Doctor Faustus tells the story of the scholar Faustus who makes a pact with the devil, exchanging his soul for knowledge and power. In the prologue, the chorus introduces Faustus as an ambitious man who rejects his ordinary life and studies magic instead. In his study, Faustus conjures the devil Mephistophilis and agrees to sell his soul to Lucifer in exchange for 24 years of service. Throughout the play, Faustus struggles with doubt and repentance but ultimately refuses to turn back to God. In his final hour, Faustus is damned to hell for all eternity for his pride and rejection of faith.
Robert Browning was an English poet and playwright born in 1812 in London, England. He wrote dramatic monologues and is considered a master of the form. Browning married fellow poet Elizabeth Barrett in 1846 against her father's wishes and they lived in Italy until her death. Some of Browning's most famous short poems are "Porphyria's Lover" and "My Last Duchess" and his most ambitious work was the long blank verse poem "The Ring and the Book". Browning died in 1889 in Venice, Italy and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
This document provides a summary of E.M. Forster's life and career as well as an in-depth summary of his novel "A Passage to India". It outlines the key events in Forster's life from his birth in 1879 to his death in 1970. It then analyzes the novel's setting, major characters, themes of imperialism, racism and the difficulty of intercultural friendship under British rule in India. The document is divided into sections on cultural background, historical background and detailed summaries of each part of the novel.
The full name of James Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) is James Augustine Aloysius Joyce.
He is an early 20th century Irish novelist and poet.
Joyce is one of the pioneers of ‘stream of consciousness’ technique in novel and a new type of poetry called ‘Prose Poem’.
He is one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century also.
He used the style of ‘the examination of big events through small happenings in everyday lives’.
Charles Dickens was an English writer born in 1812 who is considered one of the most famous authors of the Victorian era. Some of his most successful works include Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, and Hard Times. Hard Times critiques the negative effects of industrialization, portraying the dangers of prioritizing facts over imagination. It follows characters like educators Thomas Gradgrind and his children, as well as workers Stephen Blackpool and Sissy Jupe, and demonstrates themes of the conflict between fancy and facts. Through the use of literary devices like repetition, exaggeration, and irony, Dickens creates a denunciation of the inhumane conditions faced by the working class during the Industrial Revolution.
Volpone pretends to be on his deathbed in order to dupe three men - Voltore, Corbaccio, and Corvino - who each believe they will inherit his fortune. His servant Mosca encourages this deception. Mosca also convinces Corbaccio to disinherit his son Bonario in favor of Volpone. When the scheme is uncovered in court, Volpone, Mosca, and the other dupes receive punishment.
Edmund spenser was an English poet best known for the faerie Queene an epic poem. He is recognised as one of the premier craftmen of nascent modern english verse and is often considered one of the greatest poet in the English language
Doctor Faustus tells the story of the scholar Faustus who makes a pact with the devil, exchanging his soul for knowledge and power. In the prologue, the chorus introduces Faustus as an ambitious man who rejects his ordinary life and studies magic instead. In his study, Faustus conjures the devil Mephistophilis and agrees to sell his soul to Lucifer in exchange for 24 years of service. Throughout the play, Faustus struggles with doubt and repentance but ultimately refuses to turn back to God. In his final hour, Faustus is damned to hell for all eternity for his pride and rejection of faith.
Robert Browning was an English poet and playwright born in 1812 in London, England. He wrote dramatic monologues and is considered a master of the form. Browning married fellow poet Elizabeth Barrett in 1846 against her father's wishes and they lived in Italy until her death. Some of Browning's most famous short poems are "Porphyria's Lover" and "My Last Duchess" and his most ambitious work was the long blank verse poem "The Ring and the Book". Browning died in 1889 in Venice, Italy and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
This document provides a summary of E.M. Forster's life and career as well as an in-depth summary of his novel "A Passage to India". It outlines the key events in Forster's life from his birth in 1879 to his death in 1970. It then analyzes the novel's setting, major characters, themes of imperialism, racism and the difficulty of intercultural friendship under British rule in India. The document is divided into sections on cultural background, historical background and detailed summaries of each part of the novel.
The full name of James Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) is James Augustine Aloysius Joyce.
He is an early 20th century Irish novelist and poet.
Joyce is one of the pioneers of ‘stream of consciousness’ technique in novel and a new type of poetry called ‘Prose Poem’.
He is one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century also.
He used the style of ‘the examination of big events through small happenings in everyday lives’.
Charles Dickens was an English writer born in 1812 who is considered one of the most famous authors of the Victorian era. Some of his most successful works include Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, and Hard Times. Hard Times critiques the negative effects of industrialization, portraying the dangers of prioritizing facts over imagination. It follows characters like educators Thomas Gradgrind and his children, as well as workers Stephen Blackpool and Sissy Jupe, and demonstrates themes of the conflict between fancy and facts. Through the use of literary devices like repetition, exaggeration, and irony, Dickens creates a denunciation of the inhumane conditions faced by the working class during the Industrial Revolution.
Volpone pretends to be on his deathbed in order to dupe three men - Voltore, Corbaccio, and Corvino - who each believe they will inherit his fortune. His servant Mosca encourages this deception. Mosca also convinces Corbaccio to disinherit his son Bonario in favor of Volpone. When the scheme is uncovered in court, Volpone, Mosca, and the other dupes receive punishment.
Edmund spenser was an English poet best known for the faerie Queene an epic poem. He is recognised as one of the premier craftmen of nascent modern english verse and is often considered one of the greatest poet in the English language
The document provides an outline and summary of Daniel Defoe's life, literary career, and most famous novel, Robinson Crusoe. It discusses key details like Defoe being born in London in 1660 to a butcher and becoming a merchant. It outlines the plot of Robinson Crusoe, including Crusoe being shipwrecked on an island, and analyzes elements like characterization, point of view, themes of colonialism and realism.
This document provides background information on Alexander Pope and analyzes his famous work "The Rape of Lock" as a social satire. It discusses how Pope satirizes aspects of 18th century society such as young aristocrats, gender roles, justice systems, fashion, and the concept of friendship. The document concludes that "The Rape of Lock" is a work of social satire that effectively portrayed and ridiculed the follies and vices of Pope's contemporary society.
Robert Browning was an English poet who lived during the Victorian era. He was educated at home by his father's large library and was fluent in multiple languages by age 14. Browning never had a formal career and was financially dependent on his family until age 34 when he married Elizabeth Barrett. Their marriage faced disapproval from her father. Browning published his first work anonymously in 1833 and gained recognition in the 1850s after his wife encouraged him to publish collections of his works. He had a significant influence on styles of poetry, particularly dramatic monologues, and was one of the most important Victorian poets.
The document discusses key elements of Elizabethan drama including characters, plot, and characterization where good is pitted against bad. It focuses on these core components that define dramas from this period.
The document provides an overview and analysis of Samuel Richardson's novel Pamela or Virtue Rewarded. It discusses how Richardson originally intended the novel as a conduct book but later developed it as an epistolary novel. Pamela tells the story of a 15-year old maidservant who withstands the advances of her master through virtue and integrity. The novel was highly popular and influential as one of the first novels to depict everyday people and manners in a realistic way. It also brought attention to themes of virtue, morality and gender roles.
Geoffrey Chaucer is considered the father of English literature. He lived in 14th century England and served three kings during his lifetime. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. Chaucer used his experiences to observe and accurately portray the various classes and personalities of 14th century English society in his works. His most famous work, The Canterbury Tales, offers a collection of stories that provide a vivid picture of medieval life in England.
WB Yeats was a famous Irish poet whose life experiences strongly influenced his poems. He grew up in Ireland and was involved with the Irish literary revival. Yeats had an intense but unfulfilled love affair with Maud Gonne that inspired several poems. His poems reflected Irish mythology and culture as well as the political changes occurring in Ireland. Events like the Easter Rising in 1916 that marked the shift to a new era in Ireland can be seen reflected in poems like "The Second Coming."
This document discusses how Christopher Marlowe's play "Dr. Faustus" can be considered a morality play. It contains elements common to morality plays, such as Good and Bad Angels providing guidance to Faustus, the portrayal of the Seven Deadly Sins, the presence of the devil Mephistophilis, and a vision of Hell. These allegorical elements convey the moral lesson of the soul's struggle between good and evil and the consequences of giving in to temptation. The use of such symbols and allegories effectively positions "Dr. Faustus" as a morality play that warns against straying from righteousness.
The presentation provides an overview of Percy Bysshe Shelley, a major English Romantic poet. It discusses his unconventional life experiences, revolutionary political views, works including "Ozymandias" and "Ode to the West Wind", and themes addressing nature, political liberty, and the role of the poet. Shelley tragically drowned at age 29 while sailing. The presentation examines Shelley's biography, writing style, themes, and influence on subsequent poets to portray him as an idealistic visionary who used his poetry to promote social change.
The Narrator describes a night spent on a ship in the mouth of the Thames River in England. Marlow, one of the men on board, tells of his time spent as a riverboat pilot in the Belgian Congo.
George Eliot's 1860 novel The Mill on the Floss follows siblings Tom and Maggie Tulliver and their family. Mr. Tulliver owns the Dorlcote Mill but loses it after a lawsuit brought by Mr. Wakem. This causes financial and emotional strain on the family. Maggie and Tom grow apart as Tom resents Maggie's intellectual curiosity. Maggie falls for both Philip Wakem and Stephen Guest, but her love for them is rejected by society and contributes to her tragic fate when she and Tom die together in a flood while trying to save each other. The novel examines themes of love, sympathy, and the influence of society on individuals.
A Tale of Two Cities is a novel that works on several levels. Most study it as social commentary about the French Revolution, but even those not interested in history will find it a book of interest, because it is quite possibly the most romantic love story ever told’.
This document provides an overview of the major characters in John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost. It describes Satan as the leader of rebel angels who is proud and desires power. It introduces Sin and Death, Satan's offspring, who represent the consequences of evil. It discusses Adam and Eve, the first humans created by God to rule Eden, but who fall to Satan's temptation. The Son of God, God the Father, and archangels Raphael and Michael are also described as upholding God's authority and plan of salvation for humanity.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, his life and works
Prepared by Ahmad Hussain, Department of English,
Abdul Wali khan University Mardan.
Email: mr.literature123@gmail.com
Facebook page link for Literary students: www.facebook.com/englitpearls
This Presentation is about Modern Century literaure, Modernism, Poetry and Modern Novel. and Stream of Consiousness. also discuss about Poets and Novelists. This era started from 1900 to 1961
The document summarizes Alexander Pope's poem "The Rape of the Lock" in 3 sentences:
The poem satirizes a real incident where a Lord cuts a lock of hair from a woman named Belinda's head without her permission. It is written as a mock epic in five cantos using rhymed iambic pentameter and deals with the vanities of humankind in a trivial situation. The summary outlines the plot, which involves Belinda getting ready for a card game, a fight over the stolen lock breaking out, and the lock ultimately becoming a star or constellation.
Dr. Faustus is a Renaissance tragedy written by the Cambridge scholar Christopher Marlowe.
The full title of the play is “The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus”.
It was adopted from a German story ‘Faust’ translated in English as The English Faust Book.
The name Faustus is a reference to the Latin word for "favoured" or "auspicious“.
The play is in blank Verse and prose in thirteen scenes (1604) or twenty scenes (1616).
Blank verse is largely reserved for the main scenes while prose is used in the comic scenes.
This document discusses William Wordsworth as a literary critic. It provides biographical details about Wordsworth, noting that he was born in 1770 and died in 1850, and belonged to the Romantic Age in English literature. It describes how Wordsworth advocated choosing humble rustic subjects and simplicity in theme and treatment. It lists some of Wordsworth's important works like Lyrical Ballads and The Prelude. It states that through his criticism, Wordsworth demolished old faulty views and opened new perspectives, though he was primarily a poet rather than a dedicated critic.
my presentation is about Robinson Crusoe's journey, its beginning, middle and end.(a novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe)( paper-2-Neo-classical literature)
The document provides an outline and summary of Daniel Defoe's life, literary career, and most famous novel, Robinson Crusoe. It discusses key details like Defoe being born in London in 1660 to a butcher and becoming a merchant. It outlines the plot of Robinson Crusoe, including Crusoe being shipwrecked on an island, and analyzes elements like characterization, point of view, themes of colonialism and realism.
This document provides background information on Alexander Pope and analyzes his famous work "The Rape of Lock" as a social satire. It discusses how Pope satirizes aspects of 18th century society such as young aristocrats, gender roles, justice systems, fashion, and the concept of friendship. The document concludes that "The Rape of Lock" is a work of social satire that effectively portrayed and ridiculed the follies and vices of Pope's contemporary society.
Robert Browning was an English poet who lived during the Victorian era. He was educated at home by his father's large library and was fluent in multiple languages by age 14. Browning never had a formal career and was financially dependent on his family until age 34 when he married Elizabeth Barrett. Their marriage faced disapproval from her father. Browning published his first work anonymously in 1833 and gained recognition in the 1850s after his wife encouraged him to publish collections of his works. He had a significant influence on styles of poetry, particularly dramatic monologues, and was one of the most important Victorian poets.
The document discusses key elements of Elizabethan drama including characters, plot, and characterization where good is pitted against bad. It focuses on these core components that define dramas from this period.
The document provides an overview and analysis of Samuel Richardson's novel Pamela or Virtue Rewarded. It discusses how Richardson originally intended the novel as a conduct book but later developed it as an epistolary novel. Pamela tells the story of a 15-year old maidservant who withstands the advances of her master through virtue and integrity. The novel was highly popular and influential as one of the first novels to depict everyday people and manners in a realistic way. It also brought attention to themes of virtue, morality and gender roles.
Geoffrey Chaucer is considered the father of English literature. He lived in 14th century England and served three kings during his lifetime. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. Chaucer used his experiences to observe and accurately portray the various classes and personalities of 14th century English society in his works. His most famous work, The Canterbury Tales, offers a collection of stories that provide a vivid picture of medieval life in England.
WB Yeats was a famous Irish poet whose life experiences strongly influenced his poems. He grew up in Ireland and was involved with the Irish literary revival. Yeats had an intense but unfulfilled love affair with Maud Gonne that inspired several poems. His poems reflected Irish mythology and culture as well as the political changes occurring in Ireland. Events like the Easter Rising in 1916 that marked the shift to a new era in Ireland can be seen reflected in poems like "The Second Coming."
This document discusses how Christopher Marlowe's play "Dr. Faustus" can be considered a morality play. It contains elements common to morality plays, such as Good and Bad Angels providing guidance to Faustus, the portrayal of the Seven Deadly Sins, the presence of the devil Mephistophilis, and a vision of Hell. These allegorical elements convey the moral lesson of the soul's struggle between good and evil and the consequences of giving in to temptation. The use of such symbols and allegories effectively positions "Dr. Faustus" as a morality play that warns against straying from righteousness.
The presentation provides an overview of Percy Bysshe Shelley, a major English Romantic poet. It discusses his unconventional life experiences, revolutionary political views, works including "Ozymandias" and "Ode to the West Wind", and themes addressing nature, political liberty, and the role of the poet. Shelley tragically drowned at age 29 while sailing. The presentation examines Shelley's biography, writing style, themes, and influence on subsequent poets to portray him as an idealistic visionary who used his poetry to promote social change.
The Narrator describes a night spent on a ship in the mouth of the Thames River in England. Marlow, one of the men on board, tells of his time spent as a riverboat pilot in the Belgian Congo.
George Eliot's 1860 novel The Mill on the Floss follows siblings Tom and Maggie Tulliver and their family. Mr. Tulliver owns the Dorlcote Mill but loses it after a lawsuit brought by Mr. Wakem. This causes financial and emotional strain on the family. Maggie and Tom grow apart as Tom resents Maggie's intellectual curiosity. Maggie falls for both Philip Wakem and Stephen Guest, but her love for them is rejected by society and contributes to her tragic fate when she and Tom die together in a flood while trying to save each other. The novel examines themes of love, sympathy, and the influence of society on individuals.
A Tale of Two Cities is a novel that works on several levels. Most study it as social commentary about the French Revolution, but even those not interested in history will find it a book of interest, because it is quite possibly the most romantic love story ever told’.
This document provides an overview of the major characters in John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost. It describes Satan as the leader of rebel angels who is proud and desires power. It introduces Sin and Death, Satan's offspring, who represent the consequences of evil. It discusses Adam and Eve, the first humans created by God to rule Eden, but who fall to Satan's temptation. The Son of God, God the Father, and archangels Raphael and Michael are also described as upholding God's authority and plan of salvation for humanity.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, his life and works
Prepared by Ahmad Hussain, Department of English,
Abdul Wali khan University Mardan.
Email: mr.literature123@gmail.com
Facebook page link for Literary students: www.facebook.com/englitpearls
This Presentation is about Modern Century literaure, Modernism, Poetry and Modern Novel. and Stream of Consiousness. also discuss about Poets and Novelists. This era started from 1900 to 1961
The document summarizes Alexander Pope's poem "The Rape of the Lock" in 3 sentences:
The poem satirizes a real incident where a Lord cuts a lock of hair from a woman named Belinda's head without her permission. It is written as a mock epic in five cantos using rhymed iambic pentameter and deals with the vanities of humankind in a trivial situation. The summary outlines the plot, which involves Belinda getting ready for a card game, a fight over the stolen lock breaking out, and the lock ultimately becoming a star or constellation.
Dr. Faustus is a Renaissance tragedy written by the Cambridge scholar Christopher Marlowe.
The full title of the play is “The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus”.
It was adopted from a German story ‘Faust’ translated in English as The English Faust Book.
The name Faustus is a reference to the Latin word for "favoured" or "auspicious“.
The play is in blank Verse and prose in thirteen scenes (1604) or twenty scenes (1616).
Blank verse is largely reserved for the main scenes while prose is used in the comic scenes.
This document discusses William Wordsworth as a literary critic. It provides biographical details about Wordsworth, noting that he was born in 1770 and died in 1850, and belonged to the Romantic Age in English literature. It describes how Wordsworth advocated choosing humble rustic subjects and simplicity in theme and treatment. It lists some of Wordsworth's important works like Lyrical Ballads and The Prelude. It states that through his criticism, Wordsworth demolished old faulty views and opened new perspectives, though he was primarily a poet rather than a dedicated critic.
my presentation is about Robinson Crusoe's journey, its beginning, middle and end.(a novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe)( paper-2-Neo-classical literature)
Daniel Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe in 1719, drawing on the true story of Alexander Selkirk, who spent years shipwrecked on an uninhabited island. In the novel, Robinson Crusoe is shipwrecked on an island for 28 years, where he learns to survive on his own and later rescues a native man called Friday. Crusoe establishes himself as the ruler of the island and eventually returns home to England with Friday. The novel explores themes of colonialism, survival, religion and man's relationship with nature.
Robinson Crusoe: The Prototype of English ColonizerAviram Dash Avi
Robinson Crusoe represents the prototypical English colonizer. As the story follows Crusoe establishing control and dominion over the deserted island, imposing his culture, religion, and language on the native Friday, it illustrates the colonial process of cultural and economic domination. Crusoe strips Friday of his identity, teaches him English ways as superior, and establishes himself as the ruler of the new territory, treating both the land and Friday as resources to exploit for his own gain according to capitalist principles. The document analyzes how Crusoe embodies and enacts the key characteristics and motivations of European colonizers in his relationship with and treatment of Friday on the island.
DAVID LIVINGSTONE; Blazing a Trail for God in AfricaPeter McIntyre
David Livingstone was a Scottish missionary and explorer in Africa in the 19th century. He was born in 1813 and raised in a religious home. As a young man he felt called to missionary work and studied medicine to prepare. He went to Africa in 1841 and established mission stations while also exploring the interior, becoming the first European to see the Victoria Falls. He dedicated his life to ending slavery and bringing Christianity to Africa. After returning to Britain briefly in the 1850s and 1860s to raise awareness, he returned and disappeared for several years before being famously found by Henry Stanley in 1871. Livingstone died in 1873 while still exploring Africa's interior.
This document provides biographical information about Daniel Defoe and analyzes his novel Robinson Crusoe as a myth. It notes that Defoe was an English writer best known for Robinson Crusoe. The document then summarizes the plot of Robinson Crusoe, in which the character is shipwrecked on a deserted island and believes he is alone until he discovers Friday. Finally, it argues that Robinson Crusoe takes on elements of a myth by establishing dominance over Friday and attempting to control nature on the island, positioning himself as a god-like figure.
Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift were two influential authors during the late 17th and early 18th centuries known for their satirical works; Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe which explored themes of individualism while Swift's Gulliver's Travels used satire to criticize politics and society in England through the travels of Gulliver to fantastical lands. Both authors employed realistic styles and the travel narrative form to explore social and political issues of their time through satire and allegory.
This is an overview of the grapes of wrath. mainly summarizing the main points of the story. I will have another slide summarizing all of the chapters, and more information about Steinbeck.
- Daniel Defoe was an English writer born in 1659/1660 who was known for his novels and poems. His most famous novel was Robinson Crusoe published in 1719.
- Robinson Crusoe tells the story of a man who is shipwrecked on a deserted island, where he must learn to survive on his own. He comes to view himself as the ruler and god of the island.
- When Crusoe later rescues a native man called Friday, who he forces to obey him, it allows him to establish himself as the powerful myth maker and ruler on the island, teaching Friday his language, religion and customs to exert control over the domain he sees himself as owning.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
3. About the author
• English novelist, pamphleteer, and a journalist
• Along with Samuel Richardson, Defoe is considered as the founder of
the English Novel
• He was a son of a butcher
• Studied at Charles Morton’s academy
• Despite his father’s wish for him to be in a ministry, he plunged for
politics and trade; especially in Europe
• 1680’s: commission merchant of Corn Hill, but went bankrupt in 1691
4. Works and career
• Best known for Robinson Crusoe
• Wrote more then 500 books, pamphlets, and journals
• Pioneer of economic journalism
5. The Unexpected
• Defoe’s parents were Presbyterian Dissenters (believed in the
separation of the church and the state)
• Was educated in Dissenters Academy at Newington Green, and also
went to church there
• Was expected that he would become a dissenting minister, but he
chose the world of business
• As a salesman, he sold hosiery, wine, and general woolen goods
• Despite the fact that he was good at his job; he always remained in debt
7. Summary
• It’s a story of a man, named Robinson Crusoe, who got shipwrecked all
alone in an island
• Here he struggles to survive and later on makes this island his
• Although, at first he tries to go back to the city, but when he finally
reaches there, he does not feel the same sense of feeling he used to
have
• Since he got used to living all alone with animals and only one or two
other people on the island, he eventually goes back to the island and
lives there
9. Genre
• Adventure Story: (journey and the struggle of the main character)
• Danger, action, risks, and excitements of Robinson Crusoe
• Shipwrecked alone, Crusoe struggles against hardship, privation, loneliness, and
cannibals in his attempt to survive on a deserted island
• Historical Fiction: (Robinson Crusoe is considered to be the 1st realistic
novel ever to be written by Defoe)
• The story have thought to be based on the life of Alexander Skulk
• A Scottish castaway, lived for four years on a Pacific island called “Mas a Tierra”
• Now part of Chile, which was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island in 1966
10. Cont…
• Novel Of Isolation:
• When Robinson Crusoe gets shipwrecked and stranded on a desolate island
• “I am cast upon a horrible desolate island void of all hope of recovery”
• Considers it a place of captivity (being imprisoned) holding him back from his
dreams and wishes like a prison
• Later to return home to England he yearns to return back to the island
• Becomes antisocial, and starts to enjoy being alone.
11. Narrator & POV
• Robinson Crusoe is both the narrator and main character of the tale
• Personal pronouns ( I, us) etc.
• POV:
o Crusoe narrates in both the first and third person.
o His focus was not on feelings. So, Crusoe occasionally describes his
feelings.
o He favors a more factual narrative style focused on actions and events.
Not on fancy things, like describing the beauty of nature.
12. Setting
• Temporal Setting:
• From 1659 to 1694
• Spatial Setting:
• main setting; island of Trinidad;
• others include England ( where he lived);
• Africa; Brazil (become owner of sugar Plantation);
• Island; England (return);
• Lisbon (to handle some affairs);
• England;
• sold his Plantation in Brazil; visited Island again.
13. Tone
• Crusoe’s tone is mostly detached.
• He generally avoids dramatic storytelling
• He very rarely registers his own feelings, or those of other
characters.
• only does so when those feelings affect a situation directly
• E.g. he describes the mutineers as tired and confused,
indicating that their fatigue allows them to be defeated.
14. Plot
• Rising Action
• Crusoe disobeys his father and goes out to sea. Crusoe has a profitable first
merchant voyage, has fantasies of success in Brazil, and prepares for a slave-
gathering expedition.
• Climax
• Crusoe becomes shipwrecked on an island near Trinidad, forcing him to fend for
himself and his basic needs.
• Falling Action
• Crusoe constructs a shelter, secures a food supply, and accepts his stay on the
island as the work of Providence (the foreseeing care and guidance of God or
nature over the creatures of the earth).
16. Nature
• One of the major themes
• Crusoe is a man at peace with Nature.
• He loves the sea and the outdoors.
• when he is marooned (leave behind) on the island and finds himself alone
with only Nature as his companion, he adapts easily.
• When he looks at the natural world, he sees its utility and the value of that.
• He believes that nature is something that keeps us away form evilness of this
world.
• “ At the first place. I was removed from all the wickedness of world here”.
17. Cont…
• Instead of opining on the beauty of things, he notices production
value.
• He was quick to use things from Nature to help him survive.
• He uses the trees and plants to build himself a canoe and
• homes, animals to provide him with food.
• “All the good things of this world are no farther good to us than
they are for our use”.
18. Rules & Order
• This novel depicts hierarchy ( God, upper life, middle life, lower life )
• Crusoe kept his goals and wishes above everyone.
• “…I consulted neither Father or Mother any more, nor so much as
sent them Word of it; but leaving them to hear of it as they might,
without asking God's Blessing”
Novel depicted Crusoe, a strong determine person, having his own
rules and orders.
19. Cont..
• In order to fulfill his wish to become seaman, He goes against his
father’s orders:
“…..inclination to this led me so strongly against the will, nay, the commands of
my Father…..”
• Crusoe rules all that is under him.
• His moral authority – and his allegiance to God – gives him dominion
over other people, places, and things.
• e.g., the way he treated or used Xury and Friday, or the animals of the
island.
21. • As he was a round character, He undergoes certain changes throughout
the novel.
In the start of the novel, he didn’t give importance to God.
“…I consulted neither Father or Mother any more, nor so much as
sent them Word of it; but leaving them to hear of it as they might,
without asking God's Blessing”
22. In the middle of the novel:
• When he was in a difficult situation, his life was in danger he
remembered God.
“I expected ever wave would have swallowed us up…in this agony of
mind I made several vows and resolutions.”
25. Robinson Crusoe
• The main character of the story, he is a rebellious youth with an
inexplicable need to travel.
• Because of this need, he brings misfortune on himself and is left to
fend for himself in a primitive land.
• The novel essentially chronicles his mental and spiritual development
as a result of his isolation.
• He is a contradictory character; at the same time he is practical
ingenuity and immature decisiveness.
26. Xury
• Young boy with whom Crusoe escapes from captivity in Africa
• One of the most important points about Crusoe's encounter with Xury
is the power dynamic between the two
• As a non-white European, Xury is always assumed to be subordinate to
Crusoe. We can see this when Crusoe "gives" Xury to the Portuguese
sea captain:
He offer'd me also 60 Pieces of Eight more for my Boy Xury, which I
was loath to take, not that I was not willing to let the Captain have
him, but I was very loath to sell the poor Boy's Liberty, who had
assisted me so faithfully in procuring my own.
27. Cont…
• Crusoe doesn't actually sell Xury to the captain, but instead they strike
a bargain. Xury is to be kept in indentured servitude for ten years, and
if he converts to Christianity, he will then be set free.
28. Portuguese Captain
• Comes across Crusoe and Xury after they escape from captivity, and he
rescues them on his boat.
• He travels with the men to Brazil.
• The most notable point about the captain is that Crusoe seems to view
him as his equal. (The captain is, after all, a white European.)
29. Crusoe’s Parents
• Most of the poor decisions Crusoe makes in his life,
• He traces back to the initial rebellion against his parents-especially his
father
30. For example
“In this Interval, the good Advice of my Father came to my Mind, and
presently his Prediction which I mentioned at the Beginning of the Story,
viz. That if I did take this foolish Step, God would not bless me, and I
would have Leisure hereafter to reflect upon having neglected his
Counsel, when there might be none to assist in my Recovery. Now, said I
aloud, My dear Father's Words are come to pass: God's Justice has
overtaken me, and I have none to help or hear me: I rejected the Voice of
Providence, which had mercifully put me in a Posture or Station of Life,
wherein I might have been happy and easy; but I would neither see it my
self, or learn to know the Blessing of it from my Parents; I left them to
mourn over my Folly, and now I am left to mourn under the
Consequences of it: I refus'd their Help and Assistance who would have
lifted me into the World, and wou'd have made every Thing easy to me,
and now I have Difficulties to struggle with, too great for even Nature
itself to support, and no Assistance, no Help, no Comfort, no Advice; then
I cry'd out, Lord be my Help, for I am in Great Distress.”
31. Friday
• Another friend/servant
• He spends a number of years on the island with the main character,
who saves him from cannibalistic death.
• Friday is basically Crusoe's protégé, a living example of religious
justification of the slavery relationship between the two men.
• His eagerness to be redone in the European image is supposed to
convey that this image is indeed the right one.
32. Moorish Patron
• Crusoe's slave master, he allows for a role reversal of white men as
slaves.
• He apparently is not too swift, however, in that he basically hands
Crusoe an escape opportunity.
33. Spaniard
• One of the prisoners saved by Crusoe
• It is interesting to note that he is treated with much more respect in
Crusoe's mind
• Than any of the colored peoples with whom Crusoe is in contact
35. Wealth
• As an 18th-century mariner on the high seas, Robinson Crusoe is very
interested in commerce, trade, and the accumulation of wealth
• He makes money in Africa and also in the sugar plantations he buys in
Brazil
• Crusoe's economic individualism
• Crusoe's father argues that it's best to have neither extreme wealth nor
be in dire poverty. Instead, the moderation of the middle classes
presents the happiest and most contented state of life possible in that
society.
36. Cont..
• On the island, Crusoe realizes that whatever money he might find in
the wreckage of the ship is simply worth nada. Wealth will mean
something entirely different:
“I smil'd to my self at the Sight of this Money, O Drug! Said I aloud,
what art tho good for, Thou art not worth to me, no not the taking
off of the Ground, one of those Knives is wroth all this Heap, I have
no Manner of use for thee, e'en remain where thou art, and go the
Bottom as a Creature whose Life is not worth saving.”
37. Cont..
• When Crusoe owns the island, which he calls, earlier, his "Collony"
Here, he shares it with some of the inhabitants but still considers it
part of his holdings:
“Besides this, I shard'd the Island into Parts with 'em, reserv'd to
myself the Property of the whole, but gave them such Parts
respectively as they agreed on; and having settled all things with
them, and engaged them not to leave the Place, I left them there.”
38. Slavery
• The institution of slavery serves as a basis for much of the action of the
novel
• When Crusoe heads to Africa, it is to purchase slaves. He himself
becomes a slave and then soon becomes a slave owner.
• Crusoe's wealth from his sugar plantations at the end of the novel
would have come from slave labor.
40. Theme of Colonialism
• Colonialism: Establishment and maintenance of colonies in a certain
territory by the people who do not belong to that territory.
• One of the most obvious theme of this Novel.
• Incorporated into the novel by Daniel in a very realistic way
• The theme of Colonialism seems to be the impact of that time on the
writer.
• Daniel wrote this Book in 1719.
• The time when England was enjoying the power over the whole world
and English government colonized the major areas of the world
successfully.
41. Cont..
• Two things force the reader to interpret the novel in colonial contexts.
1. British trader as the protagonist
2. Setting of a distant Caribbean island.
• The colonial aspect of the hero’s personality becomes obvious as the
story proceeds and reach to the fullest when he reaches the island.
• Crusoe Takes physical, linguistic, and cultural dominance on the
island.
• Crusoe establishes his control over the island and shapes an empire.
“Lord of the whole Manor; or if I pleas’d, I might call myself King,
or Emperor over the whole Country which I had possession of”.
42. Cont..
• Crusoe’s treatment towards Friday shows his colonialist behavior.
• He Re-named him.
• His attitude towards him is more of a Master- Servant relation.
• He never let Friday eat or sleep on the same position where he did.
• He turns Friday to Christianity.
43. Theme Of Self-Awareness
• Defoe always followed the Doctrines of Presbyterian (a part of
Protestant faith)all his life.
• One of these was that an individual must remain conscious of his own
soul and identity.
• Crouse remained conscious of himself all the time at that island.
• For Example: He made a calendar which revolved around him.
• Crusoe kept a journal to record his daily activities that too revolved
only around him.
44. Theme Of Family And Life
• The way Crusoe Explains about his family in the start shows that he has
no strong relationship with them.
• As the story proceeds, he talks a little about how he misses his family
and that how he thinks that he was very wrong when he went all
against the will of his father.
• He tried making a family for himself though it was with animals.
• Crusoe's relationship with his biological father is as an earthly version
of his relationship with God (his spiritual father).
• Most of the poor decisions Crusoe makes in his life, he traces back to
the initial rebellion against his parents – especially his father.
• He Considers that it was his biggest sin that he did not obey his father.