This research proposal aims to test whether three allelopathic aquatic plants (Lizards tail, water lettuce, and water hyacinth) can inhibit the growth of algae in Carroll Creek Linear Park in Frederick, Maryland. The researcher will expose algae collected from the creek and a strain of microcystis algae to water that the plants were grown in. Photosynthetic ability of the creek algae and cell density of the microcystis will be measured over time and compared to controls. It is hypothesized that the plant water treatments will lower photosynthesis and cell density compared to controls, demonstrating the plants' allelopathic effects on algae growth. One-way ANOVAs will analyze differences between treatments and
This document summarizes a student project that aimed to identify local algal species for use in biofuel production. The student collected algae samples from various sites, cultured them, and identified several species microscopically. Scenedesmus was the most prevalent species found. The project provides an initial investigation into harvesting local algae for biofuels. While more data is needed, findings suggest benefits to using local algae and certain prevalent species like Scenedesmus and filamentous Oedogonium gracilis may be suitable for further study.
This study explores how varying patterns of connectivity between spatially fragmented food webs affects species richness. Pond microcosms were collected from UC Riverside gardens and connected in networks of bottles with either even (2 connections per bottle) or uneven connectivity. Preliminary results suggest networks with a higher number of bottles and uneven connectivity supported greater richness. Ongoing data collection will further examine how dispersal rates through connectivity influences diversity.
This study explores how varying patterns of connectivity between spatially fragmented habitats affects species richness. Pond microcosms were set up with networks of bottles connected by tubing in either evenly or unevenly connected patterns. Samples from the bottles were analyzed and species counted over time. Initial results found that networks with a higher number of bottles and even connectivity between bottles sustained higher levels of species richness on average. Further replicates are needed to solidify these findings and better understand how connectivity patterns impact community dynamics in spatially fragmented ecosystems.
Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research, Vol 14 No 1Wagner College
The Fall 2015 issue of the Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research includes abstracts presented at the recent Eastern Colleges Science Conference by Nadia Asfar, Cody Carpenter, Michael Cataldo, Yan-Yee Cheung, Jacob Cohen, Sanjita Dham, Daniela DiMeglio, Arielle Dorfman, James Ducey, Anthony Gonzalez, Brandon Hart, Johnathan Hinrichs, Brandon Kocurek, Gabrielle Langella, Najia Malik, Timothy Mendez, Sandra Minchala, Meghan Morrissey, Mayar Mussa, Maria Papaioannou, Joseph Persichetti, Julie Roggeveen, Anthony Spano, Alexa Viniotis and Vincent Vitulli. The issue also includes full-length papers by Ian Bertschausen, Jessica Catanzaro, Lisa Condemi, Abigail Creem, Arijeta Lajka, Caitlin McCarthy, Meghan Marie Morrissey and Casey Schweiger. The Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research has been published twice a year — once each semester — since the Fall 2002 issue.
Effect of aqueous extract of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. on germination and ...Kamal Almhemed
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document studied the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Sorghum halepense on the germination and growth of several weed species and eggplant. It found that the extracts significantly reduced the germination and inhibited the growth of the weed species tested in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the eggplant variety used was not affected by the different concentrations of S. halepense extract.
Sierra Landaiche conducted an experiment comparing the effectiveness of four plant species - Coix lacryma-jobi, Carex donnell-smithii, Eichhornia crassipes, and Cynodon nlemfuensis - at removing pollutants from synthesized greywater in biofilters. Landaiche found that C. lacryma-jobi, E. crassipes, and C. nlemfuensis significantly reduced salinity, total dissolved solids, and pH in the greywater, while E. crassipes was most effective without depleting dissolved oxygen. C. donnell-smithii did not significantly absorb pollutants. The more effective species likely removed nutrients via high
This document summarizes a lab study on using various aquatic plants for bioremediation of wastewater. Three combinations of plants - water hyacinth and Ceratophyllum (WC), water hyacinth and Azolla (WA), and water hyacinth alone (W) - were tested on sewage water samples over 22 days. All three combinations resulted in significant reductions of chemical oxygen demand (COD), a measure of pollution, ranging from 65% to 85%. The study aims to evaluate the efficiency and suitability of aquatic plants like water hyacinth, Ceratophyllum, and Azolla for treating sewage wastewater through bioremediation.
This thesis investigated the response of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities to disturbance and host phenology in boreal forests. Chapter 2 compared ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizing tree seedlings grown in reconstructed soils that varied in cover material and intact soils differing in aboveground disturbance. Contrary to predictions, fungal community composition was primarily affected by host species rather than disturbance. Chapter 3 monitored potential decomposing enzyme activity of ectomycorrhizal fungi during host dormancy, leaf flush, full leaf expansion, and leaf abscission. Enzyme activity remained relatively constant across phenological stages, suggesting enzymes may acquire nitrogen or phosphorus rather than decompose plant matter. Exploration type better predicted enzyme activity than phenology
This document summarizes a student project that aimed to identify local algal species for use in biofuel production. The student collected algae samples from various sites, cultured them, and identified several species microscopically. Scenedesmus was the most prevalent species found. The project provides an initial investigation into harvesting local algae for biofuels. While more data is needed, findings suggest benefits to using local algae and certain prevalent species like Scenedesmus and filamentous Oedogonium gracilis may be suitable for further study.
This study explores how varying patterns of connectivity between spatially fragmented food webs affects species richness. Pond microcosms were collected from UC Riverside gardens and connected in networks of bottles with either even (2 connections per bottle) or uneven connectivity. Preliminary results suggest networks with a higher number of bottles and uneven connectivity supported greater richness. Ongoing data collection will further examine how dispersal rates through connectivity influences diversity.
This study explores how varying patterns of connectivity between spatially fragmented habitats affects species richness. Pond microcosms were set up with networks of bottles connected by tubing in either evenly or unevenly connected patterns. Samples from the bottles were analyzed and species counted over time. Initial results found that networks with a higher number of bottles and even connectivity between bottles sustained higher levels of species richness on average. Further replicates are needed to solidify these findings and better understand how connectivity patterns impact community dynamics in spatially fragmented ecosystems.
Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research, Vol 14 No 1Wagner College
The Fall 2015 issue of the Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research includes abstracts presented at the recent Eastern Colleges Science Conference by Nadia Asfar, Cody Carpenter, Michael Cataldo, Yan-Yee Cheung, Jacob Cohen, Sanjita Dham, Daniela DiMeglio, Arielle Dorfman, James Ducey, Anthony Gonzalez, Brandon Hart, Johnathan Hinrichs, Brandon Kocurek, Gabrielle Langella, Najia Malik, Timothy Mendez, Sandra Minchala, Meghan Morrissey, Mayar Mussa, Maria Papaioannou, Joseph Persichetti, Julie Roggeveen, Anthony Spano, Alexa Viniotis and Vincent Vitulli. The issue also includes full-length papers by Ian Bertschausen, Jessica Catanzaro, Lisa Condemi, Abigail Creem, Arijeta Lajka, Caitlin McCarthy, Meghan Marie Morrissey and Casey Schweiger. The Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research has been published twice a year — once each semester — since the Fall 2002 issue.
Effect of aqueous extract of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. on germination and ...Kamal Almhemed
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document studied the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Sorghum halepense on the germination and growth of several weed species and eggplant. It found that the extracts significantly reduced the germination and inhibited the growth of the weed species tested in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the eggplant variety used was not affected by the different concentrations of S. halepense extract.
Sierra Landaiche conducted an experiment comparing the effectiveness of four plant species - Coix lacryma-jobi, Carex donnell-smithii, Eichhornia crassipes, and Cynodon nlemfuensis - at removing pollutants from synthesized greywater in biofilters. Landaiche found that C. lacryma-jobi, E. crassipes, and C. nlemfuensis significantly reduced salinity, total dissolved solids, and pH in the greywater, while E. crassipes was most effective without depleting dissolved oxygen. C. donnell-smithii did not significantly absorb pollutants. The more effective species likely removed nutrients via high
This document summarizes a lab study on using various aquatic plants for bioremediation of wastewater. Three combinations of plants - water hyacinth and Ceratophyllum (WC), water hyacinth and Azolla (WA), and water hyacinth alone (W) - were tested on sewage water samples over 22 days. All three combinations resulted in significant reductions of chemical oxygen demand (COD), a measure of pollution, ranging from 65% to 85%. The study aims to evaluate the efficiency and suitability of aquatic plants like water hyacinth, Ceratophyllum, and Azolla for treating sewage wastewater through bioremediation.
This thesis investigated the response of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities to disturbance and host phenology in boreal forests. Chapter 2 compared ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizing tree seedlings grown in reconstructed soils that varied in cover material and intact soils differing in aboveground disturbance. Contrary to predictions, fungal community composition was primarily affected by host species rather than disturbance. Chapter 3 monitored potential decomposing enzyme activity of ectomycorrhizal fungi during host dormancy, leaf flush, full leaf expansion, and leaf abscission. Enzyme activity remained relatively constant across phenological stages, suggesting enzymes may acquire nitrogen or phosphorus rather than decompose plant matter. Exploration type better predicted enzyme activity than phenology
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
Decomposers break down dead organic material, deriving energy and releasing nutrients back into the environment. Decomposers are typically simple plants like bacteria and fungi, most of which are microscopic. They are abundant in areas where dead plants and animals accumulate, such as at the bottom of ponds or in the top layers of forest soil. Decomposers play an important role in recycling materials through ecosystems.
This study examined the ability of three bacterial strains - Streptomyces 1, Streptomyces 2, and Bacillus 1 - to precipitate calcite under alkaline conditions. The bacteria were cultured in different media formulations to determine which conditions promoted optimal calcite production while maintaining alkalinity. B4 media with varied carbon, nitrogen, and calcium sources was used. Results showed peptone-based media had higher pH but lower calcite precipitation than glucose-based media. Higher calcium concentration and an alternative media may be needed to further increase calcite formation under alkaline conditions.
UC Davis EVE161 Lecture 9 by @phylogenomicsJonathan Eisen
This document summarizes a lecture about a case study analyzing microbial communities in dust samples from various spaces in a university building using rRNA sequencing. The study found indoor bacterial communities were highly diverse but dominated by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Deinococci. Architectural characteristics like space type, building layout, ventilation sources, and human occupancy patterns significantly influenced the structure of bacterial communities between spaces. Restrooms in particular contained very distinct microbial communities. The study demonstrates how human activities and building design can shape the indoor microbiome.
Multiple Use of Surface Water Resources and Bacteria Colonization of Water Bo...Editor IJCATR
Water samples collected along the water courses of surface water sources of domestic water supply in Ezinihite Mbaise were analyzed for bacterial species inventory and total viable count (TVC) using the multiple test tube technique and colony counters. The surface waters covered include Ariam River and other tributaries that constitute the bulk of surface water resources in the area. Eight species of bacteria including E-coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, and fecal streptococci among others were identified. Total viable counts gave alarming growth levels when compared o the standards as set by the world health organization (WHO). The microbial population explosion in the river is attributable to the multiple activities within and around the river also the uses including wash off from abattoirs carrying abattoir wastes directly into the river, domestic wastes dumped along the recharge path, others include in stream fermentation of food stuff and general laundry point for any for clothes, automobiles. All these make sufficiently available to enhance microbial growth. Surface water use should be monitored to ensure sustainability and proper management of watershed will control this trend of colonization of public water supply sources and in turn control the trends in water borne infections.
This document discusses different types of plankton. It describes phytoplankton such as diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophores and cyanobacteria. Diatoms are enclosed in silica cases and come in many shapes and sizes. Dinoflagellates can cause harmful algal blooms. Coccolithophores have scales and two flagella. Zooplankton include holoplankton which spend their whole lives as plankton, and meroplankton which are plankton temporarily. Examples given are copepods, ostracods and rotifers. The document also discusses using diatoms to help determine causes of death in forensic investigations.
1) The document discusses a study on the oxidation kinetics of 11 common organic contaminants in water treatment by ozone and hydroxyl radicals. The contaminants included various alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and ethers.
2) Five of the compounds were very efficiently oxidized by ozone, with rate constants of around 105 M–1s–1. Trihaloanisoles proved most resistant to ozone but were degraded by hydroxyl radicals.
3) The authors note hydroxyl radical treatment needs to be carefully applied to avoid producing excessive bromate ions from residual bromide salts.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance (ABR) in agricultural systems. It notes that while most public attention has focused on ABR in healthcare settings, comparatively little research has examined environmental sources of ABR from soil and water bacteria. The document summarizes several studies that have investigated ABR levels in agricultural soils amended with manure or wastewater, finding increased ABR genes but with levels returning to baseline over time. It also discusses challenges in standardizing methods for measuring ABR and the complex relationship between agricultural practices and observed ABR levels.
This research proposal aims to investigate the use of developmental instability as a sensitive measure of environmental health by studying the effects of two common contaminants, atrazine and copper, on crayfish. Crayfish will be raised in tanks with varying concentrations of each contaminant. Their developmental asymmetry will then be measured using morphometric analysis to determine if higher contaminant levels correlate with increased asymmetry, indicating perturbed development. The proposal expects to find a relationship between contaminant levels and developmental instability, establishing this metric as a useful indicator of environmental stress before major impacts occur.
Designing of PoU Water Disinfection Unit using CopperSONAL GARG
Poster presented on "DESIGNING AND EVALUATION OF WATER DISINFECTION UNIT TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY USING COPPER" describing use of copper for disinfecting microorganisms and keeping water safe from recontamination
Save water and safe water evaluation of design and storage period on water qu...Alexander Decker
The document evaluates the design and water quality of rainwater harvesting systems installed in Chitra Topi, AJK. It finds that non-painted galvanized iron rooftops provide high quality rainwater, while painted roofs lead to unsafe lead levels. Water quality declines with storage time due to increased microbial activity in summer months. Turbidity exceeds standards in 96% of samples year-round. Total hardness and iron levels meet standards. The study concludes rainwater harvesting can improve access if systems use appropriate designs and management practices.
Plant physio mini pojek water treatment fullANna CHan
This document summarizes a student project that compares the efficiency of two aquatic plants - Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and Limnocharis Flava (water cabbage) - in treating polluted water. The experiment involved placing each plant in polluted drain water from Tg. Malim for 15 days and measuring pH levels daily to see which plant more quickly neutralizes acidity. Results showed E. crassipes raised the pH to neutral levels within two days, while L. Flava took four days, demonstrating E. crassipes is more efficient at phytoremediation of polluted water.
Evaluation of characteristics of Simplicillium lanosoniveum on pathogenicity ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study aimed to evaluate the aphidicidal and antifungal activities of Simplicillium lanosoniveum in laboratory conditions. S. lanosoniveum isolate Cs0701 shown to be pathogenic to the aphids, Aphis gossypii, Ceratovacuna lanigera and Hysteroneura setariae. The data showed that isolate Cs0701 exudates had greater mycelial growth-inhibiting effects on plant pathogenic fungi, Sclerotium rolfsii, Alternaria brassicicola and Rhizoctonia solani, in cellophane paper antibiosis test. In addition, mycelial growth of Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Curvularia lunata and Fusarium sp. were partially inhibited by isolate Cs0701 exudates. The culture filtrates of isolate Cs0701 were screened for their antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungi. The results revealed that A. brassicicola, Cochliobolus miyabeanus and Curvularia lunata conidial germination was inhibited by isolate Cs0701. The culture filtrate was also able to inhibit conidial germination of jasmine orange (Murraya paniculata) powdery mildew, Oidium murrayae. However, plant host range tests showed that isolate Cs0701 was not pathogenic to Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, Lemma perpusilla and Glycine max. Taken together, these findings provide convincing experimental evidence that S. lanosoniveum isolate Cs0701 is biologically active against both aphids and plant pathogenic fungi including powdery mildew. Pot and field trials are necessary to confirm efficacy of S. lanosoniveum against aphids and plant pathogenic fungi.
Researchers from Black Hills State University are studying microbial life found deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. On an expedition to the 17 Ledge area at the 4850 foot level, the researchers encountered hot, humid conditions with temperatures of 95 degrees and 98% humidity. They collected samples from biofilms, pools of water, and growth on cavern walls. The samples were then analyzed at the new Black Hills State University Underground Campus to observe any living microorganisms using microscopy techniques. This allowed the researchers to see light-sensitive cells without needing to stain or kill the samples first. Their observations found possible fungi, rotifers, bacteria, and a gastrotrich.
This study investigated the effect of varying concentrations of LB nutrient on the growth of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus plantarum biofilms. Co-cultures and single cultures of each bacteria were grown at LB concentrations of 20g/L, 40g/L, and 60g/L. Results showed L. plantarum grew best at 40g/L while E. coli favored higher concentrations. The co-culture mimicked L. plantarum growth at lower concentrations but shifted to resemble E. coli growth at 60g/L, indicating nutrient levels influence bacterial competition. This suggests probiotic effectiveness may decrease under conditions of high nutrient availability that favor pathogenic bacteria like E. coli.
Recycled manure solids (RMS) have become a common bedding source for dairy cows due to their low cost and availability on farms. While RMS may harbor higher levels of environmental bacteria initially compared to other bedding types, studies have found bacterial counts after use are similar across bedding sources. Composted RMS in particular have been shown to have lower initial bacterial counts and to improve cow cleanliness and reduce hock lesions compared to dolomitic limestone bedding. Overall, adequately managed RMS can provide economic benefits as a bedding source without negatively impacting cow health.
Agricultural water and manure application are potential sources of bacterial contamination of fresh produce. A study examined the survival of E. coli in soils amended with different types of manure. Results showed E. coli survived for over 270 days in some manure-amended soils. A rainfall simulation study found E. coli and Salmonella in runoff water from soils amended with dairy or swine manure, though pathogens were not always detected. The type of manure applied affected the levels of bacteria in runoff water.
This document summarizes Jonathan Eisen's presentation on seagrass as a model system for plant microbiome studies. It describes how Eisen initially knew little about seagrasses but connected with colleague Jay Stachowicz, a seagrass expert, to learn more. They collaborated on a proposal to study the microbiomes of seagrasses. Initial studies found the microbial communities varied by tissue type, with more variation below ground. A global study by Eisen's group using the Zostera Experimental Network sampled seagrass microbiomes from sites around the world. The study found seagrass leaf microbiomes resembled local water, while roots had microbial communities enriched in sulfur metabolism.
This document summarizes over 150 field experiments that studied interspecific competition between species. The experiments tested how species abundances were affected by manipulating one or more competing species through removals or introductions. The experiments covered a wide range of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems. The summary evaluates what we have learned about interspecific competition from these field experiments, such as how often competition is detected, the types of competition found, and whether competition intensity varies over time.
IRJET- Decontamination of Wastewater by Biofiltration using Invasive BivalvesIRJET Journal
This document discusses using invasive bivalves for biofiltration of wastewater to reduce contamination. Bivalves like quagga mussels, zebra mussels, and blue mussels are effective at removing nutrients, organic matter, pathogens, and other pollutants from water through their filter feeding. A study was conducted where bivalves were placed in a filtration unit to treat wastewater from canals and industrial areas in Kakinada, India. The bivalves decreased levels of eutrophication, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and E. coli through bioaccumulation of contaminants in their bodies. Invasive bivalves show potential for cost-effective wastewater treatment by removing
Fueldump supply everything you would expect to see on a domestic or commercial heating oil or diesel storage tank. Also fuel, oil and diesel dispensing products such as diesel or fuel pumps, dispensing nozzles, fuel hose and fluid flow meters.
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
Decomposers break down dead organic material, deriving energy and releasing nutrients back into the environment. Decomposers are typically simple plants like bacteria and fungi, most of which are microscopic. They are abundant in areas where dead plants and animals accumulate, such as at the bottom of ponds or in the top layers of forest soil. Decomposers play an important role in recycling materials through ecosystems.
This study examined the ability of three bacterial strains - Streptomyces 1, Streptomyces 2, and Bacillus 1 - to precipitate calcite under alkaline conditions. The bacteria were cultured in different media formulations to determine which conditions promoted optimal calcite production while maintaining alkalinity. B4 media with varied carbon, nitrogen, and calcium sources was used. Results showed peptone-based media had higher pH but lower calcite precipitation than glucose-based media. Higher calcium concentration and an alternative media may be needed to further increase calcite formation under alkaline conditions.
UC Davis EVE161 Lecture 9 by @phylogenomicsJonathan Eisen
This document summarizes a lecture about a case study analyzing microbial communities in dust samples from various spaces in a university building using rRNA sequencing. The study found indoor bacterial communities were highly diverse but dominated by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Deinococci. Architectural characteristics like space type, building layout, ventilation sources, and human occupancy patterns significantly influenced the structure of bacterial communities between spaces. Restrooms in particular contained very distinct microbial communities. The study demonstrates how human activities and building design can shape the indoor microbiome.
Multiple Use of Surface Water Resources and Bacteria Colonization of Water Bo...Editor IJCATR
Water samples collected along the water courses of surface water sources of domestic water supply in Ezinihite Mbaise were analyzed for bacterial species inventory and total viable count (TVC) using the multiple test tube technique and colony counters. The surface waters covered include Ariam River and other tributaries that constitute the bulk of surface water resources in the area. Eight species of bacteria including E-coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, and fecal streptococci among others were identified. Total viable counts gave alarming growth levels when compared o the standards as set by the world health organization (WHO). The microbial population explosion in the river is attributable to the multiple activities within and around the river also the uses including wash off from abattoirs carrying abattoir wastes directly into the river, domestic wastes dumped along the recharge path, others include in stream fermentation of food stuff and general laundry point for any for clothes, automobiles. All these make sufficiently available to enhance microbial growth. Surface water use should be monitored to ensure sustainability and proper management of watershed will control this trend of colonization of public water supply sources and in turn control the trends in water borne infections.
This document discusses different types of plankton. It describes phytoplankton such as diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophores and cyanobacteria. Diatoms are enclosed in silica cases and come in many shapes and sizes. Dinoflagellates can cause harmful algal blooms. Coccolithophores have scales and two flagella. Zooplankton include holoplankton which spend their whole lives as plankton, and meroplankton which are plankton temporarily. Examples given are copepods, ostracods and rotifers. The document also discusses using diatoms to help determine causes of death in forensic investigations.
1) The document discusses a study on the oxidation kinetics of 11 common organic contaminants in water treatment by ozone and hydroxyl radicals. The contaminants included various alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and ethers.
2) Five of the compounds were very efficiently oxidized by ozone, with rate constants of around 105 M–1s–1. Trihaloanisoles proved most resistant to ozone but were degraded by hydroxyl radicals.
3) The authors note hydroxyl radical treatment needs to be carefully applied to avoid producing excessive bromate ions from residual bromide salts.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance (ABR) in agricultural systems. It notes that while most public attention has focused on ABR in healthcare settings, comparatively little research has examined environmental sources of ABR from soil and water bacteria. The document summarizes several studies that have investigated ABR levels in agricultural soils amended with manure or wastewater, finding increased ABR genes but with levels returning to baseline over time. It also discusses challenges in standardizing methods for measuring ABR and the complex relationship between agricultural practices and observed ABR levels.
This research proposal aims to investigate the use of developmental instability as a sensitive measure of environmental health by studying the effects of two common contaminants, atrazine and copper, on crayfish. Crayfish will be raised in tanks with varying concentrations of each contaminant. Their developmental asymmetry will then be measured using morphometric analysis to determine if higher contaminant levels correlate with increased asymmetry, indicating perturbed development. The proposal expects to find a relationship between contaminant levels and developmental instability, establishing this metric as a useful indicator of environmental stress before major impacts occur.
Designing of PoU Water Disinfection Unit using CopperSONAL GARG
Poster presented on "DESIGNING AND EVALUATION OF WATER DISINFECTION UNIT TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY USING COPPER" describing use of copper for disinfecting microorganisms and keeping water safe from recontamination
Save water and safe water evaluation of design and storage period on water qu...Alexander Decker
The document evaluates the design and water quality of rainwater harvesting systems installed in Chitra Topi, AJK. It finds that non-painted galvanized iron rooftops provide high quality rainwater, while painted roofs lead to unsafe lead levels. Water quality declines with storage time due to increased microbial activity in summer months. Turbidity exceeds standards in 96% of samples year-round. Total hardness and iron levels meet standards. The study concludes rainwater harvesting can improve access if systems use appropriate designs and management practices.
Plant physio mini pojek water treatment fullANna CHan
This document summarizes a student project that compares the efficiency of two aquatic plants - Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and Limnocharis Flava (water cabbage) - in treating polluted water. The experiment involved placing each plant in polluted drain water from Tg. Malim for 15 days and measuring pH levels daily to see which plant more quickly neutralizes acidity. Results showed E. crassipes raised the pH to neutral levels within two days, while L. Flava took four days, demonstrating E. crassipes is more efficient at phytoremediation of polluted water.
Evaluation of characteristics of Simplicillium lanosoniveum on pathogenicity ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study aimed to evaluate the aphidicidal and antifungal activities of Simplicillium lanosoniveum in laboratory conditions. S. lanosoniveum isolate Cs0701 shown to be pathogenic to the aphids, Aphis gossypii, Ceratovacuna lanigera and Hysteroneura setariae. The data showed that isolate Cs0701 exudates had greater mycelial growth-inhibiting effects on plant pathogenic fungi, Sclerotium rolfsii, Alternaria brassicicola and Rhizoctonia solani, in cellophane paper antibiosis test. In addition, mycelial growth of Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Curvularia lunata and Fusarium sp. were partially inhibited by isolate Cs0701 exudates. The culture filtrates of isolate Cs0701 were screened for their antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungi. The results revealed that A. brassicicola, Cochliobolus miyabeanus and Curvularia lunata conidial germination was inhibited by isolate Cs0701. The culture filtrate was also able to inhibit conidial germination of jasmine orange (Murraya paniculata) powdery mildew, Oidium murrayae. However, plant host range tests showed that isolate Cs0701 was not pathogenic to Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, Lemma perpusilla and Glycine max. Taken together, these findings provide convincing experimental evidence that S. lanosoniveum isolate Cs0701 is biologically active against both aphids and plant pathogenic fungi including powdery mildew. Pot and field trials are necessary to confirm efficacy of S. lanosoniveum against aphids and plant pathogenic fungi.
Researchers from Black Hills State University are studying microbial life found deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. On an expedition to the 17 Ledge area at the 4850 foot level, the researchers encountered hot, humid conditions with temperatures of 95 degrees and 98% humidity. They collected samples from biofilms, pools of water, and growth on cavern walls. The samples were then analyzed at the new Black Hills State University Underground Campus to observe any living microorganisms using microscopy techniques. This allowed the researchers to see light-sensitive cells without needing to stain or kill the samples first. Their observations found possible fungi, rotifers, bacteria, and a gastrotrich.
This study investigated the effect of varying concentrations of LB nutrient on the growth of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus plantarum biofilms. Co-cultures and single cultures of each bacteria were grown at LB concentrations of 20g/L, 40g/L, and 60g/L. Results showed L. plantarum grew best at 40g/L while E. coli favored higher concentrations. The co-culture mimicked L. plantarum growth at lower concentrations but shifted to resemble E. coli growth at 60g/L, indicating nutrient levels influence bacterial competition. This suggests probiotic effectiveness may decrease under conditions of high nutrient availability that favor pathogenic bacteria like E. coli.
Recycled manure solids (RMS) have become a common bedding source for dairy cows due to their low cost and availability on farms. While RMS may harbor higher levels of environmental bacteria initially compared to other bedding types, studies have found bacterial counts after use are similar across bedding sources. Composted RMS in particular have been shown to have lower initial bacterial counts and to improve cow cleanliness and reduce hock lesions compared to dolomitic limestone bedding. Overall, adequately managed RMS can provide economic benefits as a bedding source without negatively impacting cow health.
Agricultural water and manure application are potential sources of bacterial contamination of fresh produce. A study examined the survival of E. coli in soils amended with different types of manure. Results showed E. coli survived for over 270 days in some manure-amended soils. A rainfall simulation study found E. coli and Salmonella in runoff water from soils amended with dairy or swine manure, though pathogens were not always detected. The type of manure applied affected the levels of bacteria in runoff water.
This document summarizes Jonathan Eisen's presentation on seagrass as a model system for plant microbiome studies. It describes how Eisen initially knew little about seagrasses but connected with colleague Jay Stachowicz, a seagrass expert, to learn more. They collaborated on a proposal to study the microbiomes of seagrasses. Initial studies found the microbial communities varied by tissue type, with more variation below ground. A global study by Eisen's group using the Zostera Experimental Network sampled seagrass microbiomes from sites around the world. The study found seagrass leaf microbiomes resembled local water, while roots had microbial communities enriched in sulfur metabolism.
This document summarizes over 150 field experiments that studied interspecific competition between species. The experiments tested how species abundances were affected by manipulating one or more competing species through removals or introductions. The experiments covered a wide range of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems. The summary evaluates what we have learned about interspecific competition from these field experiments, such as how often competition is detected, the types of competition found, and whether competition intensity varies over time.
IRJET- Decontamination of Wastewater by Biofiltration using Invasive BivalvesIRJET Journal
This document discusses using invasive bivalves for biofiltration of wastewater to reduce contamination. Bivalves like quagga mussels, zebra mussels, and blue mussels are effective at removing nutrients, organic matter, pathogens, and other pollutants from water through their filter feeding. A study was conducted where bivalves were placed in a filtration unit to treat wastewater from canals and industrial areas in Kakinada, India. The bivalves decreased levels of eutrophication, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and E. coli through bioaccumulation of contaminants in their bodies. Invasive bivalves show potential for cost-effective wastewater treatment by removing
Fueldump supply everything you would expect to see on a domestic or commercial heating oil or diesel storage tank. Also fuel, oil and diesel dispensing products such as diesel or fuel pumps, dispensing nozzles, fuel hose and fluid flow meters.
This document provides an analysis of The Walt Disney Company and its consumer products division. It discusses the founding and history of Disney, its major business segments, and consumer products licensing. It then analyzes Disney Consumer Products' segmentation, competition, SWOT, and recommendations. Specifically, it recommends strengthening R&D, using technology to tell stories, and creating new characters. It also discusses what makes Disney special to consumers and threats faced by the company.
The document discusses the architecture and workflow of deploying applications on Cloud Foundry. It describes how the vmc command line tool is used to target an API endpoint, login, push an application, and shows the steps Cloud Foundry takes to validate the application package, stage it, find an available Diego Application Container instance to run it, and start the application.
O documento dramatiza dois tipos de atendimento de secretários - bom e ruim - e destaca as diferenças em suas abordagens. O secretário ruim é informal e descuidado, enquanto o bom é educado, profissional e oferece soluções quando o chefe não está disponível. No final, o narrador resume os pontos essenciais de um bom atendimento, como não transferir ligações quando o chefe está ocupado e anotar recados completos.
O teatro apresenta a história de Gabriel, um anjo enviado para ajudar seu amigo humano Josafá. Apesar dos esforços de Gabriel, Josafá se envolve com drogas e acaba tendo uma overdose. Gabriel vê o futuro de Josafá e descobre que ele irá morrer. Gabriel pede permissão aos seres superiores para dar sua vida e salvar Josafá. Com a permissão, Gabriel transfere sua vida para Josafá, salvando-o.
SkyAlert, el sistema más avanzado de detección y alertamiento sísmico en México y el mundo. Tener un gran plan de protección civil es invertir en la gente.
Abeje Zewdie is applying for any posted vacancies. He graduated from Arba Minch University in 2009 with a degree in Water Resource & Irrigation Engineering. Over the past seven years, he has worked as a site engineer, office engineer, design and supervision engineer, and engineering section team leader for contractors and clients. He has experience in water supply, irrigation infrastructure, dam design, and project management. He believes his diverse experience in contracting, consulting, and client roles makes him a strong fit for the company.
Este documento analiza dos obras de arte tituladas "La muerte de Marat" de Jacques Louis David de 1793 y la recreación de la obra de Vick Muniz de 2007-2009. Propone analizar las obras siguiendo seis pasos: el contexto, el mensaje, el proceso creativo, si es arte oficial o no oficial, los recursos expresivos utilizados y el impacto social. Finalmente, incluye un enlace a un video sobre la obra de Muniz.
1. Pacific lampreys are an ancient species that play an important cultural role for Native American tribes but their early life history is not well understood, inhibiting restoration efforts.
2. Feeding trials were conducted using tanks and troughs with different food substrates to determine larval lamprey feeding preferences.
3. Results showed larval lamprey had little preference between substrates but slightly favored detritus, implying it is a favorable food source. Understanding larval feeding habits provides information needed for lamprey conservation.
How to Build and Operate a Simple Small-to-Large Scale Aquaponics Systembelajar_bareng_aquaponik
This document provides instructions for building small to large scale aquaponics systems. It discusses:
- The history and development of aquaponics systems from early attempts in the 1970s-80s that struggled with low nutrient levels, to more successful systems developed in the 1990s at the University of the Virgin Islands.
- Guidelines for constructing simple and inexpensive grow beds out of wood and plastic for aquaponics systems. Various bed designs are compared, including floating rafts and gravel beds.
- Tips for arranging grow beds into larger raceway systems and maintaining optimal water levels.
How to Build and Operate a Simple Small-to-Large Scale Aquaponics SystemBelajar Bareng Aquaponik
This document provides instructions for building small to large scale aquaponics systems. It discusses:
- The history and development of aquaponics systems from early attempts in the 1970s-80s that struggled with low nutrient levels, to more successful systems developed in the 1990s at University of the Virgin Islands.
- Details on constructing simple and inexpensive grow beds out of wood and plastic for aquaponics systems, including attaching liners and setting up raceways of connected beds.
- Different methods for growing plants, including using floating rafts or placing plants in gravel beds flooded with nutrient-rich water from the aquaculture tanks.
15. camille and 3. justin final version bacteria reportJustinCotto
This study aimed to isolate and characterize bacteria from soils in Puerto Rico. Two soil samples were collected from different locations, diluted and plated. Three distinct bacterial colonies grew and were purified. Gram staining showed one was gram-positive coccus and two were gram-positive bacillus. PCR/electrophoresis positively identified one coccus sample. No bacteria produced antibiotics but two samples showed resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol, bacitracin and vancomycin while the other did not resist any antibiotics tested. The goal was to identify properties of isolated bacteria including antibiotic production and resistance.
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
This study investigated the effects of sunlight and disturbance on the distribution of Chironomid larvae in artificial streams. Disturbance was imposed on some tiles in each stream, while others remained undisturbed. There was no significant difference in Chironomid numbers between sunlight and shaded streams. However, disturbance had a large negative effect, with little to no Chironomids found on disturbed tiles. In undisturbed areas, Chironomids tended to colonize shaded tiles more, though not at a statistically significant level. Therefore, disturbance seemed to most strongly influence Chironomid distribution, while sunlight had little apparent effect.
Please help! Both answers must be in long paragraph form1. Explain.pdfarchanadesignfashion
Please help! Both answers must be in long paragraph form
1. Explain in detail Where did the chloroplast organelle come from, what is it\'s \"origin story\",
what evidence supports this idea originally developed by Lynn Margulis?
2. Explain in detail What is the importance of chloroplasts to living things other than plants?
What are products they make, and how did one of the waste products generated change the
history of the planet earth?
Solution
Ans 1: Chloroplast Origin: The credit for discovery of this organelle goes to Julius Von Sachs. In
Year 1837, German botanist Hugo von Mohl provided the first definitive description of the
chloroplast, which is descrite bodies within the green plant cell. Later, The name was changed to
plastid by A.F. W Schimper in 1883. By the end of 19th century chloroplast name was accepted
in scientfic community worldwide to the cell- organelle which is green color found in plant
tisuue. One major discovery was also found by schimper that chloroplast are capable of division.
He suggest that origin of green pant was possibly by symbiotic relationship between chlorophyll
containing and colorless organism. Another important observation was made by A. meyer in
1883 that chloroplast contain grana. Chloroplast are only found in green plant,algae etc. Green
Color present in plant is only due to chloroplast.
Lynn Margulis was a evolutionist, she suggest that photosynthesis process which occur in plant
due to symbiosis relationship between plant cell and bacteria,which reside permanently there, by
which chloroplast capture sunlight energy undergoes biochemical reaction including
combination of water and carbon di oxide to make organic matter. Margulis symbisis thought of
evolution of eukaryotic cell was published in \" The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells.\"
Ans 2 : Importance of chloroplast is in the process of photosynthesis take place in algae, which is
also eukayotes. Many are unicellular, but sometimes they can live in large colonies that may
even look like plants.
Cynobacteria are prokaryotes contain double outer membrane and thylakoid membrane system
for the process of photosyntheis. Cyanobacteria also use the Calvin cycle to fix carbon dioxide in
the same way as plants and algae. Both of the above organism perform oxygenic photosynthesis.
similar way green sulphur, green non sulphur and heliobacteria use choloroplast for the process
of photosynthesis.
Two and a half billion years ago, single-celled organisms called cyanobacteria harnessed
sunlight to split water molecules, producing energy to power their cells and releasing oxygen
into an atmosphere that had previously had none. These early environmental engineers are
responsible for the life we see around us today. Oxygen which is one of the waste product
generated during photosynthesis change the history of the planet earth and all the higher level
living organism are able to live their life easily..
Two soil samples were collected from Puerto Rico and isolated bacteria were analyzed. Two different bacteria grew from one sample and one from the other. One bacterium was a coccus and two were bacillus based on gram staining. None produced antibiotics but some showed resistance to certain antibiotics like penicillin, chloramphenicol, and bacitracin. The isolated bacteria demonstrated characteristics needed for further analysis but genomic sequencing was left for future work.
Horsehair worms are thread-like parasitic nematodes that live part of their lifecycle in water and part in invertebrate hosts. They deposit long strings of eggs in water that hatch into larvae, which then infect aquatic insects or other invertebrates. Within the host, the larvae grow into adults and compel the host toward water. In water, the adults emerge from the host and the cycle repeats. Though they occasionally infect pest insects, horsehair worms have minimal impact on natural populations and are harmless to vertebrates including humans.
Maipc 2017: Two small-scale landscape models of invasive plant spreadRichard Gardner
Muscari and Galanthus are models with historical time frames of the spread of invasive plants across a landscape. Additionally, there is a photo American chestnut seedlings and a definition of a native plant using ecological utility as the basis - not domesticated or hybridized.
Student InstructionsIn this lab, you will determine how an inv.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Student Instructions
In this lab, you will determine how an invasive species—the zebra and quagga mussel—affects other species in the freshwater lake. Use the animation to help you come up with an answer to the following:
Why do you see increases and decreases in the invasive species population?
What are the implications associated with these alterations to the ecosystem as a whole?
The Effects of Zebra and Quagga Mussels Introduced into a Freshwater Lake
As you have learned, population dynamics are caused by the biotic potential of the population and the effects of environmental resistance. When there is minimal environmental resistance impacting a population, it will exhibit a population explosion. One reason for minimal resistance could be factors that no longer regulate a population (e.g., predator decline or resource increases). Another reason for a population explosion is the introduction of an invasive species.
Invasive species
are species foreign to an ecosystem and are not immediately regulated by the environmental restraints of the particular ecosystem that they invade. This in turn allows their populations to grow seemingly uncontrolled and to displace other indigenous populations. Examples of such an invasive species into North America are dreissenid mussels, commonly known as zebra and quagga mussels. Their introduction into the Great Lakes has caused economic hardship and a reorganization of the ecosystem. This has led, in part, to pollution-causing effects that can be linked to an alga known as
Cladophora
.
Ecosystems are webs of intricately balanced interactions, what happens when a new species is introduced that uses a disproportionate share of the ecosystem’s resources?
Using the M.U.S.E. link, review the background information and animation to complete your report.
Use the
Lab 5 worksheet
for assignment instructions and data collection.
Hi Everyone,
For your lab report this week, you will investigate the impact and spread of invasive species.
One of these described in your MUSE lab activity is the Zebra Mussel.
Just as you have done for the previous assignments, you will first review the background information, then collect the data. Your study will involve measurements showing how the mussels have spread and how they have impacted native species in an aquatic environment.
You will find that the number of mussels increases for 13 years and then begins to decrease. You are asked to explain this in your report.
Why do you see increases and decreases in the invasive species population?
What are the implications associated with these alterations to the ecosystem as a whole?
Use the notes in the animation to review the food chain in this ecosystem.
It will be very important to be able to describe which species are native and which are invasive. And to describe how even a native species, such as cladophora (algae) can result in ecological damage.
Next, review Chapter 4 of your eBook and refresh your memory on h.
Part ABriefly, explain the current hypotheses about how brown alg.pdfarshiartpalace
Part A:
Briefly, explain the current hypotheses about how brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes and
charophytes (couple of groups of green algae), and land plants are related. What are the
characteristics of the land plants that distinguish it from the most closely related algal group, and
(if applicable) how do each of these characteristics benefit plants in a terrestrial environment?
Part B:
What are the differences between plant cells, animal cells, and bacterial cells. And what are the
characteristics of different plant cell types.
Solution
(1)Evolution of plants has facilitated the survival of life on earth and these land plants has their
monophyletic lineage embedded with that of green algae and these green algae are believed to be
the oldest eukaryotic lineages.
Hypothesis states that land plants are related to brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes and
charophytes. There are so many evidences to prove that these land plants share similar
characteristics with that of brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes and charophytes. Plants and
algae are eukaryotic and both posses the chlorophyll, which allows them to make their own food,
both plants and algae have similar cell walls, stores energy in the form of starch, follows two
stage life cycle.
Sporopollenin, chlorophyll a, cellulose, chlorophyll b are common to both charophytes and land
plants, but plants has lignin and is absent in case of charophytes. Some green algae exhibit
alternation of generations like plants. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. But no
charophytes exhibit alternation of generations.
Charophytes are very similar to plants as they both have homologous chloroplasts (chlorophyll b,
beta carotene is present, thylakoid are arranged as grana, DNA as genetic material), with respect
to biochemical similarity, both has cellulose cell wall, similar enzymes in peroxisomes, when it
comes to mitosis and cytokinesis, follow similar mechanisms like disappearance of nuclear
envelope and till cytokinesis the spindle will remain. Based on the above features the
Charophytes are considered as the closest living algal relatives of land plants
Most of the varieties of algal species live in extremely damp terrestrial environment, whereas
most of the plants live on land and some plants can live in water also, but algae cannot survive
on dry soil and they are very adapted to it. In case of alga, the surrounding water supports it and
the whole alga is involved in helping it in the process of photosynthesis, absorption of water and
minerals, holdfast will provides the anchoring. But in case of plants, each and every organ is
specialized for different functions, like leaves for photosynthesis, cuticle to prevent water loss,
stomata for gaseous exchange, stem to support, root to provide anchorage. But alternation of
generation is absent in charophytes, but it is found in all plants providing them extra benefit to
survive.
2)
Animal Cell
Plant cell
Bacteria
These are eukaryotes
These ar.
This document proposes a research project to study plastic degradation by marine bacteria. The study would collect plastic samples from the ocean, isolate bacteria known to degrade hydrocarbons, and conduct experiments with plastics, seawater, bacteria, and copepods. The experiments aim to determine the bacteria's ability to degrade different types of plastics over time, identify degradation byproducts, and assess copepod survival under different conditions. The results could help understand plastic breakdown in oceans and evaluate whether bacterial activity produces toxic compounds or supports higher life forms.
Lab 3
Biodiversity
Biodiversity
34
Introduction
Biodiversity, short for biological diversity, includes the genetic variation between all organisms, spe-
cies, and populations, and all of their complex communities and ecosystems. It also reflects the interrelated-
ness of genes, species, and ecosystems and their interactions with the environment. Biodiversity is not even-
ly distributed across the globe; rather, it varies greatly, even within regions. It is partially regulated by climate
- for example, tropical regions can support more species than polar climates. In whole, biodiversity repre-
sents variation within three levels:
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity
Genetic diversity
It should be noted that diversity at one of these levels may
not correspond with diversity within other levels. The degree
of biodiversity, and thus the health of an ecosystem, is im-
pacted when any part of that ecosystem becomes endan-
gered or extinct.
The term species refers to a group of similar organisms that
reproduce among themselves. Species diversity refers to the variation within and between populations of
species, as well as between different species. Sexual reproduction critically contributes to the variation within
species. For example, a pea plant that is cross-fertilized with another pea plant can produce offspring with
four different looks! This genetic mixing creates the diversity seen today.
Ecosystem diversity examines the different habitats, biological communities, and ecological process-
es in the biosphere, as well as variation within an individual ecosystem. The differences in rainforests and
deserts represent the variation between ecosystems. The physical characteristics that determine ecosystem
diversity are complex, and include biotic and abiotic factors.
Concepts to Explore
Biodiversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity
Genetic diversity
Natural selection
Extinction
Figure 1: There are more than 32,000 species of
fish – more than any other vertebrate!
Biodiversity
35
The variation of genes within individual organisms is genetic diversity.
This can be measured within and between species. It plays an im-
portant role in survival and adaptability of organisms to changing envi-
ronments.
Diversity is also influenced by natural selection, the key mechanism of
evolution. The process of natural selection describes competition be-
tween individual species for resources, such as food and space
(habitat). Genetic variations among species provide an advantage over
other species if those variations result in the ability to survive and repro-
duce more effectively.
Evidence that supports the theory of natural selection includes the fossil
record of change in earlier species, the chemical and anatomical simi-
larities of related life forms, the geographical distribution of related spe-
cies, and the recorded genetic change ...
1. The study isolated 32 bacterial strains from chlorpyrifos contaminated soil that were able to degrade chlorpyrifos as the sole carbon source.
2. Four strains - SGB2, SWLC1, SWLC2, and SWLH2 - were able to degrade up to 92% of 100 mg/L chlorpyrifos within 18 days under shaking conditions at 30°C and neutral pH.
3. Analysis showed the biodegradation was directly correlated to bacterial growth, indicating it was a growth-linked process. 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified the strains as Enterobacter spp. (SGB2, SWLC1, SWLC2) and Agrobacterium (SWLH
1) The document describes an experiment conducted at Wild Basin Creative Research Center to study the relationships between plants, soils, and decomposing mammals.
2) Three hypotheses were tested: a) plants would grow faster with a decomposing mammal below ground due to nutrients, b) the six soil types could sustain the same plants, and c) decomposition rates would vary between soil types.
3) The results showed plants grew slower with mammals, some plants failed to germinate in certain soils, and decomposition rates were not correlated with soil types, disproving two of the three hypotheses.
This document provides an overview of plants, including their characteristics, structures, and classification. It discusses seedless plants like mosses and ferns, as well as seed plants. Seed plants are divided into gymnosperms, which produce unprotected seeds without flowers, and angiosperms, which produce seeds within fruits. Key structures of seed plants mentioned include leaves, stems, roots, and vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients.
Isolation of typical marine bacteria by dilution culture - growth, maintenanc...ITSON
Isolation of Typical Marine Bacteria by Dilution Culture: Growth, Maintenance, and Characteristics of Isolates under Laboratory Conditions - FRITS SCHUT
Utilization of Multiple Habitat Sampling Protocol for Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Water
Quality in Stream Ecosystem in Lawis,
Buruun, Iligan City
This document discusses a study that combines DNA barcoding and macroinvertebrate sampling to assess water quality in two sites along the White Clay Creek in Pennsylvania. Macroinvertebrates were collected from each site and identified to different taxonomic levels by an amateur, professional taxonomist, and through DNA barcoding. The study aims to see if water quality differences between the sites can be better distinguished at lower taxonomic levels, including species identification through DNA barcoding. The results may help integrate DNA barcoding into water quality assessment and create a reference species list for future studies in the area.
1. Rubis,Charlie 1
Research Proposal
Incorporating AllelopathicAquatic Plants for Algal Control in the Carroll Creek Linear Park in
Frederick, Maryland
Charlie Alexander Rubis
Background
Each year in Frederick Maryland, the Carroll Creek Linear Park becomes the center of
attention for many events and functions downtown as well as a site for many residence
exercising, walking to work, or eating out. This park began as a floodplain in the 1970’s and
with the population in Frederick increasing from 40,148, in the 1990 census, to 65,239, in the
2010 census, it has become the center for a changing town (Census.gov, 2015). This
development and planning to and around the Carroll Creek Linear Park will amount to about
$150 million (City of Frederick, 2011). With all of the work going in to make the area around
the creek look good, a persistent problem occurs every year within the creek; overwhelming
growth of algae in the water. There are different types of algae in the creek, including
planktonic and benthic. This research will be interested in planktonic algae. The creek may
consist of a mixture of different types of algae, ie green algae or filamentous algae. In this
research, one taxonomy won’t be of interest over another. The planktonic algae in the creek
will be looked at as a whole and not the sum of its parts.
Since 2012, the group “Color the Creek” has been adding a variety of plants and lily pads
to the creek to make it look more aesthetically pleasing. Another goal of these plantings are to
drown the light from reaching the algae in an attempt to inhibit its growth (Color the Creek,
2. Rubis,Charlie 2
2015). Though this has helped some, problems still remain with the algae in the water. The
water in the Carroll Creek Linear Park is slow moving and has be shown to receive point and
non-point sources of nutrients, including from Culler Lake in Baker Park (Clark, 2014). Because
of this, the algae still have the ability to grow, even with lily pads inhibiting penetration of light
through the water. Other techniques have been employed to keep algal growth under control.
This includes using barley straw, sodium percarbonate(2Na2CO3), copper sulfate (CuSO4), and
Polyquat (Clark, 2014). All of these techniques have shown mixed results and aren’t natural.
There is a natural way to reduce and/or inhibit algae growth and its through chemicals found in
certain aquatic plants. These natural chemicals that come from certain plants inhibit growth in
a process known as allelopathy.
Allelopathy was first defined 1937 by a scientist from Austria named Hans Molischand.
This process occurs when one species has an advantageous effect over another species. These
effects can affect things such as growth and reproduction (Ferguson et al., 2003). Algae, and
phytoplankton in general, will take oxygen out of the water that other organisms may need and
can reduce the overall water quality in its ecosystem. The aquatic plants also need nutrients
that may be limited due to blooms of algae. This creates inherent competition for those
nutrients between the plants and the algae. This can lead to some plants releasing algal
inhibitory chemicals into the water, which makes the environment more favorable to them.
Some of the research on this subject involves finding out which species of plants can inhibit
which species of algae (Kong, 2006; Zuo et al., 2014). Other researchers take that idea a step
further and find out exactly what chemicals the plants are producing in order to inhibit the
algae from growing (Wu et al., 2013).
3. Rubis,Charlie 3
The experiment will use two different sets of algae, each one with their own methods
and materials. The first set of algae will be directly from Carroll Creek. This type of algae will
be measured for its maximum light utilization efficiency. This simply means its photosynthetic
ability and it is a very common technique used for measuring chlorophyll fluorescence and is
commonly seen as Fv/Fm. A reduction in photosynthetic ability by the plants will drive the
Fv/Fm value further away from its maximum value of 1. The other type of algae I will use is
microcystis. This type of algae will be measured using a certain type of fluorometer and will be
measured in cells x 104/mL. Allelopathic effects will yield low cell counts per milliliter of water.
Currently, the “Color the Creek” group is not using plants specifically for their ability to
inhibit plants growth via allelopathic chemicals. This research with use plants with known
abilities to have allelopathic tendencies, and put them together with algae directly from Carroll
Creek Linear Park to see if the chosen plants have the ability to inhibit the algal growth that
occurs regularly in the creek.
4. Rubis,Charlie 4
Hypotheses
H1= The treatment plants will lower the photosynthetic ability of the algae from Carroll Creek
Linear Park by their allelopathic tendencies.
Ho1: The treatments will have no effect on the photosynthetic ability of algae.
H2= The cell density of the microcystis will be lower when grown in plant media than the
control media.
Ho2= The cell density of the microcystis will not be effected by the media that it is grown
in.
5. Rubis,Charlie 5
Methods and Materials
Plants
I have chosen three types of allelopahtic aquatic plants to use in this experiment. All
three species of plants are native to Frederick County, Maryland. The first is Saururus cernuus L
or Lizards tail (McAvoy, 2015). These grow to about a height of 30 to 60 centimeters high. This
plant species was used in a previous experiment by a Hood College student studying allelopathy
and her results can be used comparatively with mine. The second species of plant is Pistia
stratiotes L. or water lettuce. This only grows up to about 20 centimeters high but may have
roots that grow up to 50 centimeters. It has been shown to have a strong inhibitory effect on
types of algae like Microcystis aeruginosa (Wu et al., 2013). The last species of plant for the
experiment is Eichhornia crassipes or water hyacinth. This plant can grow up to 90 centimeters
high and has been shown to inhibit growth of some types of algae, including Microcystis
aeruginosa (Kong et al., 2006). All of the plants will be bought from the Maryland Aquatic
Nursery in Jarrettsville Maryland in late June 2016.
Carroll Creek Algae Materials
The plants will be grown in the greenhouse on the campus of Hood College. Each
species of plant will be grown in their own large tub that will hold water. Inside each tub, for
the treatments and control, will be oxygen stones placed in the same position in each tub. The
stones will be placed in the tubs a week or two before the plants are added to assure the water
is of good quality for the plants. When received, the plants will have their potting soil removed
and washed of the roots in an effort to make sure the soil has no effect on the algal growth.
6. Rubis,Charlie 6
Sitting on top of the water will be a floating device with nine openings. The openings will be
filled in with plastic pots that are holding the plants. Within each plastic pot will be material
from the inside of straw blankets used for grass seed germination.
A total of four large tubs will be used. The water within the large tubs will be the media
that interacts with the algae in the experiment. This includes three that will be growing plants
and one for the control, that won’t have any plants. The plastic pots in the control tub will
include the material from the straw roll and used as the baseline for the experiment. This will
be done to ensure there are no allelopathic effects coming from the straw roll material. The
same amount of nutrients will be added at the same time to each large tub. The plants will
grow for three to four weeks.
Carroll Creek Algae
To obtain the algae from Carroll Creek (Figure 1), I will be adhering 2” X 2” ceramic tiles
to cinderblocks. There will be a total of 36 tiles used for this part of the experiment. Each
treatment will have six tiles and the control will have twelve. The algae will have the ability to
grow onto the ceramic tiles. The tiles and cinderblock will be put into the creek in June 2016
and will be placed there for six weeks. After six weeks, the tiles will be taken out and processed
on campus. Tiles will be randomly placed in a treatment or control group. Each tile will be
submerged in water from one of the large tubs (treatment or control) in a plastic petri dish.
The algae will not be grown in the tubs with the plants to make sure that any inhibition of algal
photosynthetic ability will be from chemicals of the plants and not from shading from the plant
leaves. The petri dishes will consist of a bottom part that is painted black, and a lid that is clear.
7. Rubis,Charlie 7
Putting the tiles and water media in their own petri dish will help make each replicate
independent from others in their own treatment. The algae will then be put into a mechanical
container that will control the temperature and the day:night light cycle. The algae will be kept
in the container for three weeks. After that time, fluorometer readings will take place every
day for two more weeks.
Carroll Creek Algae Measurements
The algae used from Carroll Creek will be measured in terms of photosynthetic ability
after being mixed with the water media. To do this, I will be using a Junior-PAM Chlorophyll
Fluorometer from WALZ (Figure 2). This device will be plugged into a computer that has the
software WinControl-3. To measure the photosynthetic ability, I will be painting a petri dish lid
black. Off centered on the lid will be a very small hole that the fiber optic cord can go through
from the PAM fluorometer. The end of the fiber optic cord will need to be just under the
water’s surface, at the same length from the tiles for each petri dish tested.
Each time a new petri dish needs to be analyzed, the blacked out lid will replace the
clear lid it initially had when it is taken out of the container. This is done to condition the algae
to a lack of light and keep as many of the photosystem 2 chlorophylls open as possible. When
they are open, most of the light energy goes towards photosynthesis. Using the black lid makes
sure little to no light from the room or the sun will be hitting the algae so that I can get a more
accurate measurement of photosynthetic ability. Using the computer, I will measure the ratio
of Fv to Fm. This will tell me the maximum light utilization efficiency. A maximum utilization
would yield a value of 1 (unit less). This directly correlates to photosynthetic ability. I will get
8. Rubis,Charlie 8
this by hitting “Fo/Fm” on the software which will give a strong beam of light to the algae in the
blacked out petri dish.
The WinControl-3 software will be able to give me a graph of Fv/Fm over time. This
procedure will be repeated multiple times for each tile and all of the data from photosynthetic
ability for the plant treatments will be combined based on plant species for that day (ie: 10
PAM readings for tiles with lizard tail water averaged with a standard deviation). This process
will be repeated over a minimum of two weeks, and may go longer if deemed necessary, to see
if there is a trend in photosynthetic ability of the algae.
Microcystis Algae
In the second part of this experiment, I will be testing the same water media from the
tubs, used for the Carroll Creek algae, but on microcystis. The strain of microcystis is currently
being processed on campus and is from Lake Erie. This side experiment will follow a known
protocol used by the former Hood College student as mentioned above. For this experiment,
the water media from the tubs will be mixed with the microcystis algae on a welled plate. Here,
I am going to measure fluorescence of the algae, which will relate to algal growth. The well
plates with plant water will be compared to plates with the control water, as that will be the
baseline. The plates will be measured for their pigment concentration using a BMG Labtech
FLUOstar Omega Plate Reader Flourometer. This will give measures of fluorescence. The units
will be in cells x 104/mL. I will use this along with a hemocytometer and microscope to get a
measurement of cell density. Measurements will be taken on a regular basis. Through time, I
will look for trends in cell density of the microcystis.
9. Rubis,Charlie 9
Statistical Methods
For both experiments being run, I will be using a one-way ANOVA to compare the
treatments to the control and to each other. Comparing the treatments to the control using
SPSS will let me know if the plants effected the health of the algae (photosynthetic ability)
significantly or not. I will be using SPSS on the computers on the Hood College campus.
10. Rubis,Charlie 10
Anticipated Results
Carroll Creek Algae
For my main experiment, I believe that the plants will have some effect on the health of
the algae in their ability to do photosynthesis. I think each species of plant will yield different
results. Since I will be using the actual algae from the creek, the results will be generalizable to
the creek. The algae in the creek may be a mixture of different types of phytoplankton. If there
ends up being a low species richness or diversity, one (or two of the) plant(s) may be more
effective than the others in inhibiting the algae. I will need to use enough tiles and repeat the
steps over multiple days to give my results more statistical power and lower my chance for a
beta-error.
For the microcystis side experiment, I anticipate that the water lettuce and water
hyacinth will have a significant effect on the algal growth as their cases for allelopathy have
been well documented. In general, I also think the treatments with plant media will be yield
different results for cell density of the algae than those samples with the treatment water.
11. Rubis,Charlie 11
References
Census.gov. 2015. State and County Quick facts: Frederick (city), Marylan
http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/2430325.html?cssp=SERP. Retrieved
November 5, 2015.
City of Frederick. 2011. Economic Development. Carroll Creek Park Overview.
http://cityoffrederick.com/DocumentCenter/Home/View/1100. Retrieved November 5,
2015.
Clark, J. 2014. Chapter 3: Algaecides. Algae in Carroll Creek: Green Infrastructure an
Community Greening Approaches. University of Maryland College of Agriculture and
Natural Resources. Pp: 16-21.
Color the Creek. 2015. “Color the Creek”. Retrieved on 13 Jun 16 from
http://www.coloronthecreek.com/color-on-the-creek.html.
Ferguson, J. J., & Rathinasabapathi, B. (2003). Allelopathy: How plants suppress other plants.
University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural
Sciences, EDIS.
Kong, C. H., Wang, P., Zhang, C. X., Zhang, M. X., & Hu, F. (2006). Herbicidal pote
allelochemicals from Lantana camara against Eichhornia crassipes and the alga
Microcystis aeruginosa. Weed research, 46(4), 290-295.
Wu, X., Wu, H., Chen, J., & Ye, J. (2013). Effects of allelochemical extracted from water lettuce
(Pistia stratiotes Linn.) on the growth, microcystin production and release of Microcystis
aeruginosa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(11), 8192-8201.
Zuo, S P; Wan, K; Ma, S M; Ye, L T. 2014. Combined allelopathic potential of aquatic plants
species to control Algae. Allelopathy Journal. 34.2: 315-323
12. Rubis,Charlie 12
Figures
Figure 1. Location in Carroll Creek Linear Park that the algae will be collected from on the tiles.
Source: Google Maps
Figure 2. Image of Junior-PAM Fluorometer that will be used in the experiment
Source: http://www.walz.com/images/junior-pam/intro/junior-pam_2l.jpg