S emb t9-arch_power
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The document discusses power management strategies for CPUs. It describes how CPU power consumption is related to voltage, clock frequency, and disabling unused components. It provides examples of power management approaches used in processors like the PowerPC 603 and StrongARM SA-1100 that implement static and dynamic power saving modes by adjusting voltage/frequency or shutting down portions of the chip. The document also discusses ultra-low power techniques used in MSP430 microcontrollers like minimizing active duty cycles and power managing peripherals and external devices.
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Smart act 1 English
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Ls catalog thiet bi tu dong imc iii-e_dienhathe.vn
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Smart act 1 English
THE WORLD’S FIRST RIFT DRIVEN® ELECTRIC ACTUATOR
For Part Turn & Multi-Turn Applications
The SmartAct®-1 electric valve actuator is the world’s first RIFT DRIVEN® product .
Its revolutionary British design has a single glass reinforced polypropylene housing that contains the RIFT motor system and gearbox. The SmartAct®-1 can be configured to produce a range of output torques up to 100Nm.
Smart, state of the art electronics provide accurate, reliable and repeatable performance characteristics and enables a comprehensive list of standard and optional features to be
offered. Optional extra cost features include failsafe and/ or modulating functionality; speed control and fieldbus communications are available to customer order.
At a time where energy consumption is becoming increasingly important to the world, the SmartAct®-1 actuator takes full advantage of the dramatic reduction in energy that the RIFT DRIVEN® system provides. This creates an electric actuator with the lowest energy usage figures available in the world market.
Standard:
- Universal power supply 12-300V
- Anti-condensation heater
- Over-torque protection
- Torque range 40, 60, 80, 100Nm
- SO5211 / EN15714-2 compliant
- Weatherproof
- Local controls
- 2 x M20 x 1.5 Cable entries
Options:
- Failsafe
- Modulating
- Fieldbus communications
- Speed control
- Data logging
- Torque profiling
- Solenoid Function
- 2 x 1/2” NPT Cable entries
- Of-Grid and Timer Facility
- Multi-Turn Function
MADE IN BRITAIN
The SmartAct®-1 electric actuator was conceived, designed, prototyped, and is being manufactured in Britain.
TH E RIFT DRIVEN® ADVANTAGE
RIFT is a new British innovation; significantly enhancing the motor characteristics resulting in a powerful, light, and yet energy efficient motor driven product.
HUGELY ENERGY EFFICIENT
A RIFT DRIVEN® product contains the RIFT technology that will transform motor driven systems in the future. They show weight and energy savings of over 75% compared to traditional motor driven systems.
In actuator comparison tests the SACO valve actuator is in fact over 90% more energy efficient than the market leading electric actuators it was compared with.
PID CONTROL
Combining PID control with a 10 bit magnetic electronic position sensing system, the SACO S m a r t a c t - 1 actuator gives very accurate positioning and timing capabilities. Part Turn or Multi-Turn applications can be configured with accuracy up to at least ¼ of a degree on most valves.
OPTIONAL SOLENOID FUNCTION
A huge advantage of the SACO actuator is that it is capable of very fast cycle times. This allows it to be used as a direct acting solenoid. Fitted to a full bore ball valve it eliminates the difficulties traditional solenoids face when used with dirty media.
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This document describes a proposed Smart Power Information/Management System (Smartlet) that aims to reduce consumer power usage through monitoring and control of individual electrical outlets. The system allows users to view power consumption data of connected appliances and remotely control outlet power states. It is designed to educate users about high-power devices and encourage more efficient habits through awareness of energy usage and costs. The system aims to meet criteria such as low power consumption, economic feasibility, social acceptability, and integration with existing infrastructure to ensure it saves more energy than it uses.
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2) Timers are used to generate periodic interrupts and allow CPUs to enter low-power modes between operations. Watchdog timers reset systems if not periodically refreshed.
3) Examples of auxiliary I/O include switches, keyboards, LEDs, digital-to-analog converters, and analog-to-digital converters. Switches require debouncing, and LEDs need current-limiting resistors.
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This document describes a pulse width modulation (PWM) solar charge controller. It begins with an introduction and objectives, then discusses the basic components and workings of solar charge controllers including PWM and MPPT types. The remainder of the document details the specific hardware components used in the implemented PWM solar charge controller prototype including an Arduino Nano microcontroller. It provides schematics, algorithms, and explanations of sections like voltage sensing, PWM signal generation, and MOSFET switching. The conclusion discusses expanding the design to be a hybrid PWM/MPPT controller to reduce costs for large-scale solar installations.
Reduce system energy by smart CPU management
Renesas employ smart MCU power management techniques which include autonomous peripheral operation with DMA. The solution is to place the MCU in the lowest possible power mode whilst the peripherals are allowed to perform functions. In this presentation and tools demonstration, Renesas will show how to enable lowest system power using there RL78 MCU smart peripheral techniques.To extend the idea, individual peripherals could be given more functions and even reduce DMA operations. For example A/D converter with compare functionality so that the result register need not wake up the CPU if the result is within or outside the threshold limits. Similarly a serial interface could be checked for a valid and desired data and if that is not received then the CPU could be sleep mode. Renesas extends this idea of implementing the technique to other peripherals within the MCU to make them smarter.
Embedded notes.iet.trichy
The document provides an overview of embedded systems and their components. It discusses embedded hardware such as microcontrollers and microprocessors. Specific microcontrollers like the 8051 and PIC are examined in terms of their features, pin diagrams, and basic components. The hardware design of embedded systems including power supply, signal generation, and peripheral integration is also covered. Programming embedded systems in C and example programs are outlined.
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This document provides an overview of embedded systems and embedded C programming. It discusses the basic components of an embedded system including hardware, software and an operating system. It then describes various microcontrollers including the 8051 and PIC microcontrollers. Details are provided on the hardware design of embedded systems including microcontrollers, processors, power supply and signal generation. The document also provides information on embedded C programming including its introduction, avoiding hardware failures, coding standards and example programs.
Temp based fan speed control
The document describes a project to control the speed of a fan using a microcontroller based on temperature readings from an LM35 temperature sensor. It uses an ATMEGA32 microcontroller to read the analog output from the LM35 sensor, convert it to a digital value, and generate a PWM signal to control the speed of a brushless DC motor fan. The PWM duty cycle is varied in steps from 20% to 80% over temperature ranges from 25°C to 65°C to efficiently control the fan speed based on temperature. Hardware and software implementation details are provided along with applications and a conclusion on open loop control performance.
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The document describes the Eaton 93PM 30-50kW UPS. It highlights the UPS's industry-leading energy efficiency of over 99%, compact 0.5m2 footprint, and ease of deployment and management. The UPS provides reliable power protection and high availability for IT infrastructure with low total cost of ownership through its efficient design and operation.
stepper motor
The document discusses stepper motor control using a PLC. It provides details about how stepper motors operate by energizing electromagnets in sequence to rotate the motor shaft in steps. It then discusses PLC components, applications, types available and specifications of a Siemens CPU 226 PLC that can be used to control a stepper motor.
MPPT Solar Charge Controller
Advance Solar charge controller with lot of benefits. An advantage over common PWM Solar charge controller. Double Boost Technique is used to get a desired output.
Computer Architecture and Organization
This document discusses energy efficient computer architectures and designs. It covers various power management techniques at the hardware and software level, such as clock gating, power gating, DVFS, and ACPI states. Low power systems consume less than 10W and are used in embedded, mobile, and IoT devices. RISC architectures are generally more power efficient than CISC. Key low power design strategies include system-on-chip integration, specialized processors, big.LITTLE heterogeneous architectures, and energy-aware scheduling.
Baykee SL series solar inverter Optional AVR Function
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The document discusses the design of an alarm clock system. It describes the alarm clock interface and requirements. It then presents class diagrams and descriptions for the key components - display, buttons, speaker, lights and mechanism. The mechanism class is responsible for tracking time and updating the display. An interrupt-driven routine handles periodic time updates while a foreground program processes button presses and checks for alarm conditions. The document outlines the system architecture and approaches to testing the design.
S emb t9-arch_power (1)
The document discusses power management strategies for CPUs. It describes how CPU power consumption is related to voltage, clock frequency, and disabling unused components. It provides examples of power management approaches for the PowerPC 603 and StrongARM SA-1100 processors. These include running at lower voltages and frequencies or shutting down parts of the chip when not in use. The document also discusses ultra-low power techniques for the MSP430 microcontroller, such as maximizing time spent in low power sleep modes and using interrupts to control program flow.
S emb t8-arch_itfio
The document discusses several topics related to embedded systems communication interfaces:
1) It introduces the Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) and describes asynchronous serial communication.
2) It then covers the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) in more detail, explaining what it is, its basic capabilities and wiring, communication protocol, and pros and cons.
3) Finally, it discusses the Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) bus, providing an overview of its architecture, details on its physical layer, signaling, clocking, transactions including addressing and data transmission, bus arbitration, and examples of different transmission types.
S emb t6-arch_mem
The document discusses memory organization and caching in embedded systems. It describes the basic components of a memory system including the CPU, memory, and buses. It then discusses caches, how they work, and cache performance measures like hit rate. It covers cache organizations, replacement policies, and write operations. Finally, it discusses memory management units (MMUs) and how they allow virtual memory through address translation using techniques like paging and segmentation.
S emb t5-arch_io
This document discusses input/output (I/O) mechanisms for embedded systems, including I/O devices, serial communication, CPU interfaces, programming I/O, memory-mapped I/O for ARM and MSP430 architectures, and interrupt-driven I/O using polling, peek/poke, and interrupt service routines (ISRs). It also covers interrupt priorities and vectors, interrupt processing, and returning from interrupts specifically for the ARM and MSP430 processors.
S emb t4-arch_cpu
The document describes the ARM instruction set architecture (ISA). It discusses key aspects of the ARM ISA including the CPU registers, data types, instruction sets, addressing modes, data instructions, flow of control, and examples of assembly code translations for common C language constructs.
S emb t2-definition
The document provides an overview of embedded systems. It defines embedded systems as devices that include a programmable computer but are not general-purpose computers. Examples provided include cell phones, printers, automobiles, airplanes, digital TVs, and household appliances. Embedded systems must meet challenges like design time constraints, power limitations, and real-time deadlines. Design methodologies help manage the complex design process for embedded systems. System integration involves combining system components while testing for bugs.
S emb t1-introduction
This document provides information about an embedded systems course taught at Universidade Técnica de Lisboa - Instituto Superior Técnico. The goals of the course are to study embedded system architectures, systems, and technologies, and improve students' understanding of computer architectures, operating systems, and interfacing with an emphasis on real-time systems. The course consists of lectures, laboratory sessions involving hands-on projects, and support from the instructor. Topics covered include CPUs, memory systems, operating systems, scheduling, synchronization, networking, and case studies. Student assessment includes a final exam, lab project, and oral assessment. References for further reading are provided.
S emb t13-freertos
This document provides an overview of the FreeRTOS real-time operating system. It discusses FreeRTOS's task management features including task creation, states, data structures, and blocking behavior. It describes how tasks can create other tasks and pass parameters. It also summarizes FreeRTOS configuration options, licensing, and commercial variants.
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S emb t9-arch_power
- 1. Maths is not everything Embedded Systems 4 - Hardware Architecture CPU Input/Output mechanisms Memory Buses and Aux I/O Input/Output interfaces RMR©2012 Power Management
- 2. Maths is not everything CPU Power Management RMR©2012
- 3. CPU power consumption Most modern CPUs are designed with power consumption in mind to some degree. Power vs. energy: Maths is not everything RMR©2012 © 2008 Wayne Wolf heat depends on power consumption; battery life depends on energy consumption.
- 4. CMOS power consumption Voltage drops: power consumption proportional to V2. Toggling: more activity means more power. Maths is not everything RMR©2012 © 2008 Wayne Wolf Leakage: basic circuit characteristics; can be eliminated by disconnecting power.
- 5. CPU power-saving strategies Reduce power supply voltage. Run at lower clock frequency. Maths is not everything RMR©2012 © 2008 Wayne Wolf Disable function units with control signals when not in use. Disconnect parts from power supply when not in use.
- 6. Power management styles Static power management: does not depend on CPU activity. Example: user-activated power-down mode. Maths is not everything RMR©2012 © 2008 Wayne Wolf Dynamic power management: based on CPU activity. Example: disabling off function units.
- 7. Application: PowerPC 603 energy features Provides doze, nap, sleep modes. Dynamic power management features: Uses static logic. Can shut down unused execution units. Maths is not everything RMR©2012 © 2008 Wayne Wolf Cache organized into subarrays to minimize amount of active circuitry.
- 8. PowerPC 603 activity Percentage of time units are idle for SPEC integer/floating-point: unit Specint92 Specfp92 29% 17% 35% 17% fixed-point RMR©2012 28% load/store Maths is not everything 29% I cache © 2008 Wayne Wolf D cache 38% 76% floating-point 99% 30% system register 89% 97%
- 9. Power-down costs Going into a power-down mode costs: time; energy. Maths is not everything RMR©2012 © 2008 Wayne Wolf Must determine if going into mode is worthwhile. Can model CPU power states with power state machine.
- 10. Application: StrongARM SA-1100 power saving Processor takes two supplies: VDD is main 3.3V supply. VDDX is 1.5V. Three power modes: Maths is not everything RMR©2012 © 2008 Wayne Wolf Run: normal operation. Idle: stops CPU clock, with logic still powered. Sleep: shuts off most of chip activity; 3 steps, each about 30 µs; wakeup takes > 10 ms.
- 11. SA-1100 power state machine Prun = 400 mW run 10 μs 160 ms 90 μs 10 μs Maths is not everything RMR©2012 © 2008 Wayne Wolf idle Pidle = 50 mW 90 μs sleep Psleep = 0.16 mW
- 12. Maths is not everything MSP430 Power Management RMR©2012
- 13. e on-demand MSP430: achieving ultra-low power Extended Ultra-low Power standby mode Minimum active duty cycle Performance on-demand Maths is not everything RMR©2012 13
- 14. MSP430: ultra-low power clock control Maths is not everything RMR©2012 14
- 15. MSP430: active mode supply current Maths is not everything RMR©2012 15
- 16. MSP430: basic clock configuration Maths is not everything RMR©2012 16
- 17. MSP430: basic clock mode + VLO clock Maths is not everything RMR©2012 17
- 18. MSP430: low power mode configuration Maths is not everything RMR©2012 18
- 19. MSP430: interrupts control program flow Maths is not everything RMR©2012 19
- 20. MSP430: software functions vs peripherals Maths is not everything RMR©2012 20
- 21. MSP430: C coding tips Use local variable as much as possible. Local variables use CPU registers whereas global variables use RAM. Maths is not everything RMR©2012 21 Use bit mask instead of bitfields for unsigned int and unsigned char. Use unsigned data types where possible Use pointers to access structures and unions Use “static const” class to avoid run-time copying of structures, unions, and arrays. Avoid modulo Count down “for” loops
- 22. MSP430: principles of ULP operation Maximize the time in standby (LPM3) Use interrupts to control program flow Replace software functions with peripheral hardware Power manage internal peripherals Power manage external devices Device choice can make a difference Maths is not everything RMR©2012 22 Effective code is a must Every unnecessary instruction executed is a portion of the battery wasted that will never return.