Risk management.pdf
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The document defines natural disasters and emergencies. It provides definitions of a natural disaster from the United Nations, International Organization for Civil Protection, and Industrial Civil Defense Guide as an unexpected incident caused by natural forces or human actions resulting in loss of life, property damage, and requiring assistance beyond local resources. An emergency is defined as a major incident caused by natural or human-caused events requiring assistance from national agencies or international aid if the impacts exceed national response capacities. The document discusses key concepts and terms related to disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction management.
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- 1. Session 1: Basic Concepts and Terminologies Dr. Husam Al-Najar Dr. Bassam Tayeh The Islamic University of Gaza- Higher Studies Deanery Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Management (MMCD 6305)
- 4. ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ • ﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺗﺩﺍﺑﻳﺭ ﻭﺇﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﺗﺗﺧﺫﻫﺎ ﺳﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ،ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻧﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻬﺩﻑ ﺿﺑﻁ ﺍﻷﻣﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﺛﺭ ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺃﺣﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻬﺩﺩُﺗ ﺍﻷﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻛﻣﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻋﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺷﻐﺏ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺟﻣﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻭﺍﺭﺙ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺣﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ . • ﻳﺗﻠﺧﺹ ُﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺢ ﺻﻼﺣﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻠﻁﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺧﻭﻟﻬﺎُﺗ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻣﺱﱠ ﺑﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺣﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻘﻝ ﻭﺣﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺣﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺟﻣﻊ . • Emergency: a state in which normal procedures are suspended and unusual procedures are taken in order to avert ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ، ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ a disaster.
- 5. ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ : • ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ : ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺟﻭﺍﻧﺏ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ،ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺧﺎﺹ ،ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻌﺎﺵ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ . • Emergency management: Organization and management of resources and responsibilities for addressing all aspects of emergencies, in particular prepration, response and initial recovery steps.
- 6. ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ Hazard • ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ : ﺣﺩﺙ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺩﺙ ﻣﻥ ﺻﻧﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻬﺩﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺅﺛﺭ ﺳﻠﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻳﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻣﺗﻠﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ . • Hazard: A natural or human-made event that threatens ﻳﻬﺪﺩ to adversely affects ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﻲ human life, property or activity to the extent of causing a disaster.
- 7. • ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻑ : ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ ) ﺍﻟﺿﺭﺭ ( ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺩﺍﺙ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ • Vulnerability (weakness): Suffer from damage due to external events. • ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻑ : ﻟﻠﺧﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﺽ • Susceptibility (weakness): Exposure to danger • ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎﺵ ) ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻓﻲ :( Recovery: • ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ) ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ) ( ﺷﻔﺎء ( ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻭﺳﺒﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻭﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ، ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻤﺎ ،ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﺮﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻣﺨﺎﻁﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ . • Recovery: The restoration, and improvement, of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors.
- 8. • ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻭﻧﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺟﺳﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻓﺎﺓ :( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻳﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺿﺭﺍﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻓﻲ • Resilience: adaptability, capacity to recover, (the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness.) Capacity: ability to do ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻔﻳﻑ : ﺍﻧﺧﻔﺎﺽ ) ﺗﺧﻔﻳﻑ ( ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺍﺭﺙ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻡ Mitigation: permanent reduction of the risk of disaster
- 9. • ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ : Prepardness: • ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺟﻬﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻅﻔﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﻺﻏﺎﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ . • Prepardness: the procedures that ensure the organized mobilization of personnel, funds, equipment and supplies within a safe environment for effective relief. • ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ : Response: • ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﻧﻘﺎﺫ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ . • Response: The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence.
- 10. • ﺍﻹﻏﺎﺛﺔ : Relief: • ﺗﻘﺩﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺧﻝ ﻓﻭﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﻟﺗﻠﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺷﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺿﺭﺭﻳﻥ . • Relief: The provision of assistance or intervention immediately after a disaster to meet the life preservation and basic subsistence needs of the people affected. • ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ : Rehabilitation: • ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻅﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ • Rehabilitation:The restoration of basic social functions
- 11. • ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء : Reconstruction: • ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ) ﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ( ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ . • Reconstruction: The full resumption of socio-economic activities plus preventive procedures. • ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺮ : Risk: • ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ) ،ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺣﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ( ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﺸﺔ . ﻭﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺮ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ : • ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺮ = ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺮ x ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺪﺭ • Risk: The probability of a harmful consequences or expected loss (of lives, people injured, property, livelihoods, economic activity or environment) resulting from interactions between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable conditions. Conventionally risk is expressed by the equation: Risk = Hazard x Exposure
- 12. • ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺍﺭﺙ : Disaster risk: • ﺍﻟﺧﺳﺎﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺟﻣﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ،ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﺵ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻭﻝ ) ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﺭﺍﺕ ( ،ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ . • Disaster risk: The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or a society over some specified future time period.
- 13. • ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺨﺎﻁﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ : Disaster risk management: • ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ . • Disaster risk management: The systematic process of using administrative decisions, organization, operational skills and capacities to implement policies, strategies and coping capacities of the society and communities to lessen the impacts of natural hazards and related environmental and technological disasters.
- 14. • ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ : Disaster risk reduction: • ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﻣﺨﺎﻁﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ . • Disaster risk reduction: The systematic development and application of policies, strategies and practices to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society.
- 15. • ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺮ : Risk assessment: • ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ . • Risk assessment: A methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk by analyzing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability that together could potentially harm exposed people, property, services, livelihoods and the environment on which they depend.
- 16. • ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ : Damage assessment: • ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ . • Damage assessment: The process used to determine the magnitude of damage caused by a disaster or emergency event.
- 17. • ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ : Needs assessment: • ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ) ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ( ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎﺵ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺮ . • Needs assessment: A process of estimating (usually based on a damage assessment) the financial, technical, and human resources needed to implement the agreed-upon programs of recovery, reconstruction, and risk management.
- 18. • ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ : Post- damage needs assessment • ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ،ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﺮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ : • Post- damage needs assessment: Usually a rapid, multi-sectoral assessment that measures the impact of disasters on the society, economy, and environment of the disaster-affected areas.
- 19. Evolving ﺗﻁﻭﺭ concepts of Recovery and Reconstruction Relationship between Disaster and Development
- 22. Transports and utility systems ﺃﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ are destroyed by a flood. Negative relation 1. Disasters set back development programming, destroying years of development initiatives. A major increase in livestock ﻣﻭﺍﺷﻲ ، ﺩﻭﺍﺟﻥ ، development leads to overgrazing famine, which contributes to desertification ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺣﺭ and increases vulnerability to famine ﻣﺟﺎﻋﺔ. Negative relation 2. Without Development programs, can increase an area’s susceptibility ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ to disasters. Housing projects constructed under building codes designed to withstand high winds result in less destruction during the next tropical storm. Positive relation 3. Development programs can be designed to decrease the susceptibility to disasters and their negative consequences. ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺍﺭﺙ ﻭﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺗﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ . A self-help housing program to rebuild housing destroyed by an earthquake teaches new skills, strengthens community pride ﻓﺧﺭ and leadership and retains development dollars that otherwise would be exported to large construction Positive relation 4. Rebuilding after a disaster provides significant opportunities to initiate development programs. Examples:
- 23. In General: • Disasters provide opportunities for development, as they often create a political and economic atmosphere wherein ﺣﻴﺚ extensive changes ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ can be made more rapidly than under normal circumstances ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ .
- 24. For example: in the aftermath of a disaster, there may be major opportunities to execute land reform program to improve the overall housing stock, to create new jobs and job skills, and to expand and modernize ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ the economic base of the community – opportunities that would not otherwise be possible. ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ : ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ،ﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺮﺻﺎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻭ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻛﻦ ﻭ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ، ﻭﺧﻠﻖ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ، ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ - ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺛﺔ .
- 25. • Disasters can also highlight high-risk areas where action must be taken before another disaster strikes. ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ . For example: The realization of vulnerability can motivate policy-makers and the public to participate in mitigation activities. ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﻔﺰ ﺻﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ .
- 27. Disaster Management Cycle / Continuum
- 28. Disaster Management Cycle / Continuum
- 30. Disaster Management Cycle / Continuum
- 38. Disaster Management Cycle / Continuum • The Disaster Management Cycle or continuum shows a sequential ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻠﻲ series of actions to gain control over disaster events. This wide range of interventions undertaken before, during and after a disaster prevent or minimize loss of life and property, minimize human suffering and hasten ﺳﺮﻳﻊ recovery. • Disaster management is often described as a cycle with distinct ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰ ، phases. • The cycle is portrayed ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ، ﺗﺮﺳﻢ in many forms. What is important is that the format should indicate that disaster and its managing is a continuum of interlinked activities. It is not a series of events which start and stop with each disaster occurrence. • The activities of response, rehabilitation, reconstruction, development, preparedness, mitigation, prevention are not in exact sequence. There is substantial ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ overlap.
- 39. Linking relief, rehabilitation and development Relief - Development Continuum Relief and rehabilitation should contribute to long-term development and the reduction of vulnerabilities. Developmental Relief • Seeks to address acute needs as part of the whole life situation of those affected • ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﺮﺭﻳﻦ • Looks for long- term solutions as well as responding to immediate and acute needs • ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻁﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺟﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ • Builds on survivors’ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻴﻦcapacities and on local institutions • ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ • Sets sustainable standards for services • ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ • Encourages participation and accountability • ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ
- 40. Recovery Plus Meaning an intervention ‘whereby people are in some ways better off than before the emergency’. Recovery and mitigation: When a disaster strikes, it often reveals chronic weaknesses or areas of poor resilience. Such vulnerabilities may include sub-standard building practices and materials, weak livelihoods and economies and poor land use regulation. These vulnerabilities are the true challenges facing recovery planners. Drawing on hazard, vulnerability and risk assessments, a rough estimate of the potential damage and losses for various scale disasters can be calculated. Based on these scenarios, policy makers and planners can identify the potential scope and scale of recovery and mitigation needs. Recovery and the Disaster Management Cycle
- 41. Recovery and Preparedness: The preparedness stage shall not itself to preparing for the disaster event and immediate aftermath. Recovery planning can be a critical component of preparing for a disaster. As part of the preparedness efforts, policy makers and planners can formulate recovery policies, develop organizational infrastructure, assign roles and responsibilities, and identify and build the necessary capacity to coordinate and implement recovery efforts. Without the pressure typically felt in the post-disaster environment, pre-disaster planners have more time to research and analyze good and bad practices of other contexts, to inform their decision-making.
- 42. Early recovery and transition • Transition refers to the period immediately after a disaster when pre-existing country plans and programs no longer reflect the most urgent priorities • ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ : ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻓﻮﺭﺍ ، ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻟﻢ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﻟﺤﺎﺣﺎ . • Following the disaster, a country undergoes a process of transformation within the overall timeframe of transition • ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ • Early recovery starts immediately after the onset of a crisis. It begins within the time frame of emergency interventions • ﺍﻹﻧﻌﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ : ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺛﺔ . ﻭ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺋﺔ .
- 43. Guiding Principles for Early Recovery: • Ensuring national ownership • ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻴﺔ • Promoting local and national capacities • ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ • Using and promoting participatory practices • ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ • Developing capacities for building constructive and inclusive working relationships • ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﺎءﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ • Influencing the way humanitarian assistance is provided to ensure that interventions most importantly, as well take into account longer-term developmental considerations • ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ،ﺍﻷﻫﻢ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ • Maximizing cooperation among different actors through efficient coordination of stakeholders • ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻷﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ • Including risk reduction and conflict prevention measures • ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ
- 44. • Building capacity to strengthen accountability systems • ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ • Grounding early recovery interventions on a thorough understanding of the context • ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﻌﺎﺵ ﺗﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ • Ensuring integration of other cross-cutting issues such as gender, environment, security, human rights, planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation • ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ) ﺫﻛﻮﺭ - ﺍﻧﺎﺙ ( ، ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ،ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ • Promoting equality and develop local capacities to prevent unfairness of any kind • ﻧﻮﻉ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺃﻱ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ • Monitoring, evaluating and learning through appropriate participatory techniques and mechanisms • ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ