This document provides biographical information about three important Romanian figures in culture and theology: Titu Maiorescu, Mircea Eliade, and Dumitru Staniloae. It discusses their educational backgrounds, careers, and significant contributions. Maiorescu was a literary critic and politician who founded the influential Junimea society. Eliade was a renowned historian of religion who studied religions across the world. Staniloae was an Orthodox theologian, professor, and author who wrote extensively on Orthodox spirituality.
The idea, the technique, the originality of style. Space, time. In this sintesis the art.
I liked to restore ancient techniques, the academic world, the respectful placing in prestigious settings.
I wasn't tied to the distinction abstract/figurative, sacred/profane, but the non-temporal search of the visual synthesis.
I dealt with this knowledge in other to elaborate ideas that would lead to a mature style.
So mantaining the colour firm, light and shade contrasts, the expressive power, i came to my language.
In this introduction my way through the years, the overcoming of forming, my visual achievement.
Ion Creangă was a 19th century Romanian writer and schoolteacher known for works like Childhood Memories and novellas that drew on folklore. As a defrocked Orthodox priest, he had an unconventional lifestyle but made an impact as an educator and author. His literary debut came late in life after befriending poet Mihai Eminescu and joining the influential Junimea literary society, for which he helped spread cultural ideals in an accessible way. He is considered one of the most accomplished representatives of Junimist literature alongside Eminescu and Ioan Slavici.
Mircea Eliade was a Romanian historian of religion, fiction writer, philosopher, and professor at the University of Chicago who established paradigms in religious studies. He theorized that religious experiences form the basis of religion and split reality into sacred and profane spaces and times. His theory of "Eternal Return" holds that myths and rituals participate in religious experiences. Eliade was also a noted journalist, essayist, and supporter of far-right political groups in Romania in the 1930s. As a scholar, he had mastery of many languages and made influential contributions to the study of religion.
This document discusses the opinions of three Romanian thinkers - Mihai Eminescu, Constantin Radulescu-Motru, and Mircea Vulcănescu - regarding Romanian spirituality from a philosophical perspective. It examines their views on elements that characterize the Romanian people and culture. Eminescu believed the Romanian language, character traits like honesty and generosity, and the pastoral occupations of Romanians shaped their spiritual universe. Radulescu-Motru viewed ethnic elements as defining a nation's soul and saw religion/faith as perfecting the Romanian spirit. The document aims to show that Romanian spirituality allows for a native Romanian philosophy and to highlight characteristics that define Romanians as a nation.
Bertrand russell, Friedrich Nietzsche and Baruch Spinzoa, 3 philosophers fina...skkumar123
This document provides biographical information and overviews of the philosophies of Bertrand Russell, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Baruch Spinoza. It discusses their major works and influences. Russell was a prominent philosopher and social critic known for his work in logic and analytic philosophy. Nietzsche believed that European society needed new values and that self-mastery was important. Spinoza developed a naturalistic philosophy that combined elements from Descartes, Stoicism, and Jewish rationalism.
The document discusses the key differences between literary criticism and literary theory. Literary criticism involves the practical study and interpretation of specific literary works, while literary theory is a more general and systematic study of the nature of literature and methods of analyzing it. The document also outlines some of the major cultural movements in the West that shaped approaches to literature, including the Renaissance, Enlightenment, Modernism, and Postmodernism. Different schools of literary theory may interpret the same text in different and sometimes conflicting ways based on their perspectives and commitments.
The idea, the technique, the originality of style. Space, time. In this sintesis the art.
I liked to restore ancient techniques, the academic world, the respectful placing in prestigious settings.
I wasn't tied to the distinction abstract/figurative, sacred/profane, but the non-temporal search of the visual synthesis.
I dealt with this knowledge in other to elaborate ideas that would lead to a mature style.
So mantaining the colour firm, light and shade contrasts, the expressive power, i came to my language.
In this introduction my way through the years, the overcoming of forming, my visual achievement.
Ion Creangă was a 19th century Romanian writer and schoolteacher known for works like Childhood Memories and novellas that drew on folklore. As a defrocked Orthodox priest, he had an unconventional lifestyle but made an impact as an educator and author. His literary debut came late in life after befriending poet Mihai Eminescu and joining the influential Junimea literary society, for which he helped spread cultural ideals in an accessible way. He is considered one of the most accomplished representatives of Junimist literature alongside Eminescu and Ioan Slavici.
Mircea Eliade was a Romanian historian of religion, fiction writer, philosopher, and professor at the University of Chicago who established paradigms in religious studies. He theorized that religious experiences form the basis of religion and split reality into sacred and profane spaces and times. His theory of "Eternal Return" holds that myths and rituals participate in religious experiences. Eliade was also a noted journalist, essayist, and supporter of far-right political groups in Romania in the 1930s. As a scholar, he had mastery of many languages and made influential contributions to the study of religion.
This document discusses the opinions of three Romanian thinkers - Mihai Eminescu, Constantin Radulescu-Motru, and Mircea Vulcănescu - regarding Romanian spirituality from a philosophical perspective. It examines their views on elements that characterize the Romanian people and culture. Eminescu believed the Romanian language, character traits like honesty and generosity, and the pastoral occupations of Romanians shaped their spiritual universe. Radulescu-Motru viewed ethnic elements as defining a nation's soul and saw religion/faith as perfecting the Romanian spirit. The document aims to show that Romanian spirituality allows for a native Romanian philosophy and to highlight characteristics that define Romanians as a nation.
Bertrand russell, Friedrich Nietzsche and Baruch Spinzoa, 3 philosophers fina...skkumar123
This document provides biographical information and overviews of the philosophies of Bertrand Russell, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Baruch Spinoza. It discusses their major works and influences. Russell was a prominent philosopher and social critic known for his work in logic and analytic philosophy. Nietzsche believed that European society needed new values and that self-mastery was important. Spinoza developed a naturalistic philosophy that combined elements from Descartes, Stoicism, and Jewish rationalism.
The document discusses the key differences between literary criticism and literary theory. Literary criticism involves the practical study and interpretation of specific literary works, while literary theory is a more general and systematic study of the nature of literature and methods of analyzing it. The document also outlines some of the major cultural movements in the West that shaped approaches to literature, including the Renaissance, Enlightenment, Modernism, and Postmodernism. Different schools of literary theory may interpret the same text in different and sometimes conflicting ways based on their perspectives and commitments.
Paper 6 concept of "Culture" in Culture and Anarchybrijaloza1994
Matthew Arnold was a 19th century British poet and cultural critic. In his work Culture and Anarchy, he defines culture as the study of perfection - a harmonious perfection that develops all sides of humanity. Arnold believes culture brings about a perfection in which both beauty and intelligence are present, uniting "the two noblest things" - sweetness and light. He connects these ideas of sweetness and light to the Greek words "aphros" and "euphuia". For Arnold, culture is not about having or resting, but about growing and becoming perfect.
Cyril and Methodius were brothers born in Thessaloniki who created the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet for the Slavic languages. In the 9th century, they were sent on a mission to Great Moravia to spread Christianity and translate liturgical texts into Old Church Slavonic. Cyril died in 869 after their mission was successful. Methodius continued their work and faced opposition from German clergy for using Slavic languages in worship, but was later canonized. Their creation of the Glagolitic alphabet and promotion of Slavic languages had a lasting impact on Slavic culture and European history.
The document discusses several key concepts and terms related to cultural studies. It defines terms like decadence, deconstruction, decorum, deism, didacticism, dissociation of sensibility, distance, and dream vision. It provides historical context and examples for many of these terms, noting influential thinkers and works that advanced or demonstrated these concepts.
The document summarizes the Renaissance and Reformation periods in Europe. It discusses how the Renaissance began as a revival of interest in classical antiquity and emphasized humanist ideas and secular concepts. This led to revolutionary developments in art and literature. Meanwhile, the Reformation involved attempts to reform the Catholic Church that eventually resulted in the end of religious unity in Western Europe.
Ibn khaldun-ppt Nausher 13.5.23 brief.pdfNausherKhan4
Ibn Khaldun was a 14th century Tunisian philosopher and historian who is considered a founder of sociology and social science. He emphasized the importance of empirical facts and developed theories of social change and tribal solidarity as drivers of change. He is best known for his Muqaddimah, considered a masterpiece in literature on philosophy of history and sociology, where he analyzed factors contributing to the rise and fall of civilizations. Ibn Khaldun introduced concepts like asabiya (social solidarity) and emphasized non-political factors like environment, economy, and psychology in analyzing historical events.
This document is an excerpt from the journal Orientalia Parthenopea discussing Jerusalem in the poetry of Yehuda Amichai, Israel's greatest poet of the 20th century. It analyzes how Amichai's poetry explores the themes of conflict with God and religious tradition, as well as themes of exile and return, through his depictions of Jerusalem. The excerpt focuses on how Jerusalem serves as a central unifying theme and "great clasp" that brings together the most important topics in Amichai's work. It has been shown by other scholars that Amichai's relationship with the city reflected his grappling with these theological and ideological issues.
- Aizawa Seishisai was a Japanese nationalist thinker from the late Edo period who promoted the concept of kokutai and warned of foreign threats. He worked on compiling historical texts and wrote the influential Shinron.
- Hiroki Azuma is a prominent young Japanese cultural critic who focuses on literature and individual liberty. He began writing inspired by the works of Koji Karatani and is associated with Takashi Murakami's Superflat movement.
- Masao Abe was a Japanese Buddhist scholar and professor of religious studies known for his work in Buddhist-Christian interfaith dialogue. He sought to resolve the conflict between rationality and faith through his study of philosophy within the Ky
Ibn Khaldun was a 14th century Tunisian philosopher and historian who is considered a founder of sociology. He emphasized empirical evidence over normative theories and identified tribal solidarity ("asabiyya") as the driving force behind the rise and fall of civilizations. His major work, Muqaddimah, analyzed the psychological, economic, environmental and social factors that contribute to the development of human societies. He viewed society as a living organism and studied how social change occurs in cyclical patterns over generations. Ibn Khaldun is regarded as the father of sociology due to his pioneering research on social dynamics, the concept of asabiyya, and his scientific methodology in studying history and society.
This document discusses the influence of Asian religions on the Transcendentalist movement in America in the 19th century. It argues that Transcendentalist figures like Emerson, Thoreau, and the Alcotts were deeply influenced by early translations of Asian religious texts from traditions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism. While their works are often portrayed as primarily influenced by Western traditions, the document provides evidence that they eagerly read and incorporated ideas from Asian scriptures. It lists many Asian texts that were in their personal libraries and discusses how these texts shaped their worldviews and inspired their writings, even if not always explicitly referenced. The document aims to reshape the traditional narrative of Tran
The Metaphysical school of Poetry of the Seventeenth CenturyMohammed Albadri
There is common preservation that the term "metaphysical" is utilized to portray a gathering of seventeenth-century English artists, who wrote in a specific way affected by, or in response to, works by John Donne. The chose not many related as such are known as the metaphysical artists, and their works marked as "metaphysical poetry". Precisely what the term metaphysical refers to, or what does it define this aspect requires some explanation. As indicated by the Cambridge Dictionary, metaphysical poetry identifies with the piece of theory that is tied in with getting presence and information"; while theory then again, is "the affective reason in viewing things with the aspect of the present reality and presence. Subsequently, by suggestion, however, till this day there is no fully effective definition of metaphysical poetry, as it requires a variety of characteristics which will be presented in this paper along with the brief history behind the metaphysical poets and inspirations.
The document provides an overview of Pakistani literature in English from the pre-partition era through the 1960s. It discusses how early literature highlighted the struggles for independence and nationalism, as well as the atrocities under British rule. Major pre-partition writers like Ahmed Ali portrayed the themes of lost freedom and nationalism. Post-partition literature dealt with the socio-political problems facing Pakistani society. Literature in the 1950s expressed disillusionment and supported democratic ideals. Prominent writers during this time included Saadat Hassan Manto and Zaib-un-Nisa Hamidullah. The 1960s saw literature address issues like political and social upheaval, corruption, cultural neglect, and ethnic/gender discrimination in Pakistan.
PAKISTANI LITERATURE IN ENGLISH.pptx by Muhammad Anees SattarALPINESCHOOL2
This document provides an overview of Pakistani literature in English from pre-partition to the 1960s. It discusses prominent writers and themes during different time periods. In the pre-partition era, writers like Ahmed Ali highlighted the atrocities of British rule and themes of lost freedom and nationalism. During the 1950s, writers explored social realism and liberal democratic ideals. Zaib-un-Nisa Hamidullah and Zahir H. Farooqi were two notable writers of the time period. The literature of the 1960s dealt with socio-political problems in Pakistan including corruption, ethnic discrimination, and conflicts in East Pakistan. Nasir Ahmed Farooqi was a prominent writer who addressed issues of class and liberalism in Pakistani
Scientists criticized from their religion for their workΑλμπανάκη Ξανθή
This document summarizes how several prominent scientists and philosophers were criticized or condemned by religious authorities for their work. It provides brief biographies and reasons for criticism of Averroes, Galileo Galilei, Giordano Bruno, Hypatia, Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, and Nikos Kazantzakis. Their work was seen as challenging or contradicting religious doctrines, and some like Bruno and Hypatia faced severe punishment including execution. The document aims to showcase how scientific or philosophical thinking has at times come into conflict with religious viewpoints.
Desiderius Erasmus was a Dutch Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian who lived during the Renaissance. He was a leading scholar of the northern Renaissance and played a prominent role in the early stages of the Protestant Reformation. As a Christian humanist, Erasmus was a proponent for reforming the Catholic Church from within. He wrote influential works that criticized the Catholic clergy and urged for more moderate views. Erasmus also established new approaches to education by emphasizing the study of classical languages and literature to cultivate well-rounded, civic-minded leaders.
This document provides biographical information about two famous Romanian writers: Mihai Eminescu and Eugen Ionescu. It discusses Eminescu's life, his influential poetry career, and his status as Romania's national poet. It then discusses Ionescu's life, focusing on how he was born in Romania but lived in France, where he became a prominent figure in avant-garde theater through plays depicting the solitude of human existence.
Stuart Hall outlines two paradigms in cultural studies: culturalism and structuralism. Culturalism, associated with Raymond Williams and E.P. Thompson, sees culture as the lived experiences and practices of social groups. Structuralism, associated with Levi-Strauss and Althusser, sees culture and experience as the effect of underlying symbolic structures and frameworks. Hall discusses the emergence of cultural studies and how structuralism interrupted the cultural strand, creating stark contrasts around the role of experience.
This document provides biographical information and achievements of three Spanish athletes: Rafael Nadal, Gemma Mengual, and Ruth Beitia. It details Nadal's career accomplishments in tennis, injuries he overcame, and motivational quotes. It outlines Mengual's success in synchronized swimming and retirement from the sport. It also summarizes Ruth Beitia's career in high jump, medals won, and brief retirement in 2012.
This document summarizes the contributions of several Spanish scientists:
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal discovered neurons and their connections through contiguity rather than continuity, providing evidence for the Neuron Doctrine. He also discovered axonal growth cones and interstitial cells of Cajal.
- Severo Ochoa helped close the Krebs cycle and discovered the enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase, which allowed synthesis of RNA in vitro and helped him win the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1959.
- Joan Oró showed that hydrogen cyanide could produce nitrogenous bases like adenine and amino acids, important in theories of the origin of life on Earth. He also pioneered the theory of
Paper 6 concept of "Culture" in Culture and Anarchybrijaloza1994
Matthew Arnold was a 19th century British poet and cultural critic. In his work Culture and Anarchy, he defines culture as the study of perfection - a harmonious perfection that develops all sides of humanity. Arnold believes culture brings about a perfection in which both beauty and intelligence are present, uniting "the two noblest things" - sweetness and light. He connects these ideas of sweetness and light to the Greek words "aphros" and "euphuia". For Arnold, culture is not about having or resting, but about growing and becoming perfect.
Cyril and Methodius were brothers born in Thessaloniki who created the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet for the Slavic languages. In the 9th century, they were sent on a mission to Great Moravia to spread Christianity and translate liturgical texts into Old Church Slavonic. Cyril died in 869 after their mission was successful. Methodius continued their work and faced opposition from German clergy for using Slavic languages in worship, but was later canonized. Their creation of the Glagolitic alphabet and promotion of Slavic languages had a lasting impact on Slavic culture and European history.
The document discusses several key concepts and terms related to cultural studies. It defines terms like decadence, deconstruction, decorum, deism, didacticism, dissociation of sensibility, distance, and dream vision. It provides historical context and examples for many of these terms, noting influential thinkers and works that advanced or demonstrated these concepts.
The document summarizes the Renaissance and Reformation periods in Europe. It discusses how the Renaissance began as a revival of interest in classical antiquity and emphasized humanist ideas and secular concepts. This led to revolutionary developments in art and literature. Meanwhile, the Reformation involved attempts to reform the Catholic Church that eventually resulted in the end of religious unity in Western Europe.
Ibn khaldun-ppt Nausher 13.5.23 brief.pdfNausherKhan4
Ibn Khaldun was a 14th century Tunisian philosopher and historian who is considered a founder of sociology and social science. He emphasized the importance of empirical facts and developed theories of social change and tribal solidarity as drivers of change. He is best known for his Muqaddimah, considered a masterpiece in literature on philosophy of history and sociology, where he analyzed factors contributing to the rise and fall of civilizations. Ibn Khaldun introduced concepts like asabiya (social solidarity) and emphasized non-political factors like environment, economy, and psychology in analyzing historical events.
This document is an excerpt from the journal Orientalia Parthenopea discussing Jerusalem in the poetry of Yehuda Amichai, Israel's greatest poet of the 20th century. It analyzes how Amichai's poetry explores the themes of conflict with God and religious tradition, as well as themes of exile and return, through his depictions of Jerusalem. The excerpt focuses on how Jerusalem serves as a central unifying theme and "great clasp" that brings together the most important topics in Amichai's work. It has been shown by other scholars that Amichai's relationship with the city reflected his grappling with these theological and ideological issues.
- Aizawa Seishisai was a Japanese nationalist thinker from the late Edo period who promoted the concept of kokutai and warned of foreign threats. He worked on compiling historical texts and wrote the influential Shinron.
- Hiroki Azuma is a prominent young Japanese cultural critic who focuses on literature and individual liberty. He began writing inspired by the works of Koji Karatani and is associated with Takashi Murakami's Superflat movement.
- Masao Abe was a Japanese Buddhist scholar and professor of religious studies known for his work in Buddhist-Christian interfaith dialogue. He sought to resolve the conflict between rationality and faith through his study of philosophy within the Ky
Ibn Khaldun was a 14th century Tunisian philosopher and historian who is considered a founder of sociology. He emphasized empirical evidence over normative theories and identified tribal solidarity ("asabiyya") as the driving force behind the rise and fall of civilizations. His major work, Muqaddimah, analyzed the psychological, economic, environmental and social factors that contribute to the development of human societies. He viewed society as a living organism and studied how social change occurs in cyclical patterns over generations. Ibn Khaldun is regarded as the father of sociology due to his pioneering research on social dynamics, the concept of asabiyya, and his scientific methodology in studying history and society.
This document discusses the influence of Asian religions on the Transcendentalist movement in America in the 19th century. It argues that Transcendentalist figures like Emerson, Thoreau, and the Alcotts were deeply influenced by early translations of Asian religious texts from traditions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism. While their works are often portrayed as primarily influenced by Western traditions, the document provides evidence that they eagerly read and incorporated ideas from Asian scriptures. It lists many Asian texts that were in their personal libraries and discusses how these texts shaped their worldviews and inspired their writings, even if not always explicitly referenced. The document aims to reshape the traditional narrative of Tran
The Metaphysical school of Poetry of the Seventeenth CenturyMohammed Albadri
There is common preservation that the term "metaphysical" is utilized to portray a gathering of seventeenth-century English artists, who wrote in a specific way affected by, or in response to, works by John Donne. The chose not many related as such are known as the metaphysical artists, and their works marked as "metaphysical poetry". Precisely what the term metaphysical refers to, or what does it define this aspect requires some explanation. As indicated by the Cambridge Dictionary, metaphysical poetry identifies with the piece of theory that is tied in with getting presence and information"; while theory then again, is "the affective reason in viewing things with the aspect of the present reality and presence. Subsequently, by suggestion, however, till this day there is no fully effective definition of metaphysical poetry, as it requires a variety of characteristics which will be presented in this paper along with the brief history behind the metaphysical poets and inspirations.
The document provides an overview of Pakistani literature in English from the pre-partition era through the 1960s. It discusses how early literature highlighted the struggles for independence and nationalism, as well as the atrocities under British rule. Major pre-partition writers like Ahmed Ali portrayed the themes of lost freedom and nationalism. Post-partition literature dealt with the socio-political problems facing Pakistani society. Literature in the 1950s expressed disillusionment and supported democratic ideals. Prominent writers during this time included Saadat Hassan Manto and Zaib-un-Nisa Hamidullah. The 1960s saw literature address issues like political and social upheaval, corruption, cultural neglect, and ethnic/gender discrimination in Pakistan.
PAKISTANI LITERATURE IN ENGLISH.pptx by Muhammad Anees SattarALPINESCHOOL2
This document provides an overview of Pakistani literature in English from pre-partition to the 1960s. It discusses prominent writers and themes during different time periods. In the pre-partition era, writers like Ahmed Ali highlighted the atrocities of British rule and themes of lost freedom and nationalism. During the 1950s, writers explored social realism and liberal democratic ideals. Zaib-un-Nisa Hamidullah and Zahir H. Farooqi were two notable writers of the time period. The literature of the 1960s dealt with socio-political problems in Pakistan including corruption, ethnic discrimination, and conflicts in East Pakistan. Nasir Ahmed Farooqi was a prominent writer who addressed issues of class and liberalism in Pakistani
Scientists criticized from their religion for their workΑλμπανάκη Ξανθή
This document summarizes how several prominent scientists and philosophers were criticized or condemned by religious authorities for their work. It provides brief biographies and reasons for criticism of Averroes, Galileo Galilei, Giordano Bruno, Hypatia, Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, and Nikos Kazantzakis. Their work was seen as challenging or contradicting religious doctrines, and some like Bruno and Hypatia faced severe punishment including execution. The document aims to showcase how scientific or philosophical thinking has at times come into conflict with religious viewpoints.
Desiderius Erasmus was a Dutch Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian who lived during the Renaissance. He was a leading scholar of the northern Renaissance and played a prominent role in the early stages of the Protestant Reformation. As a Christian humanist, Erasmus was a proponent for reforming the Catholic Church from within. He wrote influential works that criticized the Catholic clergy and urged for more moderate views. Erasmus also established new approaches to education by emphasizing the study of classical languages and literature to cultivate well-rounded, civic-minded leaders.
This document provides biographical information about two famous Romanian writers: Mihai Eminescu and Eugen Ionescu. It discusses Eminescu's life, his influential poetry career, and his status as Romania's national poet. It then discusses Ionescu's life, focusing on how he was born in Romania but lived in France, where he became a prominent figure in avant-garde theater through plays depicting the solitude of human existence.
Stuart Hall outlines two paradigms in cultural studies: culturalism and structuralism. Culturalism, associated with Raymond Williams and E.P. Thompson, sees culture as the lived experiences and practices of social groups. Structuralism, associated with Levi-Strauss and Althusser, sees culture and experience as the effect of underlying symbolic structures and frameworks. Hall discusses the emergence of cultural studies and how structuralism interrupted the cultural strand, creating stark contrasts around the role of experience.
This document provides biographical information and achievements of three Spanish athletes: Rafael Nadal, Gemma Mengual, and Ruth Beitia. It details Nadal's career accomplishments in tennis, injuries he overcame, and motivational quotes. It outlines Mengual's success in synchronized swimming and retirement from the sport. It also summarizes Ruth Beitia's career in high jump, medals won, and brief retirement in 2012.
This document summarizes the contributions of several Spanish scientists:
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal discovered neurons and their connections through contiguity rather than continuity, providing evidence for the Neuron Doctrine. He also discovered axonal growth cones and interstitial cells of Cajal.
- Severo Ochoa helped close the Krebs cycle and discovered the enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase, which allowed synthesis of RNA in vitro and helped him win the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1959.
- Joan Oró showed that hydrogen cyanide could produce nitrogenous bases like adenine and amino acids, important in theories of the origin of life on Earth. He also pioneered the theory of
The document provides biographical information about four notable Romanian figures:
- Henri Coandă, a pioneer of aviation who invented the jet engine and studied fluid dynamics.
- Ana Aslan, the first woman to graduate from medical school in Romania and founder of the world's first Institute of Geriatrics.
- Emil Racoviță, the first biologist to study the Arctic and founder of bio-speleology after exploring over 1,400 caves worldwide.
- It also mentions their significant scientific contributions and how they helped advance their fields through research and establishing important institutions.
Ružička was born in Vukovar, Croatia and attended secondary school in Osijek, originally wanting to become a priest but switching to study chemistry. He studied chemistry at the Technical University of Karlsruhe in Germany and was an assistant to Hermann Staudinger at the Institute of Technology in Zurich, beginning his scientific career and collaborating with the chemical industry. In 1939, he won the Nobel Prize for his research on polymethylene, higher terpenes, and sex hormones, becoming the first Croatian to win the Nobel Prize.
Ruđer Bošković was an 18th century Croatian scientist and philosopher who studied and worked in Italy. He published works on physics and argued that matter is composed of particles surrounded by empty space, criticizing Newton's view of absolute space. He is recognized as one of the founders of modern atomic theory and for his contributions across many fields of science. The Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb is named in his honor.
Pietro Mennea was an Italian sprinter and politician who was the Olympic champion in the 200m in 1980. He set a 200m world record in 1979 and held it for 17 years. He was a determined athlete who took his training very seriously.
Novella Calligaris was the first Italian athlete to win an Olympic swimming medal, winning silver and bronze in 1972 at age 14. Federica Pellegrini is currently Italy's most successful female swimmer, winning gold in the 200m freestyle in 2008.
Valentina Vezzali is considered one of the greatest fencers of all time, having won six Olympic gold medals in foil competitions between 1996 and 2016.
Enzo
Franz Beckenbauer was a German football player and coach born in 1945 in Munich. He started his career with FC Bayern München in 1964 and had success with the German national team, winning the 1966 World Cup. As a player for Bayern München, he helped the club win multiple league and European titles between 1969-1976 before moving to the New York Cosmos. After retiring as a player, he coached Germany to win the 1990 World Cup and served as president of Bayern München. He has supported charities helping beggars through the Franz Beckenbauer Stiftung.
James Anderson is England's all-time highest international wicket-taker in cricket, having taken over 1676 wickets in his career since debuting for Lancashire County in 2002. Jessica Ennis won Olympic gold in heptathlon at the 2009 games and holds the world record in heptathlon high jump. Rebecca Adlington won two gold medals in swimming at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and held the world record for 800m freestyle at just 19 years old.
This document provides biographical information about four famous Romanian athletes:
Nadia Comaneci, the first female gymnast to score a perfect 10 at the Olympics and a five-time Olympic medalist; Gheorghe Hagi, considered Romania's greatest footballer who starred for Steaua Bucharest and Real Madrid; Simona Halep, currently Romania's top-ranked female tennis player and former world #1; and Ilie Năstase, one of the greatest male tennis players of the 1970s, winning numerous Grand Slam titles. It outlines their early careers, successes, accomplishments, and legacy in their respective sports.
Luka Modrić is a professional Croatian football player who currently plays for Real Madrid C.F. and the Croatian national team. He was born in Zadar, Croatia in 1985 and spent his childhood in a small village, where during the war his family fled from Serbian aggressors. At age 10, he joined the youth academy of Dinamo Zagreb and went on loan to Mostar Zrinjski and Inter Zaprešić, where he showed his talent. In 2008, he transferred to Tottenham Hotspur and helped lead them before joining Real Madrid in 2012 for €42 million. He currently lives in Madrid with his wife and two children.
Goran Ivanišević is the most successful Croatian tennis player, known for his left-handed style of play and powerful serve. He started playing tennis at age 17 at his father's insistence and went on to win numerous singles and doubles titles, including the 2001 Wimbledon championship as a wildcard entrant ranked 125th in the world, making him the lowest ranked player to ever win Wimbledon. Ivanišević also won two bronze medals at the 1992 Olympics and reached three Wimbledon finals in total, though he lost his first two matches against Andre Agassi and Pete Sampras. He is renowned for holding the record for most aces served in a single season.
Dražen Petrović was a Croatian professional basketball player who achieved success playing in Europe and later in the NBA. He began his career playing for local teams in Croatia before joining prestigious European clubs like Cibona and Real Madrid, winning championships with both. In 1989, he joined the NBA's Portland Trail Blazers, but later found more success with the New Jersey Nets, being named the team's MVP. Tragically, Petrović died in a car accident in 1993 at the young age of 28 while traveling back to Croatia. He is still remembered today for his skill and dedication to the game.
This document provides biographical information on four important figures in Croatian literature: August Šenoa, Antun Gustav Matoš, Miroslav Krleža, and Anton Kontić. It discusses their dates of birth and death, education backgrounds, major works, and their significance in transitioning Croatian literature to realism and modernism between the 1860s-early 20th century. Šenoa is described as the "Father of Croatian novel" who wrote over ten novels including Goldsmith's Gold. Matoš was an influential modernist known for his poems like "Comfort of Hair". Krleža was the most prominent 20th century Croatian writer who authored over 50 works
La OAZA-ML es una organización que promueve la paz y la justicia en el Medio Oriente. Busca una solución de dos estados para Israel y Palestina mediante negociaciones pacíficas que establezcan fronteras seguras y reconozcan los derechos de ambos pueblos.
20 students aged 30-65 from the L-PATHS learning lab in Croatia are involved in a project to learn new IT and language skills. Most have only a high school degree and are unemployed or retired. Through the project, the students hope to develop IT skills to increase their job prospects, improve their language abilities, learn more about European folk traditions, and meet new people from other European countries.
Nicolae Ceaușescu rose through the ranks of the Romanian Communist Party to become the dominant political figure in Romania from 1965 to 1989. Initially popular for his independent stance from the Soviet Union, he consolidated power and instituted a harsh authoritarian regime and cult of personality. His repressive policies and mismanagement of the economy led to growing unrest, culminating in a popular revolution in December 1989 that overthrew and executed Ceaușescu and his wife.
Pare Manyanet was founded in the 19th century by Josep Manyanet, a Catholic priest from Catalonia, Spain. He founded two religious institutes dedicated to Catholic education and opened schools across Catalonia and in other countries in Europe, Africa, and America. Today, Pare Manyanet is a school located in Barcelona, Spain with various facilities that support students' educational and extracurricular needs, including classrooms, labs, a library, chapel, gym, playgrounds, pool, and television studio. It follows the Catholic educational model established by its founder.
Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, located on Spain's northeastern coast along the Mediterranean Sea. With over 1.6 million inhabitants, it is Spain's second largest city. Some of Barcelona's most notable landmarks include Antoni Gaudi's La Pedrera, Palau de la Música Catalana, and the still unfinished Sagrada Família basilica, all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Barcelona has a Mediterranean climate and is known for its architecture, parks, museums, and status as a global hub for culture, finance, trade, and tourism.
This document provides biographical information on three notable figures: Banksy, William Shakespeare, and Rowan Atkinson. It describes Banksy as a street artist whose graffiti-style work makes structures more valuable. It notes that Shakespeare was a playwright and poet born in 1564 who owned the Globe Theatre. And it outlines Rowan Atkinson's career as a comedian known for Mr. Bean and Blackadder, and notes he was awarded a CBE for his contributions to drama and charity.
This document provides a biography of the renowned Romanian soprano Angela Gheorghiu. It notes that she was born in Adjud, Romania and studied music at the Music School in Bucharest and the Bucharest Music Academy. In the late 1980s she began performing leading roles at major opera houses across Europe. She made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 1992 and established herself as one of the greatest sopranos with her performance of Violetta in La Traviata at the Royal Opera House in 1994. The document highlights her role in continuing the tradition of great Romanian opera singers.
1. LLP Comenius Multilateral Partnership 2013-2015
Material prepared by:
Daniela Livadaru (Teacher of Religion)
and presented by:
Macrina Bârlădeanu – 1oth Grade Student
Alin Miron – 11th Grade Student
Project Meeting in Munich, Germania
- the 21st – the 26th of March 2014-
2. a Romanian literary critic, essayist,
philosopher, pedagogue, politician,
prime minister of Romania in 1912
and 1914, Internal Affairs minister ,
founder member of the Romanian
Academy;
he is considered a Mecena of
Romanian culture in an important
transition phase;
3. Born on the 15th of February, 1840, in
Craiova, in a high-esteemed
intellectual family;
He graduated in 1858 at The
Theresianum Academy in Vienna, as
first in his class;
Eager to continue his studies, in 1859
he obtained his PhD in Philosophy at
Giessen, in 1860 he got his license in
Philology and Philosophy in Sorbona
and in 1861 a license in Law at Paris;Photo showing Maiorescu in his youth
4. 1863 – Dean of the Philosophy Faculty
in Iaşi and History course professor,
then Rector of the University of Iaşi;
1863, October – principal of “Vasile
Lupu” Normal School in Iaşi, where
he taught Pedagogy, Romanian
Grammar, Psychology and
Composition;
He reorganized the school and
initiated the pedagogical practice of
students;
Maiorescu in his middle-ages
5. After his return to Romania, in 1861, he
used his knowledge and skills to
contribute to the progress of the recently
formed state, after the union in 1859, and
of the cultural and political life at an
European level;
He had a rapid ascent: University
professor at 22 years old, dean and rector
at 23, academician at 27, deputy at 30 and
minister at 34;
In 1861, he started to address the
“popular prelections”, on different topics;
Maiorescu in his full ascent
6. 1863 – he founded alongside with other
foreign-educated friends The Junimea
Society, the most influential intellectual
and political association from Romania
in the 19th century;
The earliest literary gathering was in
1864, to hear a translation of Macbeth;
Members started to meet each Sunday,
discuss the problems of the day and
review the newest literary works;
Maiorescu in his full ascent
7. Annual lectures were held on broad
themes, such as Psychological
Researches (1868 and 1869), Man
and Nature (1873) or The Germans
(1875), addressing to intellectuals,
students, lawyers, professors,
government officials, etc.;
The society was frequented by the
Romanian literature classics – Mihai
Eminescu, Ion Creangă, Ion Luca
Caragiale, Ioan Slavici – and many
other important cultural
personalities;
Romanian classics meeting at Junimea
8. Junimea brought a new wave of
German influence, accommodating
thus Romanticism;
In the same time, it introduced
Realism into local literature, while
only few literary figures represented
the French-influence;
The society, through Maiorescu’s
voice, favoured an accurate use of
the Romanian language;
The society encouraged a move
towards professionalism in the
writing of history, as well as
intensified research;
Pogor House in Iași, the headquarters
of Junimea; nowadays, The Romanian
Literature Museum
9. 1867 - Junimea started publishing its own
literary review, Convorbiri literare
(Literary Discussions), one of the most
important publications in the history of
Romanian literature;
The journal added a new, modern vision
to the whole Romanian culture, defining
itself through ethic and aesthetic value
sense;
Many important Romanian poets,
novelists, drama writers… published their
works in this journal;
Cover from 1920, on the commemoration
of Maiorescu’s 80th birth anniversary
10. As Minister of Education in late-19th
century cabinets, he supported the
creation of new opportunities in the field
(schools in rural areas, selection of the
best manuals, conservation of national
heritage, mentoring, the granting of
scholarships), amounting thus to the
creation of an influential Romanian
generation of historians;
He reacted against the prevailing interest
in literary form at the expense of content
and pointed toward a later reassessment
of the uses of literature.
Maiorescu in his latest years
11. Romanian historian of religion,
philosopher, fiction writer and
professor;
He established paradigms in
religious studies that persist to this
day.
He represents excellence in culture,
being regarded as proof that
Romania’s interwar culture could
reach higher levels of depth,
sophistication and creativity.
12. Born on the 7th of March, 1907, in Bucharest, in
a religious family;
He attended the University of Bucharest's
Faculty of Philosophy and Letters in 1928;
He studied Italian, English, Persian and
Hebrew and he stayed a few years in British
India with a scholarship, where he also learnt
Sanskrit;
He studied Indian philosophy and he
personally met Mahatma Gandhi;
Eliade received his PhD in 1933, with a thesis
on Yoga practices, paper with significant
impact in Romania and abroad;Photo showing Eliade in his youth
13. Treatise on the History of Religions (3 vols.
1976-1983) was praised worldwide for its
coherence and ability to synthesize diverse and
distinct mythologies;
Eliade is famous for his attempt to find broad,
cross-cultural parallels and unities in religion,
particularly in myths – the Eternal Return;
In The Sacred and the Profane Eliade argues
that religious thought in general rests on a
sharp distinction between the Sacred and the
Profane. He shows how religion emerges from
the experience of the sacred, and myths of
time and nature.
14. Eliade notes that, in traditional societies,
myth represents the absolute truth about
primordial time. It was the time when the
Sacred first appeared, establishing the world's
structure.
Eliade argues that all myths are, in that sense,
origin myths: "myth, then, is always an
account of a creation".
According to Eliade's theory, only the Sacred
has value, only a thing's first appearance has
value and this is the reason for the “nostalgia
for origins" that appears in many religions, the
desire to return to a primordial Paradise.
15. According to Eliade, there are two types of people:
the nonreligious man and the traditional man;
For traditional man, historical events gain
significance by imitating sacred, transcendent
events.
“The modern nonreligious man assumes a new
existential situation”. In contrast, he lacks sacred
models for how history or human behaviour
should be, so he must decide on his own how
history should be.
He sees in Christianity the ultimate example of a
religion embracing linear, historical time, giving
purpose to existence.
16. Mircea Eliade is also an intensely prolific author of fiction and non-
fiction alike, publishing over 1,300 pieces over 60 years, novels,
novellas, and short stories.
His experiences in the Himalayas, at Swami Shivananda's ashram,
where he went to meditate, Eliade depicted in the novel Maitreyi
(1933), which became a success.
He earned international fame with Le Mythe de L'éternal Retour
(1949, The Myth of the Eternal Return), an interpretation of religious
symbols and imagery, followed by Mythes, rêves et mystères (1957,
Myths, Dreams, and Mysteries). Eliade was much interested in the
world of the unconscious.
An important role play his autobiographic journal and essays
containing personal reflections on his own life and works as well as
on scholarly, religious, social, and political developments in Romania
and the world;
17. Mircea Eliade's earliest works, most of
which were published at later stages,
belong to the fantasy genre. The early
writings also include two sketches for
novels: The Wonderful Journey of the
Five Beetles into the Land of the Red
Ants and The Memoirs of a Lead
Soldier. Eliade himself explained that
The Memoirs of a Lead Soldier was an
ambitious project, designed as a fresco
to include the birth of the Universe,
abiogenesis, human evolution, and the
entire world history.
18. An endowed chair in the History of
Religions at the University of Chicago
Divinity School was named after Eliade
in recognition of his wide contribution to
the research on this subject;
In 1990, Eliade was elected posthumously
to the Romanian Academy.
In Romania, Mircea Eliade's legacy in the
field of the history of religions is
mirrored by the journal Archaeus
(founded 1997).
His legacy in the field of history of
religions was scrutinized by various
scholars, some of whom were his direct
students at the University of Chicago.
19.
20.
21. Orthodox theologian, academic, and
professor, teacher of Orthodox
spirituality and the spiritual life;
a guide and teacher of the theology
of humility, a translator of Patristic
treasures, and a tireless author of
theological and spiritual works;
He is considered one of the foremost
Christian theologians of the 20th
Century.
22. Born on the 16th of November, 1903, in
Vlădeni, Braşov, in a peasant family;
He graduated in 1922 at Andrei Şaguna
Confessional Humanist Lyceum in
Braşov and the Theology Faculty in
Cernăuţi în 1927, obtaining his PhD in
Theology at Cernăuţi, in 1928;
He specialized in Byzantinology and
Dogmatics, attending courses in
Munich, Berlin, Athens, Paris and
Constantinople;
Photo showing father Stăniloae in
his youth
23. 1934 – Fr. Stăniloae became the director
of the newspaper Romanian Telegraph, a
position he held until 1945;
1929 – associate professor and then
rector (1936) of the Theological Academy
in Sibiu, position held till 1946;
1958 – he was arrested for attending the
Burning Altar group, a movement for
the rejuvenation of Orthodox Christian
life in Bucharest, and confined to prison
till 1963;Father Stăniloae in his middle-ages
24. 1963 – after his release, he began working
for the Holy Synod of the Romanian
Orthodox Church;
1965 – he was asked by the Romanian State
Department of Cults to write articles and
take part in studies as the government
attempted to project an image of religious
freedom in Romania, which permitted to
travel and attend worldwide conferences
(Freiburg, Heidelberg, Oxford);
He received honorary doctoral degrees
(Thessaloniki, 1976); St. Sergius Orthodox
Institute in Paris (1981); Belgrade (1982);
Athens (1991); Bucharest (1992);
A.M. Allchin (left), a famous Anglican
theologian, and Father Stăniloae
(right)
25. A gifted linguist who wrote in five
languages and knew very well old
Greek and Latin, he is the author of an
impressive work (more than 90 books,
275 studies, 33 translations and so on),
covering all fields of Theology;
His foremost works are Philokalia
(translated from old Greek, with
extensive commentaries between 1946-
1991), The Orthodox Dogmatic
Theology (1978), The Orthodox
Spirituality (1981).Many of the books in his library are
written by himself
26. The world is a manifestation of God;
The whole world ought to be regarded as
the gift of God to humankind;
The more human beings discover the
beauty of created things and the greater
the gratitude and love which responds to
God, the more God will respond with
still greater love;
It is very simple to conceive of God and
to know Him;
He strongly affirmed that God is
first of all Love
27. He placed great emphasis on solidarity
between humanity and creation;
Humanity is in a position to profoundly
affect the entire cosmos, by poisoning
and diminishing its spiritual dimension
or respecting it;
The whole natural order is destined for
glory alongside redeemed humanity;
Humankind is responsible for
sanctifying the entire creation;
He sees the human as a priest of creation,
offering the world back to God
28. His theology is rather a confession of
faith than an abstract system;
He emphasizes the concept of person
and communion, asking for love and
solidarity among people;
His perspective focuses on human
freedom and its true fulfillment in God;
Father Stăniloae invites us to rediscover
ourselves, our humanity and kindness
and to put them into practice;
The final goal of our life should be the
quest for divine, our moral restoration
and deification;A “flying eagle”, working for the
spiritual conversion of heart and mind
29. In your life be decisive, without
compromise or confusion, clear and
consistent.
Make your belief alive within you: life,
not theory.
Always ask yourself what are you
running after in your life, so as not to
drown in the sea of life.
We have to do our best to discern in
any man in a crowd a valuable face of
God that should deserve being loved,
that should need my love, a fact that
makes me leave behind the barrenness
of loneliness.
30. Time is the distance between the call of
God and our reply.
Kindness is the support of patience and
the door to love.
Prayer sets free the human being,
releases him from his exterior nature
and from himself.
You are necessary to me, not to make
you my subordinate and my serf, but
because I want you to be in the centre of
my preoccupation and my serving
towards you. You are necessary for me in
order to replace the need for myself
with the need and caring for you, to put
you in the place of my ego.