The document provides an overview of Roman aqueducts and sewers. It discusses how the Romans built aqueducts to transport water from distant sources into cities using gravity, arches, and varied construction materials. It also describes the complex sewer system used to drain waste away from populated areas and into rivers. Urinals and toilets of the time are also summarized, noting architectural features like public urinals with holes in high walls. In conclusion, the document commends Roman architectural innovations like aqueducts and sewers that supported public health.

1. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AND
SEWERS
SUB MI T T ED BY:
-SYED AL I HAI DER
-SYED AHMED AL I RI ZV I
-NOSHEEN SHAUKAT
-YUSRA MUSTAZAR
-I MAN AL I
-UMER SADAAT (5 T H YEAR)

2. -TABLE OF
CONTENTS-
1 . I N T R O D U C T I O N
2 . A Q U E D U C T S
3 . W O R K I N G O F
A Q U E D U C T S
4 . U R I N I L E & T O I L E T S
5 . S E W E R S
6 . D R A W B A C K S O F
S E W E R S
7 . C O N C L U S I O N

3. INTRODUCTION
-I N T R O D U C T I O N O F R O M A N
A R C H I T E C T U R E
- I N T R O D U C T I O N TO A Q U E D U C T S
& S E W E R S
S Y E D A L I
H A I D E R
3
BY :

4. -INTRODUCTION TO ROMAN
ARCHITECTURE-
• Roman Empire : The Roman Empire was founded when
Augustus Caesar proclaimed himself the first emperor
of Rome in 31BCE and came to an end with the fall of
Constantinople in 1453.
• The Roman Empire saw a number of different
emperors, many of whom enjoyed a stable and
relatively peaceful reign. However, Rome also saw
times of crises such as one single year with four
emperors and another year with no less than six.

5. Amphitheaters True Arch Shopping Malls
Invention of Calendar Restaurants Paved roads

6. Invention of Numbers
Baths
Murals
Pantheon Colosseum Aqueducts
Public Lavatories
Sewers

8. INTRODUCTION TO
AQUEDUCTS
8
An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to
carry water from a source to a distribution
point far away.

9. • As Roman towns got bigger, in the course of the
Roman Republic, it got too hard for the people who
lived in the towns to get drinking and washing water.
Because raw sewage was draining into the rivers,
people who drank river water often got very sick or
died. Local governments, first in the city of Rome and
then elsewhere in the growing Empire, decided to
build long stone channels to carry clean water from
nearby hills to the towns. This is an aqueduct of the
city of Rome:
• Rome had nine aqueducts by the time of the
engineer Sextus Julius Frontinus
The first aqueduct
was the Aqua Apia
built in 312 BC by the
censor Appius

10. INTRODUCTION TO
SEWER SYSTEM
• The Romans had a complex system
of sewers covered by stones, much like
modern sewers. Waste flushed from the
latrines flowed through a central channel
into the main sewage system and thence
into a nearby river or stream. It is
estimated that the first sewers of ancient
Rome were built between 800 and 735
BC.
• Drainage systems evolved slowly, and
began primarily as a means to drain
marshes and storm runoff. The sewers
were mainly for the removal of surface
drainage and underground water.

11. ROMAN
AQUEDUCTS
-DESI GN CONCEPT
- A R C H I T E C T U R A L F E AT U R E S
S Y E D A H M E D
A L I R I Z V I
11
BY :

12. DESIGN CONCEPT
• Romans were the first to use
for bridges. Roman bridges
were built with stone and had
the arch as the basic structure
built with concrete.
• The Romans constructed
aqueducts throughout their
Republic and later Empire.
Innovative structure ever
created.

13. STRUCTURE
• There were three main aqueduct
designs including tunnels, siphons
and bridges.
• Each design required different
construction techniques.
• They were made from a series of
pipes, tunnels, canals, and bridges.
Gravity and the natural slope of the
land allowed aqueducts to channel
water from a freshwater source, such
as a lake or spring, to a city

14. ARCHITECTURAL
FEATURE
• The arch most commonly used
by the Romans in their
architecture is called the round
or semi circle arch.
• These arches are built by using
a support bridge to hold up the
stones until the final stone, the
keystone, is placed.

15. MATERIALS USED
• There were several different materials
used in construction aqueducts.
• Stone was to construct the masonry
channels and concrete made out of stone,
sand, lime, and water was used to line the
aqueducts. They also used lead and
earthenware clay to construct pipes.
• The longest Roman aqueducts were the
ones to Carthage (Tunisia) (90 km, or 132
km including side channels), the 'Eiffel
Leitung' to Cologne (Germany): 95 km,
and the Aqua Marcia of Rome (91 km).

16. MECHANISM
-WORKI NG OF AQUEDUC TS
-NAT URE OF AQ UEDUC TS
N O S H E E N
S H A U K AT
BY :

17. WORKING OF AQUEDUCTS
• The aqueduct symbolizes a unique and
sophisticated engineering that the Rome had
to offer. A critical part to any city is the
constant water supply of fresh water. The
Romans constructed numerous aqueducts in
order to bring water from distant sources
into cities and towns, supplying public baths,
latrines, fountains and private households.
This unique aqueduct of water supply
expanded over miles, which created an
irrigation of water from distant sources into
their cities and towns.
• In order to bring fresh water into the cities
Romans had to have access to the lakes or
springs. Hundreds of miles away a tunnel
was dug to the mountains with the use of
hand tools. Rome literally moved mountains
in order to get excess to fresh water.
• The Romans took a water supply natural
springs or even part of a river and put them
into an artificially constructed channel and lead
that channel of water into the city of Rome by
gradient flow. The majority of the channels
built by the Romans for their aqueducts are
under ground in which 500 km of channels 5%
(25 km) above the ground 95%(475km) below
ground.
• After selecting a water source river or spring a
channel is dug and is leading all the way into
the city of Rome at a very slight grade on
average a 500metre drop per km.

18. • studied showed that 100000 cubic meter of water flowed into
Rome at its height when u have 11 aqueducts working that’s
over 265,000,000 million gallons of water.
• to maintain the waters precise decent through the high
mountains Roman engineers dug perfectly angled tunnels
through them when the pipe lines reached the low valleys
they were elevated on stone walls if the walls needed to be
higher 6 and a half feet off the ground the Romans saved
building material while still adding strength by perfecting an
ancient engineering concept “ The arch “.
• The arches were built around a temporarily wooden frame
work that held each stone in place until the keystone was lead
in the center. The keystone evenly distributed weight down
each side of the arch allowing builders to stake additional
stones above it.
A six miles column of arches carried the aqua Claudia across
the valleys on its way to Rome.
• Many aqueducts were built at the foot of the mountains,
offering flow from the melting snow.

19. NATURE OF AQUEDUCTS
• The key to the aqueducts success was gravity and the
use of arches. This not only gave the aqueducts
strength but also meant less materials had to be used
for construction. Once the engineers located the
source of water in the mountains they build their
aqueducts at a gentle downward slope to insure that
the water would flow entirely, the aqueducts rested
under series of arch which was supported above the
bearing train of massive stones, but when the
aqueducts had to cross a river it became harder to
build its structure. Roman engineers built large arches
instead and if necessary they build large arches staked
on top of each other. After reaching the city each
aqueduct emptied into three holding tanks one for the
public drinking fountains second for the public baths
and the third was reserved for the emperor and other
wealthy romans who paid for their own running water.
• the ability to transport water over a greater distance
increased agricultural production
some aqueducts were reported to be over 7
kilometers in length

20. • Waste water was removed by the sewage systems and released into
nearby bodies of water, keeping the towns clean and free from noxious
waste. Some aqueducts also served water for mining, processing,
manufacturing, and agriculture.
The aqueducts were made of thousands of bricks including stones and
volcanic cement.
• Aqueducts were built 30 feet high & were 900 feet long.
• Commonly the pipes in the bottom of a valley were laid down on a siphon-
bridge so that the river in the valley could pass below without damaging
the aqueduct.
• The deeper the valley, the deeper was the (static) pressure in the pipes at
the bottom. A siphon in a valley of 10m deep contains a water column of
the same height which exerts 1 atmosphere extra pressure

21. URINILE &
TOILETS
-ARCHI T EC T URAL F EAT URES &
CONCEPT
-WORKI NG OF URI NI L E &
TOI L ETS
Y U S R A
M U S TA Z A R
21
BY :

22. Urinals and Toilets
• Word “Urinal” originated from a Latin
word Urina
• The idea of urinal was originated by the
Romans around 2000 years ago.
• Urinal was a public place where all the
people used to discharge urine.
• The room used to be high ceiling room
with 50 holes the size of dinner plates
along the walls.
• The measured heights of the stone base
benches were 43cm, to be comfortable.

23. • The distances between each consecutive hole was
56cm
• The drop down of urine was into the sewer. Which
was substantial 380 cm at its deep.
• The liquid waste used to be collect and sold.
• The urinals were flushed from a nearby bath.
• The people used a sponge stick for cleaning and then
they used to clean that stick with the water running
through gutters.
• They also introduced the concept of concrete pipes.

24. • Personal toilets were also
present in the residences.
• Personal toilets were not
connected to the public
sewer because people were
afraid of what may climb up
into the house.
• Despite of remarkable
additions to the sanitation
system cleanliness was highly
ignored.

25. SEWERS SYSTEM
-ARCHI T EC T URAL F EAT URES
&CONCEPT
-WORKI NG OF SEWERS
I M A N A L I
BY :

26. SEWER SYSTEM
• Word sewer is originated from old
Northern French word seuwiere.
• First sewer was made by Roman
between 800 and 735 BC.
• Sewers managed excess water more
than waste.
• There was a system of eleven Roman
aqueducts.
• The Romans had a complex system
of sewers covered by stones, much
like modern sewers.

27. • The drains were locked along one side of the street and
were U shaped with a depth of approximately 50-60
cm.
• Tibet river has achieved lasting fame as the main
watercourse of the city of Rome, founded on its
eastern bank.
• Poorer-quality water was used in public baths and in
latrines. Latrine systems have been found in many
places and waste being flushed away with in a stream of
water.
• Cloaca Maxima was an open drainage system and the
largest sewer in the whole of Rome.

28. • The sewer was nearly twenty
feet wide and 1,020 feet in
length.
• Roman sewers moved filthy
water away from where it
hindered cleanliness,
economic growth, urban
development and even
industry
• A century later, the open
drain was covered,

29. DRAWBACKS
OF
SEWERS
U M E R S A D A AT
( 5 t h Ye a r )
BY :

30. -CONCLUSION-
Architecture is a dynamic phenomenon.
Different innovational styles and forms of
architecture have appeared every century.
Without an architecture there is no soul of
any civilization. Roman architecture speaks
of there great history, and their innovations
like aqueducts and sewers which represents
care of their emperors in public interest and
amazing mechanism they applied.