Role Of Infrastructure And Rural Development

Role Of Infrastructure And Rural Development
Research Question For my dissertation, I am to examine The Role of Infrastructure and Rural Development in Explaining the Banking–Growth Nexus
in India: Evidence from State Level Data.The relation between financial development and economic growth has been under debate for a long time,
despite there being evidences of financial and banking sector devolvement playing an important role in economic development the evidences from
within the developing economies is rather mixed. Literature Review Economists hold different opinions regarding the role of finance in economic
growth and development. The question of whether or not financial development affects economic activity has attracted a lot of attention in many
different previous and current research. Many different notions regarding the importance of the financial system for economic growth are held by
economists. It was argues by Bagehot (1873) and Hicks (1969) that the financial system played a crucial role in igniting industrialization in England by
facilitating the mobilization of capital for 'immense works', this argument was also supported by Levine (1997) when he says that "the industrial
revolution had to wait for the financial revolution." Schumpeter (1912) emphasis on the fact that well–functioning bank can lead to technological
innovation by identifying and funding those entrepreneurs who can be successful in implementing new production processes and innovative products.
In the recent past, endogenous growth
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The Development Of Rural Development
3.2 Rural Development
According to Oyeleye, D.A.(1987) he defines rural development as process in which development in social infrastructures such as better roads, water
supply, electricity, schools and hospitals spreads out from the urban centres or communities and moves into the rural villages and communities.
Abumere S.I. (2002) stated that if rural development is defined as a means to help improve the physical, cultural, social and economic status or life of
the rural people then that means that infrastructures such as roads, clean water, electricity, telecommunication and other facilities must be carefully
planned and delivered to the rural people in a consistent manner. It doesn't matter whether these infrastructures are built from the urban centres and
move into the rural areas or vice versa. The delivery mechanisms must be very consistent.
Inorder for any country to develope and progress both socially and economically, it must have the necessary infrastructures that are needed to facilitate
such development, in both urban and rural areas of the country.
However studies have shown that in most developing countries, rural areas/villages are mostly neglected therefore these rural areas don't have these
basic infrastructures that are needed for development. Therefore there is a huge demand for building infrastructures into rural areas.
That is very true for Papua New Guinea where the bulks of the population live in the rural areas. The Gena villagers are one of the

The Development Of Rural Development
Rural development can be referred to as actions and initiatives to improve the socio–economic life in villages and non–urban neighborhoods. It involves
provision of social, physical, and institutional infrastructural facilities. Agricultural development is transforming from a traditional level to a market
oriented one. According to Okonkwor (1987), agricultural development is a process of change not fully from the traditional and subsistence mode to
more productive and commercialized enterprises but also the transformation of the people who engage in it. Infrastructural facilities help in
transforming the economy. According to an inaugural Africa rural development forum, countries that have developed their ruralinfrastructure have
...show more content...
Availability of infrastructural facilities improves agricultural development, which helps to reducepoverty. There are some international agencies that
help in improving quality of lives and alleviating poverty by providing funds and through programs. Social, physical and institutional infrastructural
facilities promote rural development, which improves socio–economic life. In sub–Saharan Africa, about 70 per cent of the population has limited or
no access to electricity hindering socioeconomic development,. The economic development of a country depends on the quantity and quality of its
resources, the state of technology and the efficient deployment of resources in both the production and consumption processes (Fapohunda, 1979).
According to World Food Summit, roads, electricity, supplies, telecommunications and other infrastructure services are limited in all rural areas,
although they are of key importance to stimulate agricultural investment and growth. In recent years, there has been a belief that the differences in
growth between the successful East Asian economies and other parts of the developing world can be explained by failure to invest sufficiently in
infrastructure (Estache and Fay, 2007). These facilities can be good water supply, education, health care and power supply. Availability of these
resources will increase job opportunities and increase income. If infrastructures are improved in a

Rural Development in India
Rural Development In India
India has been a welfare state ever since her Independence and the primary objective of all governmental endeavors has been the welfare of its
millions. Planning has been one of the pillars of the Indian policy since independence and the country's strength is derived from the achievement of
planning. The policies and programmes have been designed with the aim of alleviation of rural poverty which has been one of the primary objectives of
planned development in India. It was realized that a sustainable strategy of poverty alleviation has to be based on increasing the productive employment
opportunities in the process of growth itself. Elimination of poverty, ignorance, diseases and inequality of...show more content...
These are health education drinking water, housing and roads. To impart greater momentum to the efforts in these sectors the Government had
launched the Pradhan Mantri Gramdoya Yojana (PMGY) and the ministry of rural development was entrusted with the responsibility of implementing
drinking water, housing and rural roads component of PMGY During the Ninth Plan period, several anti–poverty Programmes have been restructured to
enhance the efficiency of the Programmes for providing increased benefits to the rural poor. Self Employment Programmes have been revamped by
merging the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), the Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), the Supply of
Improved Tool–Kits to Rural Artisans (SITRA), the Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM), the Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY) and
the Million Wells Scheme (MWS) into a holistic self–employment scheme called Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY). Keeping in view the
needs and aspirations of the local people, Panchayati Raj Institutions have been involved in the programme implementation and these institutions
constitute the core of decentralized development of planning and its implementations. The Ministry is also vigorously pursuing with the State
Governments for expeditious devolution of requisite administrative and financial powers to PRI's as envisaged under 73rd amendment act of the

Governance and Development in India: A Critique of Nehruvian Model
Dr. Nivedita Giri
Asst. Professor, Dept. of Political Science
Kalindi College, University of Delhi Despite over six decades of planning and impressive growth in the Indian economy over the last two decades, the
development scenario leaves a lot to desire. The urban areas are somewhat better equipped for a reasonably decent life than the rural areas, despite
mushrooming slums. There are several explanations and theories on the poor state of development in India.
This paper makes an attempt to understand the concept of governance and development, and their correlation. The Nehruvian model of development
prescribes the four pillars for this, they are: Parliamentary democracy, secularism, economic planning, and a welfare state. Nehru had laid the
foundations for the economic growth of the nation as the first Prime Minister of the country, though four per cent growth in his era was ridiculed as a
'Hindu rate of growth', his regime should be appreciated for giving the proper direction to the new nation. His model is so profound and practicable
that it is still relevant today even after economic liberalization. Since 1990s, India has undergone major changes introduced in the form of economic
reforms. On the one hand, while a centralized interventionist state has been challenged by an increasingly decentralized and regulatory state, on the
other, the growing importance of free market economy has forced its vast

Social Entrepreneurship And The Rural Sector
Social Entrepreneurship a boom to Rural Sector
Abstract
Villages comprise the base of Indian society and also represent the real India. It is for these villagers that we need to make sure we build a system that
delivers basic social infrastructure in an effective manner. In order to ensure that the fruits of India 's progress are shared by all sections of the society,
the government has identified several elements of social and economic infrastructure, critical to the quality of life in rural areas. Its rising middle class
demands more than just bread. Food and agricultural operators based in India and abroad are responding to the country's demands with an array of
high–quality food products that contribute to India's increasing nutritional requirements and add value to India's agricultural supply chain. However
even today there are disparities of development between the rural and the urban sector. In spite of planning, however, the regional disparity remained a
serious problem in India. A new controversy in this respect is whether growth rates and standard of living in different regions would eventually
converge or not. The convergence postulates that when the growth rate of an economy accelerates, initially some regions with better resources would
grow faster than others. But after sometime, when the law of diminishing marginal returns set in, first growth rates would converge, due to differential
marginal productivity of capital (higher in poorer regions and lower in

Rural Livelihood
National Civil Society Conference
What it takes to Eradicate Poverty
December 4 – 6, 2007
THE CHANGING FACES OF RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN INDIA
Theme Paper
Trends Shocks Seasonality Markets Credit Seasonal Migration Education Health Employment Infrastructure
Source: NADEL–ETH, SDC – 2007 (adapted).
B.N. Hiremath Professor Institute of Rural Management, Anand
THE CHANGING FACES OF RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN INDIA
India is witnessing a series of changes since early nineties. Recently, the Sensex crossed 20,000 points and simultaneously India ranked in 94th out of
118 countries in the Global Hunger Index – behind Ethiopia. Unprecedented numbers of farmer suicides, big corporate houses entering into retail
business, land allocation for Special...show more content...
During the Tenth Five Year Plan, gross domestic product (GDP) originating fromagriculture and allied activities was 2.3 percent compared to 8.0
percent in the industrial sector and 9.5 percent services sector. During this plan period, the growth in the agriculture and allied activities averaged 2.3
percent which is lower than that of 3.2 percent during the 1990s and 4.4 percent during the 1980s. Also, there is a shift from staples to cash crops
which is the major reason for food insecurity. From 1960–61 to 1998–99 the area under grain crops has gone down from 45 million hectares to 29.5
million hectares, area under cotton has increased from 7.6 to 9.3 million hectares and area under sugarcane has increased from 2.4 to 4.1 million
hectares. Since 1990–91, due to the new economic policies, the area under food grains and coarse grains have declined by –2 and –18 percent
respectively while area under non–food cash crops such as cotton and sugar–cane have increased by 25 and 10 percent respectively. However,
production of milk has increased from 84.4 m tonnes (2001–02) to 97.1 m tonnes (2005–06). Production of eggs has increased from 38729 millions

(2001–02) to 46231 millions (2005) (Ghatak, 2007). Notwithstanding increased availability of milk, fruits, vegetables, fish and other produce, the
agricultural sector is facing the new challenges of diminishing land resources, factor productivity

Essay On Growth Of India
spirations of its young population. India is one of the youngest nations in the world where the ratio of youth is higher in its population, with more than
54% of the entire population under 25 years of age and over 62% of the population inside the working age group (15–59) in According to the census
2011India}. The country's population pyramid is anticipated to bulge across the 15–59 age groups over the next decade. This demographic advantage is
predicted to last only until 2040. A World Bank report states that India is one of the few countries where working population continues to grow till
2050 [7]. With an annual addition of 9.25 million jobs per year, over 37 million jobs are expected to be created from 2012–13 through 2016–17 [8].
...show more content...
There have been efforts on the part of the state and Centre government through Ministry of Rural improvement to skill and train youths under diverse
government schemes. However, most of those schemes are restrained to the youths beneath Poverty Line (BPL). There should be equal opportunities
for all the people residing in rural areas. Every job aspirant should be given equal importance and would be given training in soft skills to lead a
proper and decent life. For the Balanced growth in all the sectors the Goal of national policy and programs on skill improvement have has to
diversification of economic activities, minimizing the dependence of rural households on agriculture and bringing approximately a sizable increase in
the share in both output and employment of allied activities, rural industries, business and provider components of the agricultural economic system.
To bring about a fast and sustainable economic development thru diverse reforms, the rural development initiatives should sharply cognizance on
human's participation and rural corporations as the key attributes for their success followed through equally important elements, idea of integrated
development, growth center technique, planning process technique, communication system to

India 's Development And Growth Essay
Background: India is one of the most popular countries in the world. Geographically, India is located at the south of the Asian continent. India's
development and growth has been one of the most significant accomplishments in recent times. India neighboring countries include Pakistan, Nepal,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Bhutan. The size of the population in India is 1,266,883,598 and the Territorial size of the country is 3, 287,
263 sq. km (The World Factbook, 2016). The prime minister of India is known as Narendra Modi who is the leader of the majority party in Lok
Sabha and is currently the head of the Council of ministers in India. India's political party that is in power right now is Bharatiya Janata Party. The
Bharatiya Janata Party, was first founded by Shyama Mukherjee in 1953 with the main purpose of safeguarding the Hindu interests in India (The
World Factbook, 2016). India is becoming more of an open market economy. While most emerging nations were have struggled mightily against the
strong U.S. dollar and falling commodity prices, India continues to lead. The view for India's long–term growth is positive due to the staggering young
population and corresponding low dependency ratio (World Factbook, 2016). For example healthy savings, investment rates, and increasing integration
play a role in the global economy. India being the 4th largest economy in the world, India has bought about a landmark agricultural revolution that has
changed the country

India 's Indian Rural Market Essay
There is growing realization among marketers about the enormous untapped potential of India's rural markets. The Indian rural market with its vast
size and demand base offers great opportunities to companies. In India, there are 6,42000 villages . While agriculture used to be the major source of
income in rural areas, over the past 10–12 years, the dominance of agriculture has been rapidly declining. The contribution of agriculture to India's GDP
was less than 20% in 2008–09. There is a sizeable population of self–employed persons in the hinterland and quite a few of them are into services such
as repair and maintenance of motors and pump sets, televisions and other electrical appliances, farm equipment, tractors and two wheelers. Some are
also engaged in other services like hospitality, transport, entertainment etc.
The Indian Rural Market
пѓ The Indian rural market is much larger when compared to the urban market in terms of population and number of households, and also by way of
geographic dispersal. The rural market is the new driving force of the "Indian Consumption Story". With only 31.16% of the Indian population living
in urban areas and 68.84% residing in the villages (Census 2011), it is only a matter of time before rural India takes its rightful place in the Indian
growth story. Faced with a threat of declining growth rates in future urban markets, businesses have started focusing on the huge and relatively
untapped rural Indian market. The major growth potential

Developing Rural Finance in India
1. Abstract: Rural Finance is about providing financial services for people living in rural areas. It comprises credit, savings and insurance in rural areas,
whether provided through formal or informal mechanisms. Financial Development can exert a significant influence on the distribution of Income. In
this paper, using Indian rural financial programs implemented by various financial institutions like NABARD, IFAD, SHC, etc. we investigated the
various reforms / developments in Indian rural financial system. The investigation shows that, despite positive economic development in India in recent
years, the number of people living below the poverty line has decreased only slightly. 2. Keywords: Credit, Savings, Insurance, Rural Finance,...show
more content...
"Everything else can wait, but not agriculture." Chidambaram admits that his government's true challenge is not only to come up with the right
policies and programs but "to deliver the intended outcomes" in Budget 2007. According to an analysis done for ET by Rajesh Shukla, senior fellow
at the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), the combined share of industry and services in rural GDP has risen to 58.4% in the
current fiscal from 48.6% in 1999–2000 on the back of strong growth in these sectors in the past five years while the share of agriculture slipped to
41.6%. The contribution of industry, the most robust of all rural sectors, to the rural economy is 30.2% in the current fiscal year while services
account for 28.2%. Mukul G Asher, Professor of Public policy and Azad Bali an instructor at Lee Kuan Yew School of the public Policy, national
University of Singapore By early February 2009, the center had released just 59% of the funds allocated for 2008–09 under the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas
Yojana (RKVY) and 57% of the funds granted under the National Food Security Mission (NFSM). This reflects poorly on the priorities of the UPA
Government. Credit Analysis & Research Ltd. (CARE) in its newsletter published None of the sectors (except mining and quarrying) managed to
remain immune from the lag effects of the tightening monetary policy during FY08 and global and
4
domestic economic slump. Agriculture sector – having

India A Developing Country
India is a developing country. The factors hindering development of the country are many. Some of them can be attributed to the low per capita income
and larger chunk of the population living under the poverty line. India is a country with poor people but with rich natural resources. It can be said that
the country's potential is either the human resource or the natural resources are not adequately utilized to the maximum extent and that resulted in low
per capita income. India is an agrarian economy. The economy is marred with unemployment and under employment. Since the economy is basically
agrarian, disguised unemployment is also rampant among the farmer community. Apart from the reasons mentioned, the money market as well as
capital market witnessed the presence of private moneylenders, landlords etc. They have acted as bankers for centuries and have amassed major wealth
from people of India that adversely affected capital formation. The need for a better financial institution and credit infrastructure was thus felt necessary
by the planning commission when the five–year plans were initiated. An efficient banking system and well functioning capital market, capable of
mobilizing the savings &channeling them to productive uses, are essential if the efforts at economic restructuring are to succeed. While both the
banking systems and capital markets have shown impressive growth in the volume of operations. Unless major reforms were initiated it was difficult to

Essay On Rural India
Access to Internet is a prerequisite to go digital. But how many indians have the fortune of possessing it? As per TRAI report, the figure is not more
than 28 per cent of the population. Out of 36.74 core internet subscribers till September, 2016, 24.7 core of the connections are concentrated only in
cities. Urban India is way ahead with 61.9 internet subscriptions per 100 people while rural India is struggling with 13.7 subscriptions per 100 people.
Digital disparity is so high that Delhi alone has 2.2 core internet connections while the entire North–East lags behind with just 4.3 lakh connection. Half
of the 3 core connections in Maharashtra are concentrated in Mumbai.
It is to be noted that urban population constitute only 32.7 per cent...show more content...
1.7 Awareness
Reaction is impulsive and rigorous in case of a threat. It is mild and lukewarm in case of an opportunity. Same is the case with going cashless.
Cyber security is one of the retarding factor which can cast doubt in the mind of people, especially in those areas lagging behind in financial
literacy. The mass should be made aware of the benefits of going cashless. At the same time, they should have the faith that their digital money is
safe. India fares quite high in the United Nation's Telecommunication Union's index of cyber security, placed in the' maturing category' at 23rd
position out of 165 nations. However, most of the ATMs in India still run on the outdated Windows XP which is vulnerable and proned to cyber
attacks. The case of 3.2 million debits of Yes Bank, Axis Bank, HDFC, SBI, ICICI compromised last year makes cyber security a challenge that need
to be given due importance else people will not have the confidence to go digital.
1.8 Suggestions
1. Limit in cash withdrawal should be reinstated to restrict uncontrolled flow of cash back into the system.
2. ATMs should be upgraded regularly to latest version of Windows.
3. Startups in smartphone sector should be encouraged by proving subsidies to local entrepreneur so that these can be availed at reasonable price in the
market which is now being dominated by the Chinese manufacturers.
4. Projects like Bharatnet should be allocated maximum fund( an

Rural Development Case Study
Case Study Of A Rural Development:
The Agrarian Reform Infrastructure Support Project (ARISP) III
[pic]
By
LEONILA TANYAG
–CONRADO
2012
Table of Contents
Case Study Abstract
Introduction
Definition of Terms
Objectives
Project Beneficiaries
Analysis of the project

Development Framework
Expected Outcomes
Recommendation for Sustainability
Sources
CASE STUDY ABSTRACT:
This case details the implementation of Agrarian Reform Infrastructure Support Project (ARISP) III in the province of Quezon 1. The vision of writer
is to initially determine the effect of the on–going implementation in the three selected sites which belong to the 5th class Municipalities in the
province. The...show more content...
It espouses the concept of integrated area development in agrarian reform communities wherein basic infrastructure, organization/institutional,
agricultural and enterprise development support are combined to produce incremental growth in productivity and income among farmers.
Specifically, the Project will deliver basic support services to the presently underserved ARCs and where possible, consolidate economic activities and
organizations to cover more farmer beneficiaries. As of December 2004, only 57% of the 1,617 ARCs have been effectively provided with support
services most of which were financed through Official Development Assistance (ODA) due to national government budget shortage. ARISP III is
designed to cover about 129 underserved ARCs to unleash their growth potentials for agricultural production and agribusiness. It will also support
initial investments in promoting ARC connectivity by consolidating and marketing the produce and products of a cluster of ARCs to increase value
added and spread the benefits of growth to a greater number of farmers.
In Quezon 1, the three ARCs covered by the project include ARC Bulihan in San Antonio, ARC Carlagan in Burdeos and ARC Banadero
–Libjo in
Polillo, Quezon whose desired results are:
1. To increase average household income of about 700 farmer beneficiaries

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Rural Development
Implementation of Rural Development Programmes in India: Impediments and Possible Solutions
"The real India lives in the villages. Unless we are able to uplift the tribals and the backward classes India faces a dark future". –––– Swami
Vivekananda Introduction
India lives in villages and its development is synonymous with the development of people living rural areas. India is a vast and second most populous
country of the world. According to 2011 census India'spopulation is now about 4.2 billion, its annual growth rate is about 1.64%. About 68.84 % of
the country's population lives in rural areas where their work is mainly related to agriculture and its allied activities like animal husbandry, dairying,
forestry, fishery, etc. and cottage and...show more content...
on agriculture, stresses on food self–sufficiency and employment to the rural people as the top priorities. Nevertheless, this food self–sufficiency is
under strong constraints and handicaps, particularly from the massive rural population growth which consequently leading to illiteracy, ignorance, and
backwardness. Besides, alarming also leading to land under cultivation is not only diminishing but also gets further fragmented, ecology degraded,
infrastructural facilities do not match with the growth of rural population. This problem has been aggravated mainly by demographic pressure which
leads to a large number of very small fields of the country and poor infrastructure facilities like water, electricity, transport, educational institutions,
communication, health, warehousing etc. Unless these problems are strategically attended and pragmatic efforts are initiated, India, can't flourish its
rural areas and communities. Keeping these in view, the present paper tries to identify the impediments in implementing rural development
programmes and pragmatic efforts to overcome them for ensuring equitable and sustainable development in rural

Rural Tourism in India
Rural Tourism and Rural Development.
Introduction:
Rural tourism in India:
Prospects for rural tourism in India:
Role in Rural development:
Conclusion:
Introduction: Indians believe in holidays: The country has among the largest number of public holidays in the world. Yet the most common reason
for getting away is to "visit a native place." Migrant workers return to their family farms at harvest time. Others return to their villages for an
annual pilgrimage. The concept of a holiday where you let your hair down and relax has been accepted only in recent years. (2) As India is Considered
as "Land of Villages" world wide, it villages which showcase India, Villagers in India manifest a deep loyalty to their village, identifying...show more
content...
The complex and highly competitive native of the current global economic situation demands a high degree of efficiency. This in turn requires the
application of advanced technology, the improvement of managerial ability, and professionalism in the management of both agribusiness and rural
tourism. Appropriate technology, business information and promotion, and a sound marketing strategy all have all become important components.
Although, rural tourism is a new concept in India but in Europe and other parts of the world it has been practiced since long as people want their
children to have first hand knowledge and experience of rural life. Countries having agriculture economy e.g. Australia, Canada and the USA have
Housing tourist spots in country side. Rural tourism may include heritage tourism, Farm tourism, pilgrim tourism, adventure tourism, nature tourism
or folkways and ancient culture tourism. Specific potential areas for rural tourism is India may be Gujrat, backwater of Keral, The Pubjabi cuisine,
The Hills of U.P., Shanti Niketan in West Bangal, dances and Folk songs of Orissa, The Nithyagram of Karnataka, The tribals of Bihar, Natural
beauty of Meghalaya, folk dances of Andhra Pradesh, Teej festival of Rajstan, mask dances of Sikkim, the Holi of Nandagaon Barsana. Crafts and
Culture of the Indian villages not only helps the tourism industry but also

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