This document discusses water resources in Tanzania and how they are critical to the country's economy. It notes that while Tanzania currently has adequate water resources, population growth is projected to make the country water scarce by 2015. The text describes how rainfall and water resources vary significantly within Tanzania both spatially and temporally. It reviews several studies that project impacts of climate change on Tanzania's temperature, rainfall patterns, and river flows, but notes there is uncertainty due to varying projections and the lack of consideration of other drivers like land use change and El Niño. The document will examine how climate change may affect domestic water supply and hydropower generation in Tanzania.
Natural disasters caused by global warming disproportionately impact poorer countries that lack resources to recover, as seen with cyclones like Aila that affected millions in Bangladesh and India in 2009. Hurricanes like Katrina that hit the US in 2005 also cause immense economic damage, with Katrina's costs estimated at $89.6 billion. To reduce carbon emissions, companies must take expensive actions or change to renewable energy, but doing nothing will lead to even higher future costs and worse natural disasters. A changing climate also makes food production more difficult, decreasing supply. However, developing renewable energy sources can create new jobs.
The third day of the IUCN Nature conservation forum in Bamako, Mali began with Sarah Over presenting on the 2016 World Nature Conservation Forum. She discussed the process for electing the IUCN president and voting on motions. Four discussion groups developed proposed motions on topics like establishing a regional red list of protected species. There was also a presentation on CREMACO and its challenges, as well as a discussion on reviving the organization that was continued to Hawaii in 2016. Communications tools from PACO were introduced and Sarah Over provided instruction on using the IUCN portal.
Pakistan; Adsorption of Heavy Metals In Slow Sand Filters SystemsV9X
1. The document discusses batch adsorption tests conducted to establish adsorption isotherms for heavy metals like copper, chromium, lead, and cadmium onto sand in slow sand filters.
2. The tests aimed to confirm that adsorption was one of the mechanisms for heavy metal removal in slow sand filters. Results showed the adsorption followed both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models.
3. Maximum adsorption capacities from the Langmuir isotherm were highest for lead, followed by copper, chromium, and cadmium. The Freundlich constant was highest for copper, possibly due to its higher initial concentration. Values exceeded 1, indicating good adsorption of
This document summarizes updates to Austin's Environmental Criteria Manual regarding innovative stormwater controls. It describes vegetative filter strips, biofiltration, rainwater harvesting, porous pavement for pedestrian use, and rain gardens. Details are provided on the design and sizing criteria for each control, including graphics illustrating examples. Contact information is given for two city employees who can provide more information.
Texas; Introduction to Rainwater Harvesting - Texas A&M UniversityV9X
Rainwater harvesting involves capturing and storing rainwater for landscape irrigation and other non-potable uses. It can reduce demand on municipal water supplies and make efficient use of rainfall, a valuable resource. Simple systems distribute rainwater directly from the catchment area to plants, while complex systems include storage containers to make water available when needed. Factors like rainfall amounts, landscape water requirements, and costs determine whether investing in a complex system is worthwhile for a given property. Rainwater harvesting provides multiple environmental and economic benefits when properly designed and implemented.
Eptri - Post Graduation Diploma in Management : Environment ManagementEPTRI PGDMEM
The Post Graduate Diploma in Management –Environment Management, is a fully residential two-year (6 trimesters) course approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE).
Using green infrastructure to address Global WarmingFarrah85p
This document discusses using green infrastructure to address climate change through successful initiatives. It provides examples of:
1) Chicago's urban forest project which mapped over 4 million trees providing benefits like pollution removal and carbon storage. GIS data showed tree coverage reduced heat wave deaths.
2) The Augustenborg neighborhood in Malmo, Sweden which implemented a stormwater management system using canals, ponds and wetlands to retain 70% of rainfall. Green roofs were also installed.
3) Strategic forestry in Switzerland which found forests reduced landslides by one third compared to non-forested areas. The government now manages forests for protective functions.
Natural disasters caused by global warming disproportionately impact poorer countries that lack resources to recover, as seen with cyclones like Aila that affected millions in Bangladesh and India in 2009. Hurricanes like Katrina that hit the US in 2005 also cause immense economic damage, with Katrina's costs estimated at $89.6 billion. To reduce carbon emissions, companies must take expensive actions or change to renewable energy, but doing nothing will lead to even higher future costs and worse natural disasters. A changing climate also makes food production more difficult, decreasing supply. However, developing renewable energy sources can create new jobs.
The third day of the IUCN Nature conservation forum in Bamako, Mali began with Sarah Over presenting on the 2016 World Nature Conservation Forum. She discussed the process for electing the IUCN president and voting on motions. Four discussion groups developed proposed motions on topics like establishing a regional red list of protected species. There was also a presentation on CREMACO and its challenges, as well as a discussion on reviving the organization that was continued to Hawaii in 2016. Communications tools from PACO were introduced and Sarah Over provided instruction on using the IUCN portal.
Pakistan; Adsorption of Heavy Metals In Slow Sand Filters SystemsV9X
1. The document discusses batch adsorption tests conducted to establish adsorption isotherms for heavy metals like copper, chromium, lead, and cadmium onto sand in slow sand filters.
2. The tests aimed to confirm that adsorption was one of the mechanisms for heavy metal removal in slow sand filters. Results showed the adsorption followed both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models.
3. Maximum adsorption capacities from the Langmuir isotherm were highest for lead, followed by copper, chromium, and cadmium. The Freundlich constant was highest for copper, possibly due to its higher initial concentration. Values exceeded 1, indicating good adsorption of
This document summarizes updates to Austin's Environmental Criteria Manual regarding innovative stormwater controls. It describes vegetative filter strips, biofiltration, rainwater harvesting, porous pavement for pedestrian use, and rain gardens. Details are provided on the design and sizing criteria for each control, including graphics illustrating examples. Contact information is given for two city employees who can provide more information.
Texas; Introduction to Rainwater Harvesting - Texas A&M UniversityV9X
Rainwater harvesting involves capturing and storing rainwater for landscape irrigation and other non-potable uses. It can reduce demand on municipal water supplies and make efficient use of rainfall, a valuable resource. Simple systems distribute rainwater directly from the catchment area to plants, while complex systems include storage containers to make water available when needed. Factors like rainfall amounts, landscape water requirements, and costs determine whether investing in a complex system is worthwhile for a given property. Rainwater harvesting provides multiple environmental and economic benefits when properly designed and implemented.
Eptri - Post Graduation Diploma in Management : Environment ManagementEPTRI PGDMEM
The Post Graduate Diploma in Management –Environment Management, is a fully residential two-year (6 trimesters) course approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE).
Using green infrastructure to address Global WarmingFarrah85p
This document discusses using green infrastructure to address climate change through successful initiatives. It provides examples of:
1) Chicago's urban forest project which mapped over 4 million trees providing benefits like pollution removal and carbon storage. GIS data showed tree coverage reduced heat wave deaths.
2) The Augustenborg neighborhood in Malmo, Sweden which implemented a stormwater management system using canals, ponds and wetlands to retain 70% of rainfall. Green roofs were also installed.
3) Strategic forestry in Switzerland which found forests reduced landslides by one third compared to non-forested areas. The government now manages forests for protective functions.
Sustainability Virtual Summits - Smart ICT Feb 2010guestfb0c10
The document describes a series of virtual sustainability summits hosted by an organization called Sustainability Virtual Summits from February to December 2010. The summits will feature keynote speakers and sessions on topics related to using information and communications technologies (ICT) to address climate change. Sessions will cover topics like smart supply chains, manufacturing, transportation, buildings and more. The events aim to share best practices, maximize impact, and inspire sustainable solutions. They will be supported and promoted by the United Nations.
Kindergarten and elementary school teachers held about 1.7 million jobs in 2010, generally working during standard school hours. While they enjoy seeing students learn and develop skills, teachers also face challenges like heavy workloads, long hours, and dealing with unmotivated students. To become a teacher, one needs a bachelor's degree in teaching, completion of an approved training program, and a state-issued license. Starting salaries for teachers nationally and in Iowa are around $40,000 per year, increasing with experience.
Social Capital and Networks in Nature Conservation [SEAGA]November Tan
The document discusses social capital and networks in the conservation of Chek Jawa, a nature area in Singapore. It summarizes how in 2001, reclamation plans for Chek Jawa were deferred due to effective public consultation led by environmental civil society groups. These groups utilized social capital accumulated through networks, credibility, and trust to engage the public and state through non-confrontational strategies like guided walks, surveys, and online/media outreach. This landmark event was a watershed moment for environmental governance in Singapore and demonstrated the importance of social capital and networks for successful nature conservation.
The document discusses environmental fiscal reforms (EFR) as an approach to achieve development goals while ensuring environmental sustainability. It proposes using fiscal instruments like taxes and subsidies to influence behaviors that protect the environment and redirect funds towards conservation and poverty reduction. The reforms aim to have win-win outcomes of environmental benefits, fiscal benefits, and poverty reduction by incentivizing sustainable resource management and curbing pollution. Appropriate EFR tools for Pakistan include pricing natural resources and charging for environmental externalities. The reforms were tested in a project funded by Swiss Development Cooperation aimed at reducing poverty and improving the environment.
The document discusses how reducing paper usage through the use of electronic "Green PDFs" can help lower carbon dioxide emissions and save trees. It notes that the paper industry is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and that converting to digital documents in place of printing can significantly reduce emissions, waste, and costs. Encouraging the use of Green PDFs and reducing paper consumption by even 10% globally each year could save over 100 million trees and remove 100 million metric tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
The document discusses how global warming affects politics worldwide. It focuses on several international issues related to climate change and resource scarcity. Specifically, it discusses the Copenhagen Conference which aimed to reduce CO2 emissions and renew the Kyoto Protocol. It also mentions potential conflicts over water resources between countries in Africa, the Middle East, and those sharing river systems like the Nile. Cooperation between nations on climate investments and water sharing agreements are discussed as ways to prevent tensions and wars related to global warming impacts.
The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is an international conservation organization whose mission is to conserve nature and ensure human needs are met in harmony with the environment. By 2020, WWF aims to conserve 19 of the world's most important natural places and influence global markets to protect nature. WWF works in over 100 countries on projects like ecosystem services, sustainable resource use, and pollution reduction. In response to the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill, WWF is monitoring the situation, offering assistance to local partners, and encouraging donations to support cleanup and wildlife rehabilitation efforts.
Biodiversity and threats in the Desert Uplands: The case of Bimblebox Nature ...bimblebox
The 8000 hectare Bimblebox Nature Refuge is threatened by a massive new coal development proposed by Waratah Coal. In late September 2011 the company released its Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for its ‘China First’ mine (otherwise known as the ‘Galilee Coal Project’). It outlines a proposal to extract 40 mega-tonnes of coal per year, which would be transported on a yet-to-be-built 468km rail line up to Abbot Point and shipped through the Great Barrier Reef on its way to China where it will be burnt for energy generation. Their ambitious and polluting plans have not yet received formal government approval.
Support the upcoming 'Bimblebox' documentary by film maker Michael O'Connell on Kickstarter: http://kck.st/rTFBO7
www.bimblebox.org
Wilderness and the future of nature conservation in EuropeZoltan Kun
This presentation was provided during the annual conference of Austrian National Parks in Hainburg on 12 December 2012. The conference was attended by roughly 150 people among them managers of several potential PAN Parks.
The document provides information on various foreign funding facilities available to local government units, non-government organizations, and people's organizations in the Philippines for projects related to environment, rural development, and infrastructure. It outlines the priority areas, eligible applicants, financial assistance amounts, duration and selection criteria for different grant and loan programs from countries like Germany, Japan, Canada, Australia, and institutions like the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.
The Donald W. Reynolds National Center for Business Journalism presents "Covering the Green Economy - A Western Perspective."
Russ Choma provides helpful tips regarding the funding and future of green initiatives at the Los Angeles Times.
Global Warming and Cooperatives: Capacity Building of Farmersdearasthana
This slide trace a link between cooperative institution, farmers, agriculture and global warming. It shows how agriculture activity induce global warming.
Role of Protected Areas in meeting Climate Challenge and IUCN- Saadullah Ayazsaadayaz
Protected areas play an important dual role in addressing climate change through mitigation and adaptation. They mitigate climate change by capturing and storing carbon from the atmosphere in ecosystems. They help adapt to climate change by maintaining ecosystem services that buffer impacts and support livelihoods as climates change. International organizations like IUCN and conventions like the UNFCCC and CBD recognize the role of protected areas in climate strategies and call for increased protection of natural areas to respond to climate challenges.
Corporate Environmental Management And Carbon MarketsSanjay Dayal
The document discusses the history and evolution of corporate environmental management. It outlines key events like Rachel Carson's book that sparked the environmental movement. It also discusses the World Commission on Environment and Development's report on sustainable development. Finally, it outlines principles from the International Chamber of Commerce's Business Charter for Sustainable Development, including establishing environmental policies, integrating sustainability into long-term strategies, and educating employees and stakeholders.
Availability and trends of water supply Network in sub-Sahara BotswanaIJCMESJOURNAL
Water is an essential requirement for individuals and is one of the major keys of any financial improvement of the world social orders and a manageable utilization of this asset is of most extreme significance. Water shortage can have extraordinary effects with respect to the economy, advancement and national security of a nation and it is imperative to get a handle on the reason for the issue keeping in mind the end goal to explain it in the most productive way. By breaking down information time arrangement for temperature, precipitation and utilization and additionally playing out a spatial investigation over the catchment range it was conceivable to distinguish the progressions that have happened in the catchment territory, the atmosphere and the household utilization throughout the most recent decade. Poor information determination and an absence of factual noteworthiness imply that no solid conclusions can be drawn. The paper depends on various reports to demonstrate the accessibility patterns of water in the nation on the premise of interest and supply design.
Rainwater Harvesting Technologies in Makueni County, Kenyainventy
Rainwater harvesting has been in existence for many years and has positively impacted life, agriculture and economy. Despite these known benefits of rainwater harvesting, Makueni County's population is slowly adopting rainwater harvesting technologies. Water scarcity still remains a major constraint to life and economic development in the County. The aim of this paper is to evaluate rainwater harvesting technologies and the factors contributing to adoption of the technologies in the ASAL areas with Makueni County being the case study. The study was conducted in Wanzauni and Itetani locations in Tulimani division, Mbooni West district, Makueni County within Kenya's Eastern Region which lies within the arid and semi arid ecological zones of Kenya. A total of 160 household questionnaires were administered, focus group discussions and key informants interviews done during data collection exercise. The data was analyzed using Statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). Various rainwater harvesting technologies (RWHTs) are used within Makueni County including macro-catchment (earth dams, sand/sub-surface dams), micro-catchment (Zai pits, strip catchment, tillage, contour and semi-circular bunds) and rooftop rainwater harvesting technologies with rooftop catchment being the most commonly used technique. However, adoption of these RWHTs in Makueni County is slow irrespective of their potential to improve livelihoods. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict factors affecting adoption of RWHTs within 160 households in Makueni County. Some of the factors found to have statistically-significant positive effect on the adoption of RWHT are gender, literacy levels, social and economic status and technological know-how on RWHT. Ways of promoting the adoption of RWHTs such as capacity building and training, poverty alleviation through enhancement of income generation activities, enhanced formation of community groups aimed at water development activities, and improved designs incorporating mechanized technologies in favour of women and children, are recommended.
2010 liongson-flood mitigation in metro manila-phil engg journal articleleony1948
Flood Mitigation in Metro Manila
Leonardo Q. Liongson
Academician, National Academy of Science and Technology
and Professor, Institute of Civil Engineering, UP Diliman
Abstract:
Tropical Storm Ondoy (Ketsana) crossed Metro Manila and the adjacent river basins in a late wet-season episode of 2009, starting in the evening of September 25, 2009 and continuing into the next day of September 26, 2009. TS Ondoy brought very intense and heavy rainfall to the region: meaning that record amounts of rains fell over a very short time period of 12 hours to 24 hours, which are estimated to occur at an average annual frequency of 1 in 100 years or even higher, depending on the measuring location in the region. The rains generated record-magnitude flood flows and inundation in the Pasig-Marikina River Basin in Metro Manila, and the Laguna de Bay region. This article briefly explains the present situation in the flood management in Metro Manila, covers the
various government flood-mitigation projects, and after briefly describing the pattern and statistics of the rainfall and flood flows associated with the major storm and their resulting physical impacts, risks and damages to the metropolis, provides recommendations, both in terms of structural and non-structural mitigation measures, for everyone concerned.
The document discusses the Waterharmonica concept, which emphasizes using natural processes and low technologies to treat wastewater. It is a Dutch initiative that aims to reuse nutrients from wastewater for agriculture. Constructed wetlands are used as a post-treatment process to further improve effluent water quality before reuse or discharge. The document also provides background on Tanzania, noting its economy depends on agriculture and problems with water pollution from wastewater from agricultural, household, and some industrial sources. Common on-site sanitation systems in Tanzania include pit latrines and septic tanks.
Flood, Flow and Flux: Climate variability and effects of the Kafue River regu...Premier Publishers
Governing common property resources for pastoralism in floodplains is a challenge. The case of the Kafue Flats in Southern Zambia in Namwala District illustrates how pastoralists have developed multiple resilience strategies to climate variability and altered flooding, flow and flux of the Kafue River between two dams. Accordingly, population in cattle have increased from 123,016 in 2010 to 123,738 in 2011, 128,898 in 2012 to 132,797 in 2013, and 135,306 in 2014 to 139,945 in 2015 and 145, 445 in 2016. This increase has reduced the area available for grazing per cow with respect to access to water and pasture. Compounded by droughts and increase in cattle numbers, the hectarage per cow has continued to decline from 3.8, 2.6 to 1.9 and 3.7, 2.4 to 1.7 in 2005 and 2017 in the Flats, lagoons and dry land respectively. This means that the Kafue Flats is prone to overgrazing in view of combined increased floodplain agriculture, successive droughts and increase in cattle numbers. Thus, due to lack of an enabling legal environment that protect pasture in common floodplains as well as pastoralists’ productive assets and livelihoods, climate variability and altered Kafue River flow has threatened the resilience and management of common property resources in Namwala. Grazing and cropping patterns have changed dramatically and flood-dependent livelihoods are threatened. Thus, this study re-conceptualizes the Kafue Flats as a dynamic ecotone ecosystem, one in which new rules for Kafue River governance can sustain pastoralism into a vital economic, ecological and energetic sector.
The Importance Of Water Resources In AfricaCarolina Lewis
Fresh water is becoming increasingly scarce as a natural resource due to various factors. As the human population grows and industrial and agricultural activities increase, the demand for fresh water is rising rapidly. If usage patterns and waste are not addressed sustainably, many regions could face severe water shortages in the coming decades that impact lives and livelihoods.
Sustainability Virtual Summits - Smart ICT Feb 2010guestfb0c10
The document describes a series of virtual sustainability summits hosted by an organization called Sustainability Virtual Summits from February to December 2010. The summits will feature keynote speakers and sessions on topics related to using information and communications technologies (ICT) to address climate change. Sessions will cover topics like smart supply chains, manufacturing, transportation, buildings and more. The events aim to share best practices, maximize impact, and inspire sustainable solutions. They will be supported and promoted by the United Nations.
Kindergarten and elementary school teachers held about 1.7 million jobs in 2010, generally working during standard school hours. While they enjoy seeing students learn and develop skills, teachers also face challenges like heavy workloads, long hours, and dealing with unmotivated students. To become a teacher, one needs a bachelor's degree in teaching, completion of an approved training program, and a state-issued license. Starting salaries for teachers nationally and in Iowa are around $40,000 per year, increasing with experience.
Social Capital and Networks in Nature Conservation [SEAGA]November Tan
The document discusses social capital and networks in the conservation of Chek Jawa, a nature area in Singapore. It summarizes how in 2001, reclamation plans for Chek Jawa were deferred due to effective public consultation led by environmental civil society groups. These groups utilized social capital accumulated through networks, credibility, and trust to engage the public and state through non-confrontational strategies like guided walks, surveys, and online/media outreach. This landmark event was a watershed moment for environmental governance in Singapore and demonstrated the importance of social capital and networks for successful nature conservation.
The document discusses environmental fiscal reforms (EFR) as an approach to achieve development goals while ensuring environmental sustainability. It proposes using fiscal instruments like taxes and subsidies to influence behaviors that protect the environment and redirect funds towards conservation and poverty reduction. The reforms aim to have win-win outcomes of environmental benefits, fiscal benefits, and poverty reduction by incentivizing sustainable resource management and curbing pollution. Appropriate EFR tools for Pakistan include pricing natural resources and charging for environmental externalities. The reforms were tested in a project funded by Swiss Development Cooperation aimed at reducing poverty and improving the environment.
The document discusses how reducing paper usage through the use of electronic "Green PDFs" can help lower carbon dioxide emissions and save trees. It notes that the paper industry is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and that converting to digital documents in place of printing can significantly reduce emissions, waste, and costs. Encouraging the use of Green PDFs and reducing paper consumption by even 10% globally each year could save over 100 million trees and remove 100 million metric tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
The document discusses how global warming affects politics worldwide. It focuses on several international issues related to climate change and resource scarcity. Specifically, it discusses the Copenhagen Conference which aimed to reduce CO2 emissions and renew the Kyoto Protocol. It also mentions potential conflicts over water resources between countries in Africa, the Middle East, and those sharing river systems like the Nile. Cooperation between nations on climate investments and water sharing agreements are discussed as ways to prevent tensions and wars related to global warming impacts.
The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is an international conservation organization whose mission is to conserve nature and ensure human needs are met in harmony with the environment. By 2020, WWF aims to conserve 19 of the world's most important natural places and influence global markets to protect nature. WWF works in over 100 countries on projects like ecosystem services, sustainable resource use, and pollution reduction. In response to the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill, WWF is monitoring the situation, offering assistance to local partners, and encouraging donations to support cleanup and wildlife rehabilitation efforts.
Biodiversity and threats in the Desert Uplands: The case of Bimblebox Nature ...bimblebox
The 8000 hectare Bimblebox Nature Refuge is threatened by a massive new coal development proposed by Waratah Coal. In late September 2011 the company released its Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for its ‘China First’ mine (otherwise known as the ‘Galilee Coal Project’). It outlines a proposal to extract 40 mega-tonnes of coal per year, which would be transported on a yet-to-be-built 468km rail line up to Abbot Point and shipped through the Great Barrier Reef on its way to China where it will be burnt for energy generation. Their ambitious and polluting plans have not yet received formal government approval.
Support the upcoming 'Bimblebox' documentary by film maker Michael O'Connell on Kickstarter: http://kck.st/rTFBO7
www.bimblebox.org
Wilderness and the future of nature conservation in EuropeZoltan Kun
This presentation was provided during the annual conference of Austrian National Parks in Hainburg on 12 December 2012. The conference was attended by roughly 150 people among them managers of several potential PAN Parks.
The document provides information on various foreign funding facilities available to local government units, non-government organizations, and people's organizations in the Philippines for projects related to environment, rural development, and infrastructure. It outlines the priority areas, eligible applicants, financial assistance amounts, duration and selection criteria for different grant and loan programs from countries like Germany, Japan, Canada, Australia, and institutions like the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.
The Donald W. Reynolds National Center for Business Journalism presents "Covering the Green Economy - A Western Perspective."
Russ Choma provides helpful tips regarding the funding and future of green initiatives at the Los Angeles Times.
Global Warming and Cooperatives: Capacity Building of Farmersdearasthana
This slide trace a link between cooperative institution, farmers, agriculture and global warming. It shows how agriculture activity induce global warming.
Role of Protected Areas in meeting Climate Challenge and IUCN- Saadullah Ayazsaadayaz
Protected areas play an important dual role in addressing climate change through mitigation and adaptation. They mitigate climate change by capturing and storing carbon from the atmosphere in ecosystems. They help adapt to climate change by maintaining ecosystem services that buffer impacts and support livelihoods as climates change. International organizations like IUCN and conventions like the UNFCCC and CBD recognize the role of protected areas in climate strategies and call for increased protection of natural areas to respond to climate challenges.
Corporate Environmental Management And Carbon MarketsSanjay Dayal
The document discusses the history and evolution of corporate environmental management. It outlines key events like Rachel Carson's book that sparked the environmental movement. It also discusses the World Commission on Environment and Development's report on sustainable development. Finally, it outlines principles from the International Chamber of Commerce's Business Charter for Sustainable Development, including establishing environmental policies, integrating sustainability into long-term strategies, and educating employees and stakeholders.
Availability and trends of water supply Network in sub-Sahara BotswanaIJCMESJOURNAL
Water is an essential requirement for individuals and is one of the major keys of any financial improvement of the world social orders and a manageable utilization of this asset is of most extreme significance. Water shortage can have extraordinary effects with respect to the economy, advancement and national security of a nation and it is imperative to get a handle on the reason for the issue keeping in mind the end goal to explain it in the most productive way. By breaking down information time arrangement for temperature, precipitation and utilization and additionally playing out a spatial investigation over the catchment range it was conceivable to distinguish the progressions that have happened in the catchment territory, the atmosphere and the household utilization throughout the most recent decade. Poor information determination and an absence of factual noteworthiness imply that no solid conclusions can be drawn. The paper depends on various reports to demonstrate the accessibility patterns of water in the nation on the premise of interest and supply design.
Rainwater Harvesting Technologies in Makueni County, Kenyainventy
Rainwater harvesting has been in existence for many years and has positively impacted life, agriculture and economy. Despite these known benefits of rainwater harvesting, Makueni County's population is slowly adopting rainwater harvesting technologies. Water scarcity still remains a major constraint to life and economic development in the County. The aim of this paper is to evaluate rainwater harvesting technologies and the factors contributing to adoption of the technologies in the ASAL areas with Makueni County being the case study. The study was conducted in Wanzauni and Itetani locations in Tulimani division, Mbooni West district, Makueni County within Kenya's Eastern Region which lies within the arid and semi arid ecological zones of Kenya. A total of 160 household questionnaires were administered, focus group discussions and key informants interviews done during data collection exercise. The data was analyzed using Statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). Various rainwater harvesting technologies (RWHTs) are used within Makueni County including macro-catchment (earth dams, sand/sub-surface dams), micro-catchment (Zai pits, strip catchment, tillage, contour and semi-circular bunds) and rooftop rainwater harvesting technologies with rooftop catchment being the most commonly used technique. However, adoption of these RWHTs in Makueni County is slow irrespective of their potential to improve livelihoods. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict factors affecting adoption of RWHTs within 160 households in Makueni County. Some of the factors found to have statistically-significant positive effect on the adoption of RWHT are gender, literacy levels, social and economic status and technological know-how on RWHT. Ways of promoting the adoption of RWHTs such as capacity building and training, poverty alleviation through enhancement of income generation activities, enhanced formation of community groups aimed at water development activities, and improved designs incorporating mechanized technologies in favour of women and children, are recommended.
2010 liongson-flood mitigation in metro manila-phil engg journal articleleony1948
Flood Mitigation in Metro Manila
Leonardo Q. Liongson
Academician, National Academy of Science and Technology
and Professor, Institute of Civil Engineering, UP Diliman
Abstract:
Tropical Storm Ondoy (Ketsana) crossed Metro Manila and the adjacent river basins in a late wet-season episode of 2009, starting in the evening of September 25, 2009 and continuing into the next day of September 26, 2009. TS Ondoy brought very intense and heavy rainfall to the region: meaning that record amounts of rains fell over a very short time period of 12 hours to 24 hours, which are estimated to occur at an average annual frequency of 1 in 100 years or even higher, depending on the measuring location in the region. The rains generated record-magnitude flood flows and inundation in the Pasig-Marikina River Basin in Metro Manila, and the Laguna de Bay region. This article briefly explains the present situation in the flood management in Metro Manila, covers the
various government flood-mitigation projects, and after briefly describing the pattern and statistics of the rainfall and flood flows associated with the major storm and their resulting physical impacts, risks and damages to the metropolis, provides recommendations, both in terms of structural and non-structural mitigation measures, for everyone concerned.
The document discusses the Waterharmonica concept, which emphasizes using natural processes and low technologies to treat wastewater. It is a Dutch initiative that aims to reuse nutrients from wastewater for agriculture. Constructed wetlands are used as a post-treatment process to further improve effluent water quality before reuse or discharge. The document also provides background on Tanzania, noting its economy depends on agriculture and problems with water pollution from wastewater from agricultural, household, and some industrial sources. Common on-site sanitation systems in Tanzania include pit latrines and septic tanks.
Flood, Flow and Flux: Climate variability and effects of the Kafue River regu...Premier Publishers
Governing common property resources for pastoralism in floodplains is a challenge. The case of the Kafue Flats in Southern Zambia in Namwala District illustrates how pastoralists have developed multiple resilience strategies to climate variability and altered flooding, flow and flux of the Kafue River between two dams. Accordingly, population in cattle have increased from 123,016 in 2010 to 123,738 in 2011, 128,898 in 2012 to 132,797 in 2013, and 135,306 in 2014 to 139,945 in 2015 and 145, 445 in 2016. This increase has reduced the area available for grazing per cow with respect to access to water and pasture. Compounded by droughts and increase in cattle numbers, the hectarage per cow has continued to decline from 3.8, 2.6 to 1.9 and 3.7, 2.4 to 1.7 in 2005 and 2017 in the Flats, lagoons and dry land respectively. This means that the Kafue Flats is prone to overgrazing in view of combined increased floodplain agriculture, successive droughts and increase in cattle numbers. Thus, due to lack of an enabling legal environment that protect pasture in common floodplains as well as pastoralists’ productive assets and livelihoods, climate variability and altered Kafue River flow has threatened the resilience and management of common property resources in Namwala. Grazing and cropping patterns have changed dramatically and flood-dependent livelihoods are threatened. Thus, this study re-conceptualizes the Kafue Flats as a dynamic ecotone ecosystem, one in which new rules for Kafue River governance can sustain pastoralism into a vital economic, ecological and energetic sector.
The Importance Of Water Resources In AfricaCarolina Lewis
Fresh water is becoming increasingly scarce as a natural resource due to various factors. As the human population grows and industrial and agricultural activities increase, the demand for fresh water is rising rapidly. If usage patterns and waste are not addressed sustainably, many regions could face severe water shortages in the coming decades that impact lives and livelihoods.
72.9% of Mexico's water withdrawals in 2009 were for agricultural purposes, with 12.0% for industrial uses and 8.0% for cooling thermoelectric plants. From 2003 to 2011, over 43% of Mexico's water-related government budget was spent on water supply and sanitation, while close to 95% of water-related official development assistance went to water supply and sanitation projects. Mexico faces water challenges including water pollution, overexploitation of groundwater sources, and effects of water-related natural disasters.
Water Family Meeting and Symposium on Water Equity in South-East Europe and the Mediterranean
28-29 March 2019 Palazzo Zorzi, Venice (Italy) -
Konstantinos Voudouris, Vice President, UNESCO Category II Centre on Integrated and Multidisciplinary Water Resources Management, Thessaloniki, Greece
Water source and water demand needs assessments for bonwireAlexander Decker
The document assesses the water supply and demand in Bonwire, Ghana. It identifies four rivers and two boreholes as the water sources for the town. Discharge measurements found the total river flow to be 14,153 m3/day, while the boreholes supply 86 m3/day. The current population of 7,099 people demands 274 m3/day, exceeding the borehole supply by 188 m3/day. Water quality testing revealed the rivers exceed standards for coliform bacteria, nitrates, sulfates and hardness, rendering them unpotable. It was concluded there is a water deficit as only the groundwater meets drinking standards but the supply is insufficient. Recommendations included controlling river pollution, drilling additional
Water is essential for all life on Earth. It supports daily human activities like agriculture, manufacturing, and power generation. However, fresh water only makes up a small portion of the total water on Earth. Japan faces challenges in ensuring adequate water resources due to its climate and geography. Through developing infrastructure like dams, channels, and groundwater systems, Japan has worked to effectively manage and distribute its limited water supply to support its population and economy.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology that analyzes nitrate contamination of groundwater in the Moulares-Redayef mining basin in Tunisia. The study area contains unconfined aquifers that supply water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. Nitrate levels were found to exceed drinking water standards in some wells, likely due to fertilizer application and wastewater disposal. The study evaluates land for vulnerability to nitrate contamination using a modified DRASTIC method in a GIS. Sampled wells showed higher and more frequent nitrate detections in alluvial areas. The analysis aims to inform fertilizer management strategies and land use planning to protect groundwater
Climate Change Adaptation and Integrated Water Resource Management in the Wat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the impacts of climate change adaptation and integrated water resource management on water use and sustainability in Monrovia, Liberia. It finds that while Liberia has abundant water resources, implementation of integrated water resource management has faced challenges and Liberia scores the lowest in implementation status compared to other West African nations. There has also been little progress in designing a national climate change adaptation plan for the water sector. The document reviews Liberia's water resources, integrated water management efforts, the link between climate change and water resources, and limitations of current climate prediction models.
Analyzing Land Use Change And Typology Of The Olive Groves In The Tunisian Or...Michele Thomas
This document analyzes land use change and typology of olive groves along the Tunisian coastline. It finds that urbanization has led to the transformation and abandonment of about 20% of olive crops in central and southern Tunisia since 1990. Through analyzing temporal databases of land use mutations, it demonstrates the impacts of population growth and urban expansion on olive groves and agricultural lands, including increased traffic, pollution, and loss of natural resources. A current study is focusing on the effects of urbanization on olive groves over time by mapping spatiotemporal changes in urban, suburban and agricultural land uses to understand threats to olive trees from urban development and help predict future impacts to inform land use planning.
This document summarizes the hydrological conditions of the Mekong River in Cambodia from 2000 to 2015. It finds that 2015 saw significantly lower rainfall and river flows compared to previous years. The flood peak index and volumes were within the lowest ranges. Water levels in Tonle Sap Lake were much reduced. El Nino conditions from late 2015 to mid-2016 likely exacerbated the dry conditions. Going forward, the author recommends considering climate change impacts, reservoir operations, sediment and salinity changes in modeling future flood risks.
Okanagan Waterwise: Trepanier Landscape Water Management PlanFiona9864
This document provides a summary of the final report of the Trepanier Landscape Unit water management plan. The report was commissioned by the Regional District of Central Okanagan and BC Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management to address growing pressures on water resources in the region from factors like population growth and climate change. Key findings of the report include that water usage in the TLU is very high at 789 litres per person per day, over twice the Canadian average, and actions will need to be taken to reduce water usage or find alternative sources to sustain economic growth while maintaining environmental quality as pressures increase in the coming decades. The report provides recommendations to improve water management in the TLU through actions such as establishing a leadership group and
Floods can have both advantages and disadvantages. While floods can replenish topsoil and spread plant seeds, they can also be destructive by damaging infrastructure, drowning people and animals, and stranding people. The 2010 floods in Pakistan were some of the worst in the country's history, affecting over 16 million people across four provinces. Causes included heavy monsoon rains, snowmelt, improper drainage systems, and inadequate dam capacity. The floods caused over $10 billion in damages by destroying crops, roads, power infrastructure, and irrigation systems. An integrated flood management plan is needed that combines approaches like constructing dams and reservoirs, improving forecasting systems, regulating development in flood-prone areas, and educating communities.
MVG - Access to water in Kigoma, TanzaniaJanet Chapman
Presentation by Benedicto Hosea on issues around water access in Kigoma, Tanzania and how they are addressing them. More information at https://mboniyavijana.org/water/
This document summarizes research on Underground Taming of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI), which intercepts seasonal floodwater underground to store it and use for dry season irrigation and domestic water supplies. It discusses:
- Pilot testing of UTFI in Uttar Pradesh, India, where a community pond was converted to recharge groundwater, reducing flooding and improving water access.
- Scientific findings showing 40-60 thousand cubic meters of floodwater stored annually underground per site, with silt managed and no water quality impacts found.
- Engagement with local communities, district officials, and state and national government bodies, who are supporting adoption and further research on UTFI's potential to enhance water security
This document summarizes a study on flash flood hazards in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. It finds that rainfall intensity has increased in the local Dechatu catchment since 1970, exacerbating flash flooding. Land use changes like shrinking forests and expanding urban/farm areas have also increased surface runoff and flood risk. The worst flooding on record occurred in 2006, killing 256 people, displacing over 9,956, and causing over 97 million ETB in damages. The study aims to identify flood triggering factors and impacts to better inform future disaster mitigation through land use policy and early warning systems.
The document discusses environmental issues related to groundwater in Lahore, Pakistan. It notes that groundwater levels in the city have declined significantly from 15-16 feet at its founding to over 100 feet currently due to overextraction to meet the needs of Lahore's growing population. This overpumping has led to saltwater intrusion and deterioration of groundwater quality. Untreated wastewater discharged into the Ravi River also pollutes the groundwater supply. The study aims to evaluate threats to groundwater in urban areas like Lahore and recommend mitigation measures for groundwater management.
Similar to Tanzania; The Economics Of Global Warming In Tanzania Water Resources (20)
Sudan; Slow Sand Filters Technical Guidelines for the Construction and Manag...V9X
This document provides technical guidelines for the construction and management of slow sand filters. Key points addressed include:
1. Selection criteria for slow sand filters such as land availability, raw water quality, and community participation.
2. Design procedures including filter sizing based on population served, flow rates, filter bed dimensions, and underdrainage systems.
3. Construction methods, design examples, and operation/maintenance guidelines. Management of slow sand filters and capacity building are also covered.
The document aims to standardize approaches and improve sustainability of slow sand filter projects implemented by water and sanitation agencies.
Sri Lanka; Rainwater Harvesting Projects in Sri LankaV9X
SOS Malta began implementing rainwater harvesting projects in Sri Lanka following the 2005 tsunami to provide communities with access to safe drinking water. The organization provided training to local residents on designing and installing inexpensive domestic rainwater collection systems. SOS Malta's long-term goals were to promote rainwater harvesting techniques, conduct awareness programs, and support the development of rainwater harvesting infrastructure in schools and villages. Through participatory approaches involving local organizations, SOS Malta established several community-based rainwater harvesting systems and trained local residents to maintain the systems and manage local water resources sustainably.
Sri Lanka; Rainwater Harvesting In Sri Lanka: Lessons LearnedV9X
This document provides an overview of rainwater harvesting in Sri Lanka, including lessons learned over time. It discusses how rainwater harvesting has been implemented in Sri Lanka since 1995 through various projects, with over 15,000 systems currently existing. The technology and designs have improved, resulting in better water quality and more affordable systems. Key lessons include increasing tank sizes for drier areas, adding lids, filters, and flush systems to improve water quality, and promoting community involvement for stronger project outcomes.
Sri Lanka; Rainwater Harvesting for Home Gardens in Dry Zone of Sri LankaV9X
The document summarizes a study on using low-cost rainwater harvesting tanks to improve incomes for households in Sri Lanka's dry zone. Nine farmers built 5m3 ferrocement tanks to collect surface runoff. They tested three cropping patterns: single crops between contours, mixed crops on contours, and N-fixing trees on contours. Results showed no difference in water collected or income increase between patterns. However, incomes doubled in Maha season compared to before. Most importantly, water availability allowed cultivation in the Yala season for the first time. Farmers' incomes increased and they used excess water for other purposes like brick making.
Sri Lanka; Rain Water Harvesting for Urban Buildings in Sri LankaV9X
1) Increasing urbanization in Sri Lanka has strained conventional water supplies, making alternatives like rainwater harvesting important.
2) Case studies show rainwater harvesting can provide 30-60% of non-drinking water needs for urban households and industries, significantly reducing water bills.
3) Sri Lanka's 2005 National Rainwater Harvesting Policy aims to incorporate harvesting in new construction and make it mandatory in urban areas over time to boost supplies and conserve treated water.
Sri Lanka; Quality of Collected Rainwater in Relation to Household Water Sec...V9X
1. The document discusses the quality of rainwater collected for household water security in Sri Lanka. Rainwater harvesting has become popular but people are reluctant to drink the collected rainwater due to perceptions of water quality.
2. A survey of rainwater quality from 5 locations found that rainwater meets WHO standards for physical and chemical quality except for pH levels in new tanks, but bacteriological quality does not meet standards except in tanks with filters.
3. Rainwater quality is better when tanks are managed properly by keeping roofs clean, using first flush devices and filters, and preventing sunlight entry; however, changing people's perceptions of rainwater quality requires education.
Sri Lanka; Quality of Collected Rainwater from Sri LankaV9X
This document summarizes a study on the quality of collected rainwater in Sri Lanka. It finds that rainwater generally meets WHO standards for chemical quality except for pH levels in some new tanks. However, bacteriological quality does not meet WHO standards except in one location where all tanks had filters. Fecal coliform counts were higher at the start of the rainy season and in tanks without filters. The study concludes that rainwater quality can meet standards if catchment roofs are clean, first flush devices and filters are used, and tanks are properly maintained to prevent breeding of mosquitoes.
Sri Lanka; Promoting Domestic Rain Water Harvesting in Sri LankaV9X
The Lanka Rain Water Harvesting Forum (LRWHF) was formed in 1996 to promote rainwater harvesting in Sri Lanka. Through demonstration projects, training, and influencing policy, LRWHF has helped over 30,000 rainwater harvesting systems to be installed. In 2005, Sri Lanka adopted the world's first National Policy on Rainwater Harvesting due to lobbying by LRWHF. The policy aims to encourage communities to manage their own water resources. While LRWHF has successfully promoted rainwater harvesting rurally, further efforts are needed to address costs and change perceptions to ensure proper, long-term use of these systems.
Sri Lanka; Importance of Rain Water Harvesting in Sri Lankan AgricultureV9X
Sri Lanka receives most of its water from rainfall, but much of this runs off without being collected and stored. Rainwater harvesting through small tanks and ponds could help boost agriculture in dry areas and improve livelihoods. A study found that collecting rainwater in small tanks increased farmers' incomes by 180%. Storing runoff water on farms through techniques like "pathahas" could enable crop growth during dry seasons. Rehabilitating Sri Lanka's network of small tanks across the dry zone could promote food security through increased irrigation.
Sri Lanka; Impact of Rainfall Runoff Harvesting in Drought Prone AreasV9X
The study examined the impact of rainfall runoff harvesting in wells located in a drought-prone region of Sri Lanka. Eight wells were selected near structures like tanks, dug wells, and runoff collection tanks to capture rainfall runoff. Water levels were monitored daily in the structures and wells. Results showed rainfall runoff collection was effective at maintaining water levels in shallow wells during the dry season, allowing cultivation. Recharge from structures contributed more to shallow wells than deep wells. All wells except the deepest were maintained at a level suitable for small-scale farming. Rainfall runoff harvesting helped address water shortages and supported agricultural activities during drought periods.
Sri Lanka; Domestic Rainwater Harvesting as a Water Supply Option in Sri LankaV9X
This document summarizes domestic rainwater harvesting in Sri Lanka. It discusses that rainwater harvesting has been promoted in Sri Lanka since 1995 through various projects and organizations. Currently over 31,000 domestic rainwater systems have been established. Rainwater harvesting was successfully legalized through national policy and legislation. The quality of harvested rainwater generally meets WHO standards and has been used for both drinking and non-drinking purposes. Rainwater harvesting provides social benefits like time savings and improved water access. It remains an important supplemental water source for rural communities.
This document provides an overview of water harvesting techniques used historically and currently around the world. It discusses how water harvesting has been practiced for thousands of years in arid regions to irrigate crops and provide drinking water. The document then summarizes various water harvesting methods used historically in regions like the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. It outlines factors to consider when implementing water harvesting systems, such as rainfall patterns, land use, topography, and maintenance requirements. The purpose is to provide context around water harvesting and define different techniques while examining its use and resurgence today.
Somalia; Potential of Rainwater Harvesting in SomaliaV9X
This document provides a framework for planning, designing, implementing, and monitoring rainwater harvesting (RWH) projects in Somalia. It was developed through consultative workshops with stakeholders in Somalia and presents information on climatic factors influencing RWH, historical indigenous technologies, current technological options, and design considerations for various RWH systems. The final products, including this framework and an assessment of RWH potentials, aim to guide policymakers and support agencies on prioritizing and investing in appropriate RWH options.
Pakistan; Removal of heavy metals from Water Through Adsorption Using SandV9X
This article examines the removal of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn) from aqueous solutions using ordinary sand as an adsorbent. Batch experiments were conducted by adding sand to metal salt solutions and measuring metal concentration after 24 hours. The data fit the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model well. The maximum amount of metal adsorbed to form a monolayer (am) was highest for Pb and lowest for Zn, indicating Pb's stronger interaction with sand. This preference is attributed to the metals' relative abilities to hydrolyze, with more easily hydrolyzed ions (like Pb2+) favoring chemisorption to silicate surface sites. The study concludes that while sand
Oregon; Neighborhood Level Analysis Of Rainwater Catchment In PortlandV9X
This document provides an analysis of rainwater catchment in Portland, Oregon at the neighborhood level. It defines key terms related to pervious and impervious surfaces and stormwater systems. It then explains the components of rainwater catchment systems and their costs and benefits, including reducing pollutants entering waterways and supplementing potable water supplies. The document outlines concerns about health hazards and regulations related to rainwater usage. It presents results of analyzing different household water uses and cistern sizes to determine how much stormwater could be diverted from the system in a given neighborhood.
Nepal; Eco Home For Sustainable Water Management: A Case Study In KathmanduV9X
The document describes a case study of a house in Kathmandu, Nepal called the Eco Home that has implemented various techniques for sustainable water management. These techniques include rainwater harvesting to collect over 180m3 of rainwater annually, a urine diversion dry toilet that separates human waste, and a greywater treatment system using a constructed wetland to recycle over 50% of the household water for non-potable uses like toilet flushing and gardening. The Eco Home aims to be self-sufficient in its water needs and reduce pollution by treating and reusing water on site rather than relying on municipal supplies or discharging waste.
The document provides design recommendations for improving grey water systems in San Miguel Suchixtepec, Mexico. It summarizes that the original systems installed in 38 homes are not being properly maintained, with only 8-10 still functioning after a year. The recommendations aim to create a more robust and easily maintained system using local materials. Key recommendations include:
1. Adding a colander or strainer to the sink to filter out large particles before grey water passes through the system.
2. Increasing the grease trap capacity to 90L to accommodate typical water usage flows, and adding flexible pipes and a baffle lid for easier cleaning and maintenance.
3. Replacing the current multi-media vertical filter with an
Malaysia; Rainwater Harvesting as an Alternative Water Supply in the FutureV9X
This document discusses rainwater harvesting as an alternative water supply for the future in Malaysia. It first reviews Malaysia's water shortage issues and increasing demand. Rainwater harvesting was introduced as a solution, involving collecting rainwater from roofs and storing it. The document outlines the components of a rainwater harvesting system and factors that affected its implementation in Malaysia. It argues that with treatment, rainwater has potential for both potable and non-potable uses and can help address water demand while saving treated water and costs. Pilot projects in Malaysia showed rainwater harvesting could satisfy needs and reduce water bills.
Malaysia; Policies and Incentives for Rainwater HarvestingV9X
The document discusses policies and incentives for rainwater harvesting in Malaysia. It provides:
1) A brief history of rainwater harvesting policies in Malaysia from 1999 guidelines to the 2006 announcement making it mandatory for large buildings.
2) An overview of the legal framework for water in Malaysia and how rainwater harvesting is not currently addressed in laws.
3) Suggestions that rainwater harvesting be implemented through local by-laws to address health, economic, and legal implications of making it compulsory.
Malaysia; Importance of Rainwater Harvesting in Human HealthV9X
This document discusses the importance of rainwater harvesting for human health by summarizing the health issues caused by consuming water contaminated with toxic levels of arsenic, cadmium, nitrates, and fluorides. It notes that arsenic, cadmium, and high levels of nitrates and fluorides have been found in groundwater sources in many parts of the world and can cause health problems like arsenicosis, chronic renal failure, methemoglobinemia, and dental and skeletal fluorosis. Rainwater harvesting provides an alternative source of relatively pure water and is proposed as an effective way to prevent diseases from contaminated groundwater in locations like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and other countries.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Letter and Document Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Sol...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on automated letter generation for Bonterra Impact Management using Google Workspace or Microsoft 365.
Interested in deploying letter generation automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slack
Tanzania; The Economics Of Global Warming In Tanzania Water Resources
1. THE ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN
TANZANIA
WATER RESOURCES
Stacey Noel
Stockholm Environment Institute
SEI‐Africa Centre
Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam
2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ iii
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1
2. CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER RESOURCES IN TANZANIA ............................................................ 4
3. DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY ........................................................................................................... 9
3.1 Urban water supply .................................................................................................................. 11
3.2 Rural water supply ................................................................................................................... 13
3.3 Adaptation ............................................................................................................................... 13
4. HYDROPOWER ........................................................................................................................... 16
Adaptation ..................................................................................................................................... 18
5. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................ 20
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 21
.
INTERVIEWS ...................................................................................................................................... 25
.
ii
3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Water resources are a critical to Tanzania’s economy: water is key to agricultural sector performance;
piped water systems provide input into industrial production and support the workforce in urban areas;
water in rivers and reservoirs generate over half of the country’s grid electricity through hydropower
installations; and water flows through the ecosystem provide numerous provisioning services while also
supporting the tourism sector. With renewable water resources per capita of 2,291 m3, Tanzania is
currently not classified as water scarce, but due to projection population growth it is expected to be so
by 2015. The country is also challenged by a high degree of water resource variability both spatially and
temporally. National mean annual rainfall is 1,071 mm but the Lake Tanganyika basin and the southern
highlands can receive up to 3,000 mm annually while about half the country receives less than 762 mm
annually. Temporally, the northern parts of Tanzania experience a bimodal rainfall pattern (long rains
from March through May and short rains from October to December) while the rest of country is
unimodall, with the majority of rainfall coming between December to April. The El Niño/La Niña South
Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon can also result in substantial impacts on intraseasonal variability.
A number of studies projecting the impact of climate change on water resources in Tanzania have been
undertaken, ranging from Mwandosya et al. prepared over the period 1994‐1998 to the most recent by
University of Cape Town’s Climate System Analysis Group, completed in 2010. Most studies used
multiple General Circulation Models (GCMs)and generally concluded that while future rainfall patterns
were uncertain, some areas of the country, such as the Pangani basin area, may receive more rainfall
under various climate change scenarios and other areas, especially the central region, might receive
less; the CSAG study also suggested there would be a seasonal shift in rains, with less rainfall early in the
season and stronger rains later in the season, with agrees with another major study (Hulme et al., 2001)
on projected rainfall changes in East Africa. In terms of temperature increases, the two studies
concluded that it would be in the range of 1.5°C ‐ 2°C for the first half of this century and around 2°C ‐
4°C for the second half. These findings are also within the range predicted for East Africa by the Fourth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In terms of the impact of
climate change on water flows in Tanzania, there is much less agreement: Mwandosya et al. (1998)
predicts increased flows in the Rufiji basin and decreased flows in two other key basins (Wami‐Ruvu and
Pangani); another study (de Wit and Stankiewicz, 2006) projects a rise in perennial drainage to a total of
136% in central Tanzania and 125% in northwest Tanzania by the end of this century; and a third
(Strzpeck and McCluskey, 2006) suggests by mid‐century on a national basis streamflows will be
between 80‐100% of 1961‐1990 flows and only 80‐90% of base period flows by 2100. Finally, in
assessing the predictions of these studies, it must be noted that other drivers of climate and water
resources, such as land use change and the impact of ENSO, were often either not considered or
inadequately incorporated. This issue, coupled with widely‐ranging predictions on population growth
and the rate of urbanization, means that a key challenge for Tanzania in terms of planning adaptation
strategies will be the high degree of uncertainty about its future climate.
iii
5. 1. INTRODUCTION
Water is a critical input into Tanzania’s economy. It underpins the performance of the agricultural
sector, which employs 80% of the workforce and accounts for 45% of the country’s GDP and 55% of
foreign exchange earnings. River basins provide drinking water for the workforce in Dar es Salaam,
Arusha, Morogoro, Kibaha and Dodoma, economically important areas of the country in which industrial
activity is highest. Water is also an input into industrial production: for example, mining, a key sector in
Tanzania’s Development Vision 2025, depends on reliable water. Hydropower provides 55% of the
country’s power generation. Adequate water flows support Tanzania’s forests, grasslands, and coastal
resources, which provide provisioning services (such as food, fodder, fuelwood, timber and other
products) and other services (water purification, climate regulation, cultural and supporting services).
Water flows in national parks and protected areas support the tourism sector, a key foreign exchange
earner.
In 2007, Tanzania’s renewable water resources per capita was 2,291 m3 (WRI, 2010), which is not
classified water scarce according to the Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator. However, the country’s
population has grown rapidly in the last 50 years, going from 10 million in 1960 to approximately 45
million in 2010 (UN ESA, 2010). The projected population for 2015 is 52 million, at which point the
country’s per capita water resources will fall below 1,700 m3 per person, the definition of water scarcity.
By 2030 the population is expected to be around 75 million and by 2050 it is projected to reach 109
million, further lowering per capita water resources (Figure 1).
120
100
80
POPULATION
60
(MILLIONS)
40
20
0
1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050
YEAR
Figure 1: Tanzania’s historic and projected population growth through 2050
Source: based on data from UNESA, 2010
1
6. However, evaluating per capita w
g water availability on a nnational basis is misleading, as water
s r resources
are unevvenly distributed spatially; the appro
opriate scale is thus the local or reg
e e gional level and within
river bas
sins or sub‐b basins (UN W Water, 2006). . Tanzania’s annual rainfall varies fro om 500‐1,000 0 mm over
the majoority of the coountry with a national m mean annual r rainfall of 1,0
071 mm but t there is signiificant sub‐
regional variation: thhe Lake Tang ganyika basin n and the so outhern high hlands can re eceive up to 3,000 mm
annuallyy (FAO, 2005) ) while aboutt half the couuntry receivees less than 7762 mm annually (Shems sanga et al,
2010). Fiigure 2 illustr
rates this var
riability.
475 – 724mm
4 m
7
725 – 974mm
9
975 – 1474mm
m
1475 – 2474mm
1
N Data
No
Figure 2 Average a
2: annual rainfa in Tanzan
all nia
Source: FAO (2010)
Water re esources also
o vary tempoorally, with the country d divided betw ween regions with a bimo odal rainfall
pattern a and those w
with unimodal rainfall. Bimmodal rainfal ll is primarily
y seen in thee north easte ern parts of
Tanzania (area around Arusha, Moshi and S
a Same), north western ar
h reas (Lake V
Victoria Basin and the
n),
northern part of the country’s coastal belt (including Dar es Salaa Tanga a Morogoro). In the
n t am, and
bimodal pattern, the are long rains (called Masika) fr
ere d rom March t through May and short rains (Vuli)
y
from October to Dec
cember. Und the unim
der modal pattern seen in th rest of the country, m
he e most of the
comes over the period fro
rainfall c om Decembe er to April.
Rainfall in coastal T
Tanzania is aalso affected by the El Niño/La Niña South Osc
d cillation (ENS
SO), which
impacts intraseasona al variability during the VVuli and Masi ika periods (Kijazi and Re eason, 2005). However,
the impa acts are mor re pronounce ed on the no orthern coas stal areas (4°°‐8° S) than t the southern n (8°‐12° S)
areas. G
Generally, El Niño brings above aver rage rainfall and La Niña results in l
a lower rainfall over the
northernn coastal are ea, with more impact during the Vuli i season than Masika; th hese effects are mostly
caused bby longer rain ny seasons during El Niño o and late on nset of the raain during La Niña. For the southern
2
7. coastal a
areas, the im
mpacts of EN
NSO are less coherent, a
s apparently d to the t
due transition be
etween the
oppositee responses o over East andd southern AAfrica.
Tanzania has eight r
a (Figure 3). The country i also riparian to the th
river basins ( is hree largest f
freshwater
lakes in Africa ‐ Tanganyika, Vict toria and Nyyasa ‐ which represent a huge natur storage capacity for
a ral
Tanzania a, holding alm most 400 tim mes the mea an annual runoff from all of its rivers s (Meena and Raphael,
2008). AAbout half o the country’s surface runoff comes from rive flowing into the Ind
of ers dian Ocean
(includin the Panga Rufiji, W
ng ani, Wami, Ruvu, and Ruaha rivers); par of the res drain into the lakes
rt st o
Victoria (Meri, Maru and Kage rivers), T
era Tanganyika ((River Malag garasi ), Rukwa, Bubu, Eyasi and
Manyara a as well as th he Lake Nyas sa/Zambezi R River system (Songwe and Ruhuhu riv vers).
Figure 3 River basi of Tanza
3: ins ania
Source: URT (2007))
3
8. 2. CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER RESOURCES IN TANZANIA
One of the earliest and most comprehensive studies on climate change in Tanzania was Mwandosya et
al., 1998, which was undertaken over the period 1994 to 1996 by Tanzanian researchers with support
from the US Country Studies Programme. In addition to modeling rainfall and temperature increases and
assessing changes in water flows, the study also estimated impacts in terms of crop production (maize,
cotton and coffee), malaria, sea level rise and grasslands and forests. This study has been very influential
in the country: it is the starting point in Tanzania’s Initial National Communication and its National
Adaptation Programme of Action and referenced in many other government documents. The lead
author, Professor Mark J. Mwandosya later became Minister of Environment and is now the Minister of
Water.
Employing a General Circulation Model and using 1951‐1980 as the baseline, the Mwandosya study
compared baseline climate projections to the ‘2XCO2’ scenario, which assumes a doubling of baseline
concentration of greenhouse gases by 2075. Major findings were:
Temperature increases:
o Increase of 3.6°C to 3.8°C in the western and south western parts of the country;
o Increase between 2.7°C and 3.1°C in the south eastern, eastern and north eastern zones
of the country ; and
o Increases would occur during both the southern hemisphere’s summers and winters,
but would be greater during the latter (June, July and August), when the increase would
be from 2.5°C in the south eastern part of Tanzania, 4°C in the central and western parts
and between 3‐4°C in the remaining areas.
Rainfall changes:
o Increase of 5‐45% in northern and south eastern areas of the country, with the highest
increases occurring close to Mount Kilimanjaro; and
o Decrease of 5‐15% in central, western, south western, southern and eastern parts; and
Recently another study of climate change in Tanzania (Jack, 2010) was undertaken by the Climate
System Analysis Group (CSAG) at the University of Cape Town. This work employed a downscaling
methodology (Self Organising Map based Downscaling) with nine global climate models. For each of
these, the first simulation was of the period 1961 to 2000 forced by observed greenhouse gas
concentrations. Two other projections were done using the development scenarios of B1 and A2. The
two periods investigated were 2046–2065 and 2081–2100. The simulations were downscaled regionally
within various locations in Tanzania (Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Kilimanjaro, Mbeya, Mwanza), generating
climatological summary statistics.
4
9. n conclusions of the CSAG
The main G study were
e:
Rainfall chan
R nges: rainfall was projected to increease during the late par of the sum
rt mmer with
possibly som drying in the early su
p me ummer perio indicating a seasonal shift of we
od, eaker rains
early in the season and stronger rains later in th season. Further, it did not appea that the
e he ar
later period (2081‐2100)
l ) would have e significant wetting commpared to the earlier per riod (2046‐
2065), sugge
2 esting there mmay be a limi it on precipit tation.
Temperature changes: in general across the 9 GCMs, for the earlier period the predicted
T e 9 r r
temperature
t e change was s around 1.5°C for the B11 scenario an
nd 2°C for th
he A2 scenar rio. For the
later period, increases w
l , were around 2°C for the B1 scenar and as h
d rio high as 4°C f the A2
for
scenario.
s
A third s
study (Hulme e et al., 2001
1) looked at rainfall in East Africa oveer the twentiieth century and found
‘some evidence of long‐term w wetting’ (Figu 4). The a
ure authors then used 7 GC
n CMs to proje climate
ect
change uusing four sc cenarios for tthree periods s of this centtury (2020s, 2050s, and 22080s): (i) A2
2 with high
climate ssensitivity; (i
ii) A1 with mmedium clima ate sensitivit
ty; (iii) B2 with medium c climate sens sitivity; and
(iv) B1 w
with low clima ate sensitivit
ty. The resultts indicated rainfall increeasing by 5‐30% over the December
– Januarry season and d decreasing by 5‐10% du uring the per riod July – Auugust in East Africa.
1880 1900 1920 19
940 196
60 1980
0 2000
YEAR
R
Figure 4 Annual rainfall in East Africa, 190
4: 00-1998 (hist
tograms and bold line) and mean
d
temperaature anoma alies. 1901-1998 (dashed line).
d
Source: Hulme et al., 2001
,
In review
wing the evi emperature increases ar in the sam range for both the
idence, the projected te re me
Mwando osya and the Jack studie and also c
e es coincide with the project
h tions for Afr of the IP Fourth
rica PCC
Assessment Report (Boko et al., 2 2007). The projections on n rainfall are less clear: Booko et al. describes the
picture as ‘co
rainfall p omplicated’ due to signif ficant spatial and tempooral variabilitty; similarly, Jack notes
5
10. the projections ‘show large uncertainties’ and the Mwandosya study predicted very different rainfall
impacts at lower spatial scales. The Hulme projections suggest an overall wetting trend but greater
seasonal variability, with increased rainfall during the southern hemisphere’s summer and decreased
rainfall during the winter.
In addition to rainfall and temperature changes, the Mwandosya research also investigated impacts of
climate change on river runoff using the Water Balance (WATBAL) model, which considers catchment
rainfall and evapotranspiration. The researchers chose three basins – Ruvu, Pangani and Rufiji – because
of their economic importance to the country: the Ruvu basin is the source of water for Dar es Salaam,
while the Pangani and Rufiji provide water for hydropower and irrigation.
The study projected the following in terms of annual river runoff changes:
o Ruvu River: decrease of 10%;
o Pangani basin: decrease of 6‐9%; and
o Rufiji basin: increase of 5‐11%
Another source of data on climate‐related water flow changes comes from de Wit and Stankiewicz
(2006), which considered variable changes in precipitation in order to assess changes in drainage across
Africa by the end of this century; two of the sites analysed were in Tanzania: the city of Dodoma in
central Tanzania and a rural area in northwest Tanzania. Dodoma sits at the intersection of the Rufiji and
Wami‐Ruvu basins, while northwest Tanzania is part of the lake basins of Victoria and Tanganyika, thus
the latter represents an area different from the ones analysed in the Mwandosya research. The scenario
used was the B1, normalised to the historically‐observed precipitation in Africa for the 20 year period
1979‐1998. As the two locations are in the area projected to experience a 10% rise in rainfall by the end
of this century based on a composite of 21 GCM models, this suggests a rise in perennial drainage to a
total of 136% in Dodoma and 125% in northwest Tanzania (Table 1).
Table 1: Percentages of perennial drainage that will remain following a given change in
precipitation
Area Rainfall During 10% drop 20% drop 10% rise 20% rise
(mm/y
Dodoma 551a 1922-1989 64% 27% 136% 173%
Northwest 670b 1979-2000 75% 50% 125% 150%
Source: de Wit and Stankiewicz, 2006
a
from www.worldclimate.com
b
from the CSAG station data archive for rural districts
A continent‐wide study of runoff (Strzpeck and McCluskey, 2006) also employed the WatBal model,
using as inputs the climate variables of the 1961‐1990 climatology and physiological parameters (soil
properties and land use) derived from global datasets for 0.5° latitude/longitude cells across Africa. Five
GCMs for A2 and B2 were used to generate the climate change scenarios, from which the WatBal model
was used to examine the impact of each scenario on runoff and evaporation. The projections for 2050
6
11. showed a ratio of 0.8 to 0.9 of tthe 1961‐19990 streamfloow under the
e low scenario and 0.9‐1 under the
eamflow scen
high stre narios; for 21
100, both the
e high and lo
ow scenarios projected th
he ratio to be
e 0.8‐0.9 of
the baseeflow (Figure 5).
Figure 5 Projected high and low streamflo impacts f 2050 and 2100
5: ow for d
Source: Strzpeck and McCluskey 2006
d y,
Thus, as with the rainfall data, thhe studies pr roduce differrent results o
on the impac ct of climate change on
water floows in Tanzania. Mwando osya et al. (1
1998) predictts increased fflows of 5‐11
1% in the Ruf fiji basin by
2075 based on the 2 2XCO2 scenario, while th he de Wit annd Stankiewic cz study project a rise in
n perennial
drainage e to a total of 136% in ce entral Tanzan nia and 125%% in northwest Tanzania, based on a 10% rise in
rainfall b
by the end o of this century. Both sets s of data thuus project inccreased flowws in parts of f Tanzania,
though v vary on the total perce
entage of the increase; the Mwand dosya study also suggest possible
ts
decrease ed flows in twwo key basin ns (Wami‐Ruv vu and Panga ani) under th
he 2XCO2 scenario. The St trzpeck and
McClusk key research suggests on a national le evel, streamflows in 2050 0 will be betw
ween 80‐100 0% of 1961‐
1990 flow ws , whereas s by 2100 thee streamflow ws will be only 80‐90% of the base per riod flows.
7
12.
Lastly, in assessing all of the studies discussed above, it must be noted that other drivers of climate and
water resources were either not considered or inadequately incorporated. For example, land use change
is not sufficiently addressed in GCMs (Hulme et al., 2001), though there are ongoing efforts to quantify
the interaction between land use change and regional climate change (Olson et al., 2008). Land use
change also has a major impact on runoff and thus is potentially a strong influence on downstream
water availability, both in terms of quantity and quality. A 2010 Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)
analysis of the Wami river basin considered the impact of an expansion of irrigated agriculture of water
flows in the basin. As Figure 6 below shows, the flows would be lower during the dry season but higher
in the wet season, due to increased runoff under the changed land use patterns. The increased flows
during the rainy season would also be expected to include much more sedimentation and siltation.
Expansion of livestock and the accompanying potential for overgrazing would also increase soil erosion
and siltation of rivers (World Bank, 2004).
The impact of ENSO is also an issue in GCMs, with the response of ENSO events to global warming poorly
understood (Hulme et al., 2001), which affects climate change projections and also may impact on
future estimates of water resources.
In summary, one of the challenges for Tanzania in terms of planning adaptation strategies will be the
need to consider the high degree of uncertainty of its future climate. While temperature change
predictions are fairly consistent, rainfall patterns and water flows projection vary widely, including both
spatially and temporally within seasons. Factors such as land use change, ENSO and population growth
also have the potential to change the level of water resources available, further complicating the
divergent scenarios.
Model output: No expansion
Model output: With expansion
80
70
Mean discharge (m^3/s)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan-85
Mar-85
May-85
Jul-85
Sep-85
Nov-85
Jan-86
Mar-86
May-86
Jul-86
Sep-86
Nov-86
Jan-87
Mar-87
May-87
Jul-87
Sep-87
Nov-87
Time (months)
Figure 6: Results of SWAT analysis to examine impacts on water flows under a scenario of expanded
irrigation in Wami river basin
Source: Kongo et al, 2010
8
13. 3. DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY
The above discussion of projected climate change impacts on water resources makes clear the degree to
which sources of domestic water will be affected. Piped water systems in the largest cities in Tanzania
source their water from the country’s rivers: the Wami‐Ruvu river basin supplies water to Dar es Salaam
(population of 3+ million), Morogoro, Kibaha and Dodoma, while the Pangani supplies drinking water to
the Kilimanjaro District, which includes the city of Arusha (population of 1+ million). Urban areas also
use groundwater as a supplemental source to meet demand. Zanzibar is the exception, drawing the bulk
of its water supply from groundwater alone. Tanzanians living in rural areas similarly draw water from
ecosystem sources and from groundwater accessed through public and private wells. Uncertainty
regarding future rainfall patterns and river flows, combined with ambiguity in projected population
growth and urbanization rates as detailed below, will complicate planning for adaptation in Tanzania’s
domestic water supply sector.
The most recent information on access to water supply in Tanzania comes from the 2007‐2008
HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey (Tanzania Commission for AIDS, 2008), which interviewed 9,144
households selected from 475 sample points across the country (Table 2). The survey showed that over
half of Tanzanians had access to an improved source of drinking water, though the figures for urban
areas were much higher than the total for rural areas.
Table 2: Source of drinking water
SOURCE URBAN RURAL TOTAL
IMPROVED 82.1 48.0 56.4
Piped water into 23.1 2.5 7.6
dwelling/yard/plot
Shared tap/standpipe 30.3 3.9 10.4
Public tap/standpipe 15.8 15.0 15.2
Tubewell/borehole 3.7 0.6 1.4
Protected dug well 7.1 15.8 13.7
Protected spring 2.1 10.0 8.0
Rainwater 0.0 0.1 0.1
NON-IMPROVED 17.7 50.0 42.0
Unprotected dug well 8.8 28.4 23.6
Unprotected spring 2.0 17.6 13.8
Tanker truck/cart with small 5.8 0.9 2.1
tank
Surface water 1.1 3.1 2.6
MISSING 0.2 2.0 1.6
TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100,0
Source: Tanzania Commission for AIDS, 2008
As Figure 7 indicates, rapid urbanisation has meant access to improved sources of drinking water has
actually declined over the last decade, though there has been an upward trend since 2005 (van den Berg
et al., 2009).
9
14.
Figure 7 Access to improved w
7: o water source
es
Source: van den Berg et al., 2009
g 9
The sourrces of drink
king water we
ere also very
y different be
etween urba an and rural locations: fo
or example,
over half
f of urban ho
ouseholds haad access to piped water either within
n their houseehold plot or r through a
shared ta
ap, whereas less than 7%
% of rural hou
useholds enjooyed that typ
pe of access.
A major challenge in planning is the uncertai inty over the e rate of urbaanization. Taanzania’s last
t census, in
2002, shhowed the uurban popula ation was 22.6% of the total popul lation. As W
WaterAid (de Waal and
Nkongo, 2005) has pointed out, U UN populatio on figures for r 2000 overeestimated the e urban popuulation and
its early projections for 2015 ‘gre eatly overestimate’ the u urban popula ation (Figuree 8). The 20009 Revision
Population Database e now estima ates the 2010 urban pop pulation at 26 6.4%, with projections of f 28.9% for
2015 (do own from the earlier pro ojection of 477%) and over 50% by 204 45. A World Bank study found that
17% of the populat tion living in mainland T
n Tanzania res sided in high
h‐density setttlements no officially
ot
recognize as urban; using a density‐based pe
ed erspective, th level of ur
he rbanisation w 33.5% (M
was Muzzini and
Lindeboo om, 2008).
10
15. Figure 8 Urban and rural population projec
8: d ctions by UN and Censu
N us
Source: de Waal and Nkongo, 20
d 005
3.1 Urb
ban water supply
The 200
07‐2008 HIV/ /AIDS and M
Malaria Indica ator Survey described a
above showe that almo 70% of
ed ost
urban dw
wellers in Ta
anzania had access to piped water, with 17.7% relying on u
unimproved sources of
water annd 12.8% usin ng water from wells or sp prings. Urbann dwellers’ access to improved source es of water
has declined in the last two deca ades, going f from 88% in 1991 to only y 80% in 200 07 (van den Berg et al.,
Access to pipe
2009). A ed water in uurban areas has declined d even more rapidly, goin ng from 79% in 2000 to
only 62%% in 2007. Th he capital cit
ty, Dar es Saalaam, exper rienced the la
argest drop: access to piped water
declined
d from 93% in n 1991 to 58%% in 2007. RRapid urbanis sation is one of main caus ses of these declines.
However, the above e data indicat only con
tes reveal actual service leve Urban
nnectivity and does not r
d els.
water su uppliers at alll levels are f
failing to meeet current d
demand: the 19 urban w water authorities’ water
producti ion to deman nd is 71% (Ta able 3); for t
the smaller pproviders it is 36.4% for s
small towns and 38.2%
ict level prov
for distri viders (URT, 2 2010b).
11
16.
Table 3: Percentage of demand met for drinking water in major urban areas
Urban Water and Population in Production vs
Sewerage Authorities service area demand (%)
Lindi 44,000 26
Kigoma 144,853 31
Sumbawanga 90,000 42
Mtwara 102,457 44
Musoma 132,000 45
Singida 81,662 58
Dar es Salaam 2,860,149 61
Shinyanga 135,166 61
Babati 64,00 69
Tabora 152,075 70
Mwanza 515,000 72
Songea 104,516 75
Morogoro 286,580 81
Iringa 134,831 83
Arusha 356,933 85
Dodoma 267,660 86
Bukoba 68,875 88
Mbeya 262,000 90
Moshi 156,234 94
Tanga 240,000 98
Source: adapted from Tables 3.1 and 3,2, Water Sector Status Report 2009 (URT, 2009)
Accompanying the falling rates of connectivity to piped water systems, the 2007‐2008 survey showed
that urban households were increasingly relying on private wells (10%) and water vendors (7%). A recent
report (World Bank, 2010) notes:
Groundwater, from water wells (boreholes and hand‐dug wells), now
supplies one‐fourth of urban dwellers and is the fastest‐growing source of
improved water supply in African cities by far. With utility coverage rates
falling in urban Africa, groundwater has essentially stepped into the
breach, and the rapid growth of boreholes shows the appetite for lower‐
cost solutions.
The report continues by noting the ratio of hand‐dug wells to boreholes is unknown.
Other challenges for the country’s urban water supply include over abstraction of flows upstream –
some unauthorized – and catchment degradation; for Dar es Salaam, salt water intrusion due to over‐
pumping of groundwater, the absence of adequate storage and a breach in the Ruvu River bank are
additional problems (World Bank, 2006).
12
17. 3.2 Rural water supply
In rural Tanzania, access to improved water sources has increased 35% in 1991 to 42% in 2007, mostly
due to increasing dependence on other improved water sources, especially groundwater (van den Berg,
2009). Currently, about 50% of Tanzanians living in rural areas have access to clean drinking water. A
total of 31.7% of the rural population rely on ecosystem sources (springs, streams, rivers, ponds and
lakes) and 28.5% access domestic water from open public wells.
Sustainability of rural water supply systems is a major challenge: a study by WaterAid (Taylor, 2009)
found that almost half of improved waterpoints were non‐functional. Further, 25% of waterpoints had
stopped working only two years after installation. Another study undertaken 2006‐2009 by different
researchers (Jiménez and Pérez‐Foguet, 2010) reported that 50% of functional improved waterpoints
surveyed had either quality or seasonality problems. The latter study also found that hand pumps were
the systems with the poorest sustainability record.
3.3 Adaptation
It is clear from the above discussion that the sector is already challenged by the existing development
deficit. In view of this situation, the projected climatic change impacts ‐ possible increased in
intraseasonal variability of rainfall and/or lower river flows, increased evaporation of water bodies due
to higher temperatures – will exacerbate those problems and substantial new investment will be
needed.
Catchment management would be an effective adaptation strategy for domestic water supply in both
urban and rural areas, as would be shifting from shallow wells to deeper boreholes. For urban areas,
demand management will be a no regrets measure; infrastructure for storage would be required if
demand management is insufficient and/or under scenarios of higher climate change. For rural areas,
instituting rainwater harvesting and undertaking waterpoint mapping to increase functionality will be
needed.
Adaptation measures for urban and rural: Catchment management and reliance on deep groundwater
An adaptation strategy that Tanzania can pursue for both the urban and rural sectors is investing in
catchment management. Water basin management is an effective measure for securing water resources
of sufficient quantity and quality for domestic supply; as noted above, most urban areas source their
water from rivers and streams, as do those living in rural areas. Thus, a basin programme that manages
abstractions for various demands and considers land use impacts on water resources will be central to
ensuring safe sources of drinking water. Catchment management also has cross‐sectoral benefits, most
notably to agriculture, ecosystems, and energy through hydropower generation.
13
18. In addition to safeguarding surface water sources, catchment management can also be instrumental in
ensuring groundwater resources are used sustainably and not subject to pollution. Groundwater
supplies are important to domestic water supply in Africa because they often tend to hold water of good
quality as well as typically store larger quantities of water than their annual recharge, enabling the
maintenance of steady supplies even during low rainfall seasons (Calow and MacDonald, 2009). Shifting
away from shallow dugwells – which are vulnerable to contamination, especially in urban areas – and
handpumps – which tend to have poor reliability – would also be a sound strategy for both urban and
rural areas (Foster et al., 2006). For the drier areas of the country (e.g., Dodoma, Singida, Shinyanga,
Tabora, Mwanza, Mara, Arusha, Coast and Southern Kilimanjaro), groundwater is the most viable
supplemental source of domestic water (URT, 2010a; Foster et al., 2006).
Urban water supply adaption
As described above, future rainfall patterns and streamflows are uncertain: one study predicts less
rainfall in both of these basins while results from other studies indicated a trend toward more wetting.
However, the studies do suggest a seasonal shift of rains, with possibly less rain earlier in the wet
season. The streamflow data from Strzpeck and McCluskey suggest that at the national level,
streamflows in Tanzania will be 80‐100% of 1961‐1990 flows by mid‐century and only 80‐90% of the base
period flows by 2100. Given that the bulk of urban water supply in Tanzania is drawn from the country’s
rivers and springs, the projected reduced river flows will require significant levels of adaptation.
As Tanzania approaches water scarcity, demand management ‐ controlling illegal connections and leaks
‐ will be the key adaptation measure as well as a no‐regrets strategy. Dar es Salaam’s provider,
DAWASCO, is currently losing 56.7% of the water it pumps due to leaks and illegal connections (URT,
2010b) and less than 30% of households served have meters (UN‐HABITAT, 2010). Tanzania’s other
urban water supply authorities averaged a total of 36.4% of non‐revenue water. The country also has
102 smaller water suppliers (district, small towns and national water projects) whose performance has
been judged unsatisfactory by Tanzania’s Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority, which
identified insufficient water sources or water production capacities and dilapidated infrastructure as
contributing to the poor performance. Thus, demand management is a strategy that should be
implemented immediately, even before the range of possible climate change impacts are factored into
the decision.
Increased storage capacity may also be needed, including possibly the construction of a reservoir in the
Ruvu basin to store water for Dar es Salaam. Another adaptation strategy that has been raised is to shift
Dar’s source of drinking water to the lower Rufiji river basin (Meena and Raphael, 2008; Agrawala et al.,
2003), a hugely‐expensive undertaking that would only be justified if reduced flows in the Wami‐Ruvu
basin are borne out and/or Dar’s population growth exceed the basin’s capacity.
Rural water supply adaptation
14
19. Adaptation measures for the rural sector include development of groundwater wells and rainwater
harvesting structures. Key aquifers are expected to subside or dry up due to climate change‐induced
slower rates of recharge, which will require shallower wells to be replaced by deeper – and more
expensive – boreholes (Ehrhart and Tweena, 2006). Using the most recent figure of 50% for rural
households without an improved source of drinking water from the 2008 HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator
Survey, the UN MDG target for drinking water supply in Tanzania of 75% coverage and the 2015 UN
estimated rural population of 37 million, that would require presently supplying approximately 9.25
million rural residents with a safe source of drinking water. Using WaterAid’s figures (de Waal and
Nkongo, 2005) for water supply of US$25 per capita for shallow wells and springs and US$50 per capita
for small piped schemes from boreholes of springs, the cost of upgrading Tanzanians living in rural areas
without improved drinking water from shallow wells and springs to the small piped systems drawing on
boreholes and springs would be US$23 million. This figure thus represents the potential additional cost
of the rural drinking water target if shallow wells and springs are unusable under climate change
projections.
Rainwater harvesting systems could be used for domestic water supply as well as a source of agricultural
water and could provide an additional service of storage as a buffer against greater intraseasonal rainfall
variability. In Zanzibar, in particular, rainwater harvesting has been identified as cost effective measure;
one study (MDG Centre et al., 2007) estimates the cost at US$2.4 million for runoff catchment systems
and US$1.2 million for rooftop rainwater catchment.
Given the large number of waterpoints that are non‐functional, mapping of rural waterpoints to serve as
an input into district‐level planning has also been identified as a necessary tool to ensure sustainability
(Taylor, 2009; SNV, 2010; World Bank, 2010; Jiménez and Pérez‐Foguet, 2010) and thus could help
Tanzania cope with climate change‐induced stresses on rural water sources. Standardization of
technologies might also boost functionality: data from WaterAid indicate there is a relationship between
the dispersion of technologies within a district, with less dispersion of technologies linked to higher
rates of functionality rate (van den Berg et al., 2009).
15
20. 4. HYDROPOWER
The majority of Tanzania’s power generation – 55% ‐ comes from hydropower. Of that total, over 80% of
hydropower is generated in the Rufiji basin (the tributaries of the Great Ruaha River and the Kihansi
River); the rest is generated on the Pangani River in northern Tanzania. Previously, Tanzania’s reliance
on hydropower was much higher: in 2002, 97% of the country’s grid‐based electricity came from
hydropower (World Bank, 2004). But in 2003, both the Masika and the Vuli rains failed in most parts of
the country, resulting in flows of two‐thirds of the average flow over the previous 25 years; Mtera was
hit even harder, receiving just 40% of average flows over the previous 60 years. The drought resulted in
the Mtera dam being mined and the country started 2004 with Mtera just above the minimum level for
power generation. When the Vuli rains failed again in 2003, Tanzania Electric Supply Company
(TANESCO), a national parastatal, turned to a private provider, Songas, which began producing power
using Jet A1 fuel using refurbished gas turbine units in Ubungo; the monthly cost was US$8 million to
purchase the Jet A1 fuel to produce 80 MW at Ubungo and to buy energy from another plant (World
Bank, 2004). After this experience, Tanzania began developing alternative power sources, especially
thermal generation. The World Bank estimated that the cost of the incremental thermal generation due
to the drought was about US$67 million from January 2004 to February 2005. Another World Bank
report two years later stated that power rationing was ‘causing huge losses’ in a number of sectors and
put the cost to the economy at $1.7 million per day (World Bank, 2006).
Energy‐related impacts due to periods of low rainfall and drought have resulted in lower economic
growth. The Central Bank of Tanzania has estimated that in 2007 the economy grew 1.1% slower than
expected due to electricity shortages (NAPA, 2007). Similarly, in 1997 growth dropped to 3.3% from the
previous year’s 4.2%, also due to power shortages and in 1994, industrial growth declined by 3.8%,
attributed mainly to electricity shortages and load shedding (World Bank, 2004). A 2009 study that
considered possible impacts on hydropower by 2030 under ‘moderate climate change’ and ‘high climate
change’ scenarios projected losses of 0.7% and 1.7% of GDP due to decreased rainfall in the central
region of Tanzania, where 95% of the country’s hydropower installations is expected to be located by
2030 (ECA, 2009).
Tanzania has on average 63 days a year with power outages (World Bank, 2010). During periods of load
shedding, larger businesses and wealthy households turn to small diesel generators, which results in
higher carbon emissions as well as air and noise pollution in urban areas; smaller businesses and the
majority of households are unable to afford this option (Ngeleja and Mwihava, 2009). Only an estimated
40% of businesses have their own generators to protect against electricity interruptions (ECA, 2009). The
World Bank analysed the economic cost of power shortages by quantifying the cost of running these
backup generators and the losses from foregone production; for Tanzania, it estimates this has resulted
in a loss of over 4% of GDP annually, adding that power shortages act as a drag on economic growth in
the long term (World Bank, 2010). The draft 2004 Investment Climate Assessment noted inadequate
electricity supply was one of the major constraints confronting Tanzanian industry and a major obstacle
to the start‐up of new businesses in the country.
16
21. In addition to current unmet demand, the electricity supply system is projected to expand significantly:
from 81 to 300 kWh per capita.
There are four main impacts on hydroelectric installations from temperature and rainfall change
(Mukheibir, 2007):
i. Surface water evaporation
ii. Reduced run‐off due to drought
iii. Increased run‐off due to flooding
iv. Siltration deposits
The greatest climate change‐related impact on water resources is expected to come from increased
evaporation of water from reservoir surfaces due to higher temperature. The largest dam in Tanzania is
Mtera, with surface capacity of 605km2 at full supply level. Postel et al. (1996) assumes that an average
of 5% of gross reservoir capacity is lost per year due to evaporation; for Mtera, total storage (live and
dead) is 3700Mm3, which would be a loss of 185Mm3. However, Postel et al.’s 5% is a worldwide
average and given that the dam is located near the equator, losses would be expected to be higher: by
comparison, Nasser Dam in Egypt loses 11% of its capacity each year (Gleick, 1994).
Tanzania’s Initial National Communication identified damage to hydropower installations due to
flooding on the Rufiji River as a possible impact of climate change (URT, 2003). While past flooding has
not resulted in damage to turbines, it has been a problem for the dams, which are filling with
sedimentation. TANESCO notes that the smaller projects, such as Hale and Pangani are filling rapidly and
may be completely full within 15 years time; at that point, they will only run at 30‐40% of capacity and
will be not able to be used to meet peak demand, essentially becoming run‐of‐the‐river installations (per
comm, Tesha and Rubagumya).
Table 4: Hydropower in Tanzania
NAME RIVER BASIN AGE % OF TOTAL TOTAL
HYDRO INSTALLED GENERATING
CAPACITY CAPACITY (MW)
Kidatu Rufiji 35 35.9% 204
Kihansi Rufiji 10 32.3% 180
Mtera Rufiji 22 14.4% 80
Pangani Falls Pangani 15 12.2% 68
Nyumba ya Mungu Pangani 42 1.4% 8
Hale Pangani 43 3.8% 21
TOTAL GENERATING CAPACITY (MW) 561
Source: URT (2009a)
17
22. Adaptation
There are three suggested adaptation strategies: demand management; diversification of energy
sources; and basin catchment management programs.
Demand Management
Given the current power deficit and frequent loading shedding, which results in large economic losses to
the Tanzanian economy, demand management would be a no regrets strategy. The September 2009
update to the Power System Master Plan (PSMP) notes that:
Implementation of DSM [demand‐side management] to achieve
significant demand reductions is a lengthy process that requires sustained
effort and both technical and financial resources.
The report goes on to state that demand management was not considered a ‘realistic option’ for
reducing plant equivalent reductions (20‐30 MW) in the mid‐term (URT, 2009a). However, a recent
study advocates for demand management, stating that the implementation of energy efficiency
measures such as demand reduction can remedy the majority of the country’s predicted future
shortfalls in power at a negative cost (ECA, 2009).
Reducing transmission losses is another no regrets demand management strategy. The PSMP notes that
a loss reduction programme to address the 12% in losses in the sector might provide some benefits
(though these benefits were not considered high enough to include this option in the PSMP). According
to Pye, et al. (2010), however, current losses from transmission amount to over 23%; the study
advocates instituting a utility efficiency program to reduce technical and economic losses from the
existing transmission and distribution network.
Diversification of energy sources
As noted above, Tanzania has cut its reliance on hydropower in half over the past eight years in
recognition of its vulnerability to disruption of power supplies due to drought and erratic rainfall.
Frequent power outages continue, however, constraining Tanzania’s economic growth, as does a high
cost per kilowatt hour. Thus, Tanzania must diversify its source of energy further. While this can be
achieved by an increasing reliance on coal and natural gas (ECA, 2009), which is the strategy outlined in
the PSMP, this could prove problematic: in addition to potential environmental impacts from extraction
and air pollution, there may be constraints in years with very low rainfall due to the demand for cooling
18
23. water (Pye, et al., 2010). A better option would be to pursue renewables such as solar, wind, geothermal
and sustainable biomass; in rural areas, renewable micro and mini‐grid generation options are also a
possibility. This would preserve the country’s ability to access carbon finance incentives and avoid future
economic impacts from a possible carbon tax while achieving a low carbon growth path.
Another diversification strategy that would address both the challenge of inadequate power supplies
and the high cost per kilowatt hour would be for Tanzania to pursue grid interconnection with
neighboring countries. Currently, the country is considering a 330kV transmission line that would run
from Zambia across Tanzania to Kenya (Ngeleja and Mwihava, 2009). Other possibilities are a tri‐national
project at Rusumo on the Kagera River, involving Burundi and Rwanda and potentially adding 21 MW for
Tanzania, and another on the Kagera at Kikagati near Murongo with Uganda, adding 10 MW (Ngeleja
and Mwihava, URT, 2009a).
Due to the small scale of national power generation systems, the cost of a kilowatt hour in East Africa is
higher than other regions: $0.18 per kilowatt‐hour with an average effective tariff of $0.14 per kilowatt‐
hour, compared with $0.04 per kilowatt‐hour in South Asia and $0.07 in East Asia; regional trade could
cause the average costs of power production to fall toward $0.12 in eastern Africa (World Bank, 2010).
The transmission line connecting Zambia and Kenya through Tanzania discussed above is envisioned as
linking East Africa to the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP). The returns to cross‐border transmission
for the SAPP have estimated as high as 120%, with an average cost of production of $0.07 in southern
Africa (World Bank, 2010). Thus, the interconnection could cause Tanzania’s average cost per kilowatt‐
hour to fall by one‐third or more.
In addition to reducing unit costs, developing regional power trade based on hydropower generation
would also results in significant savings in terms of carbon emissions.
Catchment management programs
As Tanzania’s population grows and the country moves closer to water scarcity, basin catchment
management programs will be essential to ensuring water resources are put to the most economically‐
efficient uses. Catchment programs will not only be a strategy for dealing with potential conflicts over
water usage but can also be instrumental in protecting hydropower reservoirs from siltation by
monitoring upstream land use. Basin management is further recommended as the benefits will accrue
across sectors: agriculture, domestic water supplies and ecosystem services.
19
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