This document provides information about three regional organizations: SAARC, ECO, and OIC. It discusses the founding, objectives, structures, and performance of each organization. SAARC was established in 1985 to promote cooperation among South Asian countries. Its objectives include accelerating economic growth and improving living standards. ECO was founded in 1985 by Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey to promote trade and investment. It aims to establish a common market. The OIC was established in 1969 and has 57 member states. However, it has faced criticism for its failure to achieve many of its objectives.

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JINNAH UNIVERSITY FOR WOMEN
SUBJECT:
PAKISTAN STUDIES
TOPIC:
SAARC, ECO AND OIC
GROUP MEMBERS:
MUNEEBA SOHAIL
MUNIZA
WAJIHA M. ISMAIL
DEPARTMENT:
COMMERCE
SUBMISSION DATE:
10TH-OCTOBER-2019
SUBMITTED TO:
MISS HINA

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Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................................................3
ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................................4
SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL CO-OPERATION (SAARC)....................................................5
AGREEMENT:..................................................................................................................................5
FEATURES.......................................................................................................................................6
PRIORITIES/OBJECTIVES OF THE SAARC:...........................................................................................6
PRINCIPLES OF SAARC: ....................................................................................................................7
PAKISTAN’S ROLE IN SAARC:............................................................................................................8
ORGANS OF SAARC:........................................................................................................................9
SAARC SECRETARIAT:......................................................................................................................9
PERFORMANCE OF SAARC:..............................................................................................................9
ECONOMIC COOPERATION ORGANIZATION (ECO)..............................................................................10
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF ECO:.......................................................................................................11
STRUCTURE OF ECONOMIC COOPERATION ORGANIZATION:...........................................................11
1. COUNCIL OF MINISTERS:....................................................................................................11
2. COUNCIL OF PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVES:.....................................................................12
3. REGIONAL PLANNING COUNCIL: .........................................................................................12
4. GENERAL SECRETARIAT:.....................................................................................................12
MEMBERS OF (ECO):.....................................................................................................................12
PROSPECTS OF ECO FOR THE MUSLIM WORLD: ..............................................................................13
PAKISTAN AND ECONOMIC COORPERATION ORGANIZATION: .........................................................14
CONCLUSION:...............................................................................................................................15
ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE (OIC)..........................................................................16
OBJECTIVES OF OIC:......................................................................................................................18
SUMMIT CONFERENCES OF THE OIC: .............................................................................................18
CAUSES OF OIC FAILURE:...............................................................................................................24
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................27
POINT OF VIEWS...............................................................................................................................28
BIBLOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................................29

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this assignment successfully. We would like to thanks
Almighty ALLAH for make us able to complete this assignment successfully, and
then we would like to thanks to all our group members who helped us to complete
this assignmentwith their valuable information. Then, we would like to thanks to
our respected teacher Miss. Hina, who guide us with her quality information which
played a major role in completion of this assignment.

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ABSTRACT
In this assignment, we discussed some of the studies and history related to the
Pakistan. The events we described includes: SAARC, ECO and OIC. SAARC is an
association. We described its agreement, features, principles, Pakistan’s role in
SAARC and performance. ECO is an economic organization, we described its
structure, aim and objectives, members and Pakistan’s role. OIC is an Islamic
Organizationin which wedescribed its objectives,all its conferences,and causesof
its failure.

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SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL CO-
OPERATION (SAARC)
The first South Asian Association for Regional Co-Operation (SAARC) summit
meeting was attended by the Heads of State and Government of Bhutan, Nepal,
the Maldives, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The firstsummit was held
on December 7-8, 1985 in Bangladesh capital Dhaka where the SAARC was
launched. This was the moment of fruition of efforts which had gone on five years
to bring together the South Asian Nations on a common platform for regional co-
operation.
The SAARC is a regional organization on par with and in the chain of organizations
already operating in other parts of the world like ASEAN, RCD, OIC, OAUAND ECO.
The concept of South Asian Regional Co-Operation was initiated by Bangladesh in
1980. SAARC was the brainchild of the Late President of Bangladesh General Zia-
ur-Rehman. President Zia-ur-Rehman put maximum emphasis on the scheme of
SAARC becausehe believed that the nation of South Asia had common values that
were rooted in their social, ethnic, cultural and historical traditions. President Zia-
ur-Rehman wrote personal letters to the Heads of the State/Government in which
he outlined his proposal of setting up a Regional Association of the South Asian
Countries.
AGREEMENT:
The seven South Asian nations i.e: Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, Sri Lanka,
Pakistanand Maldives, agreed to the proposalof PresidentZia-ur-Rehmanto setup
SAARC. It was, however, decided that the foreign secretaries of the region should

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meet in Culombo to discuss the concept of co-operation. The foreign secretaries
first met in April 1981.
After their first meeting the foreign secretaries met in November
1981(Kathmandu), in August 1982 (Islamabad) and the fourth time in March 1983
(Dhaka). As a result of these meetings a number of committees were setup to
identify areas for co-operation.
The foreign secretaries decided that the foreign ministers of the region should
meet in New Delhi in August1983.Theforeign ministers met again in July 1984and
May 1985. The foreign ministers decided to launched SAARC at a summit meeting
of the Heads of State and Government. Itwas decided that the firstSummit would
be held at Dhaka in 1985 where the final decision to setup SAARC would be taken.
FEATURES:
South Asia is one of the last areas of the world to become involved in the process
of regional co-operation. It comprises a billion people, one-fifth of the world’s
population and represents three major religions—Islam, Hinduismand Buddhism.
Another feature which distinguishes the member states of SAARC is the fact that
prior to gaining independence, they were all under the hegemony of a single
colonial power, the British. Due to this common feature the SAARC nations have
inherited similar problems. Poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, economic, political
and technical backwardness are the anathemas of all of them.
PRIORITIES/OBJECTIVES OF THE SAARC:
According to the charter of SAARC, its objectives are:
1. To promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to promote their
quality of life.

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2. To accelerate economic growth, socialprogress and culturaldevelopment in
the region and to provideall individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and
to realize their full potential.
3. To promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of
South Asia.
4. To contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one
another’s problems.
5. To promote collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social,
cultural, technical and scientific fields.
6. To strengthen cooperation with other developing countries.
7. To strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on
matters of common interest.
8. To cooperate with international and regional organizations with similar aims
and purposes.
9. To promote the efforts for suppression of terrorism in South Asia.
PRINCIPLES OF SAARC:
The following principles as embodied in the SAARC charter, are kept in view in
mutual cooperation:
1. The principles of sovereign equality, territorial, integrity, political
independence, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states and
mutual benefit.
2. The cooperation is to complement bilateral and multilateral relations.
3. Such cooperation should be consistent with bilateral and multilateral
responsibilities of the member states.
4. Decision at all levels are to be unanimously taken.
5. Bilateral and contentious issues would be excluded from its deliberations.

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PAKISTAN’S ROLEIN SAARC:
Pakistan has played a pivotal role in the formal launching of SAARC at the first
summit at Dhaka in December 1985. After the formation of SAARC, Pakistan has
lived up to its commitment by playing active role in the activities of the SAARC.
Pakistan has been a strong supporter of the concept of regional association as it
believed that countries of the region sharecommon objectives of mutual trustand
understandings. Ever since the launching of the SAARC Pakistan has made sincere
efforts to make SAARC an active forum. Pakistan made the best use of its
experience gained at RCD and extended valuable leadership to the SAARC.
During the first summit, Pakistan gave a suggestion that women’s participation
should be increased in the SAARC related activities. The suggestion was accepted
and welcomed as the leaders agreed that meaningful progress could not be
achieved without the active participation and enhancement of the status of
women.
Another significant contribution made by Pakistan was the convening of the
ministerial level meeting on ‘InternationalEconomic Issues’ at Islamabad in May,
1986. The meeting adopted a declaration covering important economic issues on
the international scene and suggested remedial measures.
Pakistan has organized a vast number of activities under the Integrated
Programmes of Action (IPA). Pakistan has always been willing to contribute
generously in order to strengthen programme of regional co-operation. Thus,
Pakistan voluntarily doubled its share from 19,100 tonnes in South Asia food
security resources.
Pakistan assigns highest priority to the eradication of drug abuse and drug
trafficking through effective regional co-operation.
Pakistan is the second largest contributor towards all SAARC related activities as
well as towards the budget of the SAARC secretariat.

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ORGANS OF SAARC:
The highest decision-making authority in SAARC rests with the Heads of the State
or Government. They meet once a year or more often as and when required. The
council of Ministers meets twice a year and is responsiblefor formulation of policy.
SAARC SECRETARIAT:
The SAARCSecretariatwasinaugurated in Kathmanduby His MajestyKing Birandra
Bir Bikram Shah Dev on January 16, 1987. The role of the Secretary-General and
Secretariat is to co-ordinate and monitor the implementation of SAARC activities.
The Secretariatcomprises a Secretary-General, four Directors and GeneralServices
Staff.
PERFORMANCEOF SAARC:
After morethan a decade of its existence, SAARCseems to have made no progress
or advance to implement its Charter which contains high sounding goals like
eradication of poverty, trade liberation and elimination of nuclear weapons to
which the members are committed.
One of the major objective at the time of launching of SAARC was to promote the
welfare of the people of respective member countries. It was emphasised that

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through collective endeavours the target of economic growth, social progress and
cultural development in the region would be accomplished. The SAARC leaders
made lofty statements to achieve mental co-operation in the region.
Seen in this perspectiveone is disappointed to conclude that SAARChas miserably
failed to achieve even a small proportion of its objectives.
ECONOMIC COOPERATION ORGANIZATION (ECO)
The Economic Cooperation Organization or ECO is an Asian political and
economic intergovernmental organization which was founded in 1985 in Tehran by the
leaders of Iran, Pakistan,and Turkey. Itprovidesa platformto discusswaystoimprove
development and promote trade and investment opportunities. The ECO is an ad
hoc organisation under the United Nations Charter. The objective is to establish a single
market for goods and services, much like the European Union. The ECO's secretariat
and cultural department are located in Iran, its economic bureau is in Turkey and its
scientific bureau is situated in Pakistan.The nature of the ECO is that it consists of
predominantly Muslim-majority states as it is a trade bloc for the Central Asian
states connected to theMediterranean through Turkey,to thePersian Gulf via Iran,
and to the Arabian sea via Pakistan. The current framework of the ECO expresses
itself mostly in the form of bilateral agreements and arbitration mechanisms
between individual and fully sovereign member states. This makes the ECO similar
to ASEAN in that it is an organisation that has its own offices and bureaucracy for
implementation of trade amongst sovereign member states.
This consists of the historically integrated agricultural region of the Fergana
Valley which allows for trade and common agricultural production in the border
region of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Free trade
agreements between the industrial nations of Iran and Turkey are due to be
signed]
in 2017. Likewise the Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement is due to be
signed.
Pakistan has free trade agreements with both Afghanistan and Iran which

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are signed and are in the process of implementation, and currently most of
Afghanistan trade is through Pakistan. And the Afghanistan-Pakistan Transit Trade
Agreement is designed to facilitate trade for goods and services for Central Asia via
both Afghanistan and Pakistan. This is in addition to the Ashgabat agreement which is
a multi-modal transport agreement between the Central Asian states.
Further cooperation amongst members is planned in the form of the Iran–Pakistan
gas pipeline, as well as a Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan pipeline. Current
pipelines include the Tabriz–Ankara pipeline in addition to the planned Persian Pipeline.
This is in addition to the transportation of oil and gas from resource rich Central
Asian states such as Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan of minerals and agriculturethat
complements the industrialisation underway in Iran, Pakistan and Turkey. Pakistan
plans to diversify its sourceof oil and gas supplies towards the Central Asian states
including petroleum import contracts with Azerbaijan.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVEOF ECO:
1. To analyze and evaluate political, security, economic, cultural and social
situations of countries, groups of countries, political movements and
international organizations in South Asia, the Middle East and Africa regions.
2. To proposepolicy recommendations in implementing relations with countries,
groups of countries, political movements and international organizations in the
regions.
3. To be the coordinator between Thai authorities and authorities of groups of
countries, political movements and international organizations in the regions.
4. To implement the assignments fromthe Ministry and the cabinet, including the
legal responsibilities of the Department.
STRUCTURE OF ECONOMIC COOPERATION ORGANIZATION:
1. COUNCIL OF MINISTERS:
The Council of Ministers (COM) is the highest policy and decision-making body and
is composed of the various Ministers of Foreign Affairs or such other
representatives of the ministerial rank as may be designated by the respective
governments. TheCOM meets at least once a year by rotation among the member
states.

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2. COUNCIL OF PERMANENTREPRESENTATIVES:
The Council of Permanent Representatives (CPR) consists of the Permanent
Representatives/Ambassadors of the member states accredited to the Islamic
Republic of Iran as well as to the ECO and the Director-General for ECO Affairs of
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
3. REGIONAL PLANNING COUNCIL:
The Regional Planning Council (RPC) is composed of the Head of the Planning
Organization of member states or such other representatives of corresponding
authorities.
4. GENERAL SECRETARIAT:
The General Secretariat (GS) consists of six directorates under the supervision of
the Secretary-General and his deputies. Two specialized agencies and six regional
institutes are acting under the supervision of the GS.
 ECO Directorate of Industry & Agriculture
 ECO Directorate of Trade & Investment
 ECO Directorate of Energy, Mineral & Environment
 ECO Directorate of Transport & Communications
 ECO Directorate of Economic Research & Statistics
 ECO Directorate of Project Research & Development.
MEMBERS OF (ECO):
ECO was a regional organization headquartered in Tehran and Official
Language was English. Until 1992, the ECO membership consisted of its
Three founding members, Iran, Turkey, and Pakistan. The membership
Increased to ten in the era after the Soviet as the disintegration of the
USSR brought independence to Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan,
Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, all of them applied for and was
Granted membership. As the pro-Soviet regime of Kabul collapsed in
1992, Afghanistan also became a member of the expanded organization.

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The ECO had the potential to expand, as certain regional countries
(Armenia and Georgia) had expressed an interest in joining the ECO. This
Interest was understand-able, since they shared borders with Iran, Turkey,
And Azerbaijan, with which they had extensive, ties (Armenia with Iran,
and Georgia with Iran and Turkey), and they had stable political and
economic relations with other CIS members of the ECO. Armenia’s
Membership bid had been blocked by both Azerbaijan and Turkey because
Of Armenia’s occupation of the disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh
And the adjacent Azeri land connecting it to Armenia (20 percent of the
Azeri territory) since a cease-fire agreement in 1994 ended the civil war in
Azerbaijan. No ECO members oppose Georgia’s membership, thanks to
Its good relations with all ECO members. Yet, Tbilisi’s enthusiasm for
ECO membership seemed to have lessened since the ascension to power of
President Mikhail Saakashvili, probably because of his close ties with
Washington, which opposed the growth of a regional organization in
which Iran played a pivotal role. In early 2009, there was no indication of
a change of policy in Tbilisi regarding its ECO membership.
PROSPECTS OF ECO FOR THE MUSLIM WORLD:
The establishment of (ECO) is of great significance for the Muslim world. This
organization has taken into its fold ten Muslim states of south and central Asia
which are not only of great strategic importance but also with a combine area of
morethan 7 million squarekilo meters and a population of over350million people.
They have pooled was economic resource. The (ECO) derives its strength fromthe
close proximity, common frontiers, Muslim majority, traditional trade links
common cultural heritage and vast untapped natural resources of member

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countries. These countries can serve as huge market for the consumption of the
surplus industrial and agricultural products produces of one another.
For example, Pakistan Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan possess modern
textile industry and can provide textile products and knitwear at cheaper rates.
Similarly Kazakhstan,Azerbaijanand Pakistan producefinecotton in excess of their
needs.
PAKISTAN AND ECONOMIC COORPERATION ORGANIZATION:
Pakistanis oneof the founding members of ECO region; but the exportsof Pakistan
to ECO Countries declined during the last five years. At Present, Pakistan's export
to ECO Countries stands at US$ 1.8 billion which was US$ 2.3 billion in 2014
whereas Pakistan's imports from ECO countries indicates an increasing trend and
stand at US$ 1.2 billion compared to US$ 791 million in 2014.
The shareof ECO countries stands 7.8 percentin Pakistan's exportand 2.1 percent
in Pakistan's import. Pakistan is mainly exporting cereals, cotton, edible fruits and
vegetable, pharmaceutical products etc while importing petroleum products, iron
and steel, machinery,ceramics,rawcotton, plastic productsetc. Thereasonbehind
the declining of trade with ECO countries particularly with Iran is an absence of
banking channels and Central Asian is lack of connectivity and lack of commercial
activities. In order to promote trade with Turkey, Pakistan and Turkey has started
negotiation of Free Trade Agreement which has not finalized yet due to non-
inclusion of those products wherein Pakistan has comparative advantage.

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The private sector of Pakistan and ECO Countries should interact regularly for
exchange of information related to available opportunities and meetings with
counterpart’s traders. The holding of commercial activities regularly between
Pakistan and ECO Countries like holding of trade fairs and exhibitions, arranging of
meetings at commercial level and frequentexchange of trade delegation also help
in understanding each other markets.
Pakistanshouldestablish its railwaylink with its neighbouringcountriesparticularly
with China, Afghanistan and Iran and these railway links should be extended to
Central Asian countries as Iran has border with Turkmenistan, Afghanistan with
Tajikistan and China ahs border with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan.
The railways links will facilitate the transportation of goods between Pakistan and
Central Asian Countries.
CONCLUSION:
The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) was established after the
Cold War. Ithas never been an effective regional organization. Dueto its
Key geo-strategic location, Afghanistan has been significantimportance in
The ECO, Owing to internal and external reasons; the political instability in
Afghanistan has also been a factor of ineffectiveness of the ECO. The
Members of ECO havesame culture, religion and historical background.
They should establish the rail and road link to the region and Europe. This
Organization has dismally failed to apply the treaty in fostering relations
Among the member states. The organization can greatly help the
Landlocked Central Asian region gain access to world market for exports
And imports. However, when thesestates are out of the ECO, they will
have to depend on Russia for trade with the world. The US exerted
immense pressure on the member countries not to cultivate amicable
Relations with Iran, and avoid bestowing adequate leeway and spaceto Iran.
Before the Iran nuclear deal signed in July last year. Since the ECO poses
No threat to the US regional interest, the latter has so far hindered itself
Fromany obstructiveand insidious move againstthe regional organization.
About the efficacy of the organization, only hope can be maintained
because the non-seriousness of its founding members.

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ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE (OIC)
The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is an international organization
founded in 1969, consisting of 57 member states, with a collective population of
over 1.8 billion as of 2015 with 53 countries being Muslim-majority countries. The
organization states that it is "the collective voice of the Muslim world" and works
to "safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of
promoting international peace and harmony".
The OIChaspermanentdelegations to the United Nations and the European Union.
The official languages of the OIC are Arabic, English, and French.
The OIC is the symbolof Islamic brotherhood and fraternity. The OIC, in fact, is the
realization of the dreams of the Islamic world for unity and brotherhood which is
basis of the Islamic way of living. The Muslim world is facing great problems posed
by the Zionists. The OIChas been set up with an objective of facing this problem
effectively.
FLAG OF OIC
The Zionists (Jews) set on fire to the holy mosque Al-Aqsa on 21st
August, 1969
which greatly infuriated Muslims all over the world. Strikes were observed
throughoutthe Islamic world over this blatant act of violence and aggression. The
Muslims now rightly felt that effective steps will have to be taken to protect the
Muslims from the exploitation and aggression of non-Muslims forces. For the
accomplishmentof this objectivethe Islamic unity was stressed. Itwas agreed that
a summit conferenceof the Heads of the Islamic states be convened to discuss the
grave threat posing the Muslim world.

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AL-AQSA MOSQUE
The summit meetings of the heads of the Islamic states wereheld in Rabat, capital
of Morocco, on 22nd
September, 1969. Shah Hassan, theking of Morocco, presided
over the meeting. Pakistan was represented by the then President of Pakistan
General Muhammad Yahya Khan. The summit meeting was of a great significance
because it made clear to the world that the Muslims were now united to face any
challenge from the non-Muslim world. The summit conference decided that an
organization of Muslim countries should be set up to protect the rights and
interests of Muslims all over the world. The participants unanimously accepted the
proposal, thus OIC was established with its secretariat at Jeddah.
HEADQUATER OF OIC

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OBJECTIVES OF OIC:
Thereafter the foreign Ministers of the concerned Islamic countries met annually,
and in their third meeting held at Jeddah from 29 February to 4 March, 1972, in
which 30 countries participated, the Foreign Ministers adopted the charter of the
organization of the Islamic conference with the following salient features:
1. To promote Islamic solidarity among member states;
2. To consolidate cooperation among member states in the economic, social,
culture, scientific and other vital fields, and to arrange consultations among
member states belonging to international organizations;
3. To endeavour to eliminate racial segregation and discrimination and to
eradicate colonialism in all its form;
4. To take necessary measures to support international peace and security
founded on justice;
5. To coordinate all efforts for the safeguard of the Holy Places and supportof
the struggle of the people of Palestine, and help them to regain their rights
and liberate their land;
6. To strengthen the struggle of all Muslim people with a view to safeguarding
their dignity, independence, and national rights; and
7. To create a suitable atmosphere for the promotion of cooperation and
understanding among member states and other countries.
SUMMITCONFERENCES OF THEOIC:
1. FIRSTSUMMITCONFERENCE:
The first summit of OIC (Organization of Islamic Countries) was held in Rabat
(Morocco) in which twenty four Islamic countries participated. The incident of
burning of the Masjid Al-Aqsa was discussed in detail by the participants. The
Middle East situation was also discussed and it was emphasized that a close
contact should be maintained amongst the Muslim countries.
Pakistan played its rolein this meeting effectively and raised its voice in favor of
the Arab countries. Paki9stan strongly demanded that the previous status of
“Bait-ul-Muqqadas” should berestored. Itwas also decided in this meeting that
the foreign ministers of the member countries should meet regularly to discuss

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developments in the world in order to keep the OIC informed of the changing
horizons of the world politics.
2. SECOND SUMMITCONFERENCE:
The second summit conference of the OICwas held from22nd
February 1947to
24th
February 1974atLahore(Pakistan). Thethen Governmentof Pakistan took
every step for holding this meeting in a befitting fashion because it was a great
honor for Pakistan to be the host of the Muslim world. It was a first occasion
when the heads of the Islamic countries had assembled in Pakistan in a large
number.
Some highly important decisions were taken in this summit meeting. The
Middle East problem was given special attention and an early and respectable
solution of this problem was urged. Many resolutions, for the stability and
solidarity of the Islamic world were passed. The Israeli attitude towards
Palestine and Arabcountries wasgreatly condemned. Itwas demanded thatthe
Israeli troops should be withdrawn from the occupied Arab territory. The
restoration of Jerusalem to its previous status and the national rights of the
Palestinians were strongly demanded. The conference expressed that the
Palestinian issue was the personal problem of every Islamic country and,
therefore, the Muslim world was urged to extend all sorts of assistance to
Palestine and other Arab countries to liberate their occupied territories.
A special committee consisting of experts from Algeria, Libya, Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia, the U.A.E and Pakistan was set up with a purposeof finding ways and
means to eliminate poverty, diseaseand ignorancefromthe Islamic world. This
committee also aimed at ending the exploitation of the developing and under-
developed countries by the developed states and to enable them to make the
best use of their resources.
The secondsummit conferencestressedon taking political, economic and social
interests of the Muslim states. A declaration known as “Lahore Declaration”
issued at the end of the conference contained the guidelines for achieving the
objectives of this summit meeting. Efforts were also made to bring a
rapprochement between Bangladesh and Pakistan. It was decided in this
meeting that an Islamic Bank will be set up which should extend financial
assistance to the members countries in order to reduce their dependence on
the developed nations.

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3. THIRD SUMMITCONFERENCE:
The third summit conference of the OIC was held at Taif (Saudi Arabia) in
January,1981.ThirtyeightMuslimcountriestook partin this meeting. President
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq led Pakistan delegation to the third summit. King Faisal
was appointed as the Chairman of the summit meeting on the proposal of
President Zia-ul-Haq.
The third summit conference discussed the problems of the Islamic world in
details andsuggestedremedial measuresfortheir solution.The conferencepaid
special attention to the soviet intervention in Afghanistan, Palestine problems,
Jerusalem and the Iran-Iraq war. Besides these matters the establishment of
Islamic Trade Centre, Shipping Organization of the Islamic countries, formation
of Islamic Welfare Association, Islamic solidarity and possibilities for the
advancement of scientific technology in the Muslim countries were also
discussed. The conference demanded an immediate end to the Iran-Iraq war
and withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. An eight members
committee was set up to end the Iran-Iraq war and to bring rapprochement
between the two countries. Pakistan was chosen as one of the members of this
committee. The conference emphasized that the Islamic countries should not
attack themselves with any power bloc and ends their differences by mutual
understanding and consultation.
Pakistan took active part in the deliberation of the Third Summit Conference.
PresidentZia-ul-Haq addressed theconference and expressed his hope that the
Kashmirproblemwould besettled in the lightof the Simla Agreement. President
Zia, while praising the Muslim Ummah, appealed to the participants to take
effective steps to restore pride of the Muslim Ummah. President Zia-ul-Haq
presented a Six Points Formula for the revivalof Islamic glory and restoration of
the pride of the Ummah. The Six Points were as follows:
1. Complete separation of Muslim world from any power bloc and assuming a
non-aligned posture.
2. A workablesystemto be evolved to solvethe differences of Muslim Ummah
amicably.
3. Setting up organizations to promote economic welfare of the Islamic world.
4. Promotion of scientific technology amongst Muslim states.

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5. Collective steps for the safeguard of Islamic world.
6. Steps for uplift of educational, culture and social conditions of Muslims all
over the world.
President Zia raised voice in the conference against soviet aggression in
Afghanistan and for the solution of Palestine issue. He reaffirmed Pakistan’s
support for the Palestine issue in the light of Al-Quds committee report.
4. FOURTH SUMMIT CONFERENCE:
The Forth Summit Conference of the OIC was held at Casablanca (Morocco)
from 16th
January, 1984. Forty five Muslim countries took part in the
conference. Twenty four countries were represented by their heads of the
states while the remaining countries sent their high officials to attend the
meeting. Pakistan was represented by President Zia-ul-Haq. King Hassan of
Morocco inaugurated the conference.
International politics was passing through most critical period at the time the
Fourth Summit meeting of the OIC was held. Some very serious and delicate
incidents had taken place in the international politics. Afghanistan has been
invaded by the Soviet Union in 1979. Iran-Iraq war had been going on aimlessly
for many years in spite of the hectic efforts made by the OICto restore peace.
Besides these matters there was Kashmir problem, Lebanon problem, the
continuing wars in Palestine and the Philippines unrestfacing the Muslimworld
which needed immediate attention of the OIC for their solution.
The Fourth Summit conference also had before it the differences of Muslim
countries which included Libya-Sudan differences, Egyptand Libya problemand
Morocco-Libyan disputes which posed a serious challenge to the Islamic unity.
When the conference begin it had 19 resolution on the table for discussion
which pertained to various problems of the Islamic world. On the severalissues
the participants took unanimous decision expressing complete understanding
amongst them. Decisions were taken for unity and solidarity of Muslim world,
protection of Islamic faith, liberation of Al-Quds and withdrawalof troops from
the occupied Arab territories. Besides these issuesdecisionswere also taken for
the safeguard of the rights of the Palestine people. It was decided that the
Muslim bloc should be made the torchbearer of equality in the world and all
steps to be taken to accomplish this noble objective.

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The Fourth Summit conference took the important decision about Egypt’s
membership of the OIChad been suspendedsinceIsraeli-Egyptianaccord atthe
Camp David in1979. At the first close door session, President Sekou Toure
initiated the proposalfor bringing Egyptback into the OICfold. PresidentSekou
Toure put a formal application requesting for Egypt’ re-entry in the OIC. Five
countrieswhich included Syria,andLibya stronglyopposedthemoveVoting was
held in which 32 votes were cast in favor of Egypt’s re-entry while only 9
opposed the move. After the voting Egypt was readmitted to the OIC.
Pakistan played a prominent role in bringing Egypt back to the OIC. President
Zia-ul-Haq, advocating Egypt’s re-entry in the OIC highly praised Egypt for its
courageous stance against Israel. He lauded Egypt’s bravery for fighting three
wars againstIsraeland requested theconferenceto restoremembership of OIC
to Egypt. Sekou Toure proposed that a special delegation be sentto Tehran ton
persuade Iran to take up its vacant seat in the OIC by putting an end to its
boycott of the conference.
The representatives of the Afghan refugees also took part in this conference
under the leadership of Dr. Burhan-ud-Din Rabbani. He addressed the
conference and apprised the participants of the atrocities inflicted on the
refugees and declared that the refugees would continue their struggle despite
these difficulties.
The election of the new Secretary-General of the OIC was held in the Fourth
Summit Conference. Pakistan and Bangladesh were the candidates for the
Augustoffice. Pakistan’s candidateMr. Sharif-ud-Din Pirzada was elected as the
secretary-General.
5. FIFTH SUMMIT CONFERENCE:
The Fifth Summit Conference of the OICwas held at Kuwaitin January 1987. All
the issueswhich confrontedthe Islamicworldcame under discussionin the fifth
summit conference. A communique was issued at the end of the summit which
is known as “Kuwait Declaration”. The Islamic world was stressed to resolve
their differences with mutual negotiations and try to promote-economic and
cultural cooperation between them.
6. SIXTH SUMMIT CONFERENCE:

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The Sixth Summit Conference of the OICwas held in December 1991 at Dakar
(Senegal). The Sixth Summit Conference discussed the situation which had
emerged with Iraq’s occupation at Kuwait. The Summit vehemently expressed
its supportfor Palestine’s resistancemovement‘Intefada’ and declared Muslim
acquisition of Jerusalem as essential. The summit expressed the sentiments of
brotherhood and solidarity with the Kashmiris freedom struggle and showed
deep concern and anxiety over the violation of human rights in Kashmir.
7. SEVENTH SUMMIT CONFERENCE:
The Seventh Summit Conference of the OIC held in December 1994 at
Casablanca (Morocco). A number of resolutions concerning Kashmir freedom
struggle, Palestine, and the problems of the Islamic world were passed.
8. EIGHTH SUMMIT CONFERENCE:
The Eighth Summit Conference of the OIC held in December 1997 at Tehran
(Iran). Fifty fivecountries took partin this conference. ‘Tehran Declaration’ was
issuedat the end of the conferenceby which the Kashmirifreedomstrugglewas
supported. The establishment of Islamic Common Market and new judicial
system was stressed.
9. NINTH SUMMIT CONFERENCE:
The Ninth Summit Conferenceof the OICwas held in November 2000 at Qatar.
General Pervaiz Musharraf, the Chief Executive of Pakistan led the Pakistani
delegation. Full supportwas extended to the Kashmiri freedom struggle. Israel
was asked to leave Palestine.
PAKISTAN’S ROLEIN THE OIC:
Pakistan has always played a prominent role for the unity and progress of the
Islamic countries. After the emergence of Pakistan as a sovereign state, Quaid-e-
Azam attached great importance to our relations with Islamic countries and
declared Pakistan’s relations with the Muslim world as the foundation of our
foreign policy.
Pakistan always came forward to play an effective role for achieving the noble
objective of Muslim brotherhood and unity. In 1949 an Economic Conference of
Islamic countries was held to discuss steps for the economic uplift of the Islamic

24. 24
states. In 1954 the Islamic countries met at Makkah where Pakistan was
represented by Ghulam Muhammad. Itwas decided in this meeting that an Islamic
conference be set up with its headquarters at Cairo. However, this organization
could not do any useful work and was dismembered after few years. In 1962 a
meeting under the auspices of “Rabita-i-Alam-e-Islami” was convened in which
Pakistan took active part.
Pakistan enjoys close and cordial relations with the Islamic countries. Pakistan has
its trade and cultural pacts with several countries of the Middle East. Joint
Commissionon Governmentlevel havebeen established with Turkey,SaudiArabia,
Libya, UAE, Oman, Iraq, Kuwaitand other countries. Pakistan also provides skilled
and unskilled manpower to a number of Islamic countries to contribute in their
economic development and prosperity.
When OIC was set up, Pakistan became its active member in 1969. Since then
Pakistan has been actively taking part in the activities of the OICaimed at Islamic
unity, solidarity and stability. Pakistan has taken part in all summits and other
conferenceheld under the banner of the OICand contributed in all respects for the
achievement of its objectives. One Summit Conference and the number of FM
Conferences and other meetings of the OIC were held in Pakistan.
Mr. Sharif-ud-Din Pirzada, the former foreign minister of Pakistan, have been the
secretary-General of the OIC.
CAUSES OF OIC FAILURE:
“A toothless paper tiger”, this is what the critics say about OIC. And yes, indeed,
OIC has never been strong enough to play an important role in international
politics. It has never been a force to be reckoned with. The main reason and
objective for which OICwas established 3 years ago i.e. to safeguard and protect
the Muslims rights and interests globally has not been achieved. Such has been the
poor performanceand depressing state of affairs that the Muslims in various parts
of the world have suffered and continue to suffer. The OIC on more than one
occasion has remained a silent spectator. It is very astonishing that the second
biggest world organization after UNO could not achieve its objective or to protect
its people. Following are the some important causes of the failure of OIC:
 The absence of institutions in Islamic countries and consequently the absence
of sufficient importance given to interstate mechanism have been a grave

25. 25
misfortunefor the OIC. Islamic states justdo not possess a culture of deploying
their resources and expending their energies in an institutional framework.
 To develop and see the OIC as an essential forum for evolving policies and
programmeis virtuallyabsentamongthe Araband Africanstatesand it is grossly
inadequate among the non-Arab Islamic states. The Arab and African states
were incapable of developing the Arab League and the Organization of African
Unity (OAU) into efficacious organizations and have had a negative impact on
the OIC. Butfor Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, Bangladesh and Malaysia, theOICwould
have been buried long ago.
 No attention has been paid to improvethe functioningof the Generalsecretarial
of the OIC. TheHQ of the OIC, located in a place in Jeddah, has all along served
as a jumping ground for incompetent civil servants. Very few countries have
sent their experts to servein the Secretariat, which has been headed by people
of doubtful ability and character. Financial constraints have acted as an
additional inhibiting factor.
 OIC has not been able to flourish because nearly all Islamic countries are ruled
by non-democratic, unaccountable, corruptand intellectually bankruptregimes
which only pay lip serviceto Islamic solidarity but are pre-occupied in efforts to
perpetuate their rule despite of popular disaffection and alienation in their
respective masses.
 Muslims have never acted as one nation. They have never been united enough
to form a potent force. Lack of unity amongst the Muslim countries has been
the main cause of OIC failure. They have always played into the hands of the
super powers and in many occasions have started fighting against their
brother’s state or country.
 Most of the Muslim countries belong to the Third World and are developing
their economics. For this reason they are economically dependent on foreign
powers. This in turn gives the foreign powers a chance and an opportunity to
exploit the situation to their own advantageby offering pretty incentives to the
Muslims.
 The Islamic world has been divided into two camps, there are countries
belonging to the western camp and there are countries which represent the
conservative camp. In Islamic countries, in the recent years a continuous

26. 26
struggle is being witnessed where the governments belong to the pro-West
camp but the people want the implementation of the true principles of Islamic
Sharia in their countries.Thus the governmentsand people areat warwith each
other in most of the Islamic countries.
 Another factor which has contributed to the failure of the OIChas been the Shia
Sunni divide in the Muslim world. The Muslims have never been able to rise
themselves above this division and think in terms of being one nation.
 OIC has always laid undue stress on passing resolutions and declarations and
following a defective pattern of diplomacy. The summit conference has never
yielded positiveresults.Whatis required is a sincerity of purposeand a business
like approach to tackle the grave problems of the Muslim Ummah.
 Different forms of government’s e.g. Democracy, Kingship, Military rule etc. is
practicing in the Islamic Countries. Therefore, there is no coherence and
harmony in the thinking of the rulers. Thus, they prey of their enemies by
dividing themselves into different groups.
 Inefficient leadership is another device for the disunity and disintegration of
Islamic Countries. The leadership lacks the required qualities, thus pursuing
their own objectives instead of achieving the objectives of the Muslim Ummah.
 Most of the governments of Islamic Countries are pro-USA and are under the
foreign influence. They are controlled by US either economically or militarily, as
US is the single super power of the world and has the capability to direct or
control the minor nations, particularly of the Muslim world.
 Therearelack of strongmilitary poweramongthe OICfold. Theyhaveto depend
either on Russia or US. After the disintegration of USSR, the US emerged as
unipolar power and it can feel danger only from the Muslim world. Thus, she
wouldnotallow emerging any Muslimstateasa military power.Inthebeginning
of the decade, US eliminated Iraq’s military power by arranging a world
combined attack on it and destroying its missiles and atomic stores.
 Most of the Islamic countries are lacking technology and are depending on
Europein this regard. When a country is technically zero and cannot makeeven
a minor partof its machine, howcan it challenge a technically advanced country

27. 27
and face its might. Therefore, the Muslim countries cannot enter into Unity of
Muslim Ummah against the wishes of European or Western countries.
 There is a lack of cooperation among the OICcountries, as most of them are at
cold war with each other or some time in actual war with each other.
CONCLUSION:
Keeping in view all above arguments and narrations, we can conclude with an
optimistic note and remain hopeful since the spirit to progress is very much there
that it is only the will to act which is not there. OIC’s member states, therefore,
should forget their differences, leave all their restricted interests and merge
themselves into an Ummah-the Muslim Ummah. The Unity, the harmony of
Ummah can save them from all types of intrigues and prejudices. This can make
them prosperous and mighty all over the world.

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POINT OF VIEWS
SAARC:
When all the governments of seven South Asian region works together, for the
benefit of their regions to defeat the poverty, for live a quality life, to develop the
economic growth etc. By understanding each other problem’s, they will get some
progress and achieve some objectives of SAARC.
ECO:
I would like to say aboutthis, that the organization mustfollow their responsibility
honestly and maketrue what they decide through this not only people belief them
but also beneficial for country.
OIC:
If all Islamic countries make good relationship with each other and make unity
among them and work on development of OICand make OICstrong then they can
face any problem and solve it together. They can help each other and become
shoulder of each other in their bad times.

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BIBLOGRAPHY
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326368523_Economic_Cooperation_Organizatio
n_A_Historical_Perspective
Pakistan Studies (An Analytical Approach to Pakistan affairs) by Gul Shahzad Sarwar
Introduction to Pakistan Studies by M. Ikram Rabbani New Millennium, Caravan Book
House-Lahore