72.9% of Mexico's water withdrawals in 2009 were for agricultural purposes, with 12.0% for industrial uses and 8.0% for cooling thermoelectric plants. From 2003 to 2011, over 43% of Mexico's water-related government budget was spent on water supply and sanitation, while close to 95% of water-related official development assistance went to water supply and sanitation projects. Mexico faces water challenges including water pollution, overexploitation of groundwater sources, and effects of water-related natural disasters.
This document discusses six strategic sectors that can be used to develop maps for progress:
1) Finance and investment to obtain wealth for the common good
2) Health and dissemination of knowledge from biotechnology to eradicate diseases
3) Biotechnological agriculture and water treatment as bases for food and survival
4) Energy geopolitics on fossil fuels, alternative energies, and new energy sources
5) Geopolitical dynamics as a global interrelation
6) Active ownership in companies to foster long-term value creation over short-term gains
This report delineates the pressures of water scarcity on countries during the onset of prolonged drought / frequent floods with the objective of highlighting best practices, scalable interventions that integrate uncertainties and risk into the water governance architecture.
It is written by Dr Sanchita Talukdar and was commissioned and paid for by me.
It deals with the South African water crisis from a global point of view.
This document discusses key trends related to increasing water scarcity and their implications for humanitarian action. It notes that water scarcity exacerbated by factors like climate change, population growth, and energy demands could heighten vulnerability and increase humanitarian needs. Specifically, water scarcity may amplify conflict, food insecurity, and health issues. It could also necessitate scaling up humanitarian operations to meet growing needs, especially regarding slow-onset disasters. The document analyzes current and projected global water scarcity situations in depth.
This Climate risk management for agricultural water.This File references form two research paper:
1.Agricultural Water Management and Climate Risk
2.Managing Climate Risk
Dr. Mohamed Ait Kadi presented on the impacts of water insecurity and security on growth futures. He discussed how water demand is increasing due to population growth and economic development, but water supply is facing pressures from climate change. If current trends continue, over half the global population and GDP could be in water stressed regions by 2050. However, improving water productivity could substantially reduce water stress. Dr. Ait Kadi proposed new policy instruments, institutions, financial mechanisms, skills development, and innovation planning to enable more effective and sustainable water resource management and help balance water security and economic growth.
Water, Energy and Food Nexus in Ethiopia- Nexus Country ProfilesMohammad Al-Saidi
By Mohammad Al-Saidi, Tatjana Schellenberg and Emma Roach. This 8-page country profile looks at water, energy and land and lists the specific trade-offs between these sectors for Ethiopia. The profile includes a short nexus assessment of the situation and a suggestion of possible solutions.
The major reasons for food, water and energy insecurity in Ethiopia do not relate to a lack of resources but are mainly governance born (Infrastruc-ture development, insecurity and conflict, poverty, fall in world prices of cash crops). Despite the liberalisation of Ethiopia’s market for international invest-ment, the state still is the most dominant actor. But through government enforcement international investment and thus financial resources are increasing. If this continues, increased investments could accelerate the progress in Ethiopia’s many WEF security issues.
TH Cologne - University of Applied Sciences has developed a new fact sheet format with nexus information for African countries of the Eastern Nile region. The Nexus Country Profiles represent a policy-oriented assessment tool using sheets of key indicators on resource uses on a country level. They depict the profiles of each sector and capture the interlinks to other sectors considering development factors and resource use trends in the respective country.
The Nexus Country Profiles include a Nexus Rapid Assessment of water, energy and food securities in each country, allowing for inter-country comparison.
Different resource endowments and use patterns in the region indicate common challenges and opportunities for transboundary cooperation on issues like resource protection, technological intensification in agriculture, hydropower development and energy trade.
"The nexus debate is often quite technical and abstract," says Dr Mohammad AlSaidi, research assistant professor at the Center for Sustainable Development at the University of Qatar, who has been leading the drafting of the Nexus Profiles, "with our short county profiles we illustrate concrete trends and interlinks."
Two more Country profiles for Vietnam and Nepal are under preparation.
The Nexus Country Profiles have been developed by the Nexus Research Focus of the TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences under the leadership of the Institute for Technology in the Tropics (ITT).
Tamimi - Socioeconomic Dimension of Water PolicyLaura Haddad
This document discusses integrated water resource management (IWRM) and related socioeconomic policy issues. It makes three main points:
1) IWRM aims to balance environmental, social, and economic needs when allocating water resources, but implementation faces challenges integrating different sectors and balancing regional differences. Overly general policies may be counterproductive.
2) Growing water demand, a changing climate, and potential reallocation of water from irrigation could significantly impact regional socioeconomies depending on how reallocation is implemented.
3) Key socioeconomic factors that must be considered in water policy include income trends, unemployment, poverty, food security, governance, and climate change. Balancing these tensions while enabling flexible policies to
This document discusses six strategic sectors that can be used to develop maps for progress:
1) Finance and investment to obtain wealth for the common good
2) Health and dissemination of knowledge from biotechnology to eradicate diseases
3) Biotechnological agriculture and water treatment as bases for food and survival
4) Energy geopolitics on fossil fuels, alternative energies, and new energy sources
5) Geopolitical dynamics as a global interrelation
6) Active ownership in companies to foster long-term value creation over short-term gains
This report delineates the pressures of water scarcity on countries during the onset of prolonged drought / frequent floods with the objective of highlighting best practices, scalable interventions that integrate uncertainties and risk into the water governance architecture.
It is written by Dr Sanchita Talukdar and was commissioned and paid for by me.
It deals with the South African water crisis from a global point of view.
This document discusses key trends related to increasing water scarcity and their implications for humanitarian action. It notes that water scarcity exacerbated by factors like climate change, population growth, and energy demands could heighten vulnerability and increase humanitarian needs. Specifically, water scarcity may amplify conflict, food insecurity, and health issues. It could also necessitate scaling up humanitarian operations to meet growing needs, especially regarding slow-onset disasters. The document analyzes current and projected global water scarcity situations in depth.
This Climate risk management for agricultural water.This File references form two research paper:
1.Agricultural Water Management and Climate Risk
2.Managing Climate Risk
Dr. Mohamed Ait Kadi presented on the impacts of water insecurity and security on growth futures. He discussed how water demand is increasing due to population growth and economic development, but water supply is facing pressures from climate change. If current trends continue, over half the global population and GDP could be in water stressed regions by 2050. However, improving water productivity could substantially reduce water stress. Dr. Ait Kadi proposed new policy instruments, institutions, financial mechanisms, skills development, and innovation planning to enable more effective and sustainable water resource management and help balance water security and economic growth.
Water, Energy and Food Nexus in Ethiopia- Nexus Country ProfilesMohammad Al-Saidi
By Mohammad Al-Saidi, Tatjana Schellenberg and Emma Roach. This 8-page country profile looks at water, energy and land and lists the specific trade-offs between these sectors for Ethiopia. The profile includes a short nexus assessment of the situation and a suggestion of possible solutions.
The major reasons for food, water and energy insecurity in Ethiopia do not relate to a lack of resources but are mainly governance born (Infrastruc-ture development, insecurity and conflict, poverty, fall in world prices of cash crops). Despite the liberalisation of Ethiopia’s market for international invest-ment, the state still is the most dominant actor. But through government enforcement international investment and thus financial resources are increasing. If this continues, increased investments could accelerate the progress in Ethiopia’s many WEF security issues.
TH Cologne - University of Applied Sciences has developed a new fact sheet format with nexus information for African countries of the Eastern Nile region. The Nexus Country Profiles represent a policy-oriented assessment tool using sheets of key indicators on resource uses on a country level. They depict the profiles of each sector and capture the interlinks to other sectors considering development factors and resource use trends in the respective country.
The Nexus Country Profiles include a Nexus Rapid Assessment of water, energy and food securities in each country, allowing for inter-country comparison.
Different resource endowments and use patterns in the region indicate common challenges and opportunities for transboundary cooperation on issues like resource protection, technological intensification in agriculture, hydropower development and energy trade.
"The nexus debate is often quite technical and abstract," says Dr Mohammad AlSaidi, research assistant professor at the Center for Sustainable Development at the University of Qatar, who has been leading the drafting of the Nexus Profiles, "with our short county profiles we illustrate concrete trends and interlinks."
Two more Country profiles for Vietnam and Nepal are under preparation.
The Nexus Country Profiles have been developed by the Nexus Research Focus of the TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences under the leadership of the Institute for Technology in the Tropics (ITT).
Tamimi - Socioeconomic Dimension of Water PolicyLaura Haddad
This document discusses integrated water resource management (IWRM) and related socioeconomic policy issues. It makes three main points:
1) IWRM aims to balance environmental, social, and economic needs when allocating water resources, but implementation faces challenges integrating different sectors and balancing regional differences. Overly general policies may be counterproductive.
2) Growing water demand, a changing climate, and potential reallocation of water from irrigation could significantly impact regional socioeconomies depending on how reallocation is implemented.
3) Key socioeconomic factors that must be considered in water policy include income trends, unemployment, poverty, food security, governance, and climate change. Balancing these tensions while enabling flexible policies to
Global Food Waste (A problem for water resource management)Shehzad Ali
These slides show food production data as well as water footprints for several countries. The data was obtained from reliable sources, and I analyzed it using a variety of technologies to create a geographic representation of the data.
Ethiopia faces several key drivers of change that impact water resources and development. These include a rapidly growing population, which increases pressure on scarce agricultural land and water supplies. Climate change is also a major driver, increasing rainfall variability and extremes that affect both water availability and agricultural productivity. Globalization provides economic opportunities but also risks from global market fluctuations and foreign ownership of land and water resources. Improving water infrastructure and adopting more integrated planning that considers diverse livelihoods is needed to promote development and poverty alleviation amid these changes.
A shortage of water as a cause of internal and international conflicts in the...Fernando Alcoforado
Water scarcity is increasing and poses risks of conflicts. Only 2.5% of the planet's water is freshwater, yet demand is rising due to population growth. By 2050, over 2 billion more people may lack access to water. Diseases from unsafe water kill over a million people annually. As water resources decline due to climate change, internal and international disputes over water are expected to increase in the 21st century.
Biophysical Foundations of Production and Consumption of Human Economy Source...ijtsrd
Three major problems associated with our management of the world's ecosystems are already causing significant harm to some people, particularly the poor, and unless addressed will substantially diminish the long term benefits we obtain from ecosystems First, approximately 60 15 out of 24 of the ecosystem services examined during the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment are being degraded or used unsustainably, including fresh water, capture fisheries, air and water purification, and the regulation of regional and local climate, natural hazards, and pests. The full costs of the loss and degradation of these ecosystem services are difficult to measure, but the available evidence demonstrates that they are substantial and growing. Many ecosystem services have been degraded as a consequence of actions taken to increase the supply of other services, such as food. These trade offs often shift the costs of degradation from one group of people to another or defer costs to future generations. Second, there is established but incomplete evidence that changes being made in ecosystems are increasing the likelihood of nonlinear changes in ecosystems including accelerating, abrupt, and potentially irreversible changes that have important consequences for human well being. Dr. Anshumala Chandangar "Biophysical Foundations of Production and Consumption of Human Economy Sources and Sink Functions of the Ecosystem" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47663.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/47663/biophysical-foundations-of-production-and-consumption-of-human-economy-sources-and-sink-functions-of-the-ecosystem/dr-anshumala-chandangar
Flood disaster in pakistan and its impact on agriculture growth a reviewMehro6
The document summarizes the impacts of flooding in Pakistan from 2010 to 2014 on agricultural growth. Major floods occurred each year during this period, affecting large areas of crops and damaging infrastructure. The worst impacts were seen in 2010 and 2014, which saw over 1 million acres of crops damaged each year. In total from 2010 to 2014, floods killed over 5,000 people and caused $19 billion in economic losses. The floods disproportionately impacted agricultural regions and farmers, undermining agricultural production and Pakistan's economy.
Review on the Cause and Effects of Recurrent Drought on Ethiopian Agriculture...AI Publications
Drought occurs in virtually all climatic zones, but its characteristics vary significantly from one region to another. Ethiopia characteristically sees three seasons of varying amounts of rainfall. The central western regions getting a sufficient amount of rain during the rainy season, but the rest of the country, especially towards the horn being very dry for most time of the year. This also leads that some parts of regions of Ethiopia severely affected by recurrent drought. Recurrent drought caused by deforestation, high population growth, land degradation and soil erosion which intern affect agriculture include crop losses, lower yields in both crop and livestock production, increased livestock deaths and generally it may bring economic, environmental, and social impacts. Different efforts are made by policy maker and government to reduce or mitigate the impact of drought but still the impact is there thus this review show the gap.
The document identifies 22 issues that impact integrated water resources management in the Caribbean. Some of the key issues discussed include land use planning, comprehensive water resources assessment, water resources planning, abstraction licensing, designated water uses, ambient water quality standards, public water supply, agricultural water management, seasonal variation, flooding, watershed management, water-related ecology, climate change, wastewater management, and public participation. The document suggests that many of these issues pose major challenges to water management in Caribbean countries.
An Overview of Eritrea’s Water ResourcesIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract: Water is central to national development that includes many challenges in the vital sectors such as food, energy, health and economic development. Cognizant of this fact, the government and people of Eritrea have been diligently working towards developing the water resources sector. Policies pertaining to water resources, food security, environment, and water and drought calamities mitigation were formulated and being put into effect. Remarkable achievements made on water conservation and safe and adequate water supply coverage by Eritrea can be considered as an important milestone. However, frequent assessment of water resources potentials at different levels of the country is an aspect that is fundamental to effective water resources development and management. Past literature on this subject showed that large scale studies have not been carried out and small scale studies were limited in scope towards the national perspective. Therefore, the above lacuna calls for investigating if the present water management practices are adequate to meet the challenges and the institutional framework is comprehensive to support the system. This paper attempts to review the country’s water resources status and education system. The review is primarily directed towards a feasibility study entitled “Establishment of National Water Technology Institute (NWTI)” conducted in 2013. The report included a summary of relevant documents from different sectors. Major contributions of this include reports of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment (MoLWE), the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), consultation of experts and visits to selected sites by the study team. Findings from this review emphasised on the need for some fundamental and pre-emptive changes to be introduced in the management of the national water systems as well as establishment of a well organized National Water Technology Institute to carry out training, research, outreach and consultancy works.
Zewde alemayehu tilahun a review on vulnerability of climate change on liveli...zewde alemayehu
This document reviews the vulnerability of climate change on livelihood systems in Ethiopia. It discusses how Ethiopia's agricultural dependent economy and low adaptive capacity make it highly vulnerable to climate impacts like drought and flooding. The document examines how climate change is affecting temperatures, rainfall patterns, and agricultural production in Ethiopia. It also analyzes the different factors that contribute to Ethiopia's vulnerability, such as heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture and underdeveloped water resources. Key vulnerable sectors are identified as agriculture, water resources, and human health. Smallholder farmers and pastoralists are the most vulnerable groups.
Transboundary waters and water conflicts - current perspectives for the manag...Isabela Espíndola
Water is a natural resource of great importance to all living beings, acquiring social, economic and political relevance to the global society. Though, its quantitative distribution is not homogeneous and the maintenance of its quality to meet the different demands has been compromised by the uses and inefficiency of water management systems. In the case of transboundary waters, the problem is even greater, since they require exclusive legal treatment, since they are located in two or more countries, with consequences for all those who share it, as is the case in South America, the area privileged in terms of water availability. In this context, this article takes as a case study the La Plata Basin, one of the main South American river basins, to discuss its management and to analyze some of the conflicts that have occurred related to the use of water resources. To fulfill the proposed objectives, the work approach is multidisciplinary, permeating concepts of geography, international relations, law, geopolitics and environment.
This document discusses sustainable consumption and the circular economy. It notes that while progress has been made, western societies still lead in consumption and developing countries seek to emulate unsustainable western growth models. Current economic growth is still linked to rising consumption, putting pressure on limited resources. A circular economy approach is needed to address these challenges and close the expected gap between global food availability and demand by 2050 through solutions like reducing food loss and waste, improving productivity, and shifting to more sustainable diets. Some signs of corporate leadership on sustainability issues are emerging but it remains a low priority for many boards. An approach beyond business as usual is required to manage risks to the environment and economy.
Water supply md gs-ethiopia country case study-finalFikru Tessema
Ethiopia has the lowest levels of access to clean water in sub-Saharan Africa, with only 30% of the population having access. Meeting the UN's Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of universal access by 2015 will require massive investment and a focus on rural and low-income areas. Currently, sources of funding are less than 25% from the public sector, and investment disproportionately benefits urban areas over rural areas where most people live in poverty. For Ethiopia to meet the MDG target, there needs to be a priority shift to supplying affordable technologies to rural communities, boosting implementation capacity, and increasing community involvement, especially of women.
Ms. Lafaye de Micheaux IEWP @ 1st Indo-European Water Forum, 23-24 novembre 2015India-EU Water Partnership
The document outlines a presentation comparing water framework legislation in India and Europe. It provides context for the emergence of such laws in each region, noting concerns over environmental degradation and health issues in Europe, and water scarcity and conflicts in India. Key differences are identified, such as the WFD being legally binding while India's draft is principles-based. Definitions and objectives also differ, with India's having greater social and economic focus. Recommendations include clarifying institutional responsibilities, improving urban water management through European collaboration, and further technical cooperation.
The document discusses trends affecting future water demand such as population growth, urbanization, dietary changes, and climate change. It also discusses water use in agriculture, which accounts for 70% of all water use. While specialization, basin cooperation, and water reallocation can improve water productivity, water allocation has societal dimensions and economic instruments play a limited role due to issues with water markets. Overall, the document examines factors influencing water demand and supply, opportunities to improve water use efficiency, and challenges around water allocation and pricing.
Effectiveness of Adaptation Measures Taken by Farmers in the Field of Effects...IJEAB
It is evident that climate change affects the well being of farmers and increases their vulnerability in the future if no action is taken into account by them. In fact, Various adaptation measures, such as crop diversification, changes in the dates of semi and crops, use of seed and fertilizer varieties, irrigation, use of tractors etc. are carried out by Farmers. However, these different measures have not yet had the same effect in reducing the negative effects of climate change on agriculture. Thus, this paper aims at evaluating empirically assess the effectiveness of these measures or strategies of adaptations on the performance of farms in Benin. Using the estimation technique of MCO, estimating the technical efficiency of farmers' production reveals that the use of improved seeds and fertilizers also reduces the negative impact of climate change In addition, land irrigation and the number of weeding remain influential factors for which we do not have the necessary statistics to assess their efficiencies
Population and natural resources conditions , Population and environment issues, Global warming and climate change ,
Demographic factors are evoked by several countries in connection with their environmental problems: Relation among population , Resources and Environment, South Asian countries mention that population policy as general means to alleviate environmental problems:
Climate change adaptation opportunities and challenges from two communities i...Alexander Decker
Climate change is disproportionately affecting poor communities in developing countries like Ethiopia. Two communities in Ethiopia were surveyed to understand their perceptions of and ability to adapt to climate change impacts like drought. The communities demonstrated good awareness of climate impacts but lagged in adaptation efforts due to limited resources. While communities are actively adapting, their capacity is insufficient to deal with increasing disaster frequency and severity expected due to climate change. Increased global support is urgently needed to help vulnerable communities adapt.
This document summarizes key concepts from a presentation on integrated water resource management (IWRM) as a tool for adaptation to climate change. IWRM can help adaptation by allowing for better water management, basin planning to identify and mitigate risks, and stakeholder participation to mobilize action and assess risks. The presentation covers climate change impacts on water resources and sectors like agriculture and health. It discusses approaches to climate change impact, adaptation and vulnerability assessments, and the use of climate change scenarios and modeling to project impacts on water resource systems.
The document discusses the increasing strain being placed on global natural resources and the environment due to population growth, rising consumption, and inefficient resource use. It notes that decoupling economic growth from resource use and environmental impact is an imperative. However, markets alone will not drive the increases in resource efficiency needed and public policy is required. The transition to a new economic model that incorporates sustainability and circular economy principles could help address many of these issues, but meaningful system-level changes are still needed to avoid widespread environmental and social crises in the future.
This document discusses water issues in Mexico. It summarizes that water supply and demand are uneven across regions, with the north experiencing high population and economic growth but lower renewable water. Climate change is projected to increase temperatures and decrease rainfall, exacerbating water stresses. The document outlines Mexico's commitments to climate change and identifies 10 critical topics for effective water sector adaptation to climate change impacts, including improving irrigation, sanitation, and adopting more water-efficient agricultural crops.
Socio-economic development and availability of water are strongly interrelated.
Advances in water related engineering, technology and management have been central to progress in human development.
Today water remains central to many aspects of socio-economic development – key to energy and food production (nexus) and other areas of human endeavor.
Global Food Waste (A problem for water resource management)Shehzad Ali
These slides show food production data as well as water footprints for several countries. The data was obtained from reliable sources, and I analyzed it using a variety of technologies to create a geographic representation of the data.
Ethiopia faces several key drivers of change that impact water resources and development. These include a rapidly growing population, which increases pressure on scarce agricultural land and water supplies. Climate change is also a major driver, increasing rainfall variability and extremes that affect both water availability and agricultural productivity. Globalization provides economic opportunities but also risks from global market fluctuations and foreign ownership of land and water resources. Improving water infrastructure and adopting more integrated planning that considers diverse livelihoods is needed to promote development and poverty alleviation amid these changes.
A shortage of water as a cause of internal and international conflicts in the...Fernando Alcoforado
Water scarcity is increasing and poses risks of conflicts. Only 2.5% of the planet's water is freshwater, yet demand is rising due to population growth. By 2050, over 2 billion more people may lack access to water. Diseases from unsafe water kill over a million people annually. As water resources decline due to climate change, internal and international disputes over water are expected to increase in the 21st century.
Biophysical Foundations of Production and Consumption of Human Economy Source...ijtsrd
Three major problems associated with our management of the world's ecosystems are already causing significant harm to some people, particularly the poor, and unless addressed will substantially diminish the long term benefits we obtain from ecosystems First, approximately 60 15 out of 24 of the ecosystem services examined during the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment are being degraded or used unsustainably, including fresh water, capture fisheries, air and water purification, and the regulation of regional and local climate, natural hazards, and pests. The full costs of the loss and degradation of these ecosystem services are difficult to measure, but the available evidence demonstrates that they are substantial and growing. Many ecosystem services have been degraded as a consequence of actions taken to increase the supply of other services, such as food. These trade offs often shift the costs of degradation from one group of people to another or defer costs to future generations. Second, there is established but incomplete evidence that changes being made in ecosystems are increasing the likelihood of nonlinear changes in ecosystems including accelerating, abrupt, and potentially irreversible changes that have important consequences for human well being. Dr. Anshumala Chandangar "Biophysical Foundations of Production and Consumption of Human Economy Sources and Sink Functions of the Ecosystem" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47663.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/47663/biophysical-foundations-of-production-and-consumption-of-human-economy-sources-and-sink-functions-of-the-ecosystem/dr-anshumala-chandangar
Flood disaster in pakistan and its impact on agriculture growth a reviewMehro6
The document summarizes the impacts of flooding in Pakistan from 2010 to 2014 on agricultural growth. Major floods occurred each year during this period, affecting large areas of crops and damaging infrastructure. The worst impacts were seen in 2010 and 2014, which saw over 1 million acres of crops damaged each year. In total from 2010 to 2014, floods killed over 5,000 people and caused $19 billion in economic losses. The floods disproportionately impacted agricultural regions and farmers, undermining agricultural production and Pakistan's economy.
Review on the Cause and Effects of Recurrent Drought on Ethiopian Agriculture...AI Publications
Drought occurs in virtually all climatic zones, but its characteristics vary significantly from one region to another. Ethiopia characteristically sees three seasons of varying amounts of rainfall. The central western regions getting a sufficient amount of rain during the rainy season, but the rest of the country, especially towards the horn being very dry for most time of the year. This also leads that some parts of regions of Ethiopia severely affected by recurrent drought. Recurrent drought caused by deforestation, high population growth, land degradation and soil erosion which intern affect agriculture include crop losses, lower yields in both crop and livestock production, increased livestock deaths and generally it may bring economic, environmental, and social impacts. Different efforts are made by policy maker and government to reduce or mitigate the impact of drought but still the impact is there thus this review show the gap.
The document identifies 22 issues that impact integrated water resources management in the Caribbean. Some of the key issues discussed include land use planning, comprehensive water resources assessment, water resources planning, abstraction licensing, designated water uses, ambient water quality standards, public water supply, agricultural water management, seasonal variation, flooding, watershed management, water-related ecology, climate change, wastewater management, and public participation. The document suggests that many of these issues pose major challenges to water management in Caribbean countries.
An Overview of Eritrea’s Water ResourcesIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract: Water is central to national development that includes many challenges in the vital sectors such as food, energy, health and economic development. Cognizant of this fact, the government and people of Eritrea have been diligently working towards developing the water resources sector. Policies pertaining to water resources, food security, environment, and water and drought calamities mitigation were formulated and being put into effect. Remarkable achievements made on water conservation and safe and adequate water supply coverage by Eritrea can be considered as an important milestone. However, frequent assessment of water resources potentials at different levels of the country is an aspect that is fundamental to effective water resources development and management. Past literature on this subject showed that large scale studies have not been carried out and small scale studies were limited in scope towards the national perspective. Therefore, the above lacuna calls for investigating if the present water management practices are adequate to meet the challenges and the institutional framework is comprehensive to support the system. This paper attempts to review the country’s water resources status and education system. The review is primarily directed towards a feasibility study entitled “Establishment of National Water Technology Institute (NWTI)” conducted in 2013. The report included a summary of relevant documents from different sectors. Major contributions of this include reports of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment (MoLWE), the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), consultation of experts and visits to selected sites by the study team. Findings from this review emphasised on the need for some fundamental and pre-emptive changes to be introduced in the management of the national water systems as well as establishment of a well organized National Water Technology Institute to carry out training, research, outreach and consultancy works.
Zewde alemayehu tilahun a review on vulnerability of climate change on liveli...zewde alemayehu
This document reviews the vulnerability of climate change on livelihood systems in Ethiopia. It discusses how Ethiopia's agricultural dependent economy and low adaptive capacity make it highly vulnerable to climate impacts like drought and flooding. The document examines how climate change is affecting temperatures, rainfall patterns, and agricultural production in Ethiopia. It also analyzes the different factors that contribute to Ethiopia's vulnerability, such as heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture and underdeveloped water resources. Key vulnerable sectors are identified as agriculture, water resources, and human health. Smallholder farmers and pastoralists are the most vulnerable groups.
Transboundary waters and water conflicts - current perspectives for the manag...Isabela Espíndola
Water is a natural resource of great importance to all living beings, acquiring social, economic and political relevance to the global society. Though, its quantitative distribution is not homogeneous and the maintenance of its quality to meet the different demands has been compromised by the uses and inefficiency of water management systems. In the case of transboundary waters, the problem is even greater, since they require exclusive legal treatment, since they are located in two or more countries, with consequences for all those who share it, as is the case in South America, the area privileged in terms of water availability. In this context, this article takes as a case study the La Plata Basin, one of the main South American river basins, to discuss its management and to analyze some of the conflicts that have occurred related to the use of water resources. To fulfill the proposed objectives, the work approach is multidisciplinary, permeating concepts of geography, international relations, law, geopolitics and environment.
This document discusses sustainable consumption and the circular economy. It notes that while progress has been made, western societies still lead in consumption and developing countries seek to emulate unsustainable western growth models. Current economic growth is still linked to rising consumption, putting pressure on limited resources. A circular economy approach is needed to address these challenges and close the expected gap between global food availability and demand by 2050 through solutions like reducing food loss and waste, improving productivity, and shifting to more sustainable diets. Some signs of corporate leadership on sustainability issues are emerging but it remains a low priority for many boards. An approach beyond business as usual is required to manage risks to the environment and economy.
Water supply md gs-ethiopia country case study-finalFikru Tessema
Ethiopia has the lowest levels of access to clean water in sub-Saharan Africa, with only 30% of the population having access. Meeting the UN's Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of universal access by 2015 will require massive investment and a focus on rural and low-income areas. Currently, sources of funding are less than 25% from the public sector, and investment disproportionately benefits urban areas over rural areas where most people live in poverty. For Ethiopia to meet the MDG target, there needs to be a priority shift to supplying affordable technologies to rural communities, boosting implementation capacity, and increasing community involvement, especially of women.
Ms. Lafaye de Micheaux IEWP @ 1st Indo-European Water Forum, 23-24 novembre 2015India-EU Water Partnership
The document outlines a presentation comparing water framework legislation in India and Europe. It provides context for the emergence of such laws in each region, noting concerns over environmental degradation and health issues in Europe, and water scarcity and conflicts in India. Key differences are identified, such as the WFD being legally binding while India's draft is principles-based. Definitions and objectives also differ, with India's having greater social and economic focus. Recommendations include clarifying institutional responsibilities, improving urban water management through European collaboration, and further technical cooperation.
The document discusses trends affecting future water demand such as population growth, urbanization, dietary changes, and climate change. It also discusses water use in agriculture, which accounts for 70% of all water use. While specialization, basin cooperation, and water reallocation can improve water productivity, water allocation has societal dimensions and economic instruments play a limited role due to issues with water markets. Overall, the document examines factors influencing water demand and supply, opportunities to improve water use efficiency, and challenges around water allocation and pricing.
Effectiveness of Adaptation Measures Taken by Farmers in the Field of Effects...IJEAB
It is evident that climate change affects the well being of farmers and increases their vulnerability in the future if no action is taken into account by them. In fact, Various adaptation measures, such as crop diversification, changes in the dates of semi and crops, use of seed and fertilizer varieties, irrigation, use of tractors etc. are carried out by Farmers. However, these different measures have not yet had the same effect in reducing the negative effects of climate change on agriculture. Thus, this paper aims at evaluating empirically assess the effectiveness of these measures or strategies of adaptations on the performance of farms in Benin. Using the estimation technique of MCO, estimating the technical efficiency of farmers' production reveals that the use of improved seeds and fertilizers also reduces the negative impact of climate change In addition, land irrigation and the number of weeding remain influential factors for which we do not have the necessary statistics to assess their efficiencies
Population and natural resources conditions , Population and environment issues, Global warming and climate change ,
Demographic factors are evoked by several countries in connection with their environmental problems: Relation among population , Resources and Environment, South Asian countries mention that population policy as general means to alleviate environmental problems:
Climate change adaptation opportunities and challenges from two communities i...Alexander Decker
Climate change is disproportionately affecting poor communities in developing countries like Ethiopia. Two communities in Ethiopia were surveyed to understand their perceptions of and ability to adapt to climate change impacts like drought. The communities demonstrated good awareness of climate impacts but lagged in adaptation efforts due to limited resources. While communities are actively adapting, their capacity is insufficient to deal with increasing disaster frequency and severity expected due to climate change. Increased global support is urgently needed to help vulnerable communities adapt.
This document summarizes key concepts from a presentation on integrated water resource management (IWRM) as a tool for adaptation to climate change. IWRM can help adaptation by allowing for better water management, basin planning to identify and mitigate risks, and stakeholder participation to mobilize action and assess risks. The presentation covers climate change impacts on water resources and sectors like agriculture and health. It discusses approaches to climate change impact, adaptation and vulnerability assessments, and the use of climate change scenarios and modeling to project impacts on water resource systems.
The document discusses the increasing strain being placed on global natural resources and the environment due to population growth, rising consumption, and inefficient resource use. It notes that decoupling economic growth from resource use and environmental impact is an imperative. However, markets alone will not drive the increases in resource efficiency needed and public policy is required. The transition to a new economic model that incorporates sustainability and circular economy principles could help address many of these issues, but meaningful system-level changes are still needed to avoid widespread environmental and social crises in the future.
This document discusses water issues in Mexico. It summarizes that water supply and demand are uneven across regions, with the north experiencing high population and economic growth but lower renewable water. Climate change is projected to increase temperatures and decrease rainfall, exacerbating water stresses. The document outlines Mexico's commitments to climate change and identifies 10 critical topics for effective water sector adaptation to climate change impacts, including improving irrigation, sanitation, and adopting more water-efficient agricultural crops.
Socio-economic development and availability of water are strongly interrelated.
Advances in water related engineering, technology and management have been central to progress in human development.
Today water remains central to many aspects of socio-economic development – key to energy and food production (nexus) and other areas of human endeavor.
The document summarizes key drivers of increasing global water demand and potential solutions to close the growing water gap. By 2050, world water demand is projected to increase by 60% due to factors like population growth, changing diets, increased food production and urbanization. Agriculture currently accounts for 70% of water withdrawals globally. Solutions discussed to help close the growing gap between supply and demand include increased wastewater reuse, further development of desalination technologies, improving irrigation efficiency, appropriate water pricing, integrated water governance and planning at the basin scale.
This document summarizes a study on flash flood hazards in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. It finds that rainfall intensity has increased in the local Dechatu catchment since 1970, exacerbating flash flooding. Land use changes like shrinking forests and expanding urban/farm areas have also increased surface runoff and flood risk. The worst flooding on record occurred in 2006, killing 256 people, displacing over 9,956, and causing over 97 million ETB in damages. The study aims to identify flood triggering factors and impacts to better inform future disaster mitigation through land use policy and early warning systems.
This document summarizes water resource management (WRM) financing in Thailand. It outlines the status of WRM in Thailand, including existing institutions and challenges. These challenges include increased competition for water between users, deteriorating water quality from wastewater and agriculture, increasing flood risks as more people live in cities, and many city dwellers lacking access to water and sanitation. The document also notes Thailand's increasing water demands outpacing available supply and discusses drought risks, flood risks, and challenges of expanding wastewater treatment. It concludes with recommendations around collective decision making, coping with risks, and promoting water governance.
This document discusses the economic impacts of packaged and bottled water businesses in Nigeria. It begins by providing background on water issues in Nigeria, noting that less than 30% of the population has access to adequate drinking water. It then discusses the growth of packaged and bottled water businesses in Nigeria to fill the gap left by insufficient public water infrastructure. The document aims to examine the economic impacts of these businesses. It identifies impacts such as providing business and employment opportunities, profits and wages, economic growth, and tax revenue for the government. The businesses also allow water to be available at affordable prices.
This document provides an overview of the global and India's water scenario, current issues and challenges related to water security in India. It discusses factors impacting water security such as population growth, urbanization, water quality issues from pollution, overexploitation of groundwater, deforestation, reduced rainwater usage, conflicts and climate change. The key issues facing India are rapid depletion of groundwater sources, over 70% of water being contaminated, most households lacking access to drinking water, and increasing water demand outpacing available supply. Urgent action is needed to ensure sustainable water management and access to clean water for all as targeted under the UN's Sustainable Development Goal 6.
This document discusses World Water Day, which is observed annually on March 22nd to promote sustainable management of water resources. It notes that water use has been growing faster than population increases, with the majority used for irrigation and a smaller portion for household and industrial purposes. Water scarcity in cities is exacerbated by population growth, urbanization, industrialization, climate change, pollution, and conflicts. The document outlines various efforts by the UN and countries like India to improve access to water and promote conservation and sustainable water management.
World Water Day is observed annually on March 22nd to promote sustainable management of water resources. The UN established the day to implement recommendations around clean water and sustainable aquatic habitats. A key focus is on providing safe and affordable water in rapidly growing cities in developing nations. Water use has been growing faster than population increases, with industrial and agricultural uses being the largest. Managing water resources in urban areas is challenging due to population growth, pollution, and overexploitation of sources. The Indian government aims to develop water resources through integrated management and non-conventional methods like inter-basin transfers.
This document provides an overview of critical challenges facing sustainable water resource management including increasing costs of developing new water supplies, wasteful use of existing water, degradation of irrigated cropland, and groundwater depletion. It outlines a research agenda to understand how policies and institutions can help address these challenges through more effective water management, increased food production, poverty alleviation, and environmental sustainability. The goals are to understand the impacts of alternative policies on water, poverty, ecosystems, and food security and utilize this to help develop sustainable water management strategies.
The document provides information on the geographical location and topography of Bangladesh that makes it prone to flooding. Some key points:
- Bangladesh's location at the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers and its low-lying delta plains mean many areas are below sea level.
- Major floods in 1988, 1998 and 2004 caused widespread damage and affected millions of people.
- Both structural (embankments, shelters) and non-structural (forecasting, preparedness) measures have been implemented to reduce flood impacts, though large areas remain vulnerable due to the country's natural geography.
This document reviews the impact of small-scale irrigation on household food security in Ethiopia. It finds that access to reliable irrigation water enables farmers to intensify cultivation, leading to increased productivity, production, and returns. Irrigated households are able to grow crops more than once a year, ensuring stable production, income, and food consumption to improve food security. However, simply providing irrigation infrastructure is not enough - farmers also need access to roads, markets, credit, training, and information to engage in irrigation and reduce food insecurity. The potential for irrigation in Ethiopia is estimated at 3.7 million hectares, but currently only 853,000 hectares are under small-scale irrigation.
This document discusses water scarcity as a strategic issue requiring coordinated action from the UN. It provides background on UN-Water, the mechanism coordinating UN actions on freshwater issues. The document then discusses the growing problem of water scarcity globally due to increasing demand, pollution, and climate change effects. It notes that by 2025, 1.8 billion people will live in areas of absolute water scarcity. The document emphasizes the need for integrated management of water resources to efficiently allocate water between sectors and ensure water is available to both people and ecosystems.
This document discusses water scarcity as a strategic issue requiring coordinated action from the UN. It provides background on UN-Water, the mechanism for coordinating UN actions on freshwater issues. The document then discusses the growing problem of water scarcity globally due to increasing demand, pollution, and climate change effects. It notes that by 2025, 1.8 billion people will live in areas of absolute water scarcity. The document emphasizes the need for integrated management of water resources and increased productivity of water use across sectors to address scarcity challenges.
Increasing Water Accessibility: Strategic Investment and Policy Priorities in...CTA
Increasing water accessibility requires strategic investment and policy changes in agricultural water management. Key investment areas include irrigation, rainfed agriculture, groundwater, and wastewater usage. Related sectors like markets, roads, and technology also require investment. Policy reforms are needed to develop integrated water policies, reform incentives, and define institutional roles. Climate change, trade policies, and debt levels will impact future water availability, requiring adaptive strategies. Increased funding and partnerships can enable irrigation expansion and water storage to boost food security in African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries.
Increasing Water Accessibility: Strategic Investment and Policy Priorities in...CTA
Increasing water accessibility requires strategic investment and policy changes in agricultural water management. Key investment areas include irrigation, rainfed agriculture, groundwater, and wastewater usage. Related sectors like markets, roads, and ICT can boost benefits. Policy reforms are needed to develop integrated water policies, reform incentives, and define institutional roles. Climate change, trade policies, and debt burdens will impact future water availability, requiring adaptive strategies. Coordinated investments and policies across Africa and the Caribbean are needed to realize agricultural and economic development goals.
The document summarizes research on threats to water security in the Amazon basin from climate change and land use change. It finds that land use change may negatively impact water quality more than quantity by 2050. Climate change is projected to significantly reduce rainfall and increase water stress in the basin by 2050 and 2080. This could undermine food production, energy generation and health. The document recommends establishing protected zones to safeguard water security, a regional platform to monitor securities, and incorporating securities into national planning.
Ppp position paper_water_n_sanitation_102k9Ritu Dhar
This document summarizes the key challenges facing India's water and sanitation sector, including rapid urbanization, underinvestment, and lack of robust institutional structures. It notes that while nearly all urban areas have piped water, the systems are inefficient with low pressure and frequent breakdowns. The sector is in a downward spiral of deteriorating assets and declining revenues. Large investments are needed but the 11th Five Year Plan aims to increase investments significantly over the 10th Plan. Reforms and greater private sector participation are also seen as important to address the sector's challenges.
La Unión Europea ha propuesto un nuevo paquete de sanciones contra Rusia que incluye un embargo al petróleo ruso. El embargo se aplicaría gradualmente durante seis meses para el petróleo crudo y hacia finales de 2022 para los productos refinados. Este paquete de sanciones requiere la aprobación unánime de los 27 estados miembros de la UE.
La gestión del agua y su impacto en la producción de alimentos en el semidesierto mexicano es compleja, ya que la naturaleza de estos ecosistemas y la presencia de sequías recurrentes ponen en riesgo la seguridad alimentaria de una parte significativa del territorio nacional, afectando a grupos sociales que se encuentran en muchas ocasiones en condiciones de alta y muy alta marginación, sin la disponibilidad de alimentos y sin recursos económicos para adquirirlos.
Aplicación de Enfoques Integrados para el Desarrollo, Administración y Uso d...Josué Isaac Hernández Díaz
Este documento presenta los resultados de la Encuesta de Segundo Nivel realizada en México como parte del informe de avances de UN-WATER sobre la aplicación de enfoques integrados para la gestión de recursos hídricos. La encuesta consistió en entrevistas detalladas con funcionarios clave para analizar los desafíos, medidas adoptadas y lecciones aprendidas en temas como políticas públicas, gobernanza, instrumentos de gestión, infraestructura e impactos. Los principales hallazgos fueron que la creciente escasez de agua es el mayor des
Este documento presenta los resultados iniciales de un diálogo regional sobre la adaptación al cambio climático en el sector hídrico en América Latina y el Caribe. Reconoce que el cambio climático tendrá importantes consecuencias en la región, incluyendo cambios en la precipitación y patrones de escurrimiento, así como un aumento en eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos. Argumenta que es imperativo abordar los desafíos institucionales, sociopolíticos, de financiamiento y culturales que enfrentan las
"Retos Emergentes de la Gestión del Agua Urbana en Querétaro" Reporte CompletoJosué Isaac Hernández Díaz
. La estabilidad social y económica de las ciudades -promotoras de competitividad y desarrollo regional- dependen del grado de seguridad hídrica que adquieren, de su capacidad de proveer agua a sus usuarios en cantidad y calidad suficiente, de manera confiable y a un precio competitivo. A pesar de la complejidad, las incertidumbres y los riesgos que se avecinan, es necesario optimizar la seguridad hídrica de la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Querétaro y del Estado de Querétaro, y contar con agua sustentable y económica para el futuro.
Objetivo: Agregar al conocimiento de los asistentes a la Conferencia los fundamentos conceptuales y las herramientas de diagnóstico relacionadas con la pobreza y la seguridad alimentaria en comunidades rurales ubicadas en regiones semidesérticas de México, con el propósito de ayudar a identificar políticas públicas basadas en evidencia y diseñar estrategias y planes de intervención para poder atender de manera integral la problemática existente.
RETOS EMERGENTES DE LA GESTIÓN DEL AGUA URBANA EN QUERÉTARO: SEGURIDAD HÍDRIC...Josué Isaac Hernández Díaz
En un mundo cada vez más interconectado y competitivo y ante la creciente escasez de recursos naturales básicos como el agua, la problemática relacionada con la gestión del agua local, bajo la perspectiva de las incertidumbres emergentes, la gestión de riesgo y la necesidad de incrementar la seguridad hídrica en el Estado de Querétaro, precisa de políticas públicas acordes a los retos asociados para tener disponibilidad de agua para todos los usos sobre el mediano y largo plazo.
OPTIMIZATION OF FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION WITHIN NAFTA COUNTRIES: FRAMING THE IS...Josué Isaac Hernández Díaz
This document discusses optimization of freight transportation within NAFTA countries. It provides background on freight transportation in the US, including key statistics on tonnage and value shipped by various modes of transportation annually. It then discusses the establishment of NAFTA and its impact on increasing land freight transportation between the US, Canada, and Mexico.
La sequía e inestabilidad social en México están estrechamente relacionadas. A lo largo de la historia, las sequías han causado bajas en la producción agrícola, crisis alimentarias y migraciones, lo que a su vez ha generado inestabilidad social y política. Las condiciones climáticas secas han contribuido al colapso de ciudades prehispánicas y al descontento social que llevó a la independencia y la revolución mexicana. En la actualidad, el cambio climático amenaza con exacerbar los efectos de
Gestión del agua en la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Querétaro y su Área...Josué Isaac Hernández Díaz
La gestión del agua en la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Querétaro ha sobrepasado la sustentabilidad regional en el uso del agua por más de tres décadas. Se ha recurrido a tomar agua de lugares cada vez más lejanos dentro del estado, con consecuencias negativas sociales, económicas y ambientales. El crecimiento futuro de la población y la economía de la zona metropolitana aumentarán aún más la demanda de agua, lo que plantea desafíos para una gestión sustentable a largo pl
Este documento propone una gestión integral de los recursos hídricos para la zona metropolitana de Querétaro. Actualmente existe una sobreexplotación del acuífero que podría causar una crisis de agua. La propuesta incluye intervenciones como asignar escurrimientos, conservar zonas de recarga, mejorar la eficiencia del agua y la participación ciudadana para lograr la sustentabilidad hidrológica a largo plazo. Se requiere una coordinación interinstitucional para implementar políticas públicas, leyes y
El Desarrollo de Capacidades de Organismos Operadores ordenado por las Reformas de 1996 de la SDWA -Safe Drinking Water Act- ofrece un marco de trabajo flexible, de manera tal que se asegure que los organismos operadores de los Estados Unidos puedan adquirir y mantener capacidades técnicas, administrativas y financieras para lograr los objetivos de SDWA, que son el proveer agua potable de manera consistente, confiable y a bajo precio.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Mexico UN-Water Country Brief
1. 72.9%
12.0%
8.0%
5.9%
1.2%
0.0%
___
100%
Agricultural
Industrial
Cooling of thermoelectric plant
Municipal
Water withdrawals by sector
(total 80 590 million m3 in 2009)
77%
4%
5%
14%
UN-Water Country Brief
Mexico
year
The Money Stream
From 2003 to 2011, the water-related government budget accounted for an estimated 1.8 percent of total
government expenditure.
Over the period 2003 to 2011, over 43 percent of the water-related government budget was channeled
into water supply and sanitation, and almost one quarter into water resources policy and administrative
management. Agricultural water resources accounted for close to 17 percent, disaster-related national
investments for just under 9 percent and water resources protection for over 4 percent.Whereas close to 95
percent of water-related official development assistance (ODA) over the same period was channeled into
water supply and sanitation, some 3 percent into water resources policy and administrative management
and close to 2 percent into water resources protection.
1.8%
116.15 million inhabitants
1.96 million km2
59 inhabitants/km2
0.775
61
0.382
1.7 %
760 mm/year
451 883 million m3/year
3 879 m3/inhabitant
17.6 %
37.5 %
6.46million ha
66 %
138 sites
8.8 million hectares
Total population (UN Population Division)
Total area
Population density
Human Development Index (UNDP) (between 0 and
1; 1 is highest)
Country rank (total 186 countries; 1 is highest)
Gender Inequality Index (0 is equality between
women and men; 1 is least equality)
Water, sanitation and hygiene-related deaths % of
total deaths (WHO)
Long-term average annual precipitation (CONAGUA)
Long-term average actual renewable water
resources (FAO AQUASTAT)
Actual annual renewable water resources per capita
(FAO AQUASTAT)
% of total actual renewable freshwater resources
withdrawn (MDG Water Indicator) (FAO AQUASTAT)
Groundwater withdrawal as % of total freshwater
withdrawal (CONAGUA)
Total area equipped for irrigation (CONAGUA)
% of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation
(CONAGUA and FAO AQUASTAT)
Ramsar sites (Ramsar) – number
– total area
2012
2011
2012
2012
2004
2012
2006
2009
2009
2009
2013
% of water-related government budget to total
government expenditure 2003 - 2011
Annual average official development assistance
gross disbursements during the period 2003 – 2011
(million constant 2010 US$)
Annual average government budget
during the period 2003 - 2011
(million constant 2010 US$)
Disaster prevention and prepared-
ness/flood protection and control
669.76
469.04
329.20
172.47
170.78
87.64
27.43
26.19
12.42
1.29
0.02
30.88
0.18
0.87
0.04
0.02
total annual average total annual average1952.51 45.72
34.3%
24.0%
16.9%
8.8%
8.8%
4.5%
1.4%
1.3%
___
100%
gua
2. Water-related government budget during the
period 2003 to 2012:
• The national water-related budget has generally been
trending up.
• From 2006 to 2012, the Government of Mexico gave
increased emphasis to water resources management, as
articulated in the 2030 Water Agenda of Mexico.
• The vast majority of river development, hydroelectric
power plants, agricultural water resources and disaster
prevention and preparedness and flood prevention /
control is funded through the government budget with
little official development assistance.
Water-related official development assistance
during the period 2003 to 2011:
• The ODA emphasis has been on basic and large water
supply and sanitation systems, with peaks occurring in
2005 (large systems) and 2006 (basic systems).
The data for government budget, i.e. what the government had
planned to spend during a given year, excludes official development
assistance (ODA). The OECD Creditor Reporting System categories
were chosen for the collection of these water-related investments and
the data was obtained by the WCB project through in-country research
in cooperation with the government (during 2012), while ODA data
stems from the OECD Creditor Reporting System (collected November
2012).
Government budget during the period 2003 – 2012
(million constant 2010 US$)
Note: Government budget data for hydro-electric power
plants only from 2003 to 2011
Official development assistance gross disburse-
ments during the period 2003 - 2011
(million constant 2010 US$)
Millionconstant2010US$
Status and Trends
Water supply and sanitation in large systems: Water
desalination plants; intakes, storage, treatment, pumping
stations, conveyance and distribution systems; sewerage;
domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants.
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation:
Water supply and sanitation through low-cost technologies
such as hand-pumps, spring catchment, gravity-fed systems,
rainwater collection, storage tanks, small distribution
systems; latrines, small-bore sewers, on-site disposal (septic
tanks).
Water resources policy and administrative manage-
ment: Water sector policy, planning and programmes; water
legislation and management; institution capacity building
and advice; water supply assessments and studies; ground-
water, water quality and watershed studies; hydrogeology.
Excluding agricultural water resources.
Disaster prevention and preparedness/Flood
protection and control: Disaster risk reduction activities
such as developing knowledge, natural risks cartography,
legal norms for construction; early warning systems;
emergency contingency stocks and contingency planning
including preparations for forced displacement. Floods
from rivers or the sea; including sea water intrusion control
and sea level rise related activities.
Agricultural water resources: Irrigation, reservoirs,
hydraulic structures, groundwater exploitation for agricultur-
al use.
Hydroelectric power plants: Including power-gener-
ating river barrages.
Water resources protection: Inland surface waters
(rivers, lakes, etc.); conservation and rehabilitation of
groundwater; prevention of water contamination from
agrochemicals, industrial effluents.
River development: Integrated river basin projects;
river flow control; dams and reservoirs. Excluding dams
primarily for irrigation and hydropower and activities related
to river transport.
0
500
600
900
0
40
80
120
160
100
200
300
400
700
800
2003 2003 2005 2007 2009 20112005 2007 2009 2011
3. Impact for development
While during 2002 to 2007 there was a more
than eightfold increase in the value generated
by industry per m3
of water, during 2007 to 2008
this value decreased by 2%. In general, water is
a driver for industry both from the perspective
of securing stable supply water sources for indus-
trial production as well as from the standpoint of
enhancing operating efficiency and reliability.
Water Intensity
in Industry
Water - related Disasters*
Irrigated Agriculture
Impact for development
Agriculture accounts for approximately 4 percent
of gross domestic product and employs around
16 percent of the workforce in Mexico. In 2012,
women accounted for 12 percent of the econom-
ically active population in agriculture. Irrigated
agriculture accounts for approximately 50 per-
cent of the total value of agricultural production
and 70 percent of Mexico’s agricultural exports.
Yield from irrigated crops have been estimated
at 3.5 times the yields from dryland crops (27.3
versus 7.8 metric tons per hectare for maize). Key
irrigated crops include maize, sorghum, wheat,
fruit, vegetables, fodder, sugarcane, and pulses.
Value added by industry
in million constant 2000 US$
Value generated by industry per m3
of water
(FAO AQUASTAT, World Bank)
millionconstant2000US$
The economic viability of new irrigation schemes is
highly dependent on the ability to achieve efficient
agronomic practice productivity gains (i.e.: efficient crop
varieties and use of fertilizers), in addition to gains
directly related to a move from dryland cropping to
irrigated cropping. The analysis of expanding irrigation
for an important crop such as maize indicates that it is
unlikely to be economically viable unless the most
optimistic of assumptions can be achieved.
Approximately 77 percent of Mexico’s cultivated area
is not irrigated and there has been limited expansion
of irrigated agriculture since the mid 1990s, with the
percentage of potential irrigation area equipped for
irrigation remaining between 64 to 66 percent. Rather,
the focus of investments has been on improving water
productivity within already constrained water availability
circumstances. This has resulted in gradual improvements
in productivity in irrigated agriculture (in terms of kg/m3
of water) under highly variable precipitation patterns.
Mexico is highly susceptible to a number of water-related
disasters* mainly landslide, floods and tropical cyclones
that may cause deaths and destruction, potentially
affecting long-term investment and economic growth.
There was a sharp spike in the number of water-related
disasters in Mexico in 2010 and 2011, but the number of
human causalities from such disasters, while occasionally
high, has on average remained constant (mainly after year
2000). On the other hand, economic loss and the number
of disaster-affected people are growing. The data shows
that hurricanes dominate, to 98 percent of water-related
disasters, in terms of the number of disaster occurrences
and damage in the disaster history of the country.
* ‘Water-related disasters’ within the scope of this WCB study do not
include droughts.
Rainfall variability and agricultural GDP
(FAO AQUASTAT, World Bank)
National rainfall index variability
(percentage of deviation from average national
rainfall index)
Variability in agricultural GDP
(percentage of deviation from trend of agricultural goods
produced per km2
of agricultural land)
%
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003
0
0.5
1
1.5
2.0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
R² = 0.6848
kg/m3
ofwater
Productivity of water in irrigation schemes
(CONAGUA)
Economic viability of establishing
new irrigation schemes for corn
Mid-point
scenario
Economic viability threshold
0.57 0.80 1.49
Pessimistic
scenario
Optimistic
Impact for development
Between 1980 and 2007, hydro-meteorological
events in Mexico have affected 8 million people
and caused 130 billion pesos (close to 10 000
million 2011 US$ ) worth of damage (CONA-
GUA, 2011). Analysis of the EM-DAT database
indicates that water-related disasters account
for over 80 percent of economic damage
caused by natural disasters in the country.
numberofevents
numberofpeoplekilled
peopleaffectedinmillion
damageinmillioncurrentUS$
Number of disaster events
Number of people killed
Affected population in million
Economic damage in million current US$
0
50 000
100 000
1500 00
200 000
1995 2005 20102000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
0
1
2
3
4
5
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
0
1 500
3 000
4 500
6 000
0
3
6
9
12
2.7
22.7
22.2
Water-related disasters impacts
(Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología,
UNISDR)
Value generated by industry
in constant 2000 US$ per m3
of water
4. Impact for development
The Government of Mexico has focused on
the formulation and implementation of the
2030 Water Agenda to develop a long-term
vision to achieve the sustainable use of water
resources. The 2030 Water Agenda focuses on
achieving balanced supply and demand for
water, clean water bodies, universal access to
water services and settlements safe from cat-
astrophic floods, among other recommended
initiatives. In general, nations that prioritize
water policies successfully improve their
social and economic development.
Tracking Water
Governance
Mexico has a comprehensive legal system, a national
water authority, a functioning water rights system,
and emerging water markets. In 1992, Mexico adopted
a National Water Law, which contained specific provi-
sions for the role of CNA (now called CONAGUA),
the structure and functioning of river basin councils,
public participation in water management, etc. With
the 2004 Revision of the law, the thirteen decentralized
Drinking Water Supply
and Sanitation
Impact for development
Investments over the past 20 years in Mexico
have significantly closed the gap between
access to services for urban and rural popula-
tions, which have contributed to an ongoing
improving trend in reduced infant mortality.
In general, improved water and sanitation
infrastructure and services provide multiple
benefits to the local population for health
(mortality) and labour productivity (lower
workplace absenteeism) outcomes. They can
also underpin confidence and expand
markets for industries such as tourism.
Environment and
Ecosystem Health
Impact for development
In Mexico, more than 70 percent of the water
bodies have some degree of contamination:
lakes, rivers, mangroves and coasts are
polluted, affecting humans, animals and
plants that inhabit these ecosystems. The
water balance in a growing number of cities
and regional economic activities is sustained
by overexploitation of renewable groundwa-
ter, and overuse of environmental flows.
Water quality index 2010
A score of 100 indicates that water quality targets are
met for all five parameters (DO, pH, conductivity, total
nitrogen, and total phosphorus).
60.5
(UNEP-GEMS/Water)
Key statistics for the period 1990 to 2010 show an
improvement in overall use of improved drinking
water sources, increasing from 85 percent of the
population in 1990 to 96 percent in 2010, with 91
percent of the rural population and 97 percent of the
urban population in 2010. There has been a significant
improvement in the use of improved sanitation
facilities, from 64 percent in 1990 to 85 percent in
2010. The relative improvements in rates of use have
been greatest in rural areas (from 34 percent in 1990 to
79 percent in 2010).
Access to drinking water and sanitation & under-5
child mortality
(UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) and
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010%
per1000livebirths
Impact for development
In Mexico, increasing the rate of access to
centralized wastewater treatment plants
in rural areas is in part constrained by the
energy needs to transport sewerage over long
distances. Moreover, the sinking of Mexico
City has resulted in the need to pump the
wastewater out of the city, a system once
operated by gravity. The energy provided by
the national utility for pumping of water in
agriculture amounted to 5.4 percent (10 973
GWh) of the total energy the utility provided
(202 226 GWh) in 2011.
Energy for Water,
Water for Energy
Enabling environment for the development,
management and use of water resources
Governancesystems
forthedevelopment,
managementanduse
ofwaterresources
Decentralized structures for water resources
management (other than above)
Infrastructuredevelopmentfor
thedevelopment,management
anduseofwaterresources
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Institutional Frameworks
StakeholderParticipation
CapacityBuilding
UN-Water survey on integrated approaches in the development, management and use of water
resources governance, 2012 (UN-Water)
1 Under development
2 Developed but implementation not yet started
3 Implementation started
4 Implementation advanced
5 Fully implemented
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Accession of the International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR):
23 March 1981
(The right to water is implicit within the right to an ade-
quate standard of living and inextricably related to the
right to the highest attainable standard of health outlined
in the ICESCR.)
Under 5 child mortality rate
(probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births)
Improved drinking water source
Improved sanitation facilities
(both indicators above in % of total population)
Actual
generation
Technically
exploitable capability
not yet generated
39 200 95 800
Hydropower capacity and generation, 2008,
in GWh/year (World Energy Council)
regions would become basin organizations serving as the technical arm of more broad-based basin councils that
incorporate civil society interests including the private sector and citizens’ groups. The Federal Revenue Law,
published yearly, establishes amongst others a system of charges for water use by water use sector and wastewater
discharges. The enforcement of wastewater regulation in Mexico is limited, due to insufficient investments.
5. Legend:
The rapid assessment of the situation above, based on available data, was established in conjunction
with in-country experts and officials. It provides an overview of trends according to the following:
trends are of significant concern
trends are of concern
trends are stable or, progressing
on certain issues but not on others
trends show some measure of
improvement in all relevant indicators assessed
trends show significant improve-
ment and there is no concern
insufficient data
Rapid Assessment
Accurate assessments of progress require
relevant, accurate and timely data. The above
data quality assessment ranges from:
very poor very good
Investments
National water-related investments have increased,
driven primarily by investments in water supply and
sanitation, agriculture, and water resources policy
and administrative management. An estimated
1|024 billion pesos (77 000 million in 2011 US$) are
required by 2030 for water-related infrastructure,
operation and maintenance and governance actions
(CONAGUA, 2011) to address the challenges the
country is facing in managing its water resources
sustainably.
Overall
Pressures on water
From a broad perspective, the most pressing
problem related to water management in Mexico
is intensifying water scarcity, a situation which is
already reaching critical levels in some river basins.
The main drivers of this change are unregulated eco-
nomic development and population growth, growing
demand for water by agriculture and industry, pollu-
tion of surface water and groundwater, deforestation
and soil erosion, and the emerging impacts of climate
change. Despite many achievements in recent years,
water management in Mexico still faces challenges
of overexploitation of renewable groundwater,
water quality decline, lack of financial resources for
additional water-related investments, modernization
of water supply and sanitation services, low efficiency
of irrigation, strengthening of the legal status of
water institutions, and adaptation to climate change
impacts, especially droughts and floods.
Data Quality
Overall, data is available, but there is limited
data available on the overall benefits and costs of
irrigation investments
Data is available, but limited data on drinking
water quality is available.
National data difficult to obtain
Data is available
Data is available.
National data difficult to obtain
Qualitative data is available. There is no data avail-
able on the equity and human rights on sanitation
and drinking water within the UN-Water GLAAS
Report 2012.
Assessments
Irrigated agriculture
Use of wastewater and agricultural drainage water in agriculture is common in Mexico. Available
options for transforming rainfed to irrigation areas are the reallocation of water resources, the use of
treated wastewater in agriculture, the efficient use of water in irrigation, and the capture of rainwater
in small dams.
Drinking water supply and sanitation
Significant improvements in the use of improved drinking water sources and improved sanitation facilities,
although not total coverage yet. Water reuse in municipal supplies and for aquifer recharge is limited.
Water intensity in industry
Tenfold increase in value generated per m3
of water. The disposal of industrial wastewater without
appropriate treatment is a worrying situation in the country.
Water-related disasters
While the number of deaths from disasters has remained constant, the economic loss and number
of disaster-affected people are growing. As a result investment in prevention has been increasing to
address this issue.
Water for energy, energy for water
Providing water for agriculture, industry and municipalities consumes large amounts of energy. At the
same time in 2011 hydropower provided 13.8 % of Mexico’s energy. Efforts exist to use energy more
efficiently, including its use for providing water.
Environment and ecosystem health
Seventy percent of the water bodies have some degree of contamination. Lack of monitoring,
enforcement of existing laws, incentives and penalties for polluting municipalities and industry
contribute greatly to water quality problems in Mexico. There is overexploitation of renewable
groundwater and overuse of environmental flows in certain localities. A water reserves for the
environment initiative, aimed to ensure environmental flows and maintaining ecosystem services, is
showing promising development to preserve ecosystems and their water supplies.
Tracking governance
Mexico has a comprehensive legal system, a national water authority, a functioning water rights system,
and emerging water markets. The enforcement of wastewater regulation in Mexico is limited, due to
insufficient investments.
6. Data Concerns
Data is a vital input to water management and invest-
ment in water-related infrastructure and projects.
The lack of quality and reliability of economic data
(e.g. infrastructure costs, operating costs etc.) in
Mexico makes water-related investment decisions
inherently more complex and investments more risky
for investors. However, it should ne noted that the
significant programme of work being undertaken by
CONAGUA is addressing many of those issues.
An assessment of priority data needs from the
basis of national decision-makers and international
investors (donors and loan capital) would be prudent
to conduct, so as to establish a forward-looking work
programme of data management.
It is to be noted that it is virtually impossible to find
national-level gender-disaggregated data for almost all
themes contained in the UN-Water Country Briefs.
Disclaimers
• The most recent and updated information can be
found in the original databases cited throughout.
• The rapid assessment methodology presented here
is an advocacy tool designed to generate debate
and attention to the issues, and is developed in
conjunction with national government focal points.
• Data presented herein stems either from existing
databases or was collected from national reports,
experts and institutions, and in some cases raw data
underwent various manipulations to categorize the
information for this presentation.
• Due to data limitations, the investment-related esti-
mates may not include water-related investments that
are counted under other categories of investments,
and some investment categories (i.e.: disaster preven-
tion and preparedness) may include some investments
that are not directly water-related. Moreover, water
being a crosscutting issue, investments in other parts
of the government (not calculated here) may also
benefit water management.
• The words investments/invested/funded for ODA
refer to gross disbursements of ODA according to the
OECD definitions. The words investments / invested
/ funded for government refer to government budget
(2003-2012). In addition, investment data and analy-
sis do not include any other forms of investment
(such as, private sector investments).
• The benefit-cost analysis on expansion of irrigation
is based on very limited data and any decisions
should be based on detailed cost-benefit analysis that
incorporates all relevant local data.
This project was implemented by the
AQUASTAT Programme of the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO) on behalf of UN-Water with financial
support from United States Department of
State (USDS). Brief produced: 21 June 2013
Additional information
on the project, data
and methodologies
can be accessed at:
http://www.unwater.org/
WaterCountryBriefs.html
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#
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
GUATEMALA HONDURAS
BELIZE
EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
Mexico City
Tepic
La Paz
Xalapa
Merida
Morelia
Durango
Saltillo
Mexicali
Culiacan
Chetumal
Campeche
Zacatecas
Queretaro
Chihuahua
Hermosillo
Guanajuato
Guadalajara
San Luis Potosi
Oaxaca
Ciudad Victoria
Tuxtla Gutierrez
Chilpancingo
Toluca
Monterrey
Puebla
Ensenada
Falcón
Temascal
Aguamilpa
El Palmito
La Amistad
Infiernillo
Las Adjuntas
La Angostura
Malpaso
El Humaya
Nicar
Lake
Chapala
Lake
Cuitzeo
Lake
Catemaco
Sonora
Matape
Sant
a
M
aría
Rio
BravoRioBravo(RioGrande)
RioBravo
C
onchos
N
azas
Con cepcion
El F u e
rte
M
ay o
Flori do
San Pedro
Sinaloa
Cu
líacan
San Lorenzo
Piaxtla
Pre
sídio
Baluarte
Acaponeta
SanP
ed
ro
Santiago
Aguanav
a
l
Am
eca
Tomatlán
San Nicolas
Marabasco
Arm
e
ría
Lerma
Coahuayana
Verde
Tame
sí
Moc
tezuma
Balsa s
PapagayoOm
etepec
Atoya
c
Papal
oapa
n
SotoL a Marin
a
San Fernan
do
Rio Bravo
Tonala
Grijalva-
Usumacinta
Colorado
Suchiate
Coa
ta
n
Tijuana
Nautla
La Antigua
Balsas
Cupatitzio
Grijalva
H o
nd
o
Salado
San Juan
Pecos
Yaqui
Us
umacinta
Panuco
Colorado
Coatzacoalcos
Candelaria
Dev
ils
G ila
Atlantic
Ocean
MEXICO
Pacific
Ocean
Albers Equal Area Projection, WGS 1984
Legend
Lake
River
Capital, Regional Capital, Town
Zone of Irrigation Development
International Boundary
Administrative Boundary
Disclaimer
FAO - AQUASTAT, 2013
The designations employed and the presentation of
material in this publication do not imply the expression
of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations concerning the legal status of any country,
territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning
the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
0 200 400100 km
Pacific
Ocean
Gulf
of
Mexico
Ciudad Juarez
Fort Quitman
Puebla
Querétaro de Arteaga
Quintana Roo
San Luis Potosí
Sinaloa
Sonora
Tabasco
Tamaulipas
Tlaxcala
Veracruz
Yucatán
Zacatecas
20
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
31
States of Mexico
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1213
1415
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Dam ( > 3 Km3
)
1 Aguascalientes
2 Baja California
3 Baja California Sur
4 Campeche
5 Chiapas
Chihuahua6
Coahuila de Zaragoza7
Colima8
Durango9
Guanajuato10
Guerrero11
Hidalgo12
Jalisco13
México14
Michoacán de Ocampo15
Morelos16
Nayarit17
Nuevo León18
Oaxaca19