Signaling System #7 (SS7) is a set of telephony signaling protocols that are used to establish most of the world's public switched telephone network (PSTN) connections. The document discusses SS7 signaling, its protocol architecture, network architecture, call setup process, applications, interworking with IP networks, and the evolution to an all-IP network. It provides details on SS7 components like SSP, STP, and SCP and protocols like MTP, SCCP, TCAP, TUP, and ISUP. It also summarizes VoIP network configuration using SIGTRAN to carry SS7 over IP networks reliably.
SS7 is a global standard for telecommunications that defines procedures and protocols for exchanging information between network elements to effect call setup, routing, and control. It uses dedicated out-of-band signaling links and divides signaling functions into multiple protocol layers, including Message Transfer Part (MTP), ISDN User Part (ISUP), Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP), and Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP). MTP further divides into three levels that handle physical, data link, and network functions. ISUP and TUP establish and clear trunk circuits. SCCP provides global title translation and connection services. TCAP carries queries and responses for services.
The document provides a basic introduction to SS7 (Signaling System 7) including:
1. SS7 defines the elements and procedures for user identification, routing calls, billing, and managing calls on a global scale.
2. SS7 uses out-of-band signaling over high-speed dedicated data links and employs protocols like ISUP and TCAP to set up and tear down calls between network elements.
3. Key SS7 network elements include SSPs, STPs, and SCPs which work together to determine routing and provide supplementary services for calls.
The document discusses the SIGTRAN protocol stack and its components SCTP and M3UA. It provides an overview of these protocols, including their objectives, features, message structures, and functions in transferring SS7 signaling over IP networks. Key concepts discussed include SIGTRAN layers, SCTP transmission addressing, association establishment and termination, and M3UA routing, entities, and message transfer procedures.
Sigtran and SS7 over IP technologies allow the transport of SS7 signaling over an IP network. Sigtran defines protocols like SCTP and M3UA that encapsulate SS7 and ensure reliable delivery over IP. A phased deployment strategy migrates SS7 links onto IP in stages to test performance before full conversion. Testing focuses on priority, failure handling, latency, and interoperability to ensure equivalent functionality over IP.
M3UA is a protocol that allows legacy SS7 networks to be integrated with IP networks. It provides a way to transport SS7 signaling protocols like ISUP, SCCP, and TUP over IP using SCTP. M3UA is commonly deployed as an application server process that acts as a gateway, allowing SS7 networks to interface with IP-based networks. This allows telephony services to take advantage of IP networks while maintaining reliability. M3UA can be configured in a point-to-point or gateway setup.
The document discusses the Short Message Peer to Peer (SMPP) protocol, which is an open standard for exchanging short message data between SMS message centers and external client applications. It describes how SMPP uses requests and responses to facilitate communication between an External Short Message Entity (ESME) and an SMSC. Key aspects of SMPP covered include the session and binding procedures, protocol data units, operations, and error handling.
SS7 is a signaling system originally designed for telephone call setup and management between telephone exchanges and customer equipment. It has been developed to transport data and video traffic as well. SS7 uses out-of-band signaling where signaling information is carried on a separate channel from user data. The SS7 protocol stack includes layers like MTP1-3 for transport and routing, SCCP for additional routing functions, and TCAP to support special services through transactions between switches. A basic SS7 network consists of SSP, STP, SCP connected by signaling links to route messages for services like 800 calls.
The document provides an overview of Short Message Service (SMS) technology, including how SMS works, common SMS protocols like SMPP, and some open source SMS gateway software. It describes the basic concepts of SMS such as SMSCs, intra-operator and inter-operator SMS messages, and introduces SMPP as an open protocol for exchanging SMS data between applications and SMSCs. Popular open source SMS gateway software like Kannel and Tambur Messaging Gateway are also mentioned.
SS7 is a global standard for telecommunications that defines procedures and protocols for exchanging information between network elements to effect call setup, routing, and control. It uses dedicated out-of-band signaling links and divides signaling functions into multiple protocol layers, including Message Transfer Part (MTP), ISDN User Part (ISUP), Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP), and Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP). MTP further divides into three levels that handle physical, data link, and network functions. ISUP and TUP establish and clear trunk circuits. SCCP provides global title translation and connection services. TCAP carries queries and responses for services.
The document provides a basic introduction to SS7 (Signaling System 7) including:
1. SS7 defines the elements and procedures for user identification, routing calls, billing, and managing calls on a global scale.
2. SS7 uses out-of-band signaling over high-speed dedicated data links and employs protocols like ISUP and TCAP to set up and tear down calls between network elements.
3. Key SS7 network elements include SSPs, STPs, and SCPs which work together to determine routing and provide supplementary services for calls.
The document discusses the SIGTRAN protocol stack and its components SCTP and M3UA. It provides an overview of these protocols, including their objectives, features, message structures, and functions in transferring SS7 signaling over IP networks. Key concepts discussed include SIGTRAN layers, SCTP transmission addressing, association establishment and termination, and M3UA routing, entities, and message transfer procedures.
Sigtran and SS7 over IP technologies allow the transport of SS7 signaling over an IP network. Sigtran defines protocols like SCTP and M3UA that encapsulate SS7 and ensure reliable delivery over IP. A phased deployment strategy migrates SS7 links onto IP in stages to test performance before full conversion. Testing focuses on priority, failure handling, latency, and interoperability to ensure equivalent functionality over IP.
M3UA is a protocol that allows legacy SS7 networks to be integrated with IP networks. It provides a way to transport SS7 signaling protocols like ISUP, SCCP, and TUP over IP using SCTP. M3UA is commonly deployed as an application server process that acts as a gateway, allowing SS7 networks to interface with IP-based networks. This allows telephony services to take advantage of IP networks while maintaining reliability. M3UA can be configured in a point-to-point or gateway setup.
The document discusses the Short Message Peer to Peer (SMPP) protocol, which is an open standard for exchanging short message data between SMS message centers and external client applications. It describes how SMPP uses requests and responses to facilitate communication between an External Short Message Entity (ESME) and an SMSC. Key aspects of SMPP covered include the session and binding procedures, protocol data units, operations, and error handling.
SS7 is a signaling system originally designed for telephone call setup and management between telephone exchanges and customer equipment. It has been developed to transport data and video traffic as well. SS7 uses out-of-band signaling where signaling information is carried on a separate channel from user data. The SS7 protocol stack includes layers like MTP1-3 for transport and routing, SCCP for additional routing functions, and TCAP to support special services through transactions between switches. A basic SS7 network consists of SSP, STP, SCP connected by signaling links to route messages for services like 800 calls.
The document provides an overview of Short Message Service (SMS) technology, including how SMS works, common SMS protocols like SMPP, and some open source SMS gateway software. It describes the basic concepts of SMS such as SMSCs, intra-operator and inter-operator SMS messages, and introduces SMPP as an open protocol for exchanging SMS data between applications and SMSCs. Popular open source SMS gateway software like Kannel and Tambur Messaging Gateway are also mentioned.
The document provides an agenda and overview of Ulticom's Signalware SIGTRAN software as it relates to Vodafone Italy's NP project. It discusses SIGTRAN and its components SCTP and M3UA, and how Signalware implements these protocols. It describes Signalware's architecture, and how M3UA is used between the application server and signaling gateway. It also covers installation, configuration, operation and monitoring of Signalware M3UA.
SS7 is an international telecommunications standard that defines how network elements in a public switched telephone network exchange information over a digital signaling network. It uses out-of-band signaling where control information travels on a separate dedicated channel rather than within the same channel as the call. This allows calls to be set up more efficiently and enables special services like call forwarding. The SS7 network consists of signaling points like SSPs, STPs and SCPs that exchange messages to set up and manage calls and services between network elements.
Fundamental of Quality of Service(QoS) Reza Farahani
This slide contains fundamental concept about Quality of Service (QoS) technolog, according to the latest version of Cisco books (CCIE R&S and CCIE SP) and i taught it at IRAN TIC company.In the next slide, i upload advanced topic about this attractive technology.
This slide for your understanding on LTE !
LTE, the wireless access protocol for 4G mobile network service, has evolved from GSM and WCDMA based on 3GPP!
The contents of this slide is below;
I. LTE Introduction
II. LTE Protocol Layer
III. SAE Architecture
IV. NAS(Non Access Stratum) Protocols
V. EPC Protocol Stacks
With my regards,
Guisun Han
The document provides information about an upcoming training course on deploying MPLS L3 VPNs. It includes details about the trainers, Nurul Islam Roman and Jessica Wei, their backgrounds and areas of expertise. It also outlines the course agenda which will cover topics such as MPLS VPN models, terminology, operation, configuration examples and service deployment scenarios.
SS7 and SIGTRAN technologies continue to be important for connecting new and existing networks due to their proven reliability and ability to support legacy infrastructure. They enable critical applications like value-added services, IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) adoption, and the rollout of 4G/LTE networks. Vendors offer integrated hardware modules and software solutions using SS7 and SIGTRAN to help telecom providers accelerate development and reduce costs.
this slide contains fundamental concept about VPLS protocol, according to the latest version of Cisco books and i taught it at IRAN TIC company.in the next slide, i upload attractive advanced feature about VPLS.
(Some of the pictures in this slide are borrowed from the wonderful site of my good friend Gokhan Kosem)
(www.ipcisco.com)
The document provides an overview of GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) technology. It discusses:
- The need for GPRS to provide faster speeds, immediacy, new applications, and user-friendly billing.
- The history and development of GPRS from HSCSD as an upgrade path for GSM networks.
- Key GPRS network elements like the SGSN, GGSN, and their roles in routing packets and connecting to external networks.
- GPRS architecture and how it works in parallel with existing GSM networks.
- Logical channels used for control, signaling, and transport of user data packets.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and transmission schemes. It describes the simplified LTE network elements including eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It explains the downlink transmission scheme using OFDMA and reference signal structure. It also covers uplink transmission using SC-FDMA, control and data channels as well as frame structure in both FDD and TDD modes.
VoLTE Flows and legacy CS network. Basic call routing to and from CS network using BGCF, MGCF, MGW. ENUM role in routing. IMS Cetralized Services (IMC) and SRVCC scenarios.
This document provides an introduction to Sigtran, which is a working group that defined an architecture and protocols for transporting real-time signaling data like SS7 over IP networks. It describes the key components of the Sigtran architecture, including the new SCTP transport protocol and user adaptation layers that allow protocols like SS7 and ISDN to be carried over SCTP in a way that addresses limitations of TCP. The document outlines problems with using TCP and explains how features of SCTP like multi-streaming help make it better suited for transporting signaling messages.
This document provides an overview of ISUP (Integrated Services Digital Network User Part) call signaling procedures. It describes the basic ISUP call sequence, message structure, and key messages and parameters. Procedures covered include early ACM, suspend-resume, enbloc and overlap dialing methods, continuity checks, circuit management messages like RSC and GRS, and call progress messages. Mandatory parameters are listed for main ISUP messages like IAM, ACM, ANM, REL and CPG.
This presentation outlines the core functions of TCP - Transmission Control Protocol.
These comprise TCP Connection Control, TCP Flow Control, TCP Error Control, TCP Congestion Control, TCP Options and TCP Timers.
TCP/IP is the Internet core protocol that provides reliable, connection-oriented and stream-based communication service. Most of Internet traffic is carried in TCP connections, so scalability and reliability are crucial for a stable network on a global scale.
The document discusses GPRS network architecture and processes. It describes how a mobile station (MS) attaches to and detaches from the GPRS network by communicating with the SGSN and HLR. It also describes how a temporary block flow (TBF) is established to enable data transfer between the MS and network. Additionally, it outlines how a packet data protocol (PDP) context is activated and deactivated to manage the subscriber's data session.
SS7 (Signaling System 7) is a set of telephony signaling protocols that are used to set up most of the world's public switched telephone network (PSTN) telephone calls. It uses a separate channel for signaling information rather than transmitting call setup and control data over the same channel as the actual voice circuit. The SS7 protocol stack has multiple layers including the MTP, SCCP and TCAP layers to transport signaling messages and route calls between network elements. Common SS7 protocols include ISUP, MAP, TCAP and CAP.
The document outlines basic call flows for location updates, mobile originating calls (MOC), mobile terminating calls (MTC), and IP calls. It describes the key steps as:
1) Location update involves identity response, authentication between the SIM and MSC, update location requests, and ciphering.
2) For MOC, the mobile station sends a setup message with the dialed number, the MSC sends a send routing information message to the HLR, and the HLR responds with routing instructions allowing the call to be connected.
3) For MTC, the MSC requests a roaming number from the HLR, the HLR provides a number and the MSC pages the mobile station to alert
The document discusses network layer performance and congestion control. It covers key network layer performance metrics like delay, throughput and packet loss. It then discusses various sources of delay like transmission, propagation, processing and queuing delays. It also discusses throughput and packet loss. The second half of the document focuses on congestion control techniques including open-loop methods like retransmission policies and closed-loop methods like backpressure and explicit signaling.
SS7 is a global standard for telecommunications that defines procedures and protocols for exchanging information between network elements to setup, route, and control calls. It uses a dedicated digital signaling network and 56/64 kbps signaling links. There are three main types of signaling points: SSPs that originate/terminate calls, STPs that route traffic, and SCPs that determine call routing. The protocol has multiple layers including MTP for transport, SCCP for addressing, and applications like ISUP for call control and TCAP for database queries.
Practical Fundamentals of Voice over IP (VoIP) for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
In the past five years, technologies have converged to such an extent that one can transmit voice, fax and video over the same internet protocol network that one uses for data. This workshop examines Voice over IP (VoIP) technologies and provides you with the skills to competently implement a VoIP network for your organisation. Numerous case studies and exercises throughout the course ensure that you get a good grasp on the technologies used. Solid practical advice is given on application, implementation and most importantly troubleshooting these systems.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-fundamentals-voice-over-ip-voip-engineers-and-technicians-3
The document provides an agenda and overview of Ulticom's Signalware SIGTRAN software as it relates to Vodafone Italy's NP project. It discusses SIGTRAN and its components SCTP and M3UA, and how Signalware implements these protocols. It describes Signalware's architecture, and how M3UA is used between the application server and signaling gateway. It also covers installation, configuration, operation and monitoring of Signalware M3UA.
SS7 is an international telecommunications standard that defines how network elements in a public switched telephone network exchange information over a digital signaling network. It uses out-of-band signaling where control information travels on a separate dedicated channel rather than within the same channel as the call. This allows calls to be set up more efficiently and enables special services like call forwarding. The SS7 network consists of signaling points like SSPs, STPs and SCPs that exchange messages to set up and manage calls and services between network elements.
Fundamental of Quality of Service(QoS) Reza Farahani
This slide contains fundamental concept about Quality of Service (QoS) technolog, according to the latest version of Cisco books (CCIE R&S and CCIE SP) and i taught it at IRAN TIC company.In the next slide, i upload advanced topic about this attractive technology.
This slide for your understanding on LTE !
LTE, the wireless access protocol for 4G mobile network service, has evolved from GSM and WCDMA based on 3GPP!
The contents of this slide is below;
I. LTE Introduction
II. LTE Protocol Layer
III. SAE Architecture
IV. NAS(Non Access Stratum) Protocols
V. EPC Protocol Stacks
With my regards,
Guisun Han
The document provides information about an upcoming training course on deploying MPLS L3 VPNs. It includes details about the trainers, Nurul Islam Roman and Jessica Wei, their backgrounds and areas of expertise. It also outlines the course agenda which will cover topics such as MPLS VPN models, terminology, operation, configuration examples and service deployment scenarios.
SS7 and SIGTRAN technologies continue to be important for connecting new and existing networks due to their proven reliability and ability to support legacy infrastructure. They enable critical applications like value-added services, IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) adoption, and the rollout of 4G/LTE networks. Vendors offer integrated hardware modules and software solutions using SS7 and SIGTRAN to help telecom providers accelerate development and reduce costs.
this slide contains fundamental concept about VPLS protocol, according to the latest version of Cisco books and i taught it at IRAN TIC company.in the next slide, i upload attractive advanced feature about VPLS.
(Some of the pictures in this slide are borrowed from the wonderful site of my good friend Gokhan Kosem)
(www.ipcisco.com)
The document provides an overview of GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) technology. It discusses:
- The need for GPRS to provide faster speeds, immediacy, new applications, and user-friendly billing.
- The history and development of GPRS from HSCSD as an upgrade path for GSM networks.
- Key GPRS network elements like the SGSN, GGSN, and their roles in routing packets and connecting to external networks.
- GPRS architecture and how it works in parallel with existing GSM networks.
- Logical channels used for control, signaling, and transport of user data packets.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and transmission schemes. It describes the simplified LTE network elements including eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It explains the downlink transmission scheme using OFDMA and reference signal structure. It also covers uplink transmission using SC-FDMA, control and data channels as well as frame structure in both FDD and TDD modes.
VoLTE Flows and legacy CS network. Basic call routing to and from CS network using BGCF, MGCF, MGW. ENUM role in routing. IMS Cetralized Services (IMC) and SRVCC scenarios.
This document provides an introduction to Sigtran, which is a working group that defined an architecture and protocols for transporting real-time signaling data like SS7 over IP networks. It describes the key components of the Sigtran architecture, including the new SCTP transport protocol and user adaptation layers that allow protocols like SS7 and ISDN to be carried over SCTP in a way that addresses limitations of TCP. The document outlines problems with using TCP and explains how features of SCTP like multi-streaming help make it better suited for transporting signaling messages.
This document provides an overview of ISUP (Integrated Services Digital Network User Part) call signaling procedures. It describes the basic ISUP call sequence, message structure, and key messages and parameters. Procedures covered include early ACM, suspend-resume, enbloc and overlap dialing methods, continuity checks, circuit management messages like RSC and GRS, and call progress messages. Mandatory parameters are listed for main ISUP messages like IAM, ACM, ANM, REL and CPG.
This presentation outlines the core functions of TCP - Transmission Control Protocol.
These comprise TCP Connection Control, TCP Flow Control, TCP Error Control, TCP Congestion Control, TCP Options and TCP Timers.
TCP/IP is the Internet core protocol that provides reliable, connection-oriented and stream-based communication service. Most of Internet traffic is carried in TCP connections, so scalability and reliability are crucial for a stable network on a global scale.
The document discusses GPRS network architecture and processes. It describes how a mobile station (MS) attaches to and detaches from the GPRS network by communicating with the SGSN and HLR. It also describes how a temporary block flow (TBF) is established to enable data transfer between the MS and network. Additionally, it outlines how a packet data protocol (PDP) context is activated and deactivated to manage the subscriber's data session.
SS7 (Signaling System 7) is a set of telephony signaling protocols that are used to set up most of the world's public switched telephone network (PSTN) telephone calls. It uses a separate channel for signaling information rather than transmitting call setup and control data over the same channel as the actual voice circuit. The SS7 protocol stack has multiple layers including the MTP, SCCP and TCAP layers to transport signaling messages and route calls between network elements. Common SS7 protocols include ISUP, MAP, TCAP and CAP.
The document outlines basic call flows for location updates, mobile originating calls (MOC), mobile terminating calls (MTC), and IP calls. It describes the key steps as:
1) Location update involves identity response, authentication between the SIM and MSC, update location requests, and ciphering.
2) For MOC, the mobile station sends a setup message with the dialed number, the MSC sends a send routing information message to the HLR, and the HLR responds with routing instructions allowing the call to be connected.
3) For MTC, the MSC requests a roaming number from the HLR, the HLR provides a number and the MSC pages the mobile station to alert
The document discusses network layer performance and congestion control. It covers key network layer performance metrics like delay, throughput and packet loss. It then discusses various sources of delay like transmission, propagation, processing and queuing delays. It also discusses throughput and packet loss. The second half of the document focuses on congestion control techniques including open-loop methods like retransmission policies and closed-loop methods like backpressure and explicit signaling.
SS7 is a global standard for telecommunications that defines procedures and protocols for exchanging information between network elements to setup, route, and control calls. It uses a dedicated digital signaling network and 56/64 kbps signaling links. There are three main types of signaling points: SSPs that originate/terminate calls, STPs that route traffic, and SCPs that determine call routing. The protocol has multiple layers including MTP for transport, SCCP for addressing, and applications like ISUP for call control and TCAP for database queries.
Practical Fundamentals of Voice over IP (VoIP) for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
In the past five years, technologies have converged to such an extent that one can transmit voice, fax and video over the same internet protocol network that one uses for data. This workshop examines Voice over IP (VoIP) technologies and provides you with the skills to competently implement a VoIP network for your organisation. Numerous case studies and exercises throughout the course ensure that you get a good grasp on the technologies used. Solid practical advice is given on application, implementation and most importantly troubleshooting these systems.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-fundamentals-voice-over-ip-voip-engineers-and-technicians-3
The document provides an overview of Signaling System 7 (SS7), which is an international standard for exchanging call setup, routing, and control information between telecommunications network elements in the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Key points discussed include:
- SS7 enables enhanced services like caller ID, call forwarding, toll-free numbers, and wireless roaming.
- SS7 uses a separate packet-switched network for signaling data rather than in-band signaling over voice channels.
- The SS7 network consists of switching points like service switching points (SSPs), signal transfer points (STPs), and service control points (SCPs).
- SS7 signaling links connect these
The Saudi Railways Organisation awarded a contract to Siemens and Nour Communications to improve safety and increase capacity on the Dammam to Riyadh rail line. The project included installing an ETCS signaling system, GSM-R communications, and a new control center to monitor train movements. Nour Communications was responsible for civil works, power systems, installation, and 5 years of maintenance support.
Channel Capacity and Uniform/Non-Uniform Signaling For FSO ChannlsAishwary Singh
This work considers the design of capacity approaching, non-uniform optical intensity signaling in the presence of average and peak amplitude constraints. It is known that the capacity achieving input distribution is discrete with a finite number of mass points, finding it requires complex non-linear optimization at every SNR. A simple expression for a capacity-approaching distribution is derived via source entropy maximization.
For queries
Aishwarya
palsinghaishwarya@gmail.com
Signal and telicommunication/sanjeet-1308143sanjeet kumar
This document provides information about Sanjeet Kumar's 6 week industrial training at the East Central Railway Hajipur HQ Signal & Telecommunication department. It includes summaries of optical fiber communications, telephone exchanges, STM-1, mobile communications, video conferencing, and the basic components and history of railway signaling and control systems in India such as interlocking, panel interlocking, route relay interlocking, and track circuits.
Philippe Langlois - SCTPscan Finding entry points to SS7 Networks & Telecommu...P1Security
This document discusses the history of telecommunications security and exploring signaling networks. It begins with the origins of "phreaking" in the 1960s and blue boxes. It then covers more modern threats like SIP account hacking and SS7/SIGTRAN hacking. The document reviews digital telephony concepts and how SS7 networks are organized. It explains how SIGTRAN moved SS7 to TCP/IP using SCTP. It discusses discovering SS7 networks through SCTP scanning and fingerprinting SCTP stacks. The presentation demonstrates SCTPscan and analyzing higher layer protocols with Ethereal.
This document provides an overview of telecommunication networks. It describes the main components of radio access networks including 2G, 3G, BTS, NodeB. It also describes the core network components like MSC, SGSN, GGSN. It explains the OSI vs SS7 protocols stacks. It provides information on Sigtran which is SS7 over IP. Finally, it lists various call flows like location update, attach, originating and terminating calls for GSM and GPRS networks.
This document provides an overview of the key principles and components of a GSM network, including:
- The mobile station consists of the mobile equipment and subscriber identity module.
- The base station subsystem comprises the base transceiver station, which provides radio access, and the base station controller, which manages radio resources.
- The network switching subsystem includes the mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, and equipment identity register.
- The network uses several interfaces to connect the different components and allow mobility across the network.
Common channel Signalling System No 7 pptSrashti Vyas
SS7 is an architecture that supports call establishment, billing, routing, and information exchange on the public switched telephone network through out-of-band signaling. It uses separate dedicated signaling links rather than voice trunks to set up connections. The SS7 network consists of signaling points including service switching points, signaling transfer points, and service control points that interface with databases to route signaling messages and provide services like prepaid calling and local number portability.
The document provides an overview of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). It discusses that the PSTN is the interconnected telephone system that uses copper wires to make circuit-switched calls. It then covers the evolution of the PSTN from its invention in 1876 to present digital switches, the use of bandwidth allocation and numbering schemes, and call setup which involves signaling and switching systems to route calls.
SIP - More than meets the eye
Speakers:
Ofer Cohen - VOIP Group Leader, LivePerson
Yossi Maimon - VOIP Technical Leader, LivePerson
An Introduction to the SIP protocol.
SIP Position in telecommunication networks and the content services.
What is SIP:
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a signaling communications protocol, widely used for controlling multimedia communication sessions such as voice and video calls over Internet Protocol (IP) networks.
The protocol defines the messages that are sent between peers which govern establishment, termination and other essential elements of a call. SIP can be used for creating, modifying and terminating sessions consisting of one or several media streams. SIP can be used for two-party (unicast) or multiparty (multicast) sessions. Other SIP applications include video conferencing, streaming multimedia distribution, instant messaging, presence information, file transfer, fax over IP and online games.
(Source: Wikipedia)
The document provides an overview of the GSM network architecture, including its three main subsystems: the Mobile Station subsystem, the Base Station Subsystem, and the Network Switching Subsystem. It describes the key elements and interfaces within each subsystem, such as the Mobile Station, Base Transceiver Station, Base Station Controller, Mobile Switching Center, Home Location Register, and Visitor Location Register. The interfaces that connect these elements, such as the A, Abis, and Um interfaces, are also introduced.
Signaling System #7 (SS7) is a set of telephony signaling protocols that is used to set up most of the world's public switched telephone network (PSTN) connections. It uses a separate channel for call signaling and allows for faster call setup times than older methods. The key components of an SS7 network include service switching points, signaling transfer points, and service control points. SS7 enables services like caller ID, local number portability, and the routing of calls between networks.
SS7 is an architecture for performing out-of-band signaling to support call establishment, billing, routing and information exchange functions of the public switched telephone network. It uses a separate dedicated signaling network with higher data rates to efficiently route short signaling messages between switches. The SS7 network acts as the "brain" by determining if lines are available and instructing switches to connect calls, while the circuit network forms the "muscles" by establishing the actual voice paths. Key components include Signaling Switching Points, Signaling Transfer Points, and Signaling Control Points.
This document provides an overview of Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) architecture and protocols. It describes the layers of the SS7 protocol stack including the Message Transfer Part (MTP), Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP), and Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP). It also discusses SS7 node types, link types, and signaling scenarios. Finally, it provides details on various SS7 application protocols used in cellular networks, such as the Mobile Application Part (MAP) protocol.
Signaling System #7 (SS7) is a telecommunications protocol that defines high-speed circuit switching for telephone calls and uses out-of-band signaling between service switching points, signal transfer points, and service control points. It has advantages like separation of control information onto logically separate paths, message-oriented call information exchange, and ability of a single signaling channel to carry information about multiple trunks. The SS7 architecture includes service switching points, service control points, and signal transfer points that communicate using protocols like ISUP, TCAP, and SCCP.
Signaling System No. 7 is a set of telephony signaling protocols developed in 1975, which is used to set up and tear down telephone calls in most parts of the world-wide public switched telephone network.
What is Signaling?Common Channel Signaling Modes?What is SS7?
SS7 (Common Channel Signaling System 7) is a global standard defined by the ITU for telecommunications networks to exchange signaling information for call setup and routing over a digital network. It allows for wireless and wireline calls as well as enhanced services. SS7 uses out-of-band signaling over dedicated channels between network elements called signaling points, including SSPs, STPs, and SCPs. SS7 messages are transmitted over these signaling links and routing points using a layered protocol stack.
Signaling System 7 (SS7) is an architecture that supports out-of-band signaling for call setup and management functions in the public switched telephone network. The SS7 architecture defines separate signaling networks consisting of three key elements: signal switching points (SSPs) at telephone switches, signal transfer points (STPs) that route signaling messages, and signal control points (SCPs) that provide call processing information. This allows any SSP to exchange signaling information with any other SS7-capable node indirectly through the signaling network.
Signaling System 7 (SS7) is an architecture that supports out-of-band signaling for call setup, routing, and information exchange on the public switched telephone network. It defines network elements like signal switching points, signal transfer points, and signal control points that exchange signaling messages using a separate digital signaling network. The document provides examples of how basic call setup and a database query work using SS7 signaling messages routed through the signaling network elements.
This presentation summarizes the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and covers networking concepts relevant to the CCNA including networking devices, the OSI model, IP addressing, routing, access lists, network address translation, switches, virtual LANs, WAN connection types, wireless technology, and comparisons of 802.11 wireless standards.
The document provides information about the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard and its various layers:
- The PHY layer includes the physical layer convergence protocol and physical medium dependent sublayers. The PHY layer supports FHSS, DSSS and infrared spread spectrum techniques.
- The MAC layer supports distributed coordination function based on CSMA/CA and RTS/CTS, as well as point coordination function controlled by an access point. It defines frame formats and medium access mechanisms.
Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) is a set of telephony signaling protocols developed in 1975, which is used to set up and tear down most of the world's public switched telephone network (PSTN) telephone calls.
We are going to introduce it very quickly.
www.senatelecom.com
This document provides an overview of topics covered by the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification. It summarizes that the CCNA focuses on fundamental networking knowledge for small office networks. It then explains key topics like networking devices (hubs, switches, routers), the OSI model, IP addressing, routing protocols, access control lists, switches, and virtual LANs (VLANs). The last section thanks the reader, indicating this provides a high-level overview of CCNA certification content.
The document provides an overview of networking concepts including the OSI model, WAN technologies, convergence, wireless networking, and authentication methods. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and technologies associated with each layer such as Ethernet and IP. It also discusses WAN options like leased lines, MPLS, and QoS mechanisms for prioritizing traffic. Wireless topics covered include frequencies, modulation, authentication, encryption, and next-generation centralized wireless network architectures.
Sigtran and SS7oIP technologies allow the transport of SS7 signaling over IP networks. Sigtran defines protocols like SCTP and M3UA that encapsulate SS7 messages for transport over IP. A phased deployment strategy migrates SS7 links onto SS7oIP devices to realize cost savings. Initial deployments place half the links in a city or STP over IP. Full deployment moves all A, B, and C links to IP. Testing validates capabilities like priority, rerouting, and interoperability before full migration.
This chapter reviews basic switching concepts as a refresher for the CCNP SWITCH certification, including hubs and switches, bridges and switches, the evolution of switches, broadcast domains, MAC addresses, Ethernet frame formats, basic switching functions, VLANs, spanning tree protocol, trunking, port channels, and multilayer switching. It provides objectives for topics that will be covered in more depth in later chapters.
What is SS7? An Introduction to Signaling System 7Alan Percy
SS7 or Signaling System 7 is the dominant protocol used to control the public telephone network. Call routing, number portability, caller-ID, mobile SMS and more are handled using SS7 in the public network. SS7 (along with SIGTRAN for transport), allow application to access public network resources for call control and authentication. During this session, we share some background on SS7, show how it is used in everyday communications, and provide some use cases in popular applications.
The document provides information about the CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) certification exam, including its introduction, syllabus, fees, number of questions, passing marks, and exam structure over two exams. It also includes summaries of the OSI reference model and TCP/IP model, which define standards for network communication and how data is packaged and transmitted between devices.
SS7 or Signaling System 7 is the dominant protocol used to control the public telephone network. Call routing, number portability, caller-ID, mobile SMS and more are handled using SS7 in the public network. SS7 (along with SIGTRAN for transport), allow application to access public network resources for call control and authentication. During this session, we share some ...
This document discusses various topics related to computer networking including routing, addressing schemes, congestion control, remote procedure calls, simple mail transfer protocol, static routing algorithms, IPv4 addressing, and session layer design issues. It provides definitions and explanations of static and dynamic routing, differentiates between IPv4 and IPv6 addressing, describes congestion and congestion control, discusses the importance and workings of remote procedure calls, provides a detailed explanation of SMTP, explains two static routing algorithms (Dijkstra's algorithm and flooding algorithm), discusses IPv4 addressing schemes, describes congestion avoidance in the transport layer, and discusses design issues of the session layer such as dialog control.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...Fwdays
Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
As part of the talk, we will consider the architectural strategies necessary for the development of highly loaded fintech solutions. We will focus on using queues and streaming to efficiently work and manage large amounts of data in real-time and to minimize latency.
We will focus special attention on the architectural patterns used in the design of the fintech system, microservices and event-driven architecture, which ensure scalability, fault tolerance, and consistency of the entire system.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024Vadym Kazulkin
Java is for many years one of the most popular programming languages, but it used to have hard times in the Serverless community. Java is known for its high cold start times and high memory footprint, comparing to other programming languages like Node.js and Python. In this talk I'll look at the general best practices and techniques we can use to decrease memory consumption, cold start times for Java Serverless development on AWS including GraalVM (Native Image) and AWS own offering SnapStart based on Firecracker microVM snapshot and restore and CRaC (Coordinated Restore at Checkpoint) runtime hooks. I'll also provide a lot of benchmarking on Lambda functions trying out various deployment package sizes, Lambda memory settings, Java compilation options and HTTP (a)synchronous clients and measure their impact on cold and warm start times.
2. Contents
Types of Signaling
SS7 Signaling
SS7 Protocol Architecture
SS7 Network Architecture
Basic Call Setup
SS7 Applications
SS7/IP Inter-working
VoIP Network Configuration
SIGTRAN Protocol Stack Model
Network Evolution to an All-IP Network
3. Types of Signaling
Signaling in Telecommunications Network
Channel Associated Signaling (CAS)
Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
Signaling System Number (SS7) is a form
of Common Channel Signaling.
4. Channel Associated Signaling
(CAS)
Used for In-Band Signaling
Signaling is transmitted in the same
frequency band as used by voice.
Voice path is established when the call
setup is complete, using the same path that
the call setup signals used.
5. Common Channel Signaling
Out of Band signaling
Employs separate, dedicated path for signaling.
Voice trunks are used only when a connection is
established, not before.
Faster Call Setup.
Voice Trunks
Switch Switch
A B
Signaling Link
6. Advantage of CCS over CAS
Faster call setup
No interference between signaling tones by
network and frequency of human speech pattern.
Greater Trunking Efficiency:- CCS has shorter
call set up and tear down times that result in less
call holding time, thereby reducing the traffic on
the network.
Information Transfer:- CCS allows the transfer of
additional information along with the signaling
traffic providing facilities such as caller
identification and voice or data identification
7. SS7 History
CCITT developed a digital signaling standard
called Signaling System 6
SS6 was based on Packet-Switched, proprietary
data network.
– Uses 2.4 Kbps data links to send packets of
data to distant switches to request service.
SS7 began deployment in 1983, was initially used
for inter office network, but now it is deployed in
local central offices.
Provide a global standard for call setup, routing,
control and database access.
8. SS7 Principle
Out of band Signaling
Higher Signaling data rates (56Kbps & 64 Kbps)
Signaling traffic is bursty and of short duration,
hence operates in connectionless mode using
packet switching
Variable length signal units with maximum size
limitation
Optimum use of bandwidth
Reliability and flexibility
10. Protocols
Message Transfer Part (MTP Level 1) Physical
Provides an interface to the actual physical channel over
which communication takes place
CCITT recommends 64Kbps transmission whereas ANSI
recommends 56 Kbps
11. Protocols
MTP Level 2 (Data Link)
Ensures accurate end-to-end transmission of a message
across a signaling link
Variable Length Packet Messages are defined here
Implements flow control, message sequence validation,
error checking and message retransmission
Monitor links and reports their status
Test links before allowing their use
Provides sequence numbers for outgoing messages
12. Protocols
MTP Level 3 (Network)
Message routing between signaling points in the SS7
network
Signaling network management that provides traffic, links
and routing management, as well as congestion (flow)
control
Re-routes traffic away from failed links and signaling
points, controls traffic when congestion occurs
13. Protocols
Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
Provides connectionless and connection-oriented
network services
Provides global title translation (GTT) capabilities
above MTP level 3; translates numbers to DPCs
and subsystem numbers
Provides more detailed addressing information
than MTPs
Used as transport layer for TCAP (Transaction
capabilities applications part) based services
14. Protocols
Transaction Capabilities Applications Part (TCAP)
Exchange of non-circuit related data
– Between applications across the SS#7 network
– Using the SCCP service
Queries and responses sent between Signaling Switching Point
(SSPs) and Signaling Control Point (SCPs)
Sends and receives database information
– Credit card validation
– Routing information
15. Protocols
Telephone User Part (TUP)
Basic call setup and tear down
In many countries, ISUP has replaced TUP for call
management
ISDN User Part (ISUP)
Necessary messaging for setup and tear down of
all circuits (voice and digital)
Messages are sent from a switch, to the switch
where the next circuit connection is required
Call circuits are identified using circuit
identification code (CIC)
18. Service switching point (SSP)
– SSPs are switches that have SS7 software and
terminating signaling links
– SSPs create packets (signal units) and send
those messages to other SSPs, as well as
queries to remote shared databases to find out
how to route calls
– SSPs communicate with the voice switch via
the use of primitives and have the ability to
send messages using ISUP (call setup and
teardown) and TCAP (database lookup)
protocols.
– The switch can originate, terminate, or switch
calls
19. Signaling transfer point (STP)
–STPs are packet switches, and act like routers in the
SS7 network.
–Routes each incoming message to an outgoing
signaling link, based on routing information contained
in the SS#7 message and a pre-defined route table
–Does not offer termination services
–STPs are paired to ensure redundancy
There are three levels of STPs.
•National Signal Transfer Point
•International Signal Transfer Point
•Gateway Signal Transfer Point
20. STP Levels
SSP SSP
ITU-TS
INTERNATIONAL
STP
GATEWAY
STP
NATIONAL STP
ANSI
SSP SSP
21. National STP exists within the national network
Protocol converters often interconnect a National and an
International STP by converting from ANSI to ITU-TS.
International STP functions within an international network.
All nodes connecting to an International STP must use the ITU-
TS protocol standard.
Gateway STP converts signaling data from one protocol to
another.
Gateway STPs are often used as an access point to the
international network.
Depending on its location, the Gateway STP must be able to use
both the International and National protocol standards.
22. Service control point (SCP)
– An SCP is usually a computer used as a front end to a
database system.
– It is an interface to application-specific databases.
– The address of an SCP is a point code, and the address
of the database it interfaces with is a subsystem
number.
– The database is an application entity which is accessed
via the TCAP protocol.
– Databases that provides information necessary for
advanced call processing capabilities
– Accepts a query for information from a subsystem at
another node
– Used by STP to perform a function called global title
translation
23. Databases Accessible via SCP
Home Location Used in cellular networks to store
HLR Register subscriber information.
Local Number Allows people to change service
LNP Portability providers but keep their same
telephone number
Operation Support Associated with remote maintenance
OSS System center for monitoring and managing
SS7 and voice networks.
Visitor Location Used when a cell phone is not
VLR Register recognized by the mobile switching
center (MSC).
25. SS7 Link Types
A link (access) Connects signaling end point (SCP or SSP) to STP
B link (bridge) Connects an STP to another STP; typically, a quad
of B links interconnect peer (or primary) STPs
(STPs from a network connect to STPs of another
network)
C link (cross) Connects STPs performing identical functions,
forming a mated pair (for greater reliability)
D link Connects a secondary (local or regional) STP pair
(diagonal) to a primary (inter-network gateway) STP pair in a
quad-link configuration; the distinction between B
and D links is arbitrary
E link Connects an SSP to an alternate STP
(extended)
F link Connects two signaling end points (SSPs and SCPs)
(fully in the same local network
associated)
26. Addressing in SS7 Network
Point Codes are carried in signaling messages and
exchanged between signaling points to identify the
source and destination of each message (24 bit
address).
1 1 1
NETWORK CLUSTER MEMBER
IDENTITY IDENTITY IDENTITY
27. What goes over Signaling Link
Signaling information is passed over the
signaling link in form of messages, which are
called signaling units (SUs)
3 Types of SUs are:
Message signal units(MSUs)
Link status signal units(LSSUs)
Fill-in signal units(FISUs)
28. Signaling Units
Message signal unit (MSU)
Carries signaling associated with call setup & teardown,
database query and response and SS7 network input
1 1 1 1 1 8-272 1
FLAG BSN/ FSN/ Length Service Signaling Check
BIB FIB Indicator Info. octet Info. field sum
29. Service Information Octet
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
• Bit 1 - 4 Type of Information in Signaling
Information Field
• Bit 5 - 6 Whether Message is intended for National
or International Network
• Bit 7 - 8 To identify Message Priority
30. Signaling Information Field
8 – 272 Octets
The first portion of this field is routing label
Routing Label Identifies Message Originator,
Intended destination & Signaling Link Selected.
Routing Label is of 7 Octets
– Destination Point Code – 3 Octets
– Originating Point Code – 3 Octets
– Signaling Link Selection – 1 Octet
31. Signaling Units
Link status signaling units (LSSU)
– Inform the far end about the changes in status
of link
– Message length can be 1 or 2 bytes
1 1 1 1 1 or 2 1
FLAG BSN/ FSN/ Length Status Check
BIB FIB Indicator Field Sum
32. Signaling Units
Fill-In Signal Units (FISU)
– Fill the gaps between MSU and LSSU messages
– Sent only when the buffer is empty, to keep the
signaling link active
– Facilitate in constant monitoring of link quality.
1 1 1 1 1
FLAG BSN/ FSN/ Length Check
BIB FIB Indicator Sum
34. ISUP Messages
Initial address message (IAM): contains all necessary
information for a switch to establish a connection
Address complete message (ACM): acknowledge to
IAM; the required circuit is reserved and the “phone is
ringing” (ring back tone)
Answer message (ANM): occurs when the called party
picks up the phone
Release (REL): sent by the switch sensing that the
phone hung up
Release complete (RLC): each exchange that receives
REL, sends an RLC message back (this acknowledges
receipt of REL)
35. Applications
Prepaid Calling Unified Messaging
Local Number 800 / Free Phone
Portability (LNP) Services
Global Roaming Short Message
International Callback Service (SMS)
Virtual Office Tele-voting
Internet Call Waiting/ Location-based
Caller ID Services
Least Cost Routing Caller Ring Back
Toll Bypass Tone (CRBT)
36. Implementation of SS7 in GSM
radio network and switching Fixed partner networks
subsystem subsystem
MS MS
ISDN
PSTN
Um MSC
BTS Abis
BSC EIR
BTS
SS7
HLR
BTS VLR
BSC ISDN
BTS MSC
A PSTN
BSS IWF
PDN
37. SS7/IP Inter-working
IP offers an economical solution to challenges
created by high volume traffic at network edge.
Operators off load voice calls from PSTN to VoIP
networks because it is less costly to carry voice
traffic over IP network than over Switched circuit
network.
In VoIP network, digitized voice data is highly
compressed and carried in packets over IP
network, thereby efficiently utilizing the
bandwidth and increasing the number of voice
calls carried.
Saving realized in using VoIP network are passed
on to users in the form of lower cost.
38. Features of SS7 over IP
Flow Control
In-Sequence Delivery of Signaling Messages
within a single control stream
Identification of the originating and terminating
signaling points
Identification of voice circuits
Error detection, re-transmission and other error
correcting procedures.
Controls to avoid congestion on the internet.
Detection of status of peer entities.
Support for security mechanism.
39. Signaling in VoIP networks
VoIP Network carry SS7 over IP using protocols defined by
Signaling Transport (SIGTRAN) working group of the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
In IP telephony networks, signaling information is exchanged
between the following functional elements.
Media Gateway
Media Gateway Controller
Signaling Gateway.
41. Media Gateway- Terminates voice calls on Inter-switch
Trunks from the PSTN, compresses and packetizes the voice
data and delivers compress voice packet to the IP network.
For voice calls originating in an IP network, it performs these
functions in reverse order.
Media Gateway Controller- It handles the registration and
management of resources at Media Gateway(s), also knows as
Soft Switch.
Signaling Gateway- It provides Transparent interworking of
signaling between switched ckt. and IP network. It may
terminate SS7 signaling or translate and relay messages over
an IP network to a media gateway controller or another
signaling gateway.
42. SIGTRAN Protocol Stack Model
The SIGTRAN’s protocol
specify the means by which
SS7 messages can be reliably
transported over IP network.
The architecture identifies three
component
A standard IP
A common signaling transport
protocol for SS7 protocol layer
being carried.
An adaptation module to
emulate lower layers of the
protocol.
43. Stream Control Transmission
Protocol(SCTP)
Allows the reliable transfer of
signaling messages between
signaling end points in an IP
network
Allows signaling messages to
be independently ordered with
in multiple streams to ensure
in sequence delivery between
associated end points.
SIGTRAN recommends
SCTP rather than TCP/IP for
transmission of signaling
messages over IP networks as
TCP/IP does enforce Head-of-
line Blocking.
44. Transporting MTP over IP
ITU specified following requirements
– MTP Level 3 peer to peer procedure require response
time with in 0.5 – 1.2 sec.
– No more than 1 in 10 million messages will be lost due
to transport failure.
– No more than 1 in 10 billion messages will be delivered
out of sequence.
– No more than 1 in 10 billion messages will contain an
error.
– Availability of any signaling route set is 99.9998%.
– Message length is 272 Bytes for SS7 (MAXIMUM)
IETF SIGTRAN working group recommends 3 new
protocols: M2UA, M2PA and M3UA.
45. M2PA
M2PA:- MTP2 User Peer-to-
Peer Adaptation Layer
–Support the transport of SS7
MTP3 signaling messages over
IP using the services of SCTP
–Allows full MTP Level3
message handling and network
management capabilities
between any 2 SS7 nodes
communicating over IP
–Used b/w signaling gateway
& media gateway controller,
signaling gateway & IP
signaling point, 2 IP signaling
points.
46. M2UA
M2UA:- MTP2 User
Adaptation Layer
– Transports SS7 MTP
Level2 user messages over
IP using SCTP
– Provides services as MTP
Level2 provides to MTP
Level3
– Used between signaling
gateway and media
gateway controller.
47. M3UA
M3UA:- MTP 3 User
Adaptation Layer
– Transports SS7 MTP
Level3 user signaling
messages over IP using
SCTP
– Provides services as
MTP Level3 provides to
ISUP,TUP,SCCP
– Used between signaling
gateway and media
gateway controller or IP
telephony database
48. SUA
SUA: SCCP User
Adaptation Layer
– Transports SS7
SCCP User Part
Signaling Message
over IP using SCTP
– Used between
signaling gateway
and IP signaling end
point and between
IP signaling end
points.
49. Performance consideration &
Security Requirement for SS7/IP
SS7 over IP network must meet ITU standard and
user expectations, eg. ITU specifies end to end call
setup delay not more than 20-30 sec after IAM is
transmitted.
For transmission of signaling information over
internet, SIGTRAN recommends use of IPSEC,
which provides following security services
– Authentication
– Integrity
– Confidentiality
– Availability
50. Network Evolution to an All-IP
Network
Both traditional Circuit switch and IP based services need
to be supported by single network infrastructure
simultaneously.
Hybrid architecture may be the best solution.
Transition to All-IP network will not happen overnight.
IP Network