This document discusses a 4-week summer training program on electronics components. It covers topics like active components such as transistors and integrated circuits, sensors and actuators, different types of memories, and indicating devices. Analogies are provided to explain concepts of voltage, current, and resistance using a water tank. Different types of materials and their resistances are explained. Semiconductor devices like diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits are discussed along with examples. The document also talks about basic building blocks of a robot including sensors, actuators, control systems, power sources, and communication abilities. Specific sensors like IR proximity, sharp IR range finder, and position encoders are explained.

1. National Institute of Electronics &
Information Technology, Gorakhpur
Deepam Dubey
(Scientist-B)
An Autonomous Scientific Society under
Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India
“4 Weeks Summer Training Programme”

2. Agenda of our discussion:
Active Components: Transistor & IC’s.
Sensors & Actuators.
Memories & its Types.
Indicating Devices – LED & LCD.
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3. Recap of Previous Session
Resistors.
Capacitors.
Inductors.
Power Supply.
Batteries.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology 3

4. Utility of these components.
How to decide, which component to
use?
Where to use a Resistor or Capacitors?
What are Power Supplies and Batteries?
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
4

5. Understanding the Currents and
Voltages.
Voltage is the cause, Current is the effect
which can be observed through a Resistance.
Voltage is the difference in charge between
two points.
Current is the rate at which charge is flowing.
Resistance is a material’s tendency to resist the
flow of charge (current).
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
5

6. Analogy for Currents and
Voltages.
Volt (Voltage) is
forcing Amp
(Current) into the
circuit. Ohm
(Resistance) is
making it difficult.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
6

7. Water Tank Analogy for
Currents and Voltages.
Water is analogous to Charge.
Pressure created by Water level
or height of the Tank is
analogous to Voltage.
Flow of water through Pipe from
the Tank is analogous to Current.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
7

8. Water Tank Analogy for
Currents and Voltages.
More Water
will flow, as
Hose is
larger.
Less
Resistance
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
Less Water will
flow, as Hose
is larger.
High
Resistance
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9. Water Tank Analogy for
Currents and Voltages.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 Hose (Width) of the
Pipe opposes the
flow of Water.
 It is analogous to the
Resistance.
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10. Water Tank Analogy for
Currents and Voltages.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
Same amount of water
will flow through the
Pipes.
If Resistance is
increased in the
circuit, then we have
to increase the
Voltage to keep same
current.
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11. Water Tank Analogy for
Resistance.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
Resistance is the property
by the virtue of which, the
flow is opposed.
In Electrical circuit,
“Resistance is the property
of material by the virtue of
which, the flow of current
is opposed.”
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12. Types of Material.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
Conductors: Conductors are those materials which allow the
electric current to flow freely through them. (Offers very Low
Resistance)
Insulators: Insulators are those materials which doesn’t allow
the electric current to flow through them. (Offers Very High
Resistance)
There also exists third category of materials.
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13. Types of Material.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
Semi-Conductors: Semi-Conductors are those materials
whose electrical conductivity lies between Conductors and
Insulators.
They partially allow the Current to flow through them.
The Resistivity of Semi-Conductors is between Conductors
and Insulators. Which can be further modified.
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14. Types of Material.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
Semi-Conductors are of two types.
1. Intrinsic Semiconductor (Pure Semiconductor).
2. Extrinsic Semiconductor (Some Impurity is Mixed / DOPING)
* N-type Semi Conductor (Excess electrons)
* P-type Semi Conductor (Deficiency of electrons)
N-type & P-type Semiconductors are the base of Electronic
Industry.
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15. Semiconductor Devices.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
P –type SC N –type SC
P –type SC N –type SCBarrier
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE
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16. Semiconductor Devices.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
P –type SC N –type SC
Barrier
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE
 Diode has a tendency to conduct Electric current in only one
direction.
 Diodes are mainly used as:
 Rectifiers,
 Signal limiters,
 Voltage Regulators,
 Switches, etc…
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17. Semiconductor Devices.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
Other Two Terminal SC Devices
• DIAC
• Diode
• Gunn diode
• IMPATT diode
• Laser diode
• Light-emitting diode (LED)
• Photocell
• PIN diode
• Schottky diode
• Solar cell
• Tunnel diode
• Zener diode
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18. Semiconductor Devices.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 PN Junction Diode.
(It is the conventional Diode used mainly for its property to
conduct in one direction.)
 Zener Diode.
(These are Highly Doped Diodes and are mainly used as
Voltage Regulators.)
 Light Emitting Diode. (LED)
(These are special Diodes which emits Light. These Diodes are
mainly used in Indicating device, Lighting Purpose, Display)
TYPES OF DIODES
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19. Semiconductor Devices.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 Light Emitting Diodes. (LED)
 Photo Diode. (PD)
TYPES OF DIODES
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20. 20

21. Semiconductor Devices.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 Given an LED with following Specifications:
 Maximum Saturation Current: (20 mA)
 Minimum Threshold Current: (10 mA)
 LED Forward Voltage Drop: (2 V)
 DC Power Supply: (5V)
Designing an LED Circuit
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22. Semiconductor Devices.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 Given an LED with following Specifications:
 Maximum Saturation Current: (14 mA)
 Minimum Threshold Current: (10 mA)
 LED Forward Voltage Drop: (3 V)
 DC Power Supply: (10 V)
 Resistance available are:
 Option-1: Black, Violet, Red.
 Option-2: Black, Violet, Red, Gold.
 Option-3: Black, Green, Red.
 Option-4: Black, Green, Red, Gold.
 Option-5: Black, Blue, Red, Gold.
 Option-6: Black, Blue, Red.
Designing an LED Circuit
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23. Semiconductor Devices.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 Transistor is a 3-terminal Semiconductor device.
 A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals.
 Transistors are used as:
 Switches,
 Amplifiers,
 Variable Resistors, etc…
TRANSISTORS
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24. Semiconductor Devices.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
TRANSISTORS
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25. Semiconductor Devices.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
BJT: Bipolar Junction Transistors.
JFET: Junction Field Effect Transistors.
MOSFET: Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor.
TYPES OF TRANSISTORS
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26. Semiconductor Devices.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
BJT: Bipolar Junction Transistors.
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RCIC

27. Semiconductor Devices.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
BJT: Bipolar Junction Transistors.
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15 V
0.2 V
0.7 V
RC
RB
5.7 V
100
2 V, 10mA

28. Semiconductor Devices.
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
Analogy for BJT
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29. Integrated Circuits (IC)
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 Integrated Circuit (commonly known as IC) is a set of
Electronic Circuits on one small flat piece of
semiconductor.
 The small flat piece of Semiconductor is called “Chip”.
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30. Integrated Circuits (IC)
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip
result in circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, cheaper, and
faster than those constructed of discrete electronic components.
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31. Integrated Circuits (IC)
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 Integrated Circuit mainly have two advantages:
 Cost.
 Performance.
 Some examples of ICs are:
 IC 741 (Operational Amplifier “Op-Amp”)
 555 Timer IC.
 IC 4004 (Intel Microprocessor IC)
 Atmega 2560(Microprocessors)
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32. Basic Building Blocks of a ROBOT
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
Sensors: For Sensing the environments.
Actuators: For Movement of robots and its parts.
Control: Controller/Processor as brain of Robot
Intelligence: User Written Command to perform desired set of
action
Power: A necessity for making a system work
Communication: Robot can talk to another robot/PC
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33. Sensors
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
A device which detects or measures a physical property and
records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it.
Sensors are used in everyday objects such as:
 Touch-sensitive screen in Mobile,
 Lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base,
 Gyroscope: used for providing stability and maintain
fixed orientation.
besides innumerable applications of which most people are
never aware.
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34. Sensors
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
1. IR Proximity Sensor.
Transmitter: IR Ray.
Receiver: Photo Transistor.
Range: Small (10 cm)
Utility: Distance Measurement
& Object Detection.
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35. Sensors
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
2. Sharp IR Range Sensor.
Transmitter: IR Ray.
Receiver: CCD Array.
Range: Large (4-30 cm)
Utility: Distance Measurement.
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36. Sensors
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
3. Position Encoder.
Transmitter: IR Transmitter.
Receiver: Photo Transistor.
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37. Sensors
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
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38. Sensors
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
4. White Line Sensor.
Transmitter: Red LED.
Receiver: Photo Transistor.
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39. Sensors
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
5. Motion Sensor.
PIR Motion Sensor
(Passive Infrared Sensor)
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40. Actuators
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 An actuator is a component of a machine that is
responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or
system.
 An actuator requires a control signal and a source of
energy.
 In Robot we use Electric Actuator.
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41. Actuators
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 60 RPM DC Geared Motor.
(Can attain any speed by
making proper Gear combinations)
 Servo Motor.
(precise control of angular position)
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42. Memories
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store
data and instruction.
 Memory is primarily of two types
Internal Memory − cache memory and
primary/main memory
External Memory − magnetic disk / optical disk etc.
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43. Memories
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
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44. Memories
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 A RAM constitutes the internal memory of the CPU for
storing data, program and program result.
 It is read/write memory.
 RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we
switch off the computer or if there is a power failure.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
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45. Memories
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 The memory from which we can only read but cannot
write on it.
 This type of memory is non-volatile.
 A ROM, stores such instruction as are required to start
the system when electricity is first turned on.
ROM (Read Only Memory)
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46. Memories
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 RAM: 8 KB (SRAM)
 ROM: 4 KB (EEPROM)
Atmega 2560 (Microcontroller)
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47. Indicating Devices
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 LCD: Liquid Crystal Display.
 It is made up of Matrix Display Grid.
LCD Display
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48. Indicating Devices
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
 LED (Display): Light Emitting Diode (Display).
 It is also made up of Matrix Display Grid.
 Seven Segment Display also uses to Display the output.
LED Display
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49. Indicating Devices
Deepam Dubey (Sc-B), National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
Seven Segment Display
49
Que:
What hexadecimal
value should be
sent to the port, to
display the
following?
1. NINE
2. SEVEN
3. ZERO

50. Thank You!!!
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