2. Legal Framework
Definition of Prevention
Avoiding or reducing occupational risks through a
set of provisions and measures that must be taken
at the right time and at all stages of the company's
activity.
3. Legal Framework
Duties of the manufacturer or its
representative
It incorporates Directive 89/392/EEC and the various
amendments to which it was subject into national law
and lays down the rules governing the placing on the
market and putting into service of machinery and safety
components placed on the market on their own.
4. That the equipment complies with Directive
98/37/EC and fulfils the necessary health and safety
requirements applicable to it;
Be accompanied by the instruction manual in the
language of the user's country (Portuguese);
It must be duly accompanied by an EC declaration of
conformity in Portuguese;
CE marking.
Legal Framework
Machinery and Work Equipment (Purchase of new machinery)
The following elements should be requested from the manufacturer or its supplier:
5. Decree-Law 103/2008 of 24 June:
Defines the essential health and safety requirements for machinery.
Legal Framework
6. Control systems
Protective measures against other risks
Indications
Labelling
Legal Framework
It establishes the key occupational safety and health requirements to limit the specific risks due to the mobility and
loading operations of machinery:
Protective measures against mechanical risks
7. The Basic Directive gave rise to Special Directives in the
Safety, Hygiene and Health at Work:
• Work Equipment Directive, 89/665/EEC (2nd Special
Directive) with successive amendments, the latest
being Directive 2001/45/EC, transposed into national
law by Decree-Law no. 50/2005 of 25 February, on the
minimum safety and health requirements for the use
of work equipment by workers.
Legal Framework
8. Decree-Law no. 50/2005 of 25 February
On the minimum health and safety requirements for the use of work equipment by workers.
Legal Framework
9. Minimum safety requirements for mobile and lifting equipment:
• Control systems
• Equipment start-up
• Equipment shutdown
• Stability and rupture
• Projections and emissions
• Risks of mechanical contact
• Lighting and temperature
Legal Framework
10. Minimum safety requirements for mobile and lifting equipment:
• Warning devices
• Equipment maintenance
• Electrical and fire risks
• Safety signalling
Legal Framework
11. Any machine, apparatus, tool or installation
used at work.
Work equipment
Any area in or around work equipment
where the presence of exposed workers
subjects them to risks to their safety or
health;
Danger Area
Any worker who is wholly or partly in a
hazardous area;
Exposed worker
Any worker entrusted with the use of
work equipment;
Operator
A detailed examination carried out by a
competent person in order to reach a
reliable conclusion regarding the safety of
work equipment.
Verification
Individuals or organisations with
theoretical and practical knowledge and
experience of the type of equipment to be
analysed, enabling them to detect defects
or deficiencies, as well as assess their
importance in relation to the safe use of
said equipment;
Qualified Professionals
Definitions :
14. Permanent signalling
• Prohibition, warning and mandatory signalling
• Location and identification plaques for rescue and
assistance resources
• Safety signalling and colours to locate and identify
firefighting equipment and material
• Plates and labelling for containers and pipes
• Marking of roads with safety colours
Safety signalling
15. • Draw the necessary attention;
• Disseminate the message well ahead of time;
• Clarity of message, without an excessive number of signs or signposts that could be confusing;
• Lead to a single interpretation, bearing in mind the possibility of contradictory signalling;
• Having information about suitable actions;
• Their number and location should be in line with the importance of the risks they are intended to warn about;
• Located in a well-lit place, as well as at a suitable height and position
• Give them the possibility to carry out the specified steps;
• To be withdrawn whenever the situation that motivated it no longer occurs;
Safety signalling
For the use of safety signalling to work, it must meet the following requirements:
16. The colours of the illuminated signs
must duly comply with the meanings of
the safety colour code
A continuous light signal should indicate a
higher degree of danger or urgency
• Continuous __________
• Flashing _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Colour Meaning/purpose
RED Prohibition, stoppage, evacuation
YELLOW Attention
BLUE Mandatory
GREEN Security situation
Safety signalling
24. Safety signalling
Signs
MOVE FORWARD
MOVE BACK
DANGER, EMERGENCY
STOP
TO THE RIGHT
TO THE LEFT
HORIZONTAL
DISTANCE
Regulatory Decree no. 22-A/98
Order no. 1456-A/95
25. • In the workplace
• In the work environment
• On machines and tools
• In work processes
• Chemical, physical and biological substances and agents
Where do the risks lie?
26. Risk: Dropped loads
Drooped loads due to:
- Breakage of wire ropes and other auxiliary elements;
- Poor load Anchorage;
- The boom, wire rope and load collide with an obstacle.
What is the main risk when using overhead cranes?
27. - Stability, risk of structure in service;
- Risks due to falling and projected objects;
- Risks due to aggressive surfaces, edges, angles;
- Risks due to combined machines and risks due to
variations in tool rotation speed;
- Safety selection against risks associated with mobile
transmission elements and elements that contribute to the
work.
Risks when using work equipment
28. Risks when using machinery and work equipment
Electrical risks
Thermal risks
Risks caused by noise
Risks caused by vibrations
Risks caused by radiation
Risks caused by disregard for ergonomics in
machine design Risks caused by materials and substances
29. Cargo handling systems
Three main types of operations:
- Lifting operations;
- Free manoeuvring operations (rotation; translation)
- Unloading or loading operations.
30. Cargo handling systems
Nominal load ():
- Rated load or maximum working load: the maximum load that can be lifted by a lifting
appliance and which is defined by the particular type of appliance and the specific conditions
in the classification group;
Second classification:
- Section I - Heavy lifting and handling equipment (tower cranes, gantry cranes, overhead
cranes);
- Section II - Continuous conveyors (rolling conveyors);
- Section III - Air carriers (cable cars);
- Section IV - Forklifts;
- Section V - Mobile cranes;
31. • Inspection Report
• CE Certificate;
• Check sheets (to be filled in by the operator);
• Instruction manual in Portuguese;
• Periodic maintenance ;
• Proof of the last service.
Mandatory documentation that the equipment must have:
Use of machinery and work equipment
32. Daily Inspections
Before using the overhead crane, we must carry out an inspection to ensure that it is completely
reliable to use the overhead crane in safe conditions. If you notice any abnormalities, report them
immediately to your manager.
We can carry out inspections:
◦ Visual: This should be carried out before the equipment is put into use, looking at: wire ropes,
auxiliary wire ropes, hooks, pushbuttons, locks and leaks.
◦ Functional: This should be carried out while the equipment is in use, observing: brakes,
sirens, controls, vibrations, etc...
33. • Approach the load;
• Assess the weight and other conditions of the load;
• Get to know the overhead crane's capacity;
• Select the auxiliary wire rope according to the type of load and weight.
Check the angle of the wire ropes. Consult the table of weights and wire
ropes capacity;
• Secure the load properly;
• Lift slowly and carefully;
• Use reduced speed;
• Pay extra attention when operating from the cab and with a helper
Cargo handling
34. Make sure there is enough space to lift the load;
Take special care with overhead installations such as water, gas and
electrical pipes, etc.
Check that the load is secure, especially in the case of loose parts;
Lift the load a little, if it tilts to one side, lower it and adjust the balance;
Do not put the load over people or allow them to pass under the load.
Lifting loads
35. Lifting loads
The centre of gravity is a point around which the
weight is equally distributed.
The CG will be exactly under the
middle of the block (hook).
The centre of gravity coincides with the geometric centre when the load is symmetrical
36. Care when using lifting accessories:
- Do not use lifting accessories on sharp edges;
- If impossible, please use suitable protection;
Lifting loads
38. 1. Irregular deformation of more than
1/3 of the wire rope Ø
2. Wire rope kinks
3. Wire rope fraying
4. Loosening of wire ropes
Wire rope inspection
5. Contraction in an area of the wire rope
6. Wire rope crushing
7. Torsion or permanent deformation
8. Bend in the wire rope
39. Wire ropes inspection
The wire ropes should be checked frequently, especially after they have been assembled, after
the crane has been overloaded, as well as when damage to the wire ropes is plausible or
observed.
For greater safety when working with steel wire ropes, the following criteria apply:
- Condition and time of breakage
- Decrease in wire rope diameter during service time
- Corrosion, wear and deformation of wire ropes
- Influence of temperature
- Total length of service
40. If you find any deformed, crushed or cracked links, replace the sling immediately.
If the chains show signs of severe corrosion, sediment that cannot be removed or
if there is a rough surface in the contact area of the connecting rods, this means that
there is rapid wear. In all said situations, the chain should be discarded.
Chain inspection
41. Shackles inspection
Ensure that:
- The shackles (and bolts) are deformed or worn;
- The clamping areas are in good condition.
The shackles must be highly resistant.
45. • Steel toe and steel insole
• Helmet
• Gloves
• Glasses
• Ear protectors
PPE - Personal Protective Equipment
46. Control of alcohol levels
Alcohol and other drugs in the workplace
Limit levels < 0.0 g/l
Effects of excessive alcohol consumption at work:
Loss of productivity, reliability and efficiency
Attendance and absenteeism
Problems with security
Behavioural changes
Unpleasant effects on the company's corporate image
