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Mains Syllabus of General Studies, Detailed UPSC Syllabus of General Studies,IASNeoStencil
Mains Syllabus of General Studies, Detailed UPSC Syllabus of General Studies,IAS.Information on IAS Mains syllabus for General Studies, UPSC IAS Exams,upsc syllabus,Career Guidance and advice for those who are preparing for General Studies.
The complete syllabus for UPSC Civil Services Exam is given here. Syllabus for prelims and syllabus for mains exams is given, covering all parts of the exam pattern.
. Introduction
The Definition and Scope of International Relations.
The Nation-State System
Evolution of International Society
II. Theories and Approaches
The Classical Approaches-Realism and idealism
The Scientific Revolution-Behavioral Approach, System Approach,
Neo-realism, Neo-liberalism.
Post-modernism, Critical Theory, Feminism, Constructivism
III. International Political Security.
Conceptualization of security in the twenty-first century
Power. Elements of National Power
Balance of Power
Foreign Policy: Determinants, Decision making and analysis
Sovereignty
National Interest
IV. Strategic Approach to International Relation.
War: Causation of War, Total War, Limited War, Asymmetric Warfare, civil war,
Guerilla war
Strategic Culture: Determinants of Pakistani Strategic Culture.
Deterrence: Theory and practice with special reference to Nuclear India and
Pakistan
V. International Political Economy.
Theories in IPE: Mercantilism, Economic Liberalism, and neo- Marxism
Theories of Imperialism, Dependence and Interdependence
VI. International political community.
Nationalism
Internationalism
Globalization
94
Revised Scheme and Syllabus for CSS Competitive Examination-2016
VII. Approaches to Peace
Diplomacy
International Law
Arms Control /Disarmament and Nuclear Non proliferation Regime
VIII. International Political Institution
United Nations
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Bank
International Court of Justice
I. International Relation between two Wars
Russian Revolution, Fascism, League of Nations, Second World War
II. Cold War
Decolonization in Asia and Africa.
Rise of United States and Soviet Union,
Era of Tight Bipolarity, Détente and Loose Bipolarity, Revival of Cold War
III. Post Cold War
End of History, Clash of Civilization, Terrorism, Globalization, unipolarity New
world Order
IV. International and Regional Organizations
League of Nation, United Nations, Regional Organizations, EU, ASEAN, NAFTA,
SAARC, SCO, OIC, ECO, WTO.
Reforms in the United Nations, World Bank and the IMF
V. Foreign Policy of Selected Countries
USA, Russia, China, UK, India, Pakistan and EU
VI. South Asia
Peace-making and Peace-Building in South Asia: Analytical overview of peace
processes between/among the states of South Asia especially between India and
Pakistan.
India and Pakistan: Overview of agreements and accords, Indus Water Treaty;
Composite Dialogue; Sir Creek & Siachen border, Visa and People to people
contact; Trade; and Role of civil society
Afghanistan: Cold war theatre; Soviet Invasion Mujahedeen; Geneva Accord; Post
Cold War situation---Rise of Taliban, AL-Qeada & 9/11; Operation Enduring
Freedom; The Bonn Process- Withdrawal
95
Revised Scheme and Syllabus for CSS Competitive Examination-2016
VII. Weapons of Mass Destruction
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear Weapon States- Programs and Postures: Indian-Pakistan Nuclear
Doctrines
Nuclear Non –Proliferation Regime: International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear
Non- proliferation Treaty; Nuclear Supplier Group; Partial Test Ban Treaty;
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty
Challenges of Non-Proliferation, Nuclear Civil Deal Regime
The Missile Defence Systems and their impact on global strategic environment
Militarization and Weaponization of Space.
VIII. Contemporary Issues
Indian Ocean and PACIFIC Ocean; Great Powers Moves and hegemony
Kashmir Issue
Palestine Issue
Mains Syllabus of General Studies, Detailed UPSC Syllabus of General Studies,IASNeoStencil
Mains Syllabus of General Studies, Detailed UPSC Syllabus of General Studies,IAS.Information on IAS Mains syllabus for General Studies, UPSC IAS Exams,upsc syllabus,Career Guidance and advice for those who are preparing for General Studies.
The complete syllabus for UPSC Civil Services Exam is given here. Syllabus for prelims and syllabus for mains exams is given, covering all parts of the exam pattern.
. Introduction
The Definition and Scope of International Relations.
The Nation-State System
Evolution of International Society
II. Theories and Approaches
The Classical Approaches-Realism and idealism
The Scientific Revolution-Behavioral Approach, System Approach,
Neo-realism, Neo-liberalism.
Post-modernism, Critical Theory, Feminism, Constructivism
III. International Political Security.
Conceptualization of security in the twenty-first century
Power. Elements of National Power
Balance of Power
Foreign Policy: Determinants, Decision making and analysis
Sovereignty
National Interest
IV. Strategic Approach to International Relation.
War: Causation of War, Total War, Limited War, Asymmetric Warfare, civil war,
Guerilla war
Strategic Culture: Determinants of Pakistani Strategic Culture.
Deterrence: Theory and practice with special reference to Nuclear India and
Pakistan
V. International Political Economy.
Theories in IPE: Mercantilism, Economic Liberalism, and neo- Marxism
Theories of Imperialism, Dependence and Interdependence
VI. International political community.
Nationalism
Internationalism
Globalization
94
Revised Scheme and Syllabus for CSS Competitive Examination-2016
VII. Approaches to Peace
Diplomacy
International Law
Arms Control /Disarmament and Nuclear Non proliferation Regime
VIII. International Political Institution
United Nations
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Bank
International Court of Justice
I. International Relation between two Wars
Russian Revolution, Fascism, League of Nations, Second World War
II. Cold War
Decolonization in Asia and Africa.
Rise of United States and Soviet Union,
Era of Tight Bipolarity, Détente and Loose Bipolarity, Revival of Cold War
III. Post Cold War
End of History, Clash of Civilization, Terrorism, Globalization, unipolarity New
world Order
IV. International and Regional Organizations
League of Nation, United Nations, Regional Organizations, EU, ASEAN, NAFTA,
SAARC, SCO, OIC, ECO, WTO.
Reforms in the United Nations, World Bank and the IMF
V. Foreign Policy of Selected Countries
USA, Russia, China, UK, India, Pakistan and EU
VI. South Asia
Peace-making and Peace-Building in South Asia: Analytical overview of peace
processes between/among the states of South Asia especially between India and
Pakistan.
India and Pakistan: Overview of agreements and accords, Indus Water Treaty;
Composite Dialogue; Sir Creek & Siachen border, Visa and People to people
contact; Trade; and Role of civil society
Afghanistan: Cold war theatre; Soviet Invasion Mujahedeen; Geneva Accord; Post
Cold War situation---Rise of Taliban, AL-Qeada & 9/11; Operation Enduring
Freedom; The Bonn Process- Withdrawal
95
Revised Scheme and Syllabus for CSS Competitive Examination-2016
VII. Weapons of Mass Destruction
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear Weapon States- Programs and Postures: Indian-Pakistan Nuclear
Doctrines
Nuclear Non –Proliferation Regime: International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear
Non- proliferation Treaty; Nuclear Supplier Group; Partial Test Ban Treaty;
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty
Challenges of Non-Proliferation, Nuclear Civil Deal Regime
The Missile Defence Systems and their impact on global strategic environment
Militarization and Weaponization of Space.
VIII. Contemporary Issues
Indian Ocean and PACIFIC Ocean; Great Powers Moves and hegemony
Kashmir Issue
Palestine Issue
Brochure of VVR-IAS Institute, VVR-IAS is Best IAS Academy/Coaching Centre providing coaching for UPSC/IAS/Civil Services Examination for General Studies all modules Delhi & Hyderabad-Prelims & Mains.
“We are hope, you are the eternal khan.” Authoritarian regimes and protest op...Przegląd Politologiczny
The aim of this text is to analyze the political determinants deciding the functioning of the
opposition and contentious practices in undemocratic regimes of Central Asia. The analysis is based on
five countries with varying degrees of authoritarianism and allows us to trace the relations between the
political context and protest activities, which in the different forms depending on the local structure of
power, have taken place in all five of the countries in the region. The example of Central Asian countries supports the ideas about the patterns of protest being dependent on the type of political regime.
Moreover, one may observe the growing role of Internet activism in informing and mobilizing public
opinion, encouraging the expression of opinion, collecting various resources, provoking support, and
building a network of relations within the civil society. Finally, the research shows that the more repressive the regime is, the smaller the opportunity for using traditional forms of protest, and in extreme
cases contestation is limited to the Internet.
CSS Sociology Books PDF | CSS Sociology SyllabusEntire Education
Entire education detail best CSS sociology books pdf as per new CSS sociology syllabus. Sociology CSS notes are very helpful as compared to virtual university sociology notes pdf. These are complete sociology notes which also comprise sociology theories CSS.
UPSC Prelims examination is basically conducted for the purpose of screening only, meaning that the marks that you receive in the Prelims exam will decide your eligibility to appear for the UPSC Mains exam.
Also, your Prelims marks will not be considered in your final order of merit, provided you manage to make it through to the interview round.
The UPSC prelims examination comprises 2 papers, namely the General studies paper and the CSAT paper or the Civil Services Aptitude Test. Both of these papers have objective-type questions.
https://www.anujjindal.in/upsc-syllabus-for-ias-exam/
I. Nature, Origin and Basis of International Law.
The Emergence of International Law, Early European Authors, The Nation-State
System, The Enforcement of International Law, The Effectiveness of International
Law, The Weakness of International Law, The Juridical Basis of International law,
The Future of International law and Material Sources of International Law.
II. Relation between International Law and State Law.
Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice, Primary Sources of
International Law, Subsidiary Sources of International Law, International Soft Law
III. State in General and Recognition
Personality and Statehood in International Law, The Subjects of International
Law, Recognition of State and Government in International Law, Recognition of
State and Government in National Law.
IV. The Law and Practice as to Treaties
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
V. The Settlement of International Disputes.
Negotiation, Mediation and Good Offices, Inquiry, Settlement by the United
Nations, Conciliation, Arbitration, The International Court of Justice.
VI. International Humanitarian Law.
International and Non-International Armed Conflicts, Non-International Armed
Conflict, ‘Combatant’ and ‘Protected Persons’, Protection of Wounded, Sick and
Ship-Wrecked Persons, POWs, Civilians, Limitations on the Conduct of War,
Limits on the Choice of Methods and Means of Warfare.
VII. The Use of Force
The Law before the UN Charter, The Law after the Charter, The Collective Use of
Force, The Right of Self-Defence.
VIII. International Institutions
IX. State Territorial Sovereignty.
X. State Responsibility.
XI. State Jurisdiction.
XII. Succession to Rights and Obligations.
XIII. The State and the Individual.
XIV. The State and the Economic Interest.
XV. Diplomatic Envoys, Counsels and other Representatives.
XVI. War, Armed Conflicts and other Hostilities.
XVII. Neutrality.
A veces la pasión se va y tener un dormitorio romántico ayuda a mejorar la vida en pareja, con esos trucos podrás darle un nuevo aire a tu habitación y disfrutarla con tu pareja.
El negocio de otorgamiento de poder es un acto jurídico unilateral de carácter precipicio por medio del cual una persona, denominada representado o dominus otorga facultades para que otra persona, denominada representante actué en su nombre y en su interés. Con la aceptación (expresa o tacita) del representante surge la relación jurídica representación.
Purchased Interests to Establish of Batik Products in Manado, North Sulawesiinventionjournals
This study aims to determine any factors that shape consumers to buy batik Manado in Manado and determine the most dominant factor shaping consumer buying interest batik Manado in Manado. To achieve this the selection of respondents were academics in several universities in Manado, the set of 150 samples with sampling using purposive sampling method nonprobability with the criteria that each of the selected respondents are those who never use or wear batik clothes. Because of variable one another inter-dependent, then all variables are interdependent variables. This study using factor analysis, which confirmed consumers to buy batik Manado with the identification of the following factors as Quality Factor, Factor Brand / Brands, Packaging Factor, The Price Factor, Factor availability of goods, factors of Reference, data taken is the primary data. Making procedures and data collection was done by using questionnaires and interviews. Procedures for Factor Analysis: Problem Formulation, Preparation Correlation Matrix, Determination of the number of factors, Interpret Factors, Establishing Appropriate Model, Descriptive Analysis to strengthen Factor Analysis tersebut.Hasil obtained namely: 1. Factor Reference: Variable idol, the famous character, star movies, family and colleagues. 2. Quality factor variables are smooth texture, pattern / motif diverse, not easily tangled and brilliant color. 3. Price factors variables are price consideration, cheap, discount and gifts. Availability: a place within easy reach. 4. Factor Brand with variable consideration before buying, famous brand. 5. Quality factor by a factor does not quickly fade and fade, comfortable. 6. The availability of goods with variable always available at well-known stores. Among the six factors, the most dominant form of buying interest is a factor of Reference. Reference factors thus become the most dominant factor in shaping consumer purchase interest in this study.
The Strategic Planning and the Competitiveness of SMES in Mexico Cityinventionjournals
Strategic planning is the process which the internal and external situation of the company are analyzed with the purpose of defining the objectives and to establish strategies that will allow the company to reach the desired level. The objective of this research was to determine what the relationship between the strategic planning practices and competitiveness is. They took the data collected in the first stage of this research and the statistical tests were performed to correlate with the Chi square method. The main findings show that SMES only reach 39% of competitiveness in the factor of strategic planning, this would be due to the fact that only 50% of SMES carried out a process of strategic planning, define its basic strategy of business, perform a SWOT of the sector and of the company, apply benchmarking and seek to ensure that the strategic planning is done by work teams, on the other hand, only a third of SMES aims to involve the staff in decision-making, the responsible for the area defines the objectives and analyzes changes in the sector; the factors that least have paid attention to this group of companies are the involvement of staff and the allocation of resources to achieve the goals. It is also found that the area of strategic planning in SMES is related to the global competitiveness of companies; for its part when the smaller is the company its level of competitiveness is more dependent on all the factors of strategic planning, finally, it was found that there is significant relationship between all the factors of strategic planning and the competitiveness of SMES in all sectors.
Brochure of VVR-IAS Institute, VVR-IAS is Best IAS Academy/Coaching Centre providing coaching for UPSC/IAS/Civil Services Examination for General Studies all modules Delhi & Hyderabad-Prelims & Mains.
“We are hope, you are the eternal khan.” Authoritarian regimes and protest op...Przegląd Politologiczny
The aim of this text is to analyze the political determinants deciding the functioning of the
opposition and contentious practices in undemocratic regimes of Central Asia. The analysis is based on
five countries with varying degrees of authoritarianism and allows us to trace the relations between the
political context and protest activities, which in the different forms depending on the local structure of
power, have taken place in all five of the countries in the region. The example of Central Asian countries supports the ideas about the patterns of protest being dependent on the type of political regime.
Moreover, one may observe the growing role of Internet activism in informing and mobilizing public
opinion, encouraging the expression of opinion, collecting various resources, provoking support, and
building a network of relations within the civil society. Finally, the research shows that the more repressive the regime is, the smaller the opportunity for using traditional forms of protest, and in extreme
cases contestation is limited to the Internet.
CSS Sociology Books PDF | CSS Sociology SyllabusEntire Education
Entire education detail best CSS sociology books pdf as per new CSS sociology syllabus. Sociology CSS notes are very helpful as compared to virtual university sociology notes pdf. These are complete sociology notes which also comprise sociology theories CSS.
UPSC Prelims examination is basically conducted for the purpose of screening only, meaning that the marks that you receive in the Prelims exam will decide your eligibility to appear for the UPSC Mains exam.
Also, your Prelims marks will not be considered in your final order of merit, provided you manage to make it through to the interview round.
The UPSC prelims examination comprises 2 papers, namely the General studies paper and the CSAT paper or the Civil Services Aptitude Test. Both of these papers have objective-type questions.
https://www.anujjindal.in/upsc-syllabus-for-ias-exam/
I. Nature, Origin and Basis of International Law.
The Emergence of International Law, Early European Authors, The Nation-State
System, The Enforcement of International Law, The Effectiveness of International
Law, The Weakness of International Law, The Juridical Basis of International law,
The Future of International law and Material Sources of International Law.
II. Relation between International Law and State Law.
Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice, Primary Sources of
International Law, Subsidiary Sources of International Law, International Soft Law
III. State in General and Recognition
Personality and Statehood in International Law, The Subjects of International
Law, Recognition of State and Government in International Law, Recognition of
State and Government in National Law.
IV. The Law and Practice as to Treaties
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
V. The Settlement of International Disputes.
Negotiation, Mediation and Good Offices, Inquiry, Settlement by the United
Nations, Conciliation, Arbitration, The International Court of Justice.
VI. International Humanitarian Law.
International and Non-International Armed Conflicts, Non-International Armed
Conflict, ‘Combatant’ and ‘Protected Persons’, Protection of Wounded, Sick and
Ship-Wrecked Persons, POWs, Civilians, Limitations on the Conduct of War,
Limits on the Choice of Methods and Means of Warfare.
VII. The Use of Force
The Law before the UN Charter, The Law after the Charter, The Collective Use of
Force, The Right of Self-Defence.
VIII. International Institutions
IX. State Territorial Sovereignty.
X. State Responsibility.
XI. State Jurisdiction.
XII. Succession to Rights and Obligations.
XIII. The State and the Individual.
XIV. The State and the Economic Interest.
XV. Diplomatic Envoys, Counsels and other Representatives.
XVI. War, Armed Conflicts and other Hostilities.
XVII. Neutrality.
A veces la pasión se va y tener un dormitorio romántico ayuda a mejorar la vida en pareja, con esos trucos podrás darle un nuevo aire a tu habitación y disfrutarla con tu pareja.
El negocio de otorgamiento de poder es un acto jurídico unilateral de carácter precipicio por medio del cual una persona, denominada representado o dominus otorga facultades para que otra persona, denominada representante actué en su nombre y en su interés. Con la aceptación (expresa o tacita) del representante surge la relación jurídica representación.
Purchased Interests to Establish of Batik Products in Manado, North Sulawesiinventionjournals
This study aims to determine any factors that shape consumers to buy batik Manado in Manado and determine the most dominant factor shaping consumer buying interest batik Manado in Manado. To achieve this the selection of respondents were academics in several universities in Manado, the set of 150 samples with sampling using purposive sampling method nonprobability with the criteria that each of the selected respondents are those who never use or wear batik clothes. Because of variable one another inter-dependent, then all variables are interdependent variables. This study using factor analysis, which confirmed consumers to buy batik Manado with the identification of the following factors as Quality Factor, Factor Brand / Brands, Packaging Factor, The Price Factor, Factor availability of goods, factors of Reference, data taken is the primary data. Making procedures and data collection was done by using questionnaires and interviews. Procedures for Factor Analysis: Problem Formulation, Preparation Correlation Matrix, Determination of the number of factors, Interpret Factors, Establishing Appropriate Model, Descriptive Analysis to strengthen Factor Analysis tersebut.Hasil obtained namely: 1. Factor Reference: Variable idol, the famous character, star movies, family and colleagues. 2. Quality factor variables are smooth texture, pattern / motif diverse, not easily tangled and brilliant color. 3. Price factors variables are price consideration, cheap, discount and gifts. Availability: a place within easy reach. 4. Factor Brand with variable consideration before buying, famous brand. 5. Quality factor by a factor does not quickly fade and fade, comfortable. 6. The availability of goods with variable always available at well-known stores. Among the six factors, the most dominant form of buying interest is a factor of Reference. Reference factors thus become the most dominant factor in shaping consumer purchase interest in this study.
The Strategic Planning and the Competitiveness of SMES in Mexico Cityinventionjournals
Strategic planning is the process which the internal and external situation of the company are analyzed with the purpose of defining the objectives and to establish strategies that will allow the company to reach the desired level. The objective of this research was to determine what the relationship between the strategic planning practices and competitiveness is. They took the data collected in the first stage of this research and the statistical tests were performed to correlate with the Chi square method. The main findings show that SMES only reach 39% of competitiveness in the factor of strategic planning, this would be due to the fact that only 50% of SMES carried out a process of strategic planning, define its basic strategy of business, perform a SWOT of the sector and of the company, apply benchmarking and seek to ensure that the strategic planning is done by work teams, on the other hand, only a third of SMES aims to involve the staff in decision-making, the responsible for the area defines the objectives and analyzes changes in the sector; the factors that least have paid attention to this group of companies are the involvement of staff and the allocation of resources to achieve the goals. It is also found that the area of strategic planning in SMES is related to the global competitiveness of companies; for its part when the smaller is the company its level of competitiveness is more dependent on all the factors of strategic planning, finally, it was found that there is significant relationship between all the factors of strategic planning and the competitiveness of SMES in all sectors.
The syllabus for the UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) exams is available on the official UPSC website. You can download it as a PDF document from there. Here are the general subjects covered in the UPSC syllabus.
Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission (UPPSC) had changed the PCS Exam Pattern from UPPSC Prelims 2018 onward. UPPSC syllabus is based on the new PCS exam pattern. We will provide you with the latest UPPSC syllabus and exam pattern for Prelims and Mains 2023.
Digital marketing SEO Study Social media mediahinafazal713
Sure, here's an example of how you might structure a list of SEO best practices:
Keyword Research: Start by identifying relevant keywords for your content. Use tools like Google Keyword Planner, SEMrush, or Ahrefs to find high-volume and low-competition keywords.
On-Page Optimization: Optimize your webpage titles, meta descriptions, headers (H1, H2, etc.), and URL structures with your target keywords. Ensure your content is relevant, engaging, and informative.
Quality Content: Focus on creating high-quality, valuable content that addresses the needs and interests of your target audience. Content should be well-written, original, and provide solutions or answers to users' queries.
Mobile-Friendly Design: With the increasing use of mobile devices, ensure your website is responsive and optimized for mobile users. Google prioritizes mobile-friendly websites in its search results.
Page Speed Optimization: Improve your website's loading speed to enhance user experience and reduce bounce rates. Use tools like Google PageSpeed Insights to identify and fix speed issues.
there are many commercial coaching centers in Chandigarh but S.N.M is one academy where ethics & integrity are two highly valued virtues. S.N.M academy is not a mere coaching centre; it is guiding institute where transparency in functioning & operations are of utmost importance.
We at S.N.M IAS Academy imparts IAS coaching in the most professional manner following a strictly student centric approach which accounts for the unparalleled results. We have been showing from half a decade.
Lesson 1
Philippine Politics and Governance
Grade 11
What is Political Science?
What is Politics?
Why study Politics?
What is government?
What is governance?
What is the difference between political science and politics?
GENERAL STUDIES MAINS TEST SERIES 2014 :
23 Qualitative Test to enhance your preparation standards
Prepared by experienced & seasonal brains, such that in previous year more than 50% of the Test series Questions matched with the Exam Paper.
Not just excellent quality but also quantity to prepare, practice & succeed.
Not just a test series,but a compact Crash Course.
Most Scientifically designed pattern & syllabus.
Tests in four levels, covers topics from basics to advanced.
Detailed analysis & discussion by experienced faculty of VVR.
To the point marking and augmented assessments at every point.
Politics
1. Foundations of Political Science
1.1 Meaning and scope of political science
1.2 Political science as art or science
1.3 The two faces of political science
1.4 Normative / empirical studies
1.5 Behaviouralist movement
1.6 Political science and other social and human
sciences
2. The State and Its Elements
2.1 Definition
2.2 Elements
2.3 State and society
2.4 State and nation
2.5 State and Government
3. The Concept of Sovereignty
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Meaning, nature and definitions
3.3 Kinds of sovereignty
3.4 Austin’s theory of sovereignty (monistic view)
3.5 Pluralist theory of sovereignty
4. Classification of Constitution
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Meaning and definition of constitution
4.3 Need for a constitution
4.4 Contents of the constitution
4.5 Constitution of liberty
4.6 Constitution of government
4.7 Consitution of sovereignty
4.8 Essentials or requries of a good Constitution
4.9 Aristotle’s classification of Constitutions
4.10 Evolved and enacted constitutions
4.11 Written constitution
4.12 Unwritten constitution
4.13 Flexible and rigid constitutions
4.14 Flexible constitution
4.15 Rigid constitution
5. Law, Justice, Liberty, Equality
5.1 Meaning of law
5.2 Sources of law
5.3 Kinds of law
5.4 Meaning of justice
5.5 Sources of justice
5.6 Justice and society
5.7 Legal justice
5.8 Definition of liberty
5.9 Kinds of liberty
5.10 Importance of individual freedom
5.11 Definition of equality
5.12 Kinds of equality
5.13 Objectives of equlity
5.14 Liberty and equality
6. Franchise and Representative
6.1 Theories of the nature of suffrage
6.2 Evolution of suffrage
6.3 Arguments in favour of adult suffrage
6.4 Aruguments against adult suffrage
6.5 Types of vote
6.6 Citizenship
6.7. Concept of citizenship- ancient city-states
6.8 Development of representation
6.9 Geographical representation
6.10 Proportional representation
6.11 Aruguments in favour of proportional
representation
6.12 Demerits of proportional representation
6.13 Functional representation
6.14 Merits of functional representation
6.15 Demerits of functional representation
6.16 Minority representation
7 . The Democracy
7.1 Meaninig and definition
7.2 History of democracy
7.3 Direct democracy
7.4 Indirect democracy
7.5 Constitutional democracies
7.6 Prerequisites of democracy
7.7 Merits of democracy
7.8 Demerits of democracy
7.9 Devices of the direct democracy
7.10 Fundamental rights in India
7.11 Fundamental duties
7.12 Human rights and democracy
8. Political Party System
8.1 Evolution of Political Science
8.2 Definition of party system
8.3 Need for Political party
8.4 Kinds of parties
8.5 Single party system
8.6 Two party system
8.7 Multi party system
8.8 Interest groups
8.9 Public opinion
8.10 Rolle of mass media
8.11 Machinery for conducting election
8.12 National party
8.13 Regional party
8.14 Caste party
8.15 Communal party
9. Democratic Decentralization
9.1 Introduction
Non governmental organizations have been active in Moldova since 1989, but a civil society started its today’s formation as a result of radical reforms in economic and political areas only after the country became independent in 1991. Since that time the establishment of a transitional civil society in Moldova is under way. However, starting from 2001, when the Communist Party won the general elections, development of the nongovernmental sector has become slower. Although several positive patterns evident at the end of the nineties indicate progress in the development of Moldovan non-governmental sector, there is a number of sensitive issues (e.g., freedom of media, human rights protection) in relation to which certain regress has been observed especially in the last two years. Media market in Moldova is far from being free, and protection of human rights remains to be a problem (in all respects, situation of non-governmental sector in Transnistria is much worse than in Moldova). Finally, it needs to be emphasized that critical socio-economic situation seems to be the main threat to democracy and the rule of law in the country. This is because further significant economic decline can provide fertile ground for non-democratic political forces and extremists. Economic collapse could be a real threat to the achievements in the area of democratization and civil society development. Thus, only results of a successful economic reform process may reverse undesirable patterns and change socio-economic situation in Moldova, increase income of population, decrease poverty, guarantee stability and irreversibility of Moldovan achievements in democratization and development of civil society.
Authored by: Jacek Cukrowski, Radzislawa Gortat, Piotr Kazmierkiewicz
Published in 2003
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
3. 1. UGC-NET/JRF Political (i)-(xxxiii)
Science Solved Paper
December 2015 Paper - II
2. UGC-NET/JRF Political (xxxiv-lxxx)
Science Solved Paper
December 2015 Paper - III
3. UGC-NET/JRF Political 6
Science Solved Paper
June 2015 Paper - II
4. UGC-NET/JRF Political 36
Science Solved Paper
June 2015 Paper - III
5. UGC-NET/JRF Political 69
Science Solved Paper
December 2014 Paper - II
6. UGC-NET/JRF Political 82
Science Solved Paper
December 2014 Paper - III
7. UGC-NET/JRF Political 103
Science Solved Paper
June 2014 Paper - II
8. UGC-NET/JRF Political 118
Science Solved Paper
June 2014 Paper - III
9. UGC-NET/JRF Political 139
Science Solved Paper
December 2013 Paper - II
10. UGC-NET/JRF Political 151
Science Solved Paper
December 2013 Paper - III
11. UGC-NET/JRF Political 171
Science Solved Paper
June 2013 (Re-conducted on
8 September 2013) Paper - II
12. UGC-NET/JRF Political 184
Science Solved Paper
June 2013 (Re-conducted on
8 September 2013) Paper - III
13. UGC-NET/JRF Political 209
Science Solved Paper
June 2013 Paper - II
14. UGC-NET/JRF Political 228
Science Solved Paper
June 2013 Paper - III
15. UGC-NET/JRF Political 257
Science Solved Paper
December 2012 Paper - II
16. UGC-NET/JRF Political 278
Science Solved Paper
December 2012 Paper - III
17. UGC-NET/JRF Political 302
Science Solved Paper
June 2012 Paper - II
18. UGC-NET/JRF Political 320
Science Solved Paper
June 2012 Paper - III
3
UGC-NET/JRF
Political Science
Solved Papers
Contents
4. 4
Paper II
1. Political Theory and
Thought
n Ancient Indian Political
Thought: Kautilya and Shanti
Parva.
Greek Political Thought:
Plato and Aristotle.
n European Thought – I:
Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke,
Rousseau.
n European Thought – II:
Bentham, J. S. Mill, Hegel,
Marx and Green.
n Contemporary Political
Thought – I: Lenin, Mao,
Gramsci.
n Contemporary Political
Thought – II: Rawls, Nozic
and Communitarians.
n Modern Indian Thought:
Gandhi, M. N. Roy, Aurobindo
Ghosh, Joy Prakash
Ambedkar, Savarkar.
n Concepts and Issue – I:
Medieval Political Thought:
Church State Relationship and
Theory of Two Swords.
n Concepts and Issue – II:
Behaviouralism and Post-
Behaviouralism, Decline and
Resurgence of Political Theory.
Democracy, Liberty and
Equality.
2. Comparative Politics and
Political Analysis
Evolution of Comparative
Politics as a discipline; nature
and scope.
n Approaches to the study of
comparative politics:
Traditional, Structural –
Functional, Systems and
Marxist.
n C o n s t i t u t i o n a l i s m :
Concepts, Problems and
Limitations.
n Forms of Government:
Unitary – Federal,
Parliamentary – Presidential.
n Organs of Government:
Executive, Legislature,
Judiciary – their interrelation-
ship in comparative perspec-
tive.
n Party Systems and Pressure
Groups; Electoral Systems.
n Bureaucracy – types and
roles.
n Political Development and
Political Modernization.
n Political Culture, Political
Socialization and Political
Communication.
n Political Elite; Elitist theory of
Democracy.
n Power, Authority and
Legitimacy.
n Revolution: Theories and
Types.
n Dependency: Development
and Under Development.
3. Indian Government and
Politics
n National Movement,
Constitutional Developments
and the Making of Indian
Constitution.
n Ideological Bases of the
Indian Constitution, Preamble,
Fundamental Rights and
Duties and Directive
Principles.
n Constitution as Instrument of
Socio – Economic Change,
Constitutional Amendments
and Review.
Structure and Process – I:
President, Prime Minister,
Council of Ministers, Working
of the Parliamentary System.
Structure and Process – II:
Governor, Chief Minister,
Council of Ministers, State
Legislature.
Panchayati Raj Institutions:
Rural and Urban, their work-
ing.
Federalism: Theory and
Practice in India; Demands of
Autonomy and Separatist
Movements; Emerging trends
in Centre – State Relations.
Judiciary: Supreme Court, High
Courts, Judicial Review,
Judicial Activism including
Public Interest Litigation
cases, Judicial Reforms.
Political Parties, Pressure
Groups, Public Opinion,
Media; Subaltern and Peasant
Movements.
Elections, Electoral Behaviour,
Election Commission and
Electoral Reforms.
4. Public Administration
n Development of Public
Administration as a discipline;
Approaches to the study of
Public Administration:
Decision – making, Ecological
and Systems; Development
Administration.
Theories of Organization
Principles of Organization:
Line and staff, unity of com-
mand, hierarchy, span of con-
trol, centralization and decen-
tralization, Types of organiza-
tion – formal and informal;
Forms of organization;
department, public corpora-
tion and board.
Chief Executive: Types, func-
tions and roles.
Personnel Administration:
Recruitment, Training,
Promotion, Discipline, Morale;
Employee – Employer
Relations.
Bureaucracy: Theories, Types
and Roles; Max Weber and his
critics. Civil servant – Minister
relationship.
Leadership, its role in decision –
making; Communication.
Financial Administration:
Budget, Audit, Control over
Finance with special reference
to India and UK.
Good Governance; Problems
of Administrative Corruption;
Transparency and
Accountability; Right to
Information.
Syllabus
UGC NET/JRF Political Science
5. 5
Grievance Redressal
Institutions: Ombudsman,
Lokpal and Lokayukta.
5. International Relations
Contending Theories and
Approaches to the study of
International Relations;
Idealist, Realist, Systems,
Game, Communication and
Decision – making.
Power, Interest and Ideology
in International Relations;
Elements of Power:
Acquisition, use and limita-
tions of power, Perception,
Formulation and Promotion of
National Interest, Meaning,
Role and Relevance of
Ideology in International
Relations.
Arms and Wars: Nature, causes
and types of wars / conflicts
including ethnic disputes;
conventional, Nuclear / bio –
chemical wars; deterrence,
Arms Race, Arms Control and
Disarmament.
n Peaceful Settlement of
Disputes, Conflict Resolution,
Diplomacy, World – order and
Peace studies.
n Cold War, Alliances, Non –
Alignment, End of Cold war,
Globalisation.
n Rights and Duties of states in
international law, interven-
tion, Treaty law, prevention
and abolition of war.
n Political Economy of
International Relations; New
International Economic Order,
North – South Dialogue,
South – South Cooperation,
WTO, Neo – colonialism and
Dependency.
n Regional and sub – regional
organisations especially
SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC, OAS.
United Nations: Aims,
Objectives, Structure and
Evaluation of the working of
UN; Peace and Development
perspectives; Charter
Revision; Power – struggle
and Diplomacy within UN,
Financing and Peace – keep-
ing operations.
India’s Role in International
affairs: India’s relations with
its neighbours, Wars, Security
Concerns and Pacts,
Mediatory Role, distinguishing
features of Indian Foreign
Policy and Diplomacy.
Paper III
Unit - I
n Political Theory
n Nature of Political Theory, its
main concerns; decline and
resurgence since 1970s.
n Liberalism and Marxism
n Individual and Social Justice
n Role of Ideology
n Theories of change: Lenin,
Mao, Gandhi.
Unit - II
n Political Thought.
n Plato and Aristotle.
n Machiavelli
n Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and
J. S. Mill.
n Karl Marx
n Gandhi, M. N. Roy, Aurobindo
Ghosh.
Unit - III
n Comparative Politics and
Political Analysis.
n Approaches to the study of
comparative Politics
Constitutionalism in theory
and practice.
n Executive, Legislature and
Judiciary with special refer-
ence to India, USA, UK and
Switzerland.
n Party system and role of
opposition.
n Electoral Process Separation
of Powers, Rule of Law and
Judicial Review.
Unit - IV
n Political Development.
n Political Modernization.
n Political Socialisation and
Political Culture.
n Power and Authority.
n Political Elite.
Unit - V
n Making of the Indian
Constitution.
n Fundamental Rights and
Duties, and Directive
Principles.
n Union Executive, Parliament.
n Supreme Court, Judicial
Activism.
n Indian Federalism: Theory,
Practice and Problems.
Unit - VI
n Dynamics of State Politics.
n Local Governments: Rural and
Urban.
n Political Parties, Pressure
Groups, and Public Opinion.
n Elections, Electoral Reforms.
n Class, Caste, Gender, Dalit
and Regional Issues, Problems
of Nation – Building and
Integration.
Unit - VII
n Growth of Public
Administration as a discipline;
and New Public
Administration.
n Theories of Organisation
(Classical, Scientific, Human
Relations).
n Principles of Organisation.
n Chief Executive.
n Control over Administration
Judicial and Legislative
Bureaucracy.
Unit - VIII
n Development Planning and
Administration in India.
n Bureaucracy and Challenges
of Development.
n Administrative Culture;
Administrative Corruption,
and Administrative Reforms.
n Panchayati Raj.
n Impact of Liberalization on
Public Administration.
Unit - IX
n Theories of International
Relations.
n Ideology, Power and Interest.
n Conflicts and Conflict –
Resolution.
n Changing concept of National
Security and Challenges to the
Nation – State System Arms
and Arms – Control.
Unit - X
n End of Cold War, Globalisation
and Political Economy of
International Relations in the
Contemporary World.
n Determinants and
Compulsions of India’s Foreign
Policy; India’s Nuclear Policy.
n India’s Relations with
Neighbours and USA.
n India’s Role in the UN.
n India and Regional
Organizations (SAARC,
ASEAN), Indian Ocean.
6. 1. Which of the following is not
an organ of Kautilya’s state?
(1) Swami
(2) Amatya
(3) Varna system
(4) Danda
Answers: (3) [Kautilya enumer-
ated seven prakritis or essential
organs of the state. They are as
follow
1. Swami (The Ruler): He
should be a native of the soil and
born in a noble family. He should
be brave and well learned. He
makes all the important appoint-
ments and supervises the govern-
ment. He has to be virtuous and
should treat his subjects like his
own children. Kautilya has given
extensive powers to the monarch
but those powers are meant for
the welfare of them subjects. In
the welfare and happiness of his
subjects, lies his own happiness.
2. Amatya (The Minister): It
refers to the council of ministers
as well as the supporting officials
and subordinate staffs. They are
meant for assisting the monarch
in day to day affairs of the state.
Amatya gives suggestions to king,
collects taxes, develops new vil-
lages and cities, ensures defense
of the state and all other tasks as
assigned by the king.
3. Janpada (The Population):
It refers to territory and people of
the state. The territory of the
state should be fertile and should
have abundance of forest, rivers,
mountains, minerals, wild life etc.
It should have have good climate.
People should be loyal to their
(i)
Solved Paper
UGC-NET/JRF
POLITICAL SCIENCE
December 2015 PAPER-II
7. king, hard working, disciplined,
religious, ready to fight for their
motherland, should pay taxes
regularly and happily.
4. Durga (The Fortified
Capital): It refers to forts. The
state should have sufficient num-
ber of forts across its territory at
strategic locations for ensuring
defense against foreign invasions.
Forts should be built near
hills/mountains, deserts, dense
forests and big water bodies. They
garrison soldiers, store food
grains for emergency and also
serve as a hideout for the king
when his life in danger.
5. Kosha (The Treasury):
Money is needed for paying
salaries, building new infrastruc-
ture, etc. The treasury should be
full of money and valuable metals
and gems. It can be increased
through taxation and plundering
enemy states in war.
6. Danda (The Army): The
state should have a regular, large,
disciplined and well trained mili-
tary. It is crucial for the security
of the state. The soldiers should
be recruited from those families
which are traditionally associated
with military. The soldiers should
paid well and their families should
be taken care of in most suitable
way. Proper training and equip-
ment should be made available.
Well fed and well trained soldiers
can win any battle. The king
should take care of the soldiers
and the soldiers will be ready to
sacrifice even their life for him.
7. Mitra (Ally and Friend): The
monarch should maintain friendly
relationship with traditional
friends of his forefathers. He
should also make new friendships.
He should send gifts and other
pleasantries for his friends. They
should be helped in times of
emergency. They should be loyal.
Friends add to the power of the
state. They are also important
from foreign trade view point.]
2. Plato’s communism of family
and property was largely
derived from the experience
of:
(a) Stagira (b) Sparta
(c) Athens (d) Venice
Choose the correct answer:
(1) (a) and (b)
(2) (a) and (c)
(3) (c) only
(4) (b) only
Answers: (4) [Plato’s theory of
communism was certainly a corol-
lary of his conception of justice.
He believed that without commu-
nism there would be clash of ideas
and interests between reason and
appetite. Plato’s communism is
based on the premise that proper-
ty, family instincts and private
interests would distract man’s
attention from his obligations to
the community.
He strongly opined that family and
property are always impediments
not only to philosopher king, but
also to a commoner in his dis-
charge of duties. As property and
family relationships seemed to be
the main source of dissension in
the society, Plato stated that nei-
ther of them must be given any
recognition in an ideal state.
Therefore, a sort of communism
of family and property was essen-
tial to offset the consequences of
Plato’s design of ideal state.
UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Papers Amar Ujala Publications
(ii)
8. Plato strongly believed that an
economic division between the
citizens of a state is the most dan-
gerous political condition. This
belief was mainly due to the wide-
spread and frank opinions
expressed by the Greeks that eco-
nomic motives are very influential
in determining political action and
political affiliations.
Long before The Republic was
written, Euripides had divided cit-
izens into three classes, viz., the
useless rich—who are always
greedy for more, the poor—who
have nothing and are devoured by
envy, and finally the middle
class—a strong body of men who
saves the state.
An oligarchical state to a Greek
meant a state governed by, and in
the interest of the well-born
whose pos-session of property
was hereditary, while a democrat-
ic state was governed by and for
the many who had neither hered-
itary birth nor property.
These economic differences were
the key to the political institutions
and it was no new idea, which the
Greeks were following since ages.
The cause for unrest that Plato
was experiencing in Athens was
mainly due to the troubles present
since the days of Solon a states-
man reforms in Athens.
This situation convinced Plato that
wealth has a very pernicious
effect on the government, but was
dismayed at the fact that there
was no way to abolish the evil
except by abolishing the wealth
itself To cure greed among the
rulers, there is only one way and
that was to deny them any right
to call anything their own.
Devotion to their civic duties
admits no private rival.
The example of Sparta, wherein
the citizens were denied the use
of money and the privilege of
engaging in trade, undoubtedly
influenced Plato in reach-ing this
conclusion. The main reason for
Plato to emphasize on commu-
nism of property was to bring
about greater degree of unity in
the state.
Plato was equally vehement about
the institution of marriage and
opined that family affections
directed towards a particular per-
sons, as another potent rival to
the state in competing for the loy-
alty of rulers.
He stated that anxiety for one’s
children is a form of self-seeking
more dangerous than the desire
for property, and the training of
children at homes as a poor
preparation for the whole and sole
devotion, which the state has the
right to demand. Plato was, in
fact, appalled by the casualness of
human mating which according to
him would not be tolerated in the
breeding of any domestic animal.
The improvement of the race
demands a more controlled and a
more selective type of union.
Finally, the abolition of marriage
was probably an implied criticism
of the position of women in
Athens, where her activities were
summed up in keeping the house
and rearing children. To this, Plato
denied that the state serve half of
its potential guardians.
Moreover, he was unable to see
that there is anything in the natu-
ral capacity of women that corre-
sponds to the Athenian practice,
UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Papers Amar Ujala Publications
(iii)
9. since many women were as well
qualified as men to take part in
political or even military duties.
The women of the guardian class
will consequently share the work
of the men, which makes it neces-
sary that both shall receive the
same education and strictly be
free from domestic duties. Plato’s
argument about breeding of
domestic animals refers to the
sexual relations between men and
women.
It is not that he regarded sex
casually, but he demanded an
amount of self-control that has
never been realized among any
large populations. According to
him, if the unity of the state has
to be secured, property and fami-
ly stand in the way, therefore,
they both must be abolished.
Forms of Communism:
Plato’s communism is of two
forms, viz., the abolition of pri-
vate property, which included
house, land, money, etc., and the
second, the abolition of family,
through the abolition of these
two, Plato attempted to create a
new social order wherein the rul-
ing class surrendered both family
and private property and
embraced a system of commu-
nism. This practice of communism
is only meant for the ruling class
and the guardian class.
However, Plato did not bind this
principle on the third class, name-
ly, the artisans. In other words,
they were allowed to maintain
property and family, but were
under strict supervision so that
they do not become either too rich
or too poor. Though Plato struc-
tured the society in this manner,
he never made any attempt to
work out his plan that ensured
such a system to function.
The following is a brief description
of each form of communism:
1. Communism of Property:
Plato’s communism of property is
in no way related to the modern
communism or socialism because
there was no mention of socializa-
tion of the means of production.
Plato’s approach was mainly con-
cerned with one factor of pro-
duc-tion, that is, property that
has to be socialized.
The land and its products were in
the hands of the farmers. So, only
the guardians were deprived of
property. Plato deprived them of
all valuables such as gold and sil-
ver, and were told that the divin-
er metal is within them, and
therefore there is no need for any
ornaments as it might pollute the
divine thoughts.
The guardians were paid salaries
just right enough for their mainte-
nance. They were expected to
dine at common tables and live in
common barracks, which were
always open. Thus, Plato’s com-
munism was ascetic in character.
Plato’s communism existed only
for the governing class.
Therefore, it was political commu-
nism and not economic commu-
nism.
2. Communism of Wives:
Plato’s scheme of communism
deprived the guardian class not
only of property, but also a pri-
vate life or a family because fam-
ily introduced an element of thine
and mine. He believed that family
would destroy a sense of coopera-
UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Papers Amar Ujala Publications
(iv)
10. tion that forms the basis for a
state. To destroy family, it is
important to destroy selfishness.
Plato wanted the rulers of an ideal
state not to get distracted from
their work and get tempted
towards self-interests.
Plato opined that family was the
great stronghold of selfishness,
and for this reason it has to be
banned for the governing class.
This situation brings about a
question of ‘Did Plato deny his
guardians class a normal sex life?’
For this, Plato stated that mating
was encouraged between those
who can in the best possible man-
ner produce children of the
desired quality.
Another question that was raised
was related to those children who
were born out of this union.
According to Plato, they would be
the property of the state.
Immediately after their birth, they
would be taken to a nursery and
nursed and nurtured there. This
method would make sure that no
parent would have any affection
upon one child, and thus love all
the children as their own.
Further, the guardians, instead of
caring for the welfare of their
progeny, would thrive for the wel-
fare of all. Thus, guardians of the
state would constitute one great
family wherein all children would
be treated equal and common.
Bound by common joys and sor-
row, there is personal or exclusive
relation to one family and in the
process the entire state.
Plato further stipulated the age for
both men and women for beget-
ting children. He stated that the
proper age for begetting children
women should be between the
age of 20 and 40 and men
between 25 and 55 because at
this time, the physical and intel-
lectual vigor is more. If anybody
flouted the rules, they were treat-
ed as unholy and unrighteous
beings.
Thus, Plato’s communism of wives
provided social, political and psy-
chological bases for the ideal
state. Plato believed that such a
communism of family would
remove the conflict between the
personal interests and the objec-
tives of the state.]
3. Scholasticism of middle ages
sought to establish:
(a) Supremacy of political domain
over the spiritual.
(b) The autonomy of intellectual
freedom over the political
regimes.
(c) The ascendency of theology
over the philosophy.
(d) The subordination of rational
element to the theological ele-
ment of the church.
Select the correct answer from
the codes given below:
(1) (c) and (d)
(2) (a) and (d)
(3) (a) and (c)
(4) (b) and (d)
Answers: (1) [Scholasticism is a
method of critical thought which
dominated teaching by the aca-
demics of medieval universities in
Europe from about 1100 to 1700,
and a program of employing that
method in articulating and
defending dogma in an increas-
ingly pluralistic context. It origi-
nated as an outgrowth of, and a
departure from, Christian monas-
UGC-NET/JRF Political Science Solved Papers Amar Ujala Publications
(v)