ROJoson PEP Talk: HEPATITIS - Fundamentals & Generalities in Management

1. Empowerment
objective - for
laypeople to have an
understanding of
the fundamentals
and generalities of
HEPATITIS in their
health management.
September 24, 2022
1400H - 1500H
Via Zoom
Health
Disorder
Course –
HEPATITIS
- Fundamentals
& Generalities
in
Management

2. Empowerment
objective - for
laypeople to have an
understanding of
the fundamentals
and generalities of
HEPATITIS in their
health management.
Health
Disorder
Course –
HEPATITIS
- Fundamentals
& Generalities
in
Management
ROJoson PEP Talk
I have a Patient
Empowerment
Program in which I
like to empower the
lay people or
patients to take
control in the
management of
their health.

3. There are 3 courses
in the PEP Talk.
I completed the Core
Course on October 9,
2021.

4. From October 23,
2021 onwards, I have
been tackling Health
Disorder and Health
Issue Courses. This
may take 3 years or
longer.

5. Empowerment
objective - for
laypeople to have an
understanding of
the fundamentals
and generalities of
HEPATITIS in their
health management.
Health
Disorder
Course –
HEPATITIS
- Fundamentals
& Generalities
in
Management
My PEP TALK today is
entitled:
HEPATITIS –
Fundamentals &
Generalities in
Management.
This is part of the
Health Disorder
Course.

6. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
Definitions of Terms in Title:
Fundamentals – the basic principles;
the foundation; the basis
Generalities – majority; not all; not
detailed; not specific
Management - medical management

7. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
Contents of HEPATITIS – Fundamentals &
Generalities in Management
• What is HEPATITIS?
• What are the different types of HEPATITIS?
• What are the different causes of HEPATITIS?
• What are the symptoms of HEPATITIS? ACUTE /
CHRONIC? How to diagnose HEPATITIS? ACUTE /
CHRONIC?
• What are diagnostic tests to firm up a suspicion of
ACUTE / CHRONIC HEPATITIS?
• What are the differences among Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B
and Hepatitis C?
• What are the concerns with HEPATITIS B? preventive
measures? Usual diagnostic tests? Treatment?
• What are ROJoson’s advocating statements and advice
on HEPATITIS?
https://hsp.org.ph/resourc
es-for-patients-overview/

8. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What is HEPATITIS?

9. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What is HEPATITIS?
Hepatitis is a general term used to describe
inflammation of the liver.

10. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the different types of HEPATITIS?

11. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the different types of HEPATITIS?
Hepatitis can be ACUTE or CHRONIC.
ACUTE – that which occurs suddenly and then
goes away
If the period of inflammation lasts for less than
six months with normalization of the liver
function tests
CHRONIC –
If inflammation persists beyond 6 months
with derangement of the liver function tests
CHRONIC HEPATITIS is
more worrisome as
there is a risk for
permanent liver
damage (cirrhosis)
and liver cancer.

12. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the different causes of HEPATITIS?

13. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the different causes of HEPATITIS?
• Viruses (viral hepatitis) – MOST COMMON
• Drugs
• Alcohol
• Chemicals (such as dry cleaning solvent carbon
tetrachloride and vinyl chloride used to make
plastics)
• Parasites (such as amebic hepatitis)
• Certain genetic disorders
• Overactive immune system that mistakenly
attacks the liver, called autoimmune hepatitis

14. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the different causes of HEPATITIS?
VIRAL HEPATITIS – caused by different viruses
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C
• Hepatitis D
• Hepatitis E
• Hepatitis G In the Philippines, the
more common are:
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C

15. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the different causes of HEPATITIS?
DRUG-INDUCED HEPATITIS
Drugs when taken in excess or in very high doses
can cause hepatitis:
- Paracetamol
- Vitamins particularly Vitamin A
- Herbal medicines
- Food supplements BEWARE!

16. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the symptoms of HEPATITIS?

17. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the symptoms of HEPATITIS?
Not everyone develops symptoms.
ASYMPTOMATIC HEPATITIS (patients with
hepatitis without symptoms)
SYMPTOMATIC HEPATITIS (patients with hepatitis
with symptoms)
Although majority of adults (70%) develop
symptoms, many young children do not.
Adults and children over the age of 5 years are
more likely to have symptoms.

18. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the symptoms of ACUTE HEPATITIS?

19. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the symptoms of ACUTE HEPATITIS?
•Fever
•Fatigue
•Loss of appetite
•Joint pains
•Nausea
•Vomiting
•Abdominal pain
•Diarrhea (for HAV only)
•Dark urine (tea-colored urine)
•Clay-colored bowel movements
•Jaundice (yellow color in the skin or the eyes)
Symptoms are non-specific
initially and at times.
Flu-like symptoms
Dyspepsia-like symptoms
Gastro-like symptoms
Symptoms suggesting
liver involvement
= alert symptoms

20. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• How to recognize (diagnose) ACUTE HEPATITIS?

21. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the strongest cues for suspecting
ACUTE HEPATITIS?
Physical Exam
• Jaundice (yellowing of the eyes) / tea-
colored urine
• Tender liver on palpation
Reinforced by symptoms of fever,
increasing fatigue, muscle weakness, loss
of appetite, abdominal discomfort, etc.
Pattern recognition cues for acute hepatitis in
general (not the specific cause yet).
The specific cause can be
suspected based on
presence of triggers (like
drugs, amebiasis, hygienic
practice) and also based
on prevalence (what is
the most common at
present in the
community).

22. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are diagnostic tests to firm up a
suspicion of ACUTE HEPATITIS?

23. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are diagnostic tests to firm up a
suspicion of ACUTE HEPATITIS?
Liver function tests
Hepatitis panel
Ultrasound of the liver

24. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are diagnostic tests to firm up a
suspicion of ACUTE HEPATITIS?
Liver function tests
Liver function tests are blood tests used to help
diagnose and monitor liver disease or damage.
INDICATIONS:
•Screen for liver infections, such as hepatitis
•Monitor the progression of a disease, such as
viral or alcoholic hepatitis, and determine how
well a treatment is working
•Measure the severity of a disease, particularly
scarring of the liver (cirrhosis)
•Monitor possible side effects of medications
Note: Liver function
tests are not specific
for hepatitis. They
may be implied only.

25. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are diagnostic tests to firm up a
suspicion of ACUTE HEPATITIS?
Liver function tests
Liver function tests measure the levels of certain
enzymes and proteins in your blood.
•Alanine transaminase (ALT) [SGPT]
•Aspartate transaminase (AST) [SGOT]
•Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
•Albumin and total protein
•Bilirubin
•Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
•L-lactate dehydrogenase (LD)
•Prothrombin time (PT)
What tests to order?
Selective vs all
(Panel)
If cost is the same for
selective vs panel –
all (panel)
If not, selective
• ALT
• Bilirubin

26. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are diagnostic tests to firm up a
suspicion of ACUTE HEPATITIS?
Hepatitis Panel or Profile
Once hepatitis is strongly suspected, both
clinically and through liver function tests, one
may order a hepatitis profile.
A hepatitis panel is a group of blood tests that
checks whether one has a viral hepatitis infection
now or had one in the past.
It may also show whether one is immune to
certain types of hepatitis.
If one is not
suspecting viral
hepatitis, but only
drug-induced or
chemical-induced
hepatitis, there is NO
need for hepatitis
panel.

27. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are diagnostic tests to firm up a
suspicion of ACUTE HEPATITIS?
Hepatitis Panel or Profile
• Hepatitis A Panel
• Hepatitis B Panel
• Hepatitis C Panel
• All-inclusive Hepatitis Panel (HAV, HBV, HCV)
What tests to order?
Selective vs all
(Panel)
Depends on
• Just firming up
suspicion of
probable virus/es
present
• Budget
• Organizational
requirement
(occupation /
travel)

28. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are diagnostic tests to firm up a
suspicion of ACUTE HEPATITIS?
Ultrasound of the Liver
Indications in patients with probable hepatitis
• To screen, diagnose and monitor extent of
scarring of liver (cirrhosis) resulting from
hepatitis
• To rule out other probable diseases in liver
• In chronic hepatitis, to screen, diagnose and
monitor for complications such as cirrhosis and
liver cancer

29. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the symptoms of CHRONIC
HEPATITIS?
• How to recognize (diagnose) CHRONIC
HEPATITIS?

30. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the symptoms of chronic HEPATITIS?
Most people have no symptoms and feel healthy
for many years.
About 15% to 25% develop complications in the
liver, such as cirrhosis or liver cancer.
In the early stages of liver cirrhosis and liver
cancer, patients may remain to have no
symptoms.
Symptoms thus will be those associated with
cirrhosis and liver cancer.
[Chronic fatigue, jaundice, liver mass if there is
cancer already]

31. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
Liver function tests
Hepatitis panel
Ultrasound of the liver
• What are diagnostic tests to firm up a
suspicion of CHRONIC HEPATITIS?

32. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the differences among Hepatitis A,
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?
Three common types of viral Hepatitis (HAV, HBV,
HCV)
They may have similar symptoms and
manifestations but are caused by three different
viruses (A, B, C).

33. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the differences among Hepatitis A,
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?
Hepatitis A infection is acquired through intake of
contaminated food and drink.
It is self-limiting and usually resolves without
specific treatment.
It is an acute infection (meaning it is newly
acquired) and does not cause people to become
carriers of the virus for a long time. (CHRONIC)
Symptoms usually include diarrhea.

34. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the differences among Hepatitis A,
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?
Hepatitis A
It has vaccine for prevention/protection. (2 shots
6 months apart).
Estimates for long-term protection for fully
vaccinated people (i.e., full two-dose series)
suggest that protection from hepatitis A virus
infection could last for at least 25 years in adults
and at least 14–20 years in children.
Once you fully
recover from
hepatitis A infection,
you develop
antibodies,
protecting you for
life.

35. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the differences among Hepatitis A,
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?
How is Hepatitis A treated?
To treat the symptoms of hepatitis A, doctors
usually recommend rest, adequate nutrition, and
fluids.
Some people with severe symptoms will need
medical care in a hospital.

36. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the differences among Hepatitis A,
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are infections that
can be acquired from infected blood and body
fluids.
They can also begin as acute infections, but in
some, the virus remains in the body causing
lifelong infection that may cause complications in
the liver such as liver cirrhosis (scarring of the
liver) and liver cancer (tumor of the liver).
Hepatitis A –
acquired through
contaminated foods
and drinks.

37. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the differences among Hepatitis A,
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?
In the Philippines, around one in 10 people have
chronic hepatitis B and six in 1,000 have chronic
hepatitis C. (WHO – 2019)
Chronic Hepatitis B more common than Chronic
Hepatitis C.

38. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the differences among Hepatitis A,
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?
Vaccines
Hepatitis B can be prevented thru effective and
safe vaccines.
There is no vaccine for Hepatitis C.

39. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the differences among Hepatitis A,
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?
Curability of Chronic Hepatitis B and Chronic
Hepatitis C
Chronic Hepatitis B – at present cannot be cured.
Medications are being given to slow down
complications.
Chronic Hepatitis C – at present can be cured.
Pills can often be taken for 8-12 weeks and have
cure rate of 95% or greater.

40. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the differences among Hepatitis A,
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?
Medications for Chronic Hepatitis B and Chronic
Hepatitis C
EXPENSIVE / EXPENSIVE / EXPENSIVE
Chronic Hepatitis B –
Oral Antivirals (Nucleos(t)ide
Analogues)
• Tenofovir disoproxil
• Tenofovir alafenamide
• Entecavir
• Telbivudine
• Adefovir Dipivoxil
Immune Modulators
(Interferons) -injectables
• Pegylated Interferon
• Interferon Alpha

41. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the differences among Hepatitis A,
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?
Medications for Chronic Hepatitis B and Chronic
Hepatitis C
EXPENSIVE / EXPENSIVE / EXPENSIVE
Chronic Hepatitis C –
direct-acting antivirals (or DAAs)
• Dasabuvir
• Elbasvir
• Grazoprevir
• Velpatasvir
• Voxilaprevir
• Sofosbuvir
• Ledipasvir
• Ombitasvir
• Paritaprevir
• Rotonavir

42. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the concerns with HEPATITIS B?
How common is hepatitis B in the Philippines?
Hepatitis B is a major public health problem in
the Philippines.
An estimated 7.3 million adult Filipinos (16.7% of
the adult population) are chronically infected
making the country hyperendemic for hepatitis B.
A 2003 survey showed the prevalence of hepatitis
B to be highest in the 20-49 year age group,
which comprise the workforce or those entering
the workforce.

43. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the concerns with HEPATITIS B?

44. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the concerns with HEPATITIS B?
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease of the liver
caused by the Hepatitis B Virus.
In the acute (newly-acquired) phase, the
symptoms may be similar to having the flu and
some, but not all, can have jaundice (yellowing of
the eyes and skin).
In some patients, Hepatitis B can become
“chronic”, meaning it can be a long term or life-
long infection.
Persons with chronic hepatitis B infection are at
risk for liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.

45. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the concerns with HEPATITIS B?
There's no cure for chronic hepatitis B at present.
The good news is it usually goes away by itself in
4 to 8 weeks. More than 9 out of 10 adults who
get hepatitis B totally recover.
However, about 1 in 20 people who get hepatitis
B as adults become “carriers,” which means they
have a chronic (long-lasting) hepatitis B infection.
Another good news –
there are effective
and safe vaccines
against Hepatitis B.
But it has to be given
before the infection.

46. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the concerns with HEPATITIS B?
Transmission / Exposure
How can one get Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is spread thru blood, semen, or other
body fluids.

47. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the concerns with HEPATITIS B?
Transmission / Exposure // How can one get Hepatitis B?
A person may acquire the infection thru the following
activities:
•Birth (spread from a hepatitis B positive mother to her
baby)
•Sex with an infected partner
•Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection
equipment with an infected person
•Sharing razors, nail clippers/manicure or pedicure
paraphernalia or toothbrushes with an infected person
•Direct contact with the blood or open wounds of an
infected person
•Exposure to blood from needlesticks or other sharp
instruments

48. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the concerns with HEPATITIS B?
Who are at risk for hepatitis B?
Since the Philippines is considered a
hyperendemic area for hepatitis B, almost
everyone without the antibody or vaccine can
become infected.

49. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the concerns with HEPATITIS B?
Who are at risk for hepatitis B?
The following people are at greater risk:
•Infants born to infected mothers
•People who have sex with an infected partner
•People who have multiple sex partners
•People who have a sexually transmitted disease
•Men who have sexual contact with other men
•People who inject drugs or share needles, syringes, or
other drug equipment
•People who live in the same household with an infected
individual
•Those who work in occupations where they are exposed to
infected blood and body fluids
•Hemodialysis patients

50. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the concerns with HEPATITIS B?
How common does chronic or life-long infection
develop in a person infected with hepatitis B?
It depends on the age that one becomes exposed
to or infected. The younger a person is when
infected, the higher the chance that he or she will
have life-long infection with the virus.

51. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the concerns with HEPATITIS B?
How common does chronic or life-long infection
develop in a person infected with hepatitis B?
•90% of infected infants will develop chronic infection.
•Approximately 25%–50% of children infected between the
1 -5 years of age will develop chronic infection.
•The risk drops to 6%–10% when one is infected over 5
years of age.
In the Philippines and worldwide, most people
with chronic hepatitis B acquire the infection at
birth or during early childhood.

52. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the concerns with HEPATITIS B?
How serious is chronic hepatitis B?
It is a serious infection that can result in liver
damage, liver failure, liver cancer, and death.
Liver cancer is the third most common cancer in
the Philippines, affecting over 7,000 new people
each year.
Liver cancer is fatal when diagnosed late and left
untreated, making it the second leading cause of
cancer deaths in the country.

53. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• Who should get vaccinated against hepatitis B?

54. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• Who should get vaccinated against hepatitis B?
Because of the high rates of hepatitis B infection
in the Philippines, universal vaccination is
mandated.
Hepatitis B vaccination is especially
recommended for:
•All infants, starting with the first dose of the
vaccine within 24 hours of birth
•All children and adolescents younger than 19
years of age who have not been vaccinated
•People whose sexual partners have Hepatitis B
•Sexually active persons who have multiple
partners

55. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• Who should get vaccinated against hepatitis B?
Because of the high rates of hepatitis B infection
in the Philippines, universal vaccination is
mandated.
Hepatitis B vaccination is especially
recommended for:
•Persons undergoing treatment for sexually
transmitted diseases
•Men who have sexual contact with other men
•People who share needles, syringes, or other
drug equipment
•People who have close household contact with
someone infected

56. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• Who should get vaccinated against hepatitis B?
Because of the high rates of hepatitis B infection
in the Philippines, universal vaccination is
mandated.
Hepatitis B vaccination is especially
recommended for:
•Health care and public safety workers at risk for
exposure to blood or blood-contaminated body
fluids on the job
•People with end-stage renal disease, including
predialysis, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and
home dialysis patients

57. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• Who should get vaccinated against hepatitis B?
Because of the high rates of hepatitis B infection
in the Philippines, universal vaccination is
mandated.
Hepatitis B vaccination is especially
recommended for:
•Residents and staff of facilities for
developmentally disabled persons
•People with chronic liver disease (aside from
Hepatitis B)
•People with HIV infection
•Anyone who wishes to be protected from
hepatitis B virus infection

58. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
For the hepatitis B vaccine:
For long-lasting immunity, three to four doses,
depending on which type of vaccine is used.
• Children should get their first dose at birth and
complete the series by age 6 months. Usually,
the baby would get a second dose at 1 month
old and the third dose at 6 months.
• Catch-up vaccinations are recommended for
children and teens who were never vaccinated
or who did not get all three shots.
• Who should get vaccinated against hepatitis B?

59. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What is the Hepatitis B Panel?

60. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What is the Hepatitis B Panel?
Tests
How will I know if I have hepatitis B?
A Hepatitis B Panel is done to check if you:
•have acute or chronic infection
•have recovered from infection
•are immune to hepatitis B
•need to be vaccinated

61. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
What are the common blood tests to diagnose
hepatitis B?
TESTS INTERPRETATION
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg)
It is a protein on the surface of the virus. It
is detected in the blood of individuals who
are infected.
POSITIVE or REACTIVE- A person may have
acute or chronic infection and may
transmit the disease to others.
NEGATIVE OR NON-REACTIVE- A person is
not infected.
Anti-HBs
Protective antibody to the Hepatitis B
Virus
POSITIVE or REACTIVE
– A person has received successful
vaccination against Hepatitis B
– A person has recovered from the
infection and is protected from future
infection
• What is the Hepatitis B Panel?

62. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
What are the common blood tests to diagnose
hepatitis B?
TESTS INTERPRETATION
Anti HBc IgM- (IgM Antibody to
Hepatitis B Core Antigen)
POSITIVE or REACTIVE
This may mean that a person was infected
within the past 6 months or is having a
flare of chronic hepatitis B
AntiHBcIgG- (IgG Antibody to Hepatitis
B Core Antigen)
POSITIVE or REACTIVE
This may indicate exposure to the virus
and that a patient either has chronic
Hepatitis B, or has recovered from
Hepatitis B
• What is the Hepatitis B Panel?

63. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
What are the common blood tests to diagnose
hepatitis B?
TESTS INTERPRETATION
HBeAg POSITIVE or REACTIVE
This may indicate high levels of the virus in
the blood, which can mean that a person
can easily spread the virus to others.
HBV DNA Indicates the levels of virus in the blood.
This test is used to determine the need for
treatment and to monitor effectiveness or
response to
• What is the Hepatitis B Panel?

64. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the treatment for HEPATITIS B?

65. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• What are the treatment for HEPATITIS B?
Treatment
How is ACUTE hepatitis B treated?
Treatment is mostly supportive in the form of
rest, adequate nutrition and hydration.
• In some cases, hospitalization is needed
particularly for those who are unable to eat
due to vomiting and lack of appetite.
• Some develop signs of liver failure such as
disorientation, confusion or even coma
needing urgent hospitalization. These patients
may be given antiviral drugs and may need to
be evaluated for a liver transplant.

66. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
Treatment
How is CHRONIC hepatitis B treated?
• There are several drugs available. The choice
depends on several factors. However, not all
patients need to be treated. Patients should be
evaluated by doctors experienced in the
management of hepatitis B.
• People with chronic hepatitis B, even those
without symptoms, need long term monitoring
for the early detection of complications in the
liver such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.
• What are the treatment for HEPATITIS B?

67. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
Treatment
How can you help keep your liver stay healthy if
you have hepatitis B?
People infected with hepatitis B should have
regular check-ups with their doctors. Alcohol
intake should be avoided as this can aggravate
liver damage. Infected individuals need to consult
their doctor before taking any medications,
herbal supplements, and over-the-counter
medicines. Obesity, diabetes and cholesterol
problems need to be managed.
• What are the treatment for HEPATITIS B?

68. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
• Be aware of HEPATITIS.
• Know how to recognize HEPATITIS in yourself
and others.
• Beware of HEPATITIS B.
• Be aware of preventive measures against
HEPATITIS A, HEPATITIS B, and HEPATITIS C.
• All newborns should have Hepatitis B
vaccination.
• If you are a high-risk for HEPATITIS B, go for
screening HEP B Panel and then have HEP B
vaccination as indicated.
• What are ROJoson’s advocating statements
and advice on HEPATITIS?

69. HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management
Contents of HEPATITIS – Fundamentals &
Generalities in Management
• What is HEPATITIS?
• What are the different types of HEPATITIS?
• What are the different causes of HEPATITIS?
• What are the symptoms of HEPATITIS? ACUTE /
CHRONIC? How to diagnose HEPATITIS? ACUTE /
CHRONIC?
• What are diagnostic tests to firm up a suspicion of
ACUTE / CHRONIC HEPATITIS?
• What are the differences among Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B
and Hepatitis C?
• What are the concerns with HEPATITIS B? preventive
measures? Usual diagnostic tests? Treatment?
• What are ROJoson’s advocating statements and advice
on HEPATITIS?
Summary
Take Away

70. Be always in touch with reliable medical
information on HEPATITIS.
Knowledge is power; it gives power.
Use the 4Ks of Patient Empowerment:
Kaalaman, Kakayanan, Karapatan and
Kapangyarihan
to gain greater control over decisions in
medical management of oneself by
knowing the fundamentals and
generalities of HEPATITIS in their health
management.
Take Away in
relation to
Patient
Empowerment
HEPATITIS
–
Fundamentals
and Generalities
In Management

71. Empowerment
objective - for
laypeople to have an
understanding of
the fundamentals
and generalities of
HEPATITIS in their
health management.
Health
Disorder
Course –
HEPATITIS
- Fundamentals
& Generalities
in
Management