability and continuity.
• Most people are aware of the fact that the principal danger from electricity is
electrocution, but few people understand just how small a current flow is
required for serious injury or death.
o To understand these effects, we must look at the factors that affect the
severity of a shock.

CURRENT EFFECTS ON THE BODY
• Electrical shock can range from a slight tingling sensation to a feeling of a
severe blow.
o The amount of current flow through the body and the duration of the
current flow affect the body in different ways.
o The body’s resistance plays a significant role in the “shock” felt.
• Dry skin has a resistance level of 100,000 to 600,000Ω.
o Ohm’s law says that current flow is calculated by dividing the voltage
level by the total resistance.
o If battery voltage (12V) is divided by the lower figure of skin resistance
(100,000 Ω), the current flow is .00012 amperes.
o Although there is current flow it so small that it is not felt.
o Figure 1 shows typical body resistances and the expected current flow
through various paths through the human body when the voltage level is
100 volts.

TABLE 1: BASIC PPE SELECTION GUIDELINES
Glove Type Hazard Identification
Leather gloves Tasks that pose hazards such as abrasions, cuts, impacts
with limited dexterity.
Mechanix gloves ® Tasks that require dexterity and the likelihood of cuts or
abrasions are minimal.
Electrical gloves Tasks when working with voltages greater than 50V AC.
Cut resistant gloves Tasks where the primary goal is to prevent cuts and
punctures such as working with sharp tools, razor wire,
etc.
Chemical resistant
gloves
Tasks where the primary hazard is to prevent chemical
contact with the skin. Refer to the MSDS for proper glove
selection.
High vibration gloves Tasks that involve the use of electrical or pneumatic tools
which causes vibration.
Welding gloves Welding, grinding, or work near high temperature
equipment.
Slip resistant gloves Tasks involving work with oily equipment which usually

FIGURE 1: TYPICAL BODY RESISTANCES AND CURRENT
FLOWS

Current Effects
1 milliampere or less No sensation.
1 to 3 milliamperes Some sensation of shock, but not painful. Individual
can let go at will as muscular control is not lost.
3 to 15 milliamperes Painful shock. Sufficient magnitude to prevent about
3% of people from letting go at will.
15 to 30 milliamperes* Painful shock. Local muscle contractions. Sufficient
magnitude to cause freezing to the circuit for about
50% of the people.
30 to 75 milliamperes Painful shock. Severe local muscle contractions.
Breathing difficult. Can cause unconsciousness or
asphyxiation.
TABLE 2: EFFECTS OF A 60 HZ ALTERNATING CURRENT ON
THE HUMAN BODY

TABLE 2: EFFECTS OF A 60 HZ ALTERNATING CURRENT ON
THE HUMAN BODY (CON’T.)
75 to 200 milliamperes Possible ventricular fibrillation of the heart. **
200 to 300 milliamperes Certain ventricular fibrillation of the heart. **
>300 milliamperes Severe burns and muscle contractions. The
contractions can be so severe that the chest muscles
clamp around the heart and stop if for the duration of
the shock (this prevents ventricular fibrillation).
*There is evidence that skin resistance decreases as the duration of current flow
increases (through blistering). If a victim is frozen to a circuit by 15 milliamperes,
the decrease in resistance with time might be sufficient to increase the current to 30
milliamperes.
**Ventricular fibrillation of the heart is a condition in which the heart beats rapidly
and out of rhythm. It is usually fatal within a few minutes.

REDUCING ELECTRIC SHOCK HAZARDS
• The overall intent and electrical safety program is to reduce exposure to both
electrical shock hazards and potential arc flash hazards.
• The most important piece of safety equipment in a performing work in an
electrical environment is common sense.
o All areas of electrical safety precautions and practices draw upon
common sense and attention to detail.
• One of the most dangerous conditions in an electrical work area is a poor
attitude toward safety.
• The following are considered some basic and necessary attitudes and
electrical safety precautions that lay the groundwork for a proper safety
program. Before going on any electrical work assignment, the following
safety precautions should be reviewed and adhered to:
o All work on electrical equipment should be done with circuits
deenergized and cleared or grounded.
o All conductors, buses, and connections should be considered
energized until proven otherwise. Know the work to be done and how to
do it.
o Check out the entire area you will be in beyond the scope of your work.

REDUCING ELECTRIC SHOCK HAZARDS (CONT’D.)
• Use safety apparel and rubber gloves.
• Always block off work areas and never leave the work area unattended
unless everything is secure.
• Do not perform work on energized circuits/equipment without direct
authorization of supervision.
• Always stay aware of work conditions and equipment status.
• Never directly touch an unconscious fellow worker that may be in contact
with an energized circuit.
• Do not perform or continue to perform any work when you are in doubt about
the safety procedure to be followed, the condition of the equipment, or
potential hazards.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY RULES
1. Work performed on live circuits will be done as the exception and not as a
rule. Work on a live circuit will only be done as a last resort when
lockout/tagout (LO/TO) cannot make the circuit safe or testing and
troubleshooting of the circuit requires it to be energized.
2. Only qualified employees and employees in training under the direct
supervision by a qualified person shall repair, install, troubleshoot or work
on electrical circuits. All electrical circuits should be de-energized
whenever possible before an employee works on or near the electrical
equipment.
3. All employees are to be trained in the hazards of working on or near
electric equipment.
4. All electrical circuits are to be considered energized, until the absence of
electrical voltage is verified by a qualified person.
5. A business unit approved LO/TO program must be utilized to isolate the
energy source.
6. Use suitable protective equipment and tools rated for the appropriate
voltage and flash hazard, including, but not limited to lineman’s gloves,
mats, blankets, arc rated face shields and flash suits to provide insulation
from energized circuits and arc blast.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY RULES (CONT’D.)
7. The following personal items should not be worn when working on or around
electrical equipment:
• Metal jewelry such as rings, bracelets, necklaces, watches, tie clips, etc.
• Key chains
• Ear muffs with metal frames or connecting strips
8. The following tools are prohibited for use around electrical equipment due to their
conductive nature and the potential for shock hazard should they contact an
energized circuit:
• Metal ladders
• Metal rules
• Cloth or wood rules with metal strands
• Metal fish tapes
• Metal flashlights
• Metal work lamps

10. Do not render electrical interlocks inoperative by removal, modification or
destruction. Electrical interlocks may be defeated only temporarily during the
performance of a specific task, and must be returned to working condition
immediately thereafter.
11. Blown fuses shall be replaced with equal type and interrupting rating using the
appropriate fuse tool and personal protective equipment.
12. Use non-conductive ladders when working on or near electrical equipment or
conductors. The use of metal ladders and stools is prohibited.
13. Electrical equipment and extension cords are to be inspected prior to each use
and immediately removed from service if found to be unsafe.
14. Portable cord and plug-connected equipment shall be inspected prior to each
use and shall be equipped with a cord, which has ground fault protection or is
double insulated.
15. Extension cord sets are not permanent installations.
16. Space heaters are to be turned off if left unattended. In some work areas
portable heaters with visible elements are prohibited (see Office Safety
Checklist).

16. Secure extension cords to prevent tripping hazard.
17. Ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCIs) are to be tested prior to use.
18. An assured grounding program shall be established and followed if GFCI
devices are not used.
19. Safety grounds shall be used when working on electrical circuits and
equipment.

DEFINITIONS
Qualified Person: One familiar with the construction and operation of the
equipment and the electrical hazards involved.
Fully Qualified Person: A fully qualified person is approved to work on
energized or non-energized electrical equipment.
• A fully qualified person designation may be obtained by completing
electrical education/experience or, electrical certification or equivalent
(such as journeyman electrician, etc.) and an electrical safety course.
Task Qualified Person: A task qualified person has completed appropriate
electrical safety training and is qualified to complete specific tasks on specific
energized or non-energized electrical equipment but is not fully qualified to
work on all energized or non-energized equipment.
• It is possible for an individual to be considered a qualified person for a
specific task, but an unqualified person for other tasks.
NOTE: An employee who is undergoing on-the-job training, and has
completed an electrical safety course is allowed to perform electrical tasks
while under the direct supervision of a qualified person.

DEFINITIONS (CONT’D.)
NOTE: An employee who is undergoing on-the-job training, and has completed
an electrical safety course is allowed to perform electrical tasks while under
the direct supervision of a qualified person.
Unqualified Person: An unqualified person is a person who has only
completed a basic electrical safety course. A basic electrical safety course
must provide the knowledge for employees to use electrical equipment and
tools safely.
• An unqualified person shall not test live electrical circuits or repair
damaged electrical tools and equipment.

FIGURE 5: CLASS “0” RUBBER GLOVE WITH PROTECTORS

FIGURE 6: CLASS “2” RUBBER GLOVES WITH PROTECTORS

FIGURE 7: PROPERLY STORED GLOVES

TABLE 3: ELECTRICAL SAFETY GLOVE TERMINOLOGY
Term Definition
Breakdown The electrical discharge or arc occurring between the energized
electrical contact and through the glove.
Color Splash A smear or streak of contrasting color evident on the inside or
outside surface of the glove indicating that it was improperly
manufactured. Any glove like this must not be worn and if new
returned to the manufacture.
Flashover The electrical discharge or arc occurring between the electrical
contact and over or around, but not through the glove.
Gauntlet The glove area between the wrist and the reinforced opening
edge.
Glove Cuff Roll The roller reinforced edge of an insulating glove at the cuff.

TABLE 3: ELECTRICAL SAFETY GLOVE TERMINOLOGY (CONT.)
Halogenation Exposure of the entire glove surface to a halogen to reduce
surface friction.
Insulated Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric
substance that has a high resistance to current flow (including
air).
Voltage
Maximum Use
The AC voltage (RMS) rating of the protective equipment that
designates the maximum nominal design voltage of the
energized system that may be safely worked. The nominal
design voltage is equal to the phase-to-phase voltage on multi-
phase circuits.
Working Area All fingers and thumb crotches, the palm area between the wrist
and the base of the fingers and thumb. See Figure 8.

FIGURE 8: RUBBER INSULATING GLOVE WORKING AREA

TABLE 4: PROOF-TEST/USE VOLTAGE RELATIONSHIP
Glove
Class
AC Proof Test
Voltage (RMS)
DC Proof Test
Voltage (average)
Maximum Use Voltage
(AC RMS)
0 5,000 20,000 1,000
1 10,000 40,000 7,500
2 20,000 50,000 17,000
3 30,000 60,000 26,500
4 40,000 70,000 36,000

FIGURE 10: DOUBLE INSULATED TOOL WITH DOUBLE
INSULATED SYMBOL

FIGURE 11: INSULATED VERSUS COMFORT GRIPS

FIGURE 12: NON-CONDUCTIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENT
ADJUSTER

FIGURE 13: NON-CONDUCTIVE FUSE PULLERS

FIGURE 14: TEST STICKER ON HOT LINE TOOL

CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS
• A confined space has limited or restricted means for entry or exit, and it is
not designed for continuous employee occupancy.
• Confined spaces include, but are not limited to underground vaults, tanks,
storage bins, manholes, pits, silos, process vessels, and pipelines.
• OSHA uses the term "permit-required confined space" (permit space) to
describe a confined space that has one or more of the following
characteristics:
o Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere
o Contains a material that has the potential to engulf an entrant
o Has walls that converge inward or floors that slope downward and taper
into a smaller area which could trap or asphyxiate an entrant
o Contains any other recognized safety or health hazard, such as:
 Unguarded machinery
 Exposed live wires
 Heat stress
• Examples of confined spaces may include, but are not limited to tanks,
vessels, excavations, heat exchanger, air receivers, oil sumps, engine
crankcases, boilers, and turbine packages.

CONFINED SPACE DEFINITIONS
Entry: Begins when any part of the entrant’s body breaks the plane of the
entryway. Opening hydrocarbon vessels/tanks for inspections only, without
breaking this plane, will not require the completion of the confined space
entry permit.
Confined Space:
1. Is large enough and so configured that personnel can bodily enter and
perform assigned work.
2. Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit.
3. Is not designed for continuous personnel occupancy.
Permit-Required Confined Space: A space that meets the definition above,
but also contains a hazardous atmosphere, which cannot be controlled, or a
serious physical hazard, which cannot be eliminated. An attendant must be
present, and the attendant, entry supervisor and entrant(s) must complete
and all must sign the confined space entry permit. All permit-required
confined spaces shall be marked or otherwise identified.
Non-permit-Required Confined Space: A permit-required confined space
may be reclassified to a non-permit confined space whenever the hazardous
atmosphere can be controlled and serious physical hazard can be
eliminated.

CONFINED SPACE DEFINITIONS (CONT’D.)
Entrant: An individual who is authorized by the company to enter a confined
space.
Attendant: An individual who is stationed outside a permit-required confined
space. An attendant is required whenever a physical hazard cannot be
eliminated and/or a hazardous atmosphere cannot be controlled through
ventilation. The purpose of an attendant is to monitor and be in
communication with the entrant in the event that a hazard appears.
NOTE: The attendant may also perform the responsibilities of an entry
supervisor.
Entry Supervisor: An individual responsible for determining if acceptable
entry conditions are present, for authorizing entry, overseeing entry
operations and for terminating entry into a permit-required confined space.
Hazardous Area: Areas are locations where the potential for fire or explosion
exists because of gases, dust, or easily ignitable fibers or filings in the
atmosphere.

FIGURE 15: CLASSIFICATIONS INSIDE NORTH AMERICA

TABLE 5: HAZARDOUS AREA CLASSIFICATIONS
Classifications Inside North America
Classes
Class I
Flammable gases or vapors are present in the air in quantities sufficient to
produce explosive or ignitable mixtures.
Class II Combustible or conductive dusts are present.
Class III
Ignitable fibers or filings are present, but not likely to be in suspension in
sufficient quantities to produce ignitable mixtures. (Group classifications
are not applied to this class.)
Divisions
Division 1 The substance referred to by class is present during normal conditions.
Division 2
The substance referred to by class is present only in abnormal conditions,
such as a container failure or system breakdown.
Groups
Group A Acetylene
Group B Hydrogen (or gases of equivalent hazard)
Group C Ethylene (or gases of equivalent hazard)
Group D Gasoline (or gases of equivalent hazard)
Group E Metal Dust
Group F Coal Dust
Group G Grain Dust

TABLE 5: HAZARDOUS AREA CLASSIFICATIONS (cont’d.)
Classifications Outside North America
Zones
Zone 0
Area in which an explosive gas-air mixture is continuously present or
present for long periods.
Zone 1
Area in which an explosive gas-air mixture is likely to occur in normal
operation.
Zone 2
Area in which an explosive gas-air mixture is not likely to occur, and if
it occurs it will only exist for a short time.

TABLE 5: HAZARDOUS AREA CLASSIFICATIONS (CONT’D.)
Protection Types
d
Flameproof (Explosion proof)
Enclosure
Zone 1,2
e Increased Safety Zone 1,2
ia Intrinsic Safety Zone 0,1,2
ib Intrinsic Safety Zone 1,2
o Oil Immersion Zone 2
p Pressurized Apparatus (Purged
Apparatus)
Zone 1,2
q Powder Filling (Sand Filling) Zone 2
m Encapsulation Zone 1,2

TABLE 5: HAZARDOUS AREA CLASSIFICATIONS (cont’d.)
Temperature Codes
° F ° K ° C
T1 842 723.2 450
T2 572 573.2 300
T3 392 473.2 200
T4 275 408.2 135
T5 212 373.2 100
T6 185 358.2 85
Groups
Group I
For application in below ground installations (mines) where methane (firedamp)
and coal dust may be present.
Group IIA
For application in above ground installation where hazards due to propane may
exist. This group most closely matches the North American Group D.
Group IIB
For application in above ground installations where hazards due to ethylene
may exist. This group most closely matches the North American Group C.
Group IIC
For application in above ground installations where hazards due to hydrogen or
acetylene may exist. This group most closely matches the North American
Groups A and B.

HOT WORK/WELDING
• Hot work is work that may generate sufficient heat to cause ignition of
flammable and combustible materials that are present in the work area or
located within hazardous proximity to the work area.
o Hot work may also include the use of vehicles and non-intrinsically safe
electrical equipment in a Class I/Division I or II area.
• A company provided hot work permit is required for the following operations:
• Hot work activities performed within a restricted area defined by area
management (e.g. Class I/Division I or II, compressor buildings, plant
processing units)
o when hot work activities such as open flames, grinding, welding,
burning, abrasive blasting, and/or hot oil units used outside designated
restricted areas and within 35 ft (10 m) [OSHA 1910.252] of an area
where flammable vapors or flammable/combustible liquids could
reasonably exist.

FOUR RULES THAT APPLY TO HOT WORK PERMITTING
1. Areas known to be free of flammable or combustible materials are exempt
from the hot work permit requirement when designated by area
management.
2. Welding on lines in service, hot cuts, or hot-tapping requires following
additional safety procedures in accordance with applicable standards.
Consult business unit standards as appropriate.
3. The lighting of burners and pilots inside of furnaces, boilers, and heaters in
processing facilities under the normal operating procedures, when
approved by management, do not require a hot work permit.
4. Limited exposure hot work may be authorized by management and will
allow a qualified person to monitor and then authorize the use of non-
intrinsically safe tools and test equipment or to open pressurized control
cabinets or explosion proof fixtures at a remote, unmanned locations.

CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS ENERGY
• Lock/out and tag/out (LO/TO) is a critical part of a strong all-around safety
program.
• In LO/TO, maintenance employees work with production employees to
positively prevent all forms of hazardous energy from causing harm.
• Hazardous energy comes in many forms. The four types of energy sources
are:
1. Electrical (most common form)
2. Hydraulic or pneumatic
3. Fluids and gases
4. Mechanical (including gravity)
• More than one energy source may be utilized on some equipment and the
proper procedure must be followed in order to identify energy sources and
lockout/tagout accordingly.

CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
1. Shut off power at machine and disconnect.
2. Disconnecting means must be locked or tagged.
3. Press start button to see that correct systems are locked out.
4. All controls must be returned to their safest position.
5. Points to remember: If a machine or piece of equipment contains
capacitors, they must be drained of stored energy.
• Possible disconnecting means include the power cord, power panels (look
for primary and secondary voltage), breakers, the operator's station, motor
circuit, relays, limit switches, and electrical interlocks.
• Some equipment may have a motor isolating shut-off and a control
isolating shut-off.
• If the electrical energy is disconnected by simply unplugging the power
cord, the cord must be kept under the control of the authorized employee
or the plug end of the cord must be locked out or tagged out.

CONTROL OF HYDRAULIC/PNEUMATIC ENERGY
1. Shut off all energy sources (pumps and compressors).
• If the pumps and compressors supply energy to more than one piece of
equipment, lockout or tagout the valve supplying energy to the piece of
equipment being serviced.
2. Stored pressure from hydraulic/pneumatic lines shall be drained/bled when
release of stored energy could cause injury to employees.
3. Make sure controls are returned to their safest position (off, stop, standby,
inch, jog, etc.).

CONTROL OF FLUIDS AND GASES
1. Identify the type of fluid or gas and the necessary personal protective
equipment.
2. Close valves to prevent flow, and lockout/tagout.
3. Determine the isolating device, then close and lockout/tagout.
4. Drain and bleed lines to zero energy state.
5. Some systems may have electrically controlled valves.
• If so, they must be shut off and locked/tagged out.
6. Check for zero energy state at the equipment.

CONTROL OF MECHANICAL ENERGY
Mechanical energy includes gravity activation, energy stored in springs, etc.
1. Block out or use die ram safety chain.
2. Lockout or tagout safety device.
3. Shut off, lockout or tagout electrical system.
4. Check for zero energy state.
5. Return controls to safest position.

HAZARDOUS ENERGY DEFINITIONS
Affected Employee: An employee whose job requires him/her to operate or use a
machine or equipment on which servicing or maintenance is being performed under
lockout or tagout, or whose job requires him/her to work in an area in which such
servicing or maintenance is being performed.
Authorized Employee: A person who locks out or tags out machines or equipment
in order to perform servicing or maintenance on that machine or equipment.
• An affected employee becomes an authorized employee when that employee's
duties include performing servicing or maintenance covered under this section.
Double Block and Bleed: A method used on piping where block valves are closed,
tagged or locked, and the bleed valve located between the two block valves is
locked or tagged open to vent to atmosphere.
• A closed valve with a body bleed does not constitute a double block and bleed.
Lockout: The placement of a lockout device on an energy isolating device, in
accordance with an established procedure, ensuring the energy isolating device
and the equipment being controlled cannot be operated until the lockout device is
removed.
Tagout: The placement of a tagout device in accordance with an established
procedure to indicate that the energy isolating device and the equipment being
controlled may not be operated until the tagout device is removed.

FALL PROTECTION
• The purpose of this fall protection program is to establish guidelines to
protect all employees engaged in outdoor or indoor work activities that
expose them to potential falls from elevations.
• In particular those staff engaged in work activities, which expose them to
falls from heights of 1.8 meters (6 ft) or more.

FALL PROTECTION DEFINITIONS
Authorized Person: A person approved or assigned by the employer to
perform a specific type of duty or duties or to be at a specific location or job site
(i.e., building maintenance, roof repair, etc.).
Competent Person: A person capable of identifying existing and predictable
hazards in the surroundings or working conditions, which are hazardous or
dangerous to employees and has the authorization to take prompt corrective
action to eliminate the hazards.
Qualified Person: An individual who by possession of a recognized degree,
certificate, or professional standing or extensive knowledge, training, and/ or
experience has successfully demonstrated their ability to solve or resolve
problems relating to a subject matter, work, or project.
Anchor Point: A secure point of attachment for lifelines, lanyards, or
deceleration devices. An anchor point must be capable of supporting at least
2232 kg (5000 lb) (607 kg (3600 lb) if engineered/certified by a qualified
person) per person and must be independent of any anchorage being used to
support or suspend platforms.

Full Body Harness: Webbing/straps which are secured about an employee’s
body in a manner that will distribute the fall arrest forces over the thighs,
pelvis, waist, chest and shoulders. Having means for attaching it to other
components of a personal fall arrest system, preferably at the shoulders and/
or middle of the back.
Connector: A device which is used to couple (connect) parts of the personal
fall arrest system together.
Deceleration Device: Any mechanism, such as a rope grab, rip-stitch
lanyard, a specially woven lanyard, tearing or deforming lanyard, automatic
self-retracting lifeline/lanyard, etc., which serves to dissipate a substantial
amount of energy during a fall arrest.
Deceleration Distance: The additional vertical distance a falling employee
travels excluding lifeline elongation and free fall distance, before stopping,
from the point at which the deceleration device begins to operate. It is
measured as the distance between the location of an employee’s body harness
attachment point at the moment of activation of the deceleration device during
a fall, and the location of that attachment point after the employee comes to a
full stop.
Free Fall: The act of falling before a personal fall arrest system begins to apply
force to arrest the fall.

Free Fall Distance: The vertical displacement of the fall arrest attachment
point on the employee’s body harness between the onset of the fall and just
before the system begins to apply force to arrest the fall.
Free fall distance must not exceed 1.8-meters (6-feet). This distance excludes
deceleration distance and lifeline/lanyard elongation distance.
Total Fall Distance: The maximum vertical change in distance from the
bottom of an individual’s feet at the onset of a fall, to the position of the feet
after the fall is arrested. This includes the free fall distance and the deceleration
distance.
Guardrail System: A barrier erected to prevent employees from falling to
lower levels. This system includes a toeboard, midrail and toprail able to
withstand 89.3 kg (200-pounds) of force applied in any direction.
Lanyard: A flexible line of rope or strap that has self-locking snaphook
connectors at each end for connecting to body harnesses, deceleration
devices, and anchor points.
Leading Edge: The edge of a floor, roof, or other walking/working surface,
which changes location as additional floor, roof, etc., is placed or constructed.
A leading edge is considered an unprotected side or edge when not under
active construction.

Lifeline: A component consisting of a flexible line for connection to an
anchorage at one end to hang vertically (vertical lifeline), or for connection to
anchorages at both ends to stretch horizontally (horizontal lifeline). This serves
as a means for connecting other components of a personal fall arrest system to
the anchorage.
Low Slope Roof: A roof having a slope of less than or equal to 4 in 12 (vertical
to horizontal). A roof with an approximate 19.5 degree slope or less.
Personal Fall Arrest System: A system used to arrest (catch) an employee in
a fall from a working level. It consists of an anchorage location, connectors, a
body harness, and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or
any combination of the before-mentioned items.
Rope Grab: A deceleration device, which travels on a lifeline and
automatically, by friction, engages the lifeline and locks to arrest the fall of an
employee.
Roof Work: The hoisting, storage, installation, repair, and removal of
materials or equipment on the roof.
Safety Monitoring System: A safety system in which a competent person is
responsible for recognizing and warning employees of fall hazards. All other
fall protection systems must be deemed “infeasible” (through infeasibility
study/review) to select/use a safety monitoring system.

Snaphook: A connector comprised of a hook-shaped member with a closed
keeper which may be opened to permit the hook to receive an object and when
released, automatically closes to retain the object.
Snaphooks must be self-closing with a self-locking keeper which remains closed
and locked until unlocked and pressed open for connection or disconnection,
thus preventing the opportunity for the object to “rollout” of the snaphook.
Steep Slope Roof: A roof having a slope greater than 4 in 12 (vertical to
horizontal). A roof with an approximate 19.5 degree slope or less.
Toeboard: A low protective barrier that will prevent the fall of materials and
equipment to lower levels, usually 10.15-cm (4-inches) or greater in height.
Unprotected Sides and Edges: Any side or edge of a walking or working
surface (e.g., floor, roof, ramp, runway, etc.) where there is no guardrail at
least 1-meter (39-inches) high.
Warning Line System: A barrier erected on a roof to warn employees that they are
approaching an unprotected roof side or edge, which designates an area in which work can
be conducted without the use of guardrails, personal fall arrest systems, or safety nets to
protect employees in the area. This will be utilized on any roof greater than15.24-meters
(50-feet) wide and in conjunction with a safety monitor only where the other forms of fall
protection have been deemed infeasible to use.

Warning Line System : A barrier erected on a roof to warn employees that
they are approaching an unprotected roof side or edge, which designates an
area in which work can be conducted without the use of guardrails, personal
fall arrest systems, or safety nets to protect employees in the area. This will
be utilized on any roof greater than15.24-meters (50-feet) wide and in
conjunction with a safety monitor only where the other forms of fall protection
have been deemed infeasible to use.

Safety

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