SmartestEnergy: Introduction to the Electricity MarketFrancesca Schoultz
At the Scottish Renewables, Continued Professional Development Event on 6th July 2016, Iain Robertson, Generation Sales Manager presented an Introduction to the Electricity Market which covered: What is a PPA, How is power traded and the role of ELEXON.
Session 3 focuses on the regulatory treatment of investments and incentives for investments. Finding an adequate balance between efficient and sufficient investments is one of the major tasks for regulators. They can use various approaches to assess and encourage investments necessary to provide reliable and efficient services. In this session we explain the types of investments and their integration in the regulatory price control. We also present different regulatory incentive schemes to encourage investments. Finally, we provide examples from international regulatory practice.
Best Practices in Designing and Implementing Energy Efficiency Obligation Sch...Leonardo ENERGY
An energy efficiency obligation (EEO) is a regulatory mechanism that requires obligated parties to meet quantitative energy saving targets by delivering or procuring eligible energy savings produced by implementing approved end-use energy efficiency measures.
Governments have endeavoured to improve end-use energy efficiency, and in some cases to also achieve other objectives, by designing and implementing schemes that place EEOs on particular parties.
This webinar will summarise the results from detailed case studies and a unique comparative analysis of 19 different EEO schemes implemented in a range of jurisdictions around the world.
The webinar will also identify a set of best practices that can be employed in designing and implementing an EEO scheme.
Electricity Markets Regulation - Lesson 8 - PricingLeonardo ENERGY
Once the revenue requirements are established they should be converted into tariff systems. This session explains the major economic principles of electricity pricing and the general pricing models using average and marginal costs. Moreover the session explores the major pricing models for the electricity activities including: generation, transmission, distribution and retail activities.
* Pricing principles : economic efficiency - cost recovery
* General pricing models : average cost pricing - marginal cost pricing
* Cost allocation issue
* Pricing for different activities in the electricity industry : generation pricing - transmission pricing - distribution pricing - retail supply pricing
Electricity Markets Regulation - Lesson 1 - Regulation General PrinciplesLeonardo ENERGY
This session explains the main tasks of regulation and addresses three main questions: what is regulated, where is it regulated, and how is it regulated.
In addition, we explain how the communication between regulators and regulated companies is organised, and how the regulatory performance is measured.
• General tasks of regulators: Price, Quality, Market functioning
• Areas of regulation
• Scope of regulation
• Methods of regulation
• Institutional questions
• Consultation and communication
• Regulatory performance : External performance, Internal Performance
SmartestEnergy: Introduction to the Electricity MarketFrancesca Schoultz
At the Scottish Renewables, Continued Professional Development Event on 6th July 2016, Iain Robertson, Generation Sales Manager presented an Introduction to the Electricity Market which covered: What is a PPA, How is power traded and the role of ELEXON.
Session 3 focuses on the regulatory treatment of investments and incentives for investments. Finding an adequate balance between efficient and sufficient investments is one of the major tasks for regulators. They can use various approaches to assess and encourage investments necessary to provide reliable and efficient services. In this session we explain the types of investments and their integration in the regulatory price control. We also present different regulatory incentive schemes to encourage investments. Finally, we provide examples from international regulatory practice.
Best Practices in Designing and Implementing Energy Efficiency Obligation Sch...Leonardo ENERGY
An energy efficiency obligation (EEO) is a regulatory mechanism that requires obligated parties to meet quantitative energy saving targets by delivering or procuring eligible energy savings produced by implementing approved end-use energy efficiency measures.
Governments have endeavoured to improve end-use energy efficiency, and in some cases to also achieve other objectives, by designing and implementing schemes that place EEOs on particular parties.
This webinar will summarise the results from detailed case studies and a unique comparative analysis of 19 different EEO schemes implemented in a range of jurisdictions around the world.
The webinar will also identify a set of best practices that can be employed in designing and implementing an EEO scheme.
Electricity Markets Regulation - Lesson 8 - PricingLeonardo ENERGY
Once the revenue requirements are established they should be converted into tariff systems. This session explains the major economic principles of electricity pricing and the general pricing models using average and marginal costs. Moreover the session explores the major pricing models for the electricity activities including: generation, transmission, distribution and retail activities.
* Pricing principles : economic efficiency - cost recovery
* General pricing models : average cost pricing - marginal cost pricing
* Cost allocation issue
* Pricing for different activities in the electricity industry : generation pricing - transmission pricing - distribution pricing - retail supply pricing
Electricity Markets Regulation - Lesson 1 - Regulation General PrinciplesLeonardo ENERGY
This session explains the main tasks of regulation and addresses three main questions: what is regulated, where is it regulated, and how is it regulated.
In addition, we explain how the communication between regulators and regulated companies is organised, and how the regulatory performance is measured.
• General tasks of regulators: Price, Quality, Market functioning
• Areas of regulation
• Scope of regulation
• Methods of regulation
• Institutional questions
• Consultation and communication
• Regulatory performance : External performance, Internal Performance
Taxmann's Webinar on Transfer Pricing Implications of the COVID-19 PandemicTaxmann
COVID-19 has created a spell of disruptions and changes that have left practically no facet of business untouched. OECD also recently released guidance on how to manage the impact of the pandemic in order to correctly apply the arm's length principle in intra-group transactions.
Since the ex-ante arm's analysis is time-sensitive, let’s hear from experts on the proposed solutions on the aforesaid framework and the upcoming challenges for taxpayers.
Taxmann’s Webinar on COVID Impact on Transfer PricingTaxmann
COVID-19 has created a spell of disruptions and changes that have left practically no facet of business untouched. OECD also recently released guidance on how to manage the impact of the pandemic in order to correctly apply the arm's length principle in intra-group transactions.
Since the ex-ante arm's analysis is time-sensitive, let’s hear from experts on the proposed solutions on the aforesaid framework and the upcoming challenges for taxpayers.
The U.S. power sector has evolved drastically. New goals for resilient, clean, affordable, and safe electricity has transitioned the sector away from cost of service regulation and toward performance-based regulation (PBR). PBR changes the central question from "did we pay the right amount for what we got?" to instead, "Are we paying the right amount for what we want?". With PBR, rather than revenue increasing as utility investment increases, revenue increases as performance improves. There are a handful of ways to design PBR well, many of which are embodied in examples from utilities in Illinois and the UK.
This session explains the nature of economic regulation. It discusses the central question why some parts of the electricity value chain remain regulated and are not subject to competition.
Furthermore, four main issues regarding an adequate regulatory regime are addressed:
· Areas: Where should be regulated?
· Scope: What should be regulated?
· Type: How should be regulated?
· Institutions: Who should regulate?
Special emphasis is put on the types of regulation respectively the different forms of price control and their effects (advantages / disadvantages) – including incentive regulation. A short overview on the current legislation and application of price control in the EU completes the session.
Raising tariffs to cost recovery levels is often considered a prerequisite of infrastructure sector reforms. While immediate tariff increases are often publicly unacceptable and politically infeasible, case studies across the power and water sectors provide evidence that achieving cost recovery through efficiency gains which reduce the target cost recovery level and win public support is a path to financial viability and sustainable sector improvements.
Insight authored by Ester Vespasiani, ECA.
Electricity Markets Regulation - Lesson 2 - Market DesignLeonardo ENERGY
This section explains the main properties of different types of electricity markets exhibiting different level of competition and different forms of organisation.
• General market models : vertically integrated companies / single buyer / wholesale competition / retail competition
• Power pools : Price based / Cost based
• Markets with bilateral trade
• Balancing markets
• Power exchanges
Repowering Indian Discoms - Academic ResearchAditya Parchure
Presentation of a research work along with Financial Modeling carried out to demonstrate the financial impact of FRP and implementation of smart grids on Indian discoms. (2014)
Economic regulation and competition in railways Tristan Wiggill
A presentation by Ms Kgomotso Modise (DDG: Transport: Department of Public Enterprises) at the Transport Forum Month of Transport Celebrations 1 October 2015 hosted by University of Johannesburg. The theme for the event was: "Trends in Policy Development for Transport" and the topic for the presentation was: "Economic Regulation and Competition in Railways."
More like this on www.transportworldafrica.co.za
This October marks the 35th anniversary of the deregulation of the U.S. airline industry. Because of deregulation, U.S. airlines have been able to offer customers more flights, carry more passengers and cargo, and hire more employees.
Taxmann's Webinar on Transfer Pricing Implications of the COVID-19 PandemicTaxmann
COVID-19 has created a spell of disruptions and changes that have left practically no facet of business untouched. OECD also recently released guidance on how to manage the impact of the pandemic in order to correctly apply the arm's length principle in intra-group transactions.
Since the ex-ante arm's analysis is time-sensitive, let’s hear from experts on the proposed solutions on the aforesaid framework and the upcoming challenges for taxpayers.
Taxmann’s Webinar on COVID Impact on Transfer PricingTaxmann
COVID-19 has created a spell of disruptions and changes that have left practically no facet of business untouched. OECD also recently released guidance on how to manage the impact of the pandemic in order to correctly apply the arm's length principle in intra-group transactions.
Since the ex-ante arm's analysis is time-sensitive, let’s hear from experts on the proposed solutions on the aforesaid framework and the upcoming challenges for taxpayers.
The U.S. power sector has evolved drastically. New goals for resilient, clean, affordable, and safe electricity has transitioned the sector away from cost of service regulation and toward performance-based regulation (PBR). PBR changes the central question from "did we pay the right amount for what we got?" to instead, "Are we paying the right amount for what we want?". With PBR, rather than revenue increasing as utility investment increases, revenue increases as performance improves. There are a handful of ways to design PBR well, many of which are embodied in examples from utilities in Illinois and the UK.
This session explains the nature of economic regulation. It discusses the central question why some parts of the electricity value chain remain regulated and are not subject to competition.
Furthermore, four main issues regarding an adequate regulatory regime are addressed:
· Areas: Where should be regulated?
· Scope: What should be regulated?
· Type: How should be regulated?
· Institutions: Who should regulate?
Special emphasis is put on the types of regulation respectively the different forms of price control and their effects (advantages / disadvantages) – including incentive regulation. A short overview on the current legislation and application of price control in the EU completes the session.
Raising tariffs to cost recovery levels is often considered a prerequisite of infrastructure sector reforms. While immediate tariff increases are often publicly unacceptable and politically infeasible, case studies across the power and water sectors provide evidence that achieving cost recovery through efficiency gains which reduce the target cost recovery level and win public support is a path to financial viability and sustainable sector improvements.
Insight authored by Ester Vespasiani, ECA.
Electricity Markets Regulation - Lesson 2 - Market DesignLeonardo ENERGY
This section explains the main properties of different types of electricity markets exhibiting different level of competition and different forms of organisation.
• General market models : vertically integrated companies / single buyer / wholesale competition / retail competition
• Power pools : Price based / Cost based
• Markets with bilateral trade
• Balancing markets
• Power exchanges
Repowering Indian Discoms - Academic ResearchAditya Parchure
Presentation of a research work along with Financial Modeling carried out to demonstrate the financial impact of FRP and implementation of smart grids on Indian discoms. (2014)
Economic regulation and competition in railways Tristan Wiggill
A presentation by Ms Kgomotso Modise (DDG: Transport: Department of Public Enterprises) at the Transport Forum Month of Transport Celebrations 1 October 2015 hosted by University of Johannesburg. The theme for the event was: "Trends in Policy Development for Transport" and the topic for the presentation was: "Economic Regulation and Competition in Railways."
More like this on www.transportworldafrica.co.za
This October marks the 35th anniversary of the deregulation of the U.S. airline industry. Because of deregulation, U.S. airlines have been able to offer customers more flights, carry more passengers and cargo, and hire more employees.
Deregulation is the process of removing or reducing state order,typically in the economic globe. It is the undoing or repeal of governmental regulation of the economy. It became common in advanced industrial economies in the 1970s and 1980s, as a result of new trends in economic thinking about the inefficiencies of government regulation, and the risk that regulatory business would be controlled by the control industry to its benefit, and thereby hurt buyer and the wider economy.
This is a nice presentation on Business low and tax. This a presentation for Universities students who are studying on Business communication or economics.
Introduction to network regulation - Investment IncentivesLeonardo ENERGY
Session 3 focuses on the regulatory treatment of investments and incentives for investments. Finding an adequate balance between efficient and sufficient investments is one of the major tasks for regulators. They can use various approaches to assess and encourage investments necessary to provide reliable and efficient services. In this session we explain the types of investments and their integration in the regulatory price control. We also present different regulatory incentive schemes to encourage investments. Finally, we provide examples from international regulatory practice.
slEconomics., Electricity sector tariff reforms in Thailand. Stephen Labson 2014Stephen Labson
Thailand is a signatory to the ambitious blueprint for ASEAN economic integration which is meant to be rolled out during 2015. While the complete implementation of ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) may take longer than originally called for, it remains a motivating factor in domestic and regional policy development.
In the energy sector AEC liberalisation is expected to have a significant impact on the structure of domestic and regional electricity markets, which will in turn have implications for tariff controls pertaining to regulated components of the Thai ESI. Moreover, the competitive dynamics of AEC liberalisation make this an opportune time to refine existing regulatory frameworks and underlying tariff setting mechanisms so as to maintain the competitive position of the Thai ESI and provide customers reliable electricity supply at fair and cost reflective prices.
With the above in mind, during 2014 Thailand’s Ministry of Energy engaged slEconomics Pty Ltd (as part of an international consortium) to review tariff setting mechanisms within the context of AEC liberalisation. This Review summarises the approach utilised in undertaking our analysis and key recommendations as presented to a public forum held in Bangkok 30 June 2014.
Sesión 6: La experiencia de Trinidad y TobagoIndotel RD
• Metodología y modelo de costos desarrollado
• Estrategia de precios y desafios
Seminario sobre los aspectos económicos y financieros de las telecomunicaciones para los países Miembros del Grupo Regional de la Comisión de Estudio 3 para América Latina y El Caribe (SG3RG-LAC)
How to promote efficiency with water and wastewater price regulation
Alexandra Gonçalves da Cunha, Luís Pereira e Eduardo Proença
9.º Congresso Mundial da Água
Lisboa, 21-26 de setembro de 2014
Distributed energy resources (DERs) can provide net benefits to the electric system (e.g., congestion relief) and broader society (e.g., emission reductions). However, despite these advantages, the deployment of high penetrations of DER has proved challenging. Against this backdrop, the electric utility is often singled out as a fundamental barrier to deployment of DER assets. To overcome the perceived electric utility shortcomings, many stakeholders conclude that a completely new model is needed for the electric industry.
ScottMadden disagrees with this assessment and instead believes electric utilities maintain natural advantages that can be leveraged to deploy renewables and DER assets as well or better than some models being offered. In our 51st Phase II Roadmap, ScottMadden proposes leveraging the natural advantages of the electric utility in order to accelerate the deployment and penetration of DER assets.
Distributed energy resources (DERs) can provide net benefits to the electric system (e.g., congestion relief) and broader society (e.g., emission reductions). However, despite these advantages, the deployment of high penetrations of DER has proved challenging. Against this backdrop, the electric utility is often singled out as a fundamental barrier to deployment of DER assets. To overcome the perceived electric utility shortcomings, many stakeholders conclude that a completely new model is needed for the electric industry.
ScottMadden disagrees with this assessment and instead believes electric utilities maintain natural advantages that can be leveraged to deploy renewables and DER assets as well or better than some models being offered. In our 51st Phase II Roadmap, ScottMadden proposes leveraging the natural advantages of the electric utility in order to accelerate the deployment and penetration of DER assets.
For more information, please visit www.scottmadden.com.
Designed using insight gathered from our customers, this report presents some of the perceived ‘barriers’ to flexibility and highlights how Dong Energy are helping to address these as a company.
Trans African Energy - Overview of Contractring and Hedges in Australia's Nat...Stephen Labson
An overview of contracting and hedging arrangements in Australia's wholesale electricity market, presented as part of a workshop on Nigeria's transitional electricity market held in Abuja 2015
Trans African Energy - Overview of Australian Wholesale Market RulesStephen Labson
An overview of market rules in Australia's wholesale electricity market presented as part of a workshop on Nigeria's transitional electricity market held in Abuja 2015.
Trans African Energy Pty - Establishment of an Independent Sytem OperatorStephen Labson
There has been ongoing interest in setting up an Independent System Operator (ISO) in South Africa with draft legislation being developed from time to time. However, there does not seem to us to be a consensus view on the scope or role of the ISO or consequential restructuring of the ESI that it might entail.
Nevertheless, the importance of the matter us such that it warrants discussion at a number of levels. The part of that discussion we would like to engage in pertains to the practical aspects of establishing such an entity.. In this regard, we wish to highlight that we have not aimed to undertake a normative study – that is – we do not mean to recommend which model should be applied. Our aim is simply to highlight key issues that would need to be addressed should South Africa decide to establish an ISO.
Trans African Energy Pty. Bidders’ Guide to Power Purchase Programmes, Stephen Labson
Acting on behalf of Eskom (SOC) Pty Ltd, we developed a Bidder's Guide to Power Purchase Programmes covering three procurement initiatives as of 2008:
• Pilot National Cogeneration Programme (PNCP)
• Medium Term Power Purchase Programme (MTPPP)
• Multi-site Baseload Independent Power Producer
Programme (‘Baseload IPP Programme’)
While the many conditions underlying the procurement programmes and associated PPAs covered in these Guidelines are complex by nature, fundamental aspects of each PPA can be usefully summarised to highlight key similarities and differences between the various programmes. In this regard, the aim of these Guidelines is to help bidders form a broad view on which programme might best suit their needs, and to be able to better understand why certain provisions might vary between the alternative programmes. As such, this summary is not intended to provide a comprehensive overview to any of the individual programmes, but is intended to provide a map for investors to utilise in formulating their initial bids.(Dr Stephen Labson, lead author, May 2008)
Approaches to Government Funding of Airports. Stephen Labson slEconomicsStephen Labson
The primary intent of this high level review is to set out key options at hand for Government funding of airports development as illustrated by a selected set of international case studies.
Economic Impacts of Electricity Price Increases in South Africa, Stephen La...Stephen Labson
slEconomics has undertaken this review with the purpose of highlighting what we see as some of the more significant issues associated with electricity pricing in South Africa and its impact on the economy.
Funding Public Infrastructure Stephen Labson slEconomicsStephen Labson
The purpose of this document is to provide an overview to broad options at hand in funding public infrastructure. In developing this overview we have had regard to a number of funding approaches found in practice, and have provided a small set of case studies so as to illustrate key aspects of various approaches and options.
Infrastructure Development in South Africa, Stephen Labson slEconomicsStephen Labson
Budgeted public sector infrastructure spending of roughly R845 billion is planned for from 2012/13 to 2014/15 of which R300 billion is targeted to the energy sector and R262 billion in transport.
While funding would appear to be sufficient to support South Africa’s infrastructure investment requirements, there are some challenges to address. We examine some of the key issues ahead in our Overview.
Regulatory Design Toolkit for Utilities, Stephen Labson slEconomicsStephen Labson
The Regulatory Design Toolkit (RDT)
The primary role of the RDT is to provide a tool for selecting the form(s) of price regulation appropriate for industry specific application.
The available forms of price regulation span a spectrum of options – with the minutia of detailed application often having a material impact on performance.
It would not be feasible or useful to build an RDT that recommended one unique form for a given application.
The RDT will typically provide a narrowed set of workable options that provide broadly consistent outcomes
The RDT allows the operator to set out in what circumstances one would tend towards specific forms within the sub-set of options
An overly mechanistic approach to price regulation is not generally robust to practical application
The RDT has been built with the understanding that application to industry specific analysis would be further assessed by ESCOSA against a range of less tangible factors not amenable to assessment within the RDT.
The RDT has been designed such that it is robust to the range of industries ESCOSA may have regard to in the foreseeable future.
The RDT has been designed to a level of detail that balances robustness against usefully detailed findings.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
S Labson, The Changing Approach to Economic Regulation
1. The changing approach to economic
regulation of utilities
October 2013
Contact: Dr Stephen Labson
Email: slabson@sleconomics.com
Phone: +61 412 599 693
slEconomics
Economics Consulting in Utilities and Infrastructure
2. slEconomics is a boutique economics consulting firm providing specialised advice to
governments, regulators and corporate clients in the area of utilities and infrastructure. We are
based in Sydney and Melbourne Australia and have an international network of associates to
bring global experience to local initiatives.
Contact details
Dr Stephen Labson
Level 32, 101 Miller Street
North Sydney NSW 2060
Phone: + 61 412 599 693
Email: slabson@sleconomics.com
www.slEconomics.com
2
3. 3
Minimising regulatory
intervention
Incentive / performance based
regulation
Reducing regulatory discretion
Adaptive regulatory models
Expanding scope of utility
regulation
Regulatory frameworks are constantly
adjusting to dynamic policy, industry and
macroeconomic environments. E.g.
The underlying objectives of economic
regulation are subject to changing
government policies.
The imperfect nature of economic
regulation leads regulators and
stakeholders to search for improved
methodologies to suit changing
circumstances of the industry
These dynamics are reflected in the way we
think about regulatory approach.
Current trends in regulatory approach
4. 4
These broad trends in economic regulation are reflected in an operational sense through
regulatory rules and policy directives. E.g.
These trends and underlying implications for regulatory approach are illustrated by way of brief snapshots
of local and global practices in the slides that follow
Minimising regulatory intervention Fixed price paths (i.e. CPI – X)
Enhanced customer consultation
Duration of control periodIncentive based regulation
Reducing regulatory discretion Automatic adjustment mechanisms
Policy directives
Adapted regulatory models Cost of capital, financeability criteria,
earnings band triggers
Expanding scope of utility regulation Renewables, carbon tax, smart metering,
etc
5. Certain aspects of a fixed and variable revenue
approach are applied under the principle of
recovery of efficient costs of service.
Certainty in cost recovery is meant to be provided for
broad components of the utility’s cost base..
Automatic adjustment mechanisms address
changing input costs and ideally minimise the
regulators discretion in application of the tariff
adjustments.
Risk of cost recovery is retained for those areas that
do not have adjustment mechanisms and are ideally
suited to areas that are relatively controllable and
predictable.
In these cases, allowed revenue is fixed regardless of
actual cost of supply.
In applying the standard of efficient cost of
service some level of regulatory judgment will
ultimately be required.
The potential for adverse consequences of
regulatory interventions must be weighed against
the ability to manage market based risks though
other methods.
5
• In attempting to establish some level of revenue
certainty there is a trade-off between regulatory risk
and market risk:
• Regulatory risk can be minimised (but not completely
eliminated) by use of a fixed revenue allowances.
• However, revenue certainty can amplify
volatility in earnings where underlying costs are
unpredictable and difficult to manage.
• Cost adjustment mechanisms are often utilised
whereby the revenue allowance varies to mitigate
market based risks.
• Placing greater reliance on regulatory
intervention to manage market based risks
increases the potential for discretion rather than
rules in regulatory decision making.
• Traditional aspects of risk management apply.
• Robust regulatory design requires an assessment of
the balance of risks and feasibility of mitigation
measures that can be applied.
Regulatory risk
Market risk
6. RPI-X regulation
In looking at trends in regulation, it is perhaps
appropriate to first look back to the advent of
RPI – X regulation some 30 years ago. (see
end note 2).
RPI – X was originally seen as a low
intervention / high powered incentive
approach to price control.
The framework has become more complex
over time in attempting to jointly incentivise
efficiencies, allocate risks, and promote
investment.
These multiple objectives have proved difficult
to achive , with Ofgem (seen as one of the
originators of RPI-X ) recently deciding to
change regulatory approach to better meet
these types of objectives.
Ofgem’s “ RPI-X @20” and “RIIO”
A major review of RPI-X regulation was carried
out by Ofgem ending in 2010.
The review was driven by the challenges
facing the UKTransmission and Distribution
sectors in building capacity for a low carbon
ESI.
I.e. system wide costs of implementing
renewables policies.
In completion of its review Ofgem began
implementation of the “RIIO model”.
I.e. “Setting R evenue using I ncentives to
deliver I nnovation and O utputs”.
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7. In some ways – RIIO is similar to a large long term
service contract.
Base revenue / price for services
Provisions for pass though of costs.
Performance base incentive / penalty
mechanisms.
Review (re-opening) of contract under
defined circumstances.
Major review of contract on a periodic basis.
7
As described by Ofgem, the price control decision will be based on the primary outputs that the network
company is expected to deliver and the revenue it is to achieve for doing so.
Output performance measures Performance based revenue
While “output based”,
allowed revenue
appears to be assessed
on efficient cost of
inputs.
Price control
8. Regulators are aiming to minimize
intervention - particularly in regard to
investment decisions and capital
expenditure - through enhanced consultative
processes.
Ofgem’s RIIO model is one example whereby
customers are to take a greater role in
providing input to the proposed business plan
(i.e. capital projects entering the RAB)).
The Australian Energy Regulator (AER)
provides another example of enhanced
customer engagement.
AER “Better Regulation Program”
Creation of seven new guidelines outlining the
approach to receiving and assessing network
business' expenditure proposals and
determining electricity network revenues and
prices.
Establishing a consumer reference group for
guideline development work to help
consumers engage across the broad spectrum
of issues.
Establishing an ongoing Consumer Challenge
Panel to ensure network regulatory
determinations properly incorporate
consumers’ interests.
8
NB Characterisation of the AER programme as a ‘recent trend’ is
probably overstating the point - noting the wide spread use of public
advocate agencies in the US regulatory hearings.
9. Incentives for cost efficiencies
Longer duration control periods are
sometimes thought to be conducive to
incentive based regimes in that efficiency
benefits are often retained by the utility to the
end of the control period.
E.g.: Ireland’s regulator stated that:
“the longer the control period, the greater
the short-term incentives for efficiency
gains, but the greater the potential for
forecasting errors to result in excess profits.
If excess profits are unacceptable, there
may be pressure to re-open the price control
formula, which tends to undermine long-
term incentives for efficiency”.
NB. However, ‘rolling incentive mechanisms’
can be applied whereby the utility obtains a
uniform period of benefits (say 5 years) no
matter which year of the control period gains
were initiated.
Regulatory intervention and business planning
Ofgem has recently moved to an 8 year control
period for network businesses – with a review
after 4 years.
Ofgem’s objective is to encourage network
businesses to plan on a long term basis.
While not stated as such, the provision of
long term business plans also provides
important information to the regulator in
assessing proposed capital expenditures
and major maintenance costs.
Other considerations would be the
reduced workload in administration of the
price control, although tariff adjustment
mechanisms would likely need to be
administered during a long duration
control.
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10. 10
Jurisdiction Coverage of price
control
Duration of price
control
Inter-period
tariff
adjustments
Mid term review
India
Generation, transmission,
distribution costs
5 years Yes Yes
Great Britain
Transmission and
distribution costs
8 years Yes Yes
Ireland
Transmission and
distribution costs
5 years Yes
Allowed on a case by
case basis
Kenya
Generation, transmission,
distribution costs
3 years Yes Not prescribed
Thailand
Generation, transmission
and distribution costs
5 years Yes Not prescribed
US
Generation, transmission
and distribution costs
Filing allowed for
tariff adjustment at
any time
Yes
Not applicable (i.e.
utility may file at any
time)
South Africa
(Airports and
petroleum
pipeleines)
Airport charges
----------------------------
Petroleum pipelines
charges
5 years
---------------
Tariff in effect until
review requested.
Yes
---------
No
Allowed in 3rd year
----------------
No
11. Longer control periods with fewer pass
through mechanisms are typically found in
network sectors.
i.e. Costs and sales revenues are
relatively predictable and controllable
over longer periods of time.
Shorter control periods, or greater use of cost
adjustment mechanisms are often applied to
generation and retail supply .
i.e.The cost of fuel / wholesale energy
are difficult to predict and control from
year to year.
11
NB. Airports Company South Africa’s regulatory approach provides an interesting hybrid.
The control period is 5 years, but the determination can be reviewed on application to
the regulator with a new determination provided for (what were) years 4 and 5.
The new determination ‘refreshes’ the cycle, with a new 5 year control period and
allowance to apply for a review in the ‘new’ years 4 and 5.
ACSA has made use of both provisions.
Currently the full 5 year determination is being seen through.
ACSA has previously applied for new determinations on a 3 yearly basis.
12. There is some evidence to suggest a trend
in design of the ‘scheme of regulation’ in
limiting the regulator’s discretion in
determination of allowed revenues and
tariffs..
i.e. In Australia the National Energy
Law provides an extreme example of
legislative constraint placed on the
regulator.
NB. Chapter 6A of the National
Electricity Rules devotes almost 60
pages to the general obligations of the
Autralian Energy Regular (AER) in
making a transmission revenue
determinations.
In the AER’s determination of transmission
revenues the National Electricity Rules prescribe
matters such as (short list only)
Means in which the prudency or efficiency of
capital expenditure is to be assessed.
Method for rolling forward the RAB
▪ NB. Inclusive indexing the asset base
each year of the control period.
▪ Removal of assets from the RAB
Means in which the prudency of operating
expenditures is assessed.
Methodology to be used in design of
efficiency incentive mechanisms
Calculation of the allowed rate of return
The spreadsheet to be used in calculation of
the maximum annual revenue allowance.
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13. The level of regulatory discretion relating to a
price application is partly determined by the
process under which the decision is made. i.e.
Utility proposes and regulator responds; or
Utility submits and regulator determines.
Under the propose-respond approach
The utility lodges a detailed price proposal with
the regulator prepared so as to comply with
relevant legislation, guidelines, codes, or rules.
Eg:
The rules might prescribe the methodology in which
the proposal is to be based, and any number of
related conditions normally associated with a price
application.
The regulated firm might be allowed to select or
develop mechanisms that suit its capacity and
appetite to manage risk; and
Select various regulatory parameters such as the
duration of the control period, pass though items,
efficiency mechanisms, etc.
This approach is typically seen as lessening the
regulator's use of discretion over rules in
making its decision,
Appeal of the decision is often more straight
forward in that meeting the requirements of
relevant rules s often a far more objective
matter to decide than the merit of the
regulator’s determination.
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If the proposal is deemed
to meet relevant
requirements set out in
the relevant legislation,
codes, guidelines or rules
the regulator is obliged
to respond by accepting
the proposal.
If the proposal does not
meet the relevant
requirements, then the
regulator responds by
setting out in writing its
views as to the
shortcomings in the
proposal and/or what
would need to be revised
to be accepted.
15. “Decoupling” of revenues
Essentially a sales adjustment mechanism to
provide fixed revenue caps, rather than the
more traditional price cap.
Growing in use - implemented to adapt to
energy efficiency targeting / smart metering
roll-out. (NB And perhaps the prolonged
global economic downturn.)
E.g. In the US 25 states had implemented
some for of decupling as of 2010.
More complex modes designed to account for
variable distribution costs.
Allocation / incidence of cost adjusters by
customer segments.
Power purchase and fuel cost adjusters
Automatic cost adjusters are applied in
addressing volatility in fuel costs.
India is just one example of many jurisdictions
that have implemented these models
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16. Regulators have had to follow global capital
markets on a lengthy roller coaster ride -
trying to adjust to the highly volatile returns
and needing to decide whether to take a short
or long term perspective to allowed cost of
capital.
For the most part allowed regulatory returns
have exhibited rather less variation than
actual rates – albeit with considerable
pressure from utilities to more closely track
their short term portfolio costs and
perceptions on future volatility in capital
markets.
As things currently stand – regulated returns
are at a two decade low (US rate cases)
16
US rate cases return on equity
17. Harmonisation of regulatory approach and incentives to invest – variation in
rates across Europe
17
18. Regulators are becoming increasingly caught
between rhetoric and reality, with consumer
willingness to pay for low carbon energy
sources and energy efficient technologies
apparently far less than previously thought.
Solar feed-in programs have been over priced and over
subscribed in places such as Australia, diving up retail cost
of supply.
Network augmentations needed for connection of wind
farms in the UK and Europe are substantive.
Standby generation supply needed for system security is
becoming expensive for purchasers and risky for suppliers .
Politicians in the UK have recently called for rate freezes
due to consumer backlash over announced tariff increases.
Pressures are growing on regulators to avoid increases,
even when they are needed to compensate utilities for
implementing mandatory policies.
Regulators are pondering if risks should be allocated to
utilities to incentivise them to lobby for financially
sustainable policies.
Regulatory approaches are needed to be
developed in addressing an expanded scope of
regulation:
As discussed previously Ofgem’s revision of
regulatory approach to the RIIO model was
motivated by he need to incentivize efficient
investment in infrastructure needed to support
government policy non renewables.
In Australia regulators are having to take part
in the roll-out of smart metering technologies.
Regulators in developing and developed
economies are needing to take account of low
income consumers ability to purchase
electricity and unwieldiness to subsidise
middle and high income households
investment in energy efficient technologies
coincident to many standard tariff structures.
Utilities face new risks of stranded assets if
participating in ill-conceived programs.
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19. slEconomics is a boutique economics consulting firm providing specialised advice to
governments, regulators and corporate clients in the area of utilities and infrastructure. We are
based in Sydney and Melbourne Australia and have an international network of associates to
bring global experience to local initiatives.
Contact details
Dr Stephen Labson
Level 32, 101 Miller Street
North Sydney NSW 2060
Phone: + 61 412 599 693
Email: slabson@sleconomics.com
www.slEconomics.com
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