Running head: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN USA AND KSA 1 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN USA AND KSA 15 Critical Analysis of Domestic Violence in USA and KSA Student’s Name Institutional Affiliations Date Critical Analysis of Domestic Violence in USA and KSAIntroduction Below is a critical analysis of articles that focus on domestic violence in the United States of American and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The articles analyzed in this case tend to bring out a comparison of the case at hand between these two countries. Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault in the U.S.: A Human Rights-Based Approach & Practice Guide This article is a school-based research project report for the University of Miami, School of Law, which was written in the light of the women’s human rights against domestic violence. The fact is that numerous policies and rules touch on or address domestic violence in the United States. However, domestic violence, as well as sexual harassment, has seen women and the minorities suffer within the borders of the United States. The article gives a statistical analysis of individuals who get assaulted each year due to domestic violence, where the number was found to be 237, 800. From this article, it is learned that domestic violence affects not only the primary victim but also other people who are affiliated with them such as the relatives, and the community at large, as it is a violation of human rights (“Domestic Violence & Sexual…,” 2014). In 2002, it was found that domestic violence could cost the federal government of the United States $12.6 billion on solving cases in courts, treatment of the assaulted, and loss of productive working force. This article also discusses the part that human rights activists, as well as the government, have taken to curb domestic violence constitutionally. The government has active agencies that legally operate by the U.S. Constitution to ensure that all residents of the United States have their rights observed and respected—including protection from abuse by intimate partners. In this article one also learns of the legal system that is followed in affirming human rights. For instance, when a domestic violence case arises, the solution should involve due diligence of the authorities to investigate the matter, concerning what human rights are violated and how they are violated (“Domestic Violence & Sexual…,” 2014). The suspect is arrested and tried in the court of law, and the victim gets compensated for the violated rights. Domestic Violence in the United States This is an 82-page report written by a group of scholars, more than ten of them, addressing domestic violence insights, especially against women. Among the issues discussed in the report include the functions of Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), and how effectively it is used in the United States, analyzing whether it is helping in minimizing domestic violence or not. In this report, the weak points of VAWA ar ...

1. Running head: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF DOMESTIC
VIOLENCE IN USA AND KSA
1
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN USA
AND KSA
15
Critical Analysis of Domestic Violence in USA and KSA
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliations
Date
Critical Analysis of Domestic Violence in USA and
KSAIntroduction
Below is a critical analysis of articles that focus on domestic
violence in the United States of American and the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia. The articles analyzed in this case tend to bring
out a comparison of the case at hand between these two
countries.
Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault in the U.S.: A Human
Rights-Based Approach & Practice Guide
This article is a school-based research project report for the
University of Miami, School of Law, which was written in the
light of the women’s human rights against domestic violence.
The fact is that numerous policies and rules touch on or address
domestic violence in the United States. However, domestic
violence, as well as sexual harassment, has seen women and the
minorities suffer within the borders of the United States. The
article gives a statistical analysis of individuals who get

2. assaulted each year due to domestic violence, where the number
was found to be 237, 800. From this article, it is learned that
domestic violence affects not only the primary victim but also
other people who are affiliated with them such as the relatives,
and the community at large, as it is a violation of human rights
(“Domestic Violence & Sexual…,” 2014). In 2002, it was found
that domestic violence could cost the federal government of the
United States $12.6 billion on solving cases in courts, treatment
of the assaulted, and loss of productive working force.
This article also discusses the part that human rights activists,
as well as the government, have taken to curb domestic violence
constitutionally. The government has active agencies that
legally operate by the U.S. Constitution to ensure that all
residents of the United States have their rights observed and
respected—including protection from abuse by intimate
partners. In this article one also learns of the legal system that
is followed in affirming human rights. For instance, when a
domestic violence case arises, the solution should involve due
diligence of the authorities to investigate the matter, concerning
what human rights are violated and how they are violated
(“Domestic Violence & Sexual…,” 2014). The suspect is
arrested and tried in the court of law, and the victim gets
compensated for the violated rights. Domestic Violence in the
United States
This is an 82-page report written by a group of scholars, more
than ten of them, addressing domestic violence insights,
especially against women. Among the issues discussed in the
report include the functions of Violence Against Women Act
(VAWA), and how effectively it is used in the United States,
analyzing whether it is helping in minimizing domestic violence
or not. In this report, the weak points of VAWA are highlighted,
such as failure of provision of court remedy for individuals who
are victims of gender-based violence. Primarily, VAWA can be
termed as a source of grants, which is non-binding to state laws.
The group of authors addresses the reauthorization of VAWA in
2011.

3. Other details found in this work include how the criminal
justice system of the United States works towards solving
domestic violence cases, pointing out which policies are
problematic and issuing a recommendation on improving the
same. A child is considered in each domestic violence case.
Another issue that is brought about by domestic violence is
financial constraints. This article shows how much the federal
government is involved in dealing with domestic violence issues
especially in helping the victims and the ones affected such as
the children as well as punishing the offender.
From this work, other rights are looked into, which include the
reproductive health rights. Some domestic violence acts are
based on the choices of some partners in the relationship to use
birth control methods, as well as contraception and reproductive
health services, whereas there are policies as well as financial
obstacles, and restrictions, as well as a shortage of facilities
where one can seek professional reproductive health services. In
such a case bring up domestic violence, it is hard to solve. The
effects and consequences are also highlighted, the major ones
being health complications such as the development of trauma
and depression to the victim, sustenance of physical injuries,
suffering from children both socially, emotionally, and
physically, loss of dignity and many more. Even though this
case is focused on the United States, similar occurrences take
place in other countries, except that the laws are different.
Future Without Violence: The Facts on Domestic, Dating and
Sexual Violence
This article presents an overview of the prevalence of domestic
violence in the United States. Among the statistical analysis
collected in the article it is indicated that three women each day
get murdered by their intimate partners each day. The number of
females who got killed by their intimate partners in 2005
amounted to 1, 181. According to a report published by Center
for Disease Control and Prevention published in 2008, it was

4. indicated that there were two million women who had sustained
injuries from domestic violence, which happens each year
(Fund, 2009). The article conceptualizes the domestic violence
to the effect is causes to teenage children, as well as children
below we years.
This work relates domestic violence with teens’ engagement in
behaviors that are out of order such as doing drugs, unhealthy
diet behaviors, which can deteriorate their health conditions,
suicidal thoughts and attempts, and influence of engaging in
sexual behavior. A large number of children in the United States
are affected by domestic violence. This article illustrates
statistics where a survey conducted in 2007 indicated that there
are 16, 458 children who stay in transitional housing facilities
that have domestic violence taking place in them (Fund, 2009).
38 percent of children of 12 and below witnesses female
victimization of domestic violence.
The uniqueness of this article is brought about by relating the
case of domestic violence to not only the direct parties
involved-say husband and wife, but also people who are close,
and very vulnerable to the act are focused on, demographically.
Also, the consequences of domestic violence, in this case, are
looked into directly. Another key issue discussed in this article
is emerging issues. One way is the technological advancement,
which is also playing a role in domestic violence. For instance,
staling is possible (Fund, 2009). Also, teen girls engage in
inappropriate sexual behaviors such as sharing nude or semi-
nude photos of themselves, which propagate an assailant to
stalk such a teen and assault her sexually. Intimate Partner
Violence in the United States
Catalano (2006) first explains the prevalence of acts of violence
by an intimate partner in the United States. The statistical and
demographical findings in this work are presented in a tabulated
form and also in a statement. Instances that show the prevalence
of violence by intimate partners include the finding that about 1
in 10, equivalent to 9.4%, which 11.2 million women in the

5. united states have ever been raped at least once in their lifetime
by individuals who have ever been their intimate partners.
These findings are more detailed where they further explain that
3.4 percent of the rape was facilitated through being drugged or
fed with excessive alcohol, 2.5 percent being attempted but
unsuccessful penetration, and 6.6 percent being forced and
successful penetration.
Still about sexual violence, about one in every six women in the
United States and everyone in 12 men has ever experienced
sexual harassment. In figures, these are 19 million and 9 million
individuals respectively. From sexual violence, Catalano
secondly addresses physical violence where he states that there
are approximately one in four women who experience physical
violence from their intimate partners while the number of men
stands at one in seven. Charts and graphs are also used in
analyzing the information. Catalano also explains the means by
which physical violence is enriched on partners, and weapons
that are used in case violence occurs. Some means through
which violence is enriched include slaps, kicks, beatings,
burning, use of knife or gun, hair pulling, pushing or shoving,
kicking with a fist or something hard, slummed against
something hard, or chocked to suffocation.
Aggression is also deeply addressed by Catalano, where he put s
comparison between men and women concerning who falls a
victim of a certain act of aggression more than the other. For
instance, a survey conducted in 2010, dating 12 months, shows
that women acted angry in a way that seemed dangerous more
than men, where the comparison score was 23.3 percent against
12.9 percent. Domestic Violence in Communities of Color
The Women of Color Network, Inc. (WOCN) looks into
domestic violence in the United States in a perspective that has
not been commonly used by other scholars and researchers. This
organization looks into the occurrence of domestic violence
about socio-economic classes, ethnicity, and races. As defined
by WOCN, domestic violence is seen as a pattern of behaviors

6. that are usually aimed at wanting to control an intimate partner.
They are found to involve stalking aggression, coercion, and
physical violence. Various issues are found to contribute to
domestic violence, which includes economic insecurity, limited
education opportunities or achievement, language barriers,
racism and racial discrimination, and isolation. Some of these
problems only face the people of color.
However, WOCN is a women’s network, so their work only
looks into the case of women alone. Nonetheless, unlike the
whiles. African Americans in the United States are faced with
some added up challenges on top of the ones that face the
whites due to their color. WOCN also provides a statistical
overview of violence against women of color where it highlights
the findings of National Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual
Violence Survey (NISVS), which shows that 9.5 percent of
women of color have ever been stalked and 41.2% of them have
ever been physically abused in their lifetime. Indeed, the
statistics indicate the prevalence of physical abuse of women of
color to be higher than that of all women in the United States in
general.
The paper gives more detailed statistics that reveal that indeed
women of color fall victims of domestic violence more than the
white women of the United States. The research relates these
demographics to the cultural history of the African Americans
as well as the contribution or impact of politics to the
prevalence of domestic violence among the women of
color.Women in Saudi Arabia: Status, Rights, and Limitations
Safaa Fouad Rajkhan (2014), A student at the University of
Washington, Bothell conducted a study, where he summed up
his findings and analysis, with his audience being women in the
society of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) who are
optimistic of living in a free society in future. The dedication of
this study issues a clue of what is expected—that chances of
unequal gender treatment may prevail in KSA’s communities
(Rajkhan, 2014). Nonetheless, in looking at the actual content,

7. the findings are not far from the expectations. For instance, the
first time when a woman was issued with a lawyer’s license in
the KSA was in 2013. However, the Saudi Arabian government
is working towards improving women’s societal participation.
But, by 2014, the population of women in Saudi’s workforce
was less than 16 percent.
Indeed, as Rajkhan puts it, women’s freedom in the kingdom is
extremely limited. The laws, if they remain the way they are,
Saudi will have continued wasting away a lot of potentials that
lies with women who are hardly allowed to participate in
anything, including driving. Denial of women’s driving right
limits their movements greatly. Women cannot be allowed to
take part in communal political affairs leave alone national ones
(Rajkhan, 2014). In summary, there are occupational,
educational, legislative as well as social constraints, which act
as great obstacles to women’s freedom and participation in the
kingdom’s major development projects. Unless reforms are
made in all these sectors, women’s abilities in this country will
continue wasting away.
What can save women in this society is amending the
constitutional rights of women and granting them freedom and
access to various resources. Even though this work does not
particularly address domestic violence, it gives a clear picture
of women are treated in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. When
this is put against human rights/women rights, the kingdom’s
rights are violated. Domestic Violence and Child Abuse and
Neglect in Saudi Arabia
The National Family Safety Program (NFSP) in collaboration
with the National Guard Health Affairs(NGHA) of Saudi Arabia
commissioned a study that would shed more light on the issue
of domestic violence. The study was aimed at having a clear
understanding of three major elements that pertain dealing with
Child Abuse and Neglect (CAN) and Domestic Violence (DV).

8. The issues are The first issue to study was how much aware
people in Saudi Arabia are regarding the issue of DV and CAN,
especially private organizations, professionals and employees
(“National Family Safety…,” n.d.). The second issue addressed
is to know of the standard operating procedures that are put in
place to cope with DV and CAN in the Kingdom, and know to
what degree they are implemented. The third aspect studied is
getting to know how well the individuals dealing with domestic
violence are trained in tackling DV and CAN.
The study took a sample size of 5, 075 individuals selected
randomly from the general population of KAS. Professionals
and employees of all levels were targeted in the study where
others included intellectual males and females from learning
institutions, court officials, hospitals, charitable organizations,
and police departments.
The results of the study are statistically stated by use of tables,
charts, and graphs. This was followed by issuing of conclusions
and recommendations regarding the same. However, in amazing
the results, cases of DV and CAN were not much prevalent in
many institutions, particularly those that did not focus on
dealing with domestic violence. The institutions that reported of
witnessing domestic violence include hospitals such as King
Faisal Specialist Hospital, NFSP, and the Ministry of Social
Affairs (“National Family Safety…,” n.d.). But, the judiciary
was found to have just 23% of the knowledge of domestic
violence which is indeed a big difference from the 71 percent of
the members of the general population’s finding of those who
are aware of domestic violence. This means that very few cases
of domestic violence are reported. Domestic Violence Among
women in Jeddah
From a research was conducted by Fageeh WMK (2017),
regarding domestic violence against women in the city of
Jeddah, southwest of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, it was found
that among the 203 women who re-recruited into the study,

9. 34.0% of them had prevailed to domestic violence at least once
in their lifetime. However, more of the violence was
experienced emotionally rather than physically where it
occupied 31.3 percent. 21.6 percent and sexual violence
experienced physical violence by 4.8 percent. But from the who
test, it is only one percent of women who sought help from the
social service organization (WMK, 2017). The main objective of
this study was to know the prevalence of domestic violence and
the common health problems that are experienced by women in
the city of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
The survey was conducted in a cross-sectional form on a period
that started December 15, 2011 and ending May 30, 2012. Based
on the results that were found in this study, it was found that
indeed domestic violence prevails in Jeddah, but the population
that seeks help is negligible. It would, therefore, be
recommendable for policymakers to improve social support
services, and encourage catering for abused women (WMK,
2017). Nonetheless, there was more qualitative evidence
obtained from the study, which indicated that this plague is
constantly increasing where according to reports from various
health departments in the city, within the research period, there
was found to have 50 to 70 percent increase in chronic stress-
related ailments, gynecological, and central nervous system
problems, which prevailed in women who reported to have been
involved in domestic violence. This survey could indeed be used
to represent the whole of the Kingdom mainly because the
governance, rules, politics, and legislature authorities that run
Jeddah are the same ones used in the Kingdom. Health Impact
of Domestic Violence against Saudi Women: Cross-Sectional
Study
Just like in the other case above, this was cross-sectional
research conducted by Dr. Ahmed Hamad Al Dosary (2016), the
main difference being that this one covered the whole Kingdom
and not a specific geographical area. According to Al Dosary,
one of the major health issues cause in Saudi is domestic

10. violence. Numerous health hazards develop in people who fall
victims of domestic violence. Most of these complications are
long term are they are found on women since they are the ones
which are common victims of domestic violence in most cases.
From a cross-sectional survey that was conducted between
December 2013 and February 2014, 421 women were used in the
collection of the findings (Al Dosary, 2016). All the
participants were tool part of the survey willingly, which
justified that the results obtained had a high percentage of
accuracy.
A web-based survey system was used in collecting the data,
which was followed by analysis of the data by the NorVold
Domestic Violence Questionnaires (NOVAQ), where SPSS
v.18.0 was used in analyzing the data. According to the
findings, there was no trace showing a relationship between
domestic violence and socio-demographic characteristics.
However, more women who were not employed had been
victims of sexual abuse more than the working ones. The abuse
was found to correlate with basic health problems where the
abused could visit doctors regularly they showed other problems
such as insomnia, depression, and somatic symptoms (Al
Dosary, 2016). From the research, it was concluded that the
abuse was profound, where the effect was not just felt by the
individual, but by the whole community. To cope with the DV
and sexual abuse problems among women, community
awareness has to be increased through campaigns and
professionals dealing with domestic violence cases be equipped
with professional skills to bring change. Women’s Activism in
Saudi Arabia: Male Guardianship and Sexual Violence
As the media of the west puts it, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
is known of its oppression of children and women, by the rule
of the law of the land, while compared to other democratic
nations such as the United States. Some evidence of this, and
which critiques use most is the aspect of forcing women to
cover every part of their bodies while in public, and they are not
allowed to drive. The United Nations has recently intervened

11. and, and made the kingdom conform with changing some
oppressive rules to women, such as the Convention on the
Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW), women are still highly restricted through legal
means, identified as Sharia. Indeed, sharia is used in the
judiciary system (Tønnessen, 2016). This is of course of the
reason why domestic violence reporting is very low in the
Kingdome. Women are discouraged from reporting since the
Sharia, as well as the constitutional laws, favor against women
about actions taken against them by their intimate partners.
Nonetheless, where the rights of women are considered, rape is
merely put on the main agenda. However, the prevalence of rape
in this Islamic state is common irrespective of it being
considered a crime, punishable by death. However, according to
the teachings of Islamic religion, when presenting a case of
rape, one as to use two male witnesses, since a confession from
a woman is disregarded. This is the reason why these cases
prevail in the Saudi’s societal setting, but they go unreported
(Tønnessen, 2016). Activists are battling this out by trying to
have reforms of the laws made in favor of protection of
women’s rights and to eliminate the highly prevailed oppression
of women. However, this journey is tough since the oppression
of women is integrated into the society’s social, cultural,
traditional, and religious background of the Kingdom.
Conclusion
The above articles represent demographics, statistics, social,
ethical, cultural, traditional, religions, and political factors,
among others that affect domestic violence. About domestic
violence, other issues related to this problem are highlighted
such as child abuse, sexual harassment, oppression of women in
the societal setting among others. The first five articles address
this issue in the United States while the other five address the
issue in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. References
Al Dosary, A. H. (2016). Health impact of domestic violence

12. against Saudi women: cross sectional study. International
journal of health sciences, 10(2), 165.
Bettinger-Lopez, C., Natelson, R., Brandt-Young, C., Carlson,
K., Davis, G., Drew, M., Landy, R., Thomas, C., Soohoo, C.,
Rubenstein, J., Romes, A. and Park, S. (2011). Domestic
Violence in the United States: A Preliminary Report prepared
for Rashida Manjoo, U.N. Special Rapporteur on Violence
Against Women. [online] https://www.reproductiverights.org.
Available at:
https://www.reproductiverights.org/sites/crr.civicactions.net/file
s/newsletter/DV%20in%20the%20US_Br%20Paper%20to%20SR
%20on%20VAW.pdf [Accessed 17 Feb. 2018].
Catalano, S. M. (2006). Intimate partner violence in the United
States. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of
Justice programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault in the U.S.: A Human
Rights Based Approach & Practice Guide. (2014, August).
Retrieved February 16, 2018, from
https://www.aclu.org/other/domestic-violence-sexual-assault-us-
human-rights-based-approach-practice-guide
Fund, F. V. P. (2009). The facts on domestic, dating and sexual
violence.
National Family Safety Program & National Guard Health
Affairs. (n.d.). Domestic Violence and Child Abuse and Neglect
in Saudi Arabia . Retrieved February 17, 2018, from
https://nfsp.org.sa/ar/awareness/DocLib/e.pdf
Rajkhan, S. (2014). Women in Saudi Arabia: Status, rights, and
limitations.
The Women of Color Network, Inc. (2006, May 25). Domestic
Violence in Communities of Color. Retrieved February 16,
2018, from

13. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5430237
Tønnessen, L. (2016). Women’s activism in Saudi Arabia: Male
guardianship and sexual violence. CMI Report.
WMK, F. (2017, February 10). Domestic Violence among
Women in Jeddah. Retrieved February 17, 2018, from
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/domestic-violence-
among-women-in-jeddah-2167-0420-1000354.php?aid=85108
Group Assignment 1
Due Date : 10 November 2017
Marks : 20
CLO: 1, 2 and 4
Fundamental of Innovation and Entrepreneurship – GE 2201
Fall– 2017
Instructions:
1. All assignments should be submitted by its due date as
scheduled
2. After the deadline, a student with mitigating circumstances
may submit his/her assignment subject to the convincing
justification.
3. This policy regarded to the assignment submission is
available in the Moodle together with the course outline as a
part of the ECMIT continuous assessment policy.
4. To promote team work spirit.
5. Assignment submission should be through group composed of
(2-4) students.
Submission Instructions:
a. Need to be submitted through Turn-it-in
b. An APA style referencing need to be attached to show the
references to the contents utilized for the assignment support
c. This is a group assignment
d. The assignment should follow a neat report style with a title

14. page, contents, introduction, objectives, discussion and a
closing paragraph as conclusion.
e. The assignment need to be typed properly.
f. The assignment needs to be typed and must have met all items
in the assignment structure as provided in the Moodle.
The Assignment Topics
“Converting the Paper money into Digital Currency in UAE”
What you should perform in the above assignment (Expected
Answers)?
1. Propose the design thinking process for converting the paper
money to digital currency
2. How to convert this idea into a viable opportunity?
3. Identify the impact and changes in entrepreneurial
ecosystems in the implementation of digital currency
4. Identify the innovative clusters that develop the economies
due to the digital currencies
5. Demonstrate the value for the new innovative opinion
compared to the old one.
6. Illustrate how the new innovative idea could promote
designed thinking for the stakeholders in the UAEs?
7. Illustrate how the new opinion could be commercialized in
the UAEs?
The Assignment Objectives:
Students will refer books, company websites and write answers
to the above questions.
1. To promote students skills in the teamwork performance and
practices the team culture.
1. To improve design thinking, innovation and its process.
1. To develop the design thinking and current development.
1. To extend the learning process toward innovative thinking.
Evaluation criteria for Group Assignment
Marks Allotted
Introduction and format style
2

15. Concepts and Understanding of the related items to the
assignment topic.
2
Propose the design thinking process for converting the paper
money to digital currency
2
How to convert this idea into a viable opportunity?
2
Identify the impact and changes in entrepreneurial ecosystems
in the implementation of digital currency
2
Demonstrate the value for the new innovative opinion compared
to the old one
2
Illustrate how the new innovative idea could promote designed
thinking for the stakeholders in the UAEs?
2
Illustrate how the new opinion could be commercialized in the
UAEs?
2
Conclusion
1
Class Presentation (PPT)
3
Total
20
2