Ride Along
1. Adoption of ASU 2014-02 allows a private company to amortize its existing and new goodwill on a straight-line basis over a maximum of 10 years. Further, ASU 2014-18 eliminates the need for identifying certain intangible assets acquired in a business combination and the value of such assets are attributed to goodwill. Non-compete agreements and customer-related assets are such intangibles that are not capable of being sold or licensed independently of other business assets.
Before deciding whether to adopt the private-company alternative in ASU 2014-02, Ride along must take into account
· That if Ride along goes public or is acquired by a public company, the company must discontinue the use of ASU 2014-02 and must retroactively restate its previously issued financial statements utilizing U.S. GAAP applicable to public companies. Hence, Ride Along would have to recognise need to reverse previously amortized goodwill, while recognizing intangibles previously subsumed into goodwill. This process of valuing customer-related and noncompetition assets is pricey and challenging because the value of these assets will be determined as on the original acquisition date of business combination.
· That such alternative tends to result in companies reporting lower profits and total asset balances due to goodwill amortization.
2. Post selection of ASU 2014-02, Ride Along subsequently become a public company or is subject to Public company reporting (as user of financial statements, including regulators, lenders or other creditors, require a private company to continue to apply traditional GAAP accounting standards), it is required to recast prior periods as if it hadn’t elected the alternative.
· Ride Along must retroactively restate its previously issued financial statements utilizing U.S. GAAP applicable to public companies. Hence, Ride Along would have to recognise intangibles previously subsumed into goodwill and remove amortization impact.
· Further it will have to test for goodwill impairment annually.
3. Upon selection of ASU 2014-02, an entity must further make a accounting policy election to test goodwill for impairment at either the entity level or the reporting unit level.
Goodwill should be tested for impairment when a triggering event occurs instead of performing annually. In such event, the entity has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the quantitative impairment test is necessary. If that qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not (about 50%) that goodwill is impaired, the entity must perform the quantitative test to compare the entity’s fair value with its carrying amount. If the qualitative assessment indicates that it is not more likely than not that goodwill is impaired, further testing is unnecessary.
Impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying value of the entity or reporting unit and its fair value, assuming the carrying value is higher. This amount ...
Strategic Investment Property Valuation: Optimizing Returns in Real EstateTanuj Kumar & Associates
Elevate your real estate investment game with strategic property valuation tactics. Explore innovative approaches to assessing property value, enhancing asset performance, and achieving long-term financial success.
1) The document discusses diversity in accounting practice regarding how certain investments measured at net asset value are categorized within the fair value hierarchy. Specifically, there are differing views on what constitutes "near term" for classifying investments as Level 2 or Level 3.
2) To resolve this issue, the FASB proposed eliminating the requirement to classify investments measured at net asset value within the fair value hierarchy. Most comment letters agreed this would increase comparability between entities.
3) Some entities may be affected by investments no longer being included in the fair value hierarchy table. However, the FASB suggested these entities disclose the amounts to address any differences.
1. The document discusses diversity in accounting practice regarding how certain investments measured at net asset value are categorized within the fair value hierarchy. Specifically, there are differing views on how to determine if an investment would be redeemable in the "near term" and thus placed in Level 2 or Level 3.
2. To resolve this issue, the FASB proposed eliminating the requirement to classify these investments in the fair value hierarchy. Most public comment letters agreed this would increase comparability. However, some entities may be affected by related changes to financial reporting.
3. Additional issues for the FASB to consider include whether disclosure requirements should change, whether changes should apply retrospectively, and whether non-profits need more time
This document discusses various methods for valuing equity shares of private limited companies, including comparable company market multiple methodology, discounted cash flow analysis, net asset value method, and earning capacity method. The comparable company market multiple methodology applies valuation ratios from publicly traded comparable companies to the private company. Discounted cash flow analysis forecasts future cash flows and discounts them to calculate present value. The net asset value method values assets at book value and liabilities to determine value per share. The earning capacity method uses average past profits adjusted for abnormalities to determine future maintainable profits and earnings per share, which is multiplied by a price-to-earnings ratio to determine value per share. Important considerations for valuing private shares include any valuation provisions in the articles
Corporate Valuations “Techniques & Application”: A compilation of research oriented valuation articles.
Contents: Business valuation, Relative valuation, Sum of the parts valuation and value creation, ESOP valuation, Discounted Cash Flow Valuation, Enterprise Valuation etc.
Contents:
Business Valuation,
Relative valuation,
Sum of the Parts (SOTP) Valuation and Value Creation,
ESOP Valuation,
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Valuation,
Enterprise Valuation,
Valuation Discount Applicable to Holding Companies,
Valuation in Information Technology (IT) Sector,
RBI Valuation
The document provides an overview of the market approach valuation method. It discusses selecting guideline public companies that are similar to the subject company based on industry, operations, growth, and financial characteristics. Multiples are derived from the financial ratios of these public companies and applied to the subject company to determine valuation. Key issues include identifying sufficiently comparable public companies and adjusting for differences between public and private companies such as liquidity and access to capital.
Strategic Investment Property Valuation: Optimizing Returns in Real EstateTanuj Kumar & Associates
Elevate your real estate investment game with strategic property valuation tactics. Explore innovative approaches to assessing property value, enhancing asset performance, and achieving long-term financial success.
1) The document discusses diversity in accounting practice regarding how certain investments measured at net asset value are categorized within the fair value hierarchy. Specifically, there are differing views on what constitutes "near term" for classifying investments as Level 2 or Level 3.
2) To resolve this issue, the FASB proposed eliminating the requirement to classify investments measured at net asset value within the fair value hierarchy. Most comment letters agreed this would increase comparability between entities.
3) Some entities may be affected by investments no longer being included in the fair value hierarchy table. However, the FASB suggested these entities disclose the amounts to address any differences.
1. The document discusses diversity in accounting practice regarding how certain investments measured at net asset value are categorized within the fair value hierarchy. Specifically, there are differing views on how to determine if an investment would be redeemable in the "near term" and thus placed in Level 2 or Level 3.
2. To resolve this issue, the FASB proposed eliminating the requirement to classify these investments in the fair value hierarchy. Most public comment letters agreed this would increase comparability. However, some entities may be affected by related changes to financial reporting.
3. Additional issues for the FASB to consider include whether disclosure requirements should change, whether changes should apply retrospectively, and whether non-profits need more time
This document discusses various methods for valuing equity shares of private limited companies, including comparable company market multiple methodology, discounted cash flow analysis, net asset value method, and earning capacity method. The comparable company market multiple methodology applies valuation ratios from publicly traded comparable companies to the private company. Discounted cash flow analysis forecasts future cash flows and discounts them to calculate present value. The net asset value method values assets at book value and liabilities to determine value per share. The earning capacity method uses average past profits adjusted for abnormalities to determine future maintainable profits and earnings per share, which is multiplied by a price-to-earnings ratio to determine value per share. Important considerations for valuing private shares include any valuation provisions in the articles
Corporate Valuations “Techniques & Application”: A compilation of research oriented valuation articles.
Contents: Business valuation, Relative valuation, Sum of the parts valuation and value creation, ESOP valuation, Discounted Cash Flow Valuation, Enterprise Valuation etc.
Contents:
Business Valuation,
Relative valuation,
Sum of the Parts (SOTP) Valuation and Value Creation,
ESOP Valuation,
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Valuation,
Enterprise Valuation,
Valuation Discount Applicable to Holding Companies,
Valuation in Information Technology (IT) Sector,
RBI Valuation
The document provides an overview of the market approach valuation method. It discusses selecting guideline public companies that are similar to the subject company based on industry, operations, growth, and financial characteristics. Multiples are derived from the financial ratios of these public companies and applied to the subject company to determine valuation. Key issues include identifying sufficiently comparable public companies and adjusting for differences between public and private companies such as liquidity and access to capital.
IFRS 2 (International Accounting and International Financial Reporting Standa...Ro'ya Abd Elhafez
The development of the market economy and the maturity of the security market was accompanied by the increasing reliance of companies on share-based payment, which means that companies give outside parties or employees equity tools in order to obtain goods or services from them. So that the equity tools here are shares, share options, and others. Share-based payments first appeared in the 50s at 20th century in America's high-tech companies. However, the emergence of financial deception by World-Link Communications and World Com, in addition to the famous Enron incident, has made investors doubt and fears about paying on shares. Therefore in 2004, the FASB amended SFAS123 to strictly regulate share-based payment. And The IASB formally issued IFRS 2 (Share-Based Payment), which came into effect in 2005.
Ratio analysis is an important tool for financial analysis that involves calculating and analyzing relationships between key financial data points from statements. It helps assess a company's liquidity, profitability, solvency, financial stability, and risk. When using ratios, it is important to compare the same company over multiple years, against industry benchmarks, and be aware of factors like accounting differences that could distort comparisons. Key ratios include current ratio, acid test ratio, debt-equity ratio, proprietary ratio, and gross profit ratio.
The Ultimate Business Valuation Guide for 2023.pdfJeremiah Grant
The Ultimate Business Valuation
Guide for 2023
Valuing a company at different stages of its development can provide valuable insight into the state
of the company’s finances as well as the company’s current and future market position and sales
potential. Whether you are planning to sell tomorrow or just trying to gauge where you stand
compared to the competition, you can benefit from having an idea of your company’s worth. This
blog aims to provide you with a complete guide to business valuation and equip you with the
knowledge you need to apply it to your operations. So let’s kick off with an introduction.
Business valuation: A brief
introduction
Companies can have their worth estimated through a method called “business valuation” or
“company valuation.” Throughout the valuation process, every aspect of a company and each of its
subunits is evaluated to establish a dollar value.
Company valuations are performed for many purposes, including but not limited to determining a
business’s fair market value in preparation for sale, determining who owns what shares of a
business, settling tax disputes, and settling marital property disputes. In addition, many business
owners consult with external business evaluators to objectively assess their company’s worth.
Understanding the business
valuation basics
Valuation is a common topic of conversation in the world of corporate finance. If your company is
considering the sale of all or part of its operations, a merger, or an acquisition, you will likely want get
your business valued. However, when valuing a company, it’s important to consider all of the factors
that contribute to the company’s current worth to arrive at an accurate estimate.
Considerations such as management, capital structure, future earnings potential, and market value
of assets may all go into a business’s valuation. Valuation methods and techniques can range widely
between professionals, companies, and sectors. For example, financial statement analysis,
discounted cash flow models, and peer company comparisons are typical methods used to
determine a firm’s worth.
Furthermore, accurate valuation is essential for tax purposes. For tax purposes, the IRS (Internal
Revenue Service) mandates that a company’s worth be determined by its current fair market value.
For example, a firm’s shares may be subject to capital gains or gift taxes upon sale, purchase, or
transfer of ownership.
After the basics business valuation benefits must be understood to know why it’s critical in the
present era to get it done.
Benefits of business valuation:
Why should you get it done?
By considering a company’s workforce, assets, intellectual property, earnings, growth, and losses,
an appraisal or valuation can accurately portray the company’s current economic value.
Every business owner, for whatever reason, should think about having their firm valued once a year.
Being confident in the company’s real value will help the owner(s) make the right decision.
GAIL (India) Limited is India's largest natural gas processing and distribution company that is owned by the Government of India. Some key points:
- GAIL commissioned India's first cross-country natural gas pipeline in 1991 that helped develop India's natural gas market.
- It has expanded operations globally through subsidiaries in Singapore and the US to pursue international opportunities.
- In addition to its pipeline infrastructure, GAIL also operates in the areas of city gas distribution and exploration and production.
- The company allocates 2% of its annual profits to corporate social responsibility programs focused on communities near its work centers.
This document discusses financial statement analysis for credit decisions. It describes the three main financial statements - the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. It then discusses different types of financial statement analysis including vertical analysis, horizontal analysis, and ratio analysis. Finally, it discusses analyzing a company's ongoing business concern by examining factors like working capital, cash flow, receivables, inventory, and management skills. The overall goal of financial statement analysis is to assess a company's financial health, performance, and ability to repay debts.
iscover the key methodologies and tools essential for accurate investment property valuation. Maximize your ROI by understanding the intricacies of property valuation and make informed decisions that propel your investment portfolio forward.
The document provides an overview of the IASB Conceptual Framework 2018, which was revised in March 2018. It summarizes the key topics covered in each of the 8 chapters of the framework. The chapters cover the objectives of financial reporting, qualitative characteristics of useful financial information, the elements of financial statements, recognition and derecognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure, and concepts of capital and capital maintenance. Key definitions and concepts introduced or revised in the 2018 framework include the definition of an economic resource, separate recognition criteria, and discussion of derecognition. The framework also describes the reporting entity and consolidated financial statements.
This document presents a project work on ratio analysis as a tool for financial analysis. It discusses ratio analysis as a technique for evaluating a company's financial condition and performance by calculating and comparing various financial ratios. The document defines key terms related to ratio analysis and outlines its objectives and procedures. It also classifies common financial ratios into five main categories: leverage ratios, liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, turnover/asset utilization ratios, and valuation ratios. Examples of important ratios under each category are provided.
Private Equity Valuation Methods improve active equity portfolio by valuing a business/company that is the core task of the financial analyst. Most PE/VC firms estimate a company’s value with the help of Equity Valuation Methods. To evaluate an organization, there should be enough understanding of Venture Valuation, which is considered as the most holistic evaluation approach.
The document defines management audit as an examination of an organization's structure and use of resources to ensure efficient management. It discusses the objectives of a management audit such as improving efficiency and assessing if the organization can achieve its goals. The scope includes reviewing the current organizational structure and studying aspects like return on investment. Functional areas that are analyzed include purchase, production, distribution, personnel, finance, and accounting. The types of information required are objectives, planning, organization, control, and functional areas.
This document provides an overview of valuation approaches and techniques for measuring the fair value of unquoted equity instruments under IFRS 13. It discusses the market approach, income approach, and a combination of the two. Under the market approach, it describes using transaction prices for identical/similar instruments and comparable company valuation multiples. The income approach discusses discounted cash flow models and dividend discount models. It emphasizes that valuation requires judgment and different techniques may provide different results.
This document discusses ratio analysis and its applications. Ratio analysis involves comparing financial metrics and ratios to evaluate a company's performance over time, against its peers, and relative to industry benchmarks. The key types of ratios covered are liquidity ratios, solvency ratios, profitability ratios, efficiency ratios, coverage ratios, and market prospect ratios. Specific ratios discussed include the current ratio, debt-to-equity ratio, return on assets, inventory turnover, and dividend yield. The document emphasizes that ratio analysis is most insightful when trends are analyzed over time and when comparisons are made to competitors in the same industry.
A study on financial perfomance don for precot meridian limitedJagadeeshB15
This document provides an overview of ratio analysis of financial statements. It discusses the uses of ratio analysis for various stakeholders like shareholders, creditors, employees, government and management. It also covers the different types of ratios like liquidity ratios, leverage ratios, activity ratios and profitability ratios. Standards of comparison for ratios are important and ratios can be compared over time periods for a company or compared to industry averages. The document provides context on calculating and interpreting various financial ratios to evaluate the financial position and performance of a company.
Indian corporates are transitioning to the new Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) which converge closely with IFRS. Ind AS require fair value accounting for approximately 75% of the balance sheet. Significant standards include Ind AS 113 on fair value measurement, Ind AS 103 on business combinations, and Ind AS 16 on property, plant, and equipment. Ind AS transition improves comparability, transparency, and results in more qualitative financial statements with global acceptability. Fair value is a principle-based framework and requires use of valuation techniques like discounted cash flow analysis and consideration of fair value hierarchy and premiums/discounts in fair value measurement.
Mr. Chander Sawhney, Partner & Head – Valuation & Deals, Corporate Professionals shared his thoughts as a guest Speaker on Valuation Principles & Techniques in Ind AS at a seminar organised by Gurgaon Branch of ICAI on 3rd September, 2016.
IndAS113 prescribes Fair Valuation definition, Techniques, Application and its Hierarchy. About 75% of the Balance Sheet Size is expected to change due to Fair Value Accounting (#IndAS109 #Financial Instruments, #IndAS102 #Share based payments, #IndAS16 Property Plant Equipments (PPE), #IndAS103 #Business combination etc. shall be impacted using #FairValue. Time to get ready, Plan Prepare and Align with the new requirements...
About Corporate Professionals Valuation Practice
Corporate Professionals Capital Pvt. Ltd. is a SEBI Registered (Cat-1) Merchant Banker and has a successful track record of providing a broad range of M&A and Transaction Advisory Services. Our Dedicated Team has more than 10 years of rich Valuation experience and we have executed more than 500 Corporate Valuations for clients of International Repute across different Context, Industries and Boundaries.
To know more about Our Valuation offerings and how we can help you, please visit us at www.corporatevaluations.in or download our Valuation profile @ http://www.corporatevaluations.in/VALUATION_PROFILE.pdf
- Responsibility accounting is a system that assigns responsibility for controlling costs to individuals within an organization. It focuses on evaluating managers based on the costs and revenues they can control.
- Key features include identifying responsibility centers where authority is delegated, assigning controllable and uncontrollable costs and revenues to these centers, and preparing responsibility reports to provide feedback on variances from budgets.
- The goal is not to punish individuals but rather to motivate improved performance by providing information to managers on areas where they can influence outcomes.
Business valuation documentation (recovered)Ankitha2404
This document provides an overview of business valuation and discusses various approaches used to value a business. It defines business valuation as estimating the economic value of an owner's interest in a business. Valuation requires estimating the worth of both tangible and intangible assets of a business. The document then discusses the objectives, need, and research methodology for a case study valuing the equity shares of a software company using different approaches. It provides details on the asset-based approach to valuation, defining it, discussing its scope and importance, and outlining some advantages.
This document discusses the importance of comprehensive due diligence for physician practice acquisitions. It notes that many physician practices were not built with a future sale in mind, so their operations may not be optimized for an acquisition. Comprehensive due diligence is important to identify any issues and provide realistic valuations. The summary provides an overview of key areas covered in due diligence, including financial analysis, compliance and coding reviews, cybersecurity assessments, and physician compensation structures. Conducting thorough due diligence helps both buyers and sellers have realistic expectations and reduces surprises that could jeopardize a deal.
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) completed its project on the classification and measurement of financial instruments with the release of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-01, Financial Instruments- Overall (Topic 825-10) Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The project began as one of the significant convergence projects with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), however, differences between the two Boards has resulted in accounting standards for financial instruments that are not converged in many respects.
The project included two previous exposure drafts issued in 2010 and 2013. The finalized ASU, however, differs in many significant respects from the changes proposed in each of those exposure drafts, largely due to the feedback received from constituents. The scope of the classification and measurement project ultimately became narrower in focus. It provides only targeted improvements to various aspects of the measurement and classification of financial instruments, primarily equity instruments.
The final ASU also provides disclosure relief for both public and non-public entities. Guidance for the classification and measurement of debt securities and loans receivable remains unchanged.
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 11 on equity analysis and valuation. It discusses recasting financial statements to separate recurring from non-recurring earnings components. Earnings persistence, determinants of persistence, and their relevance for forecasting are analyzed. Earnings-based valuation is described, emphasizing the use of earnings and accounting measures to compute company value. The importance of analyzing earning power and forecasting earnings for valuation purposes is also explained. Several tools for equity analysis and techniques for recasting, adjusting, and forecasting earnings are outlined.
Mill proposes his Art of Life, but he also insists that it is not ve.docxhealdkathaleen
Mill proposes his Art of Life, but he also insists that it is not very developed -- there is an immense amount of work to be done to get it in shape. We know relatively little about what will actually make our lives richly moral, useful, and beautiful. What sort of things might contribute to improving our understanding of how to enrich our lives in this way? That is, what could someone do to develop and extend the Art of Life?
DUE by wed @ 10am central time
somebody have something useful post it and i will look/buy
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Milford Bank and Trust Company is revamping its credit management de.docxhealdkathaleen
Milford Bank and Trust Company is revamping its credit management department to more effectively manage credit analysis. As the credit manager for the bank, draft a 750-word report for the board of directors explaining the three C's of credit. Make sure to address the following:
Character
Capacity
Capital
Also, explain what the acronym CAMEL means, which is used with the third C (capital)?
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IFRS 2 (International Accounting and International Financial Reporting Standa...Ro'ya Abd Elhafez
The development of the market economy and the maturity of the security market was accompanied by the increasing reliance of companies on share-based payment, which means that companies give outside parties or employees equity tools in order to obtain goods or services from them. So that the equity tools here are shares, share options, and others. Share-based payments first appeared in the 50s at 20th century in America's high-tech companies. However, the emergence of financial deception by World-Link Communications and World Com, in addition to the famous Enron incident, has made investors doubt and fears about paying on shares. Therefore in 2004, the FASB amended SFAS123 to strictly regulate share-based payment. And The IASB formally issued IFRS 2 (Share-Based Payment), which came into effect in 2005.
Ratio analysis is an important tool for financial analysis that involves calculating and analyzing relationships between key financial data points from statements. It helps assess a company's liquidity, profitability, solvency, financial stability, and risk. When using ratios, it is important to compare the same company over multiple years, against industry benchmarks, and be aware of factors like accounting differences that could distort comparisons. Key ratios include current ratio, acid test ratio, debt-equity ratio, proprietary ratio, and gross profit ratio.
The Ultimate Business Valuation Guide for 2023.pdfJeremiah Grant
The Ultimate Business Valuation
Guide for 2023
Valuing a company at different stages of its development can provide valuable insight into the state
of the company’s finances as well as the company’s current and future market position and sales
potential. Whether you are planning to sell tomorrow or just trying to gauge where you stand
compared to the competition, you can benefit from having an idea of your company’s worth. This
blog aims to provide you with a complete guide to business valuation and equip you with the
knowledge you need to apply it to your operations. So let’s kick off with an introduction.
Business valuation: A brief
introduction
Companies can have their worth estimated through a method called “business valuation” or
“company valuation.” Throughout the valuation process, every aspect of a company and each of its
subunits is evaluated to establish a dollar value.
Company valuations are performed for many purposes, including but not limited to determining a
business’s fair market value in preparation for sale, determining who owns what shares of a
business, settling tax disputes, and settling marital property disputes. In addition, many business
owners consult with external business evaluators to objectively assess their company’s worth.
Understanding the business
valuation basics
Valuation is a common topic of conversation in the world of corporate finance. If your company is
considering the sale of all or part of its operations, a merger, or an acquisition, you will likely want get
your business valued. However, when valuing a company, it’s important to consider all of the factors
that contribute to the company’s current worth to arrive at an accurate estimate.
Considerations such as management, capital structure, future earnings potential, and market value
of assets may all go into a business’s valuation. Valuation methods and techniques can range widely
between professionals, companies, and sectors. For example, financial statement analysis,
discounted cash flow models, and peer company comparisons are typical methods used to
determine a firm’s worth.
Furthermore, accurate valuation is essential for tax purposes. For tax purposes, the IRS (Internal
Revenue Service) mandates that a company’s worth be determined by its current fair market value.
For example, a firm’s shares may be subject to capital gains or gift taxes upon sale, purchase, or
transfer of ownership.
After the basics business valuation benefits must be understood to know why it’s critical in the
present era to get it done.
Benefits of business valuation:
Why should you get it done?
By considering a company’s workforce, assets, intellectual property, earnings, growth, and losses,
an appraisal or valuation can accurately portray the company’s current economic value.
Every business owner, for whatever reason, should think about having their firm valued once a year.
Being confident in the company’s real value will help the owner(s) make the right decision.
GAIL (India) Limited is India's largest natural gas processing and distribution company that is owned by the Government of India. Some key points:
- GAIL commissioned India's first cross-country natural gas pipeline in 1991 that helped develop India's natural gas market.
- It has expanded operations globally through subsidiaries in Singapore and the US to pursue international opportunities.
- In addition to its pipeline infrastructure, GAIL also operates in the areas of city gas distribution and exploration and production.
- The company allocates 2% of its annual profits to corporate social responsibility programs focused on communities near its work centers.
This document discusses financial statement analysis for credit decisions. It describes the three main financial statements - the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. It then discusses different types of financial statement analysis including vertical analysis, horizontal analysis, and ratio analysis. Finally, it discusses analyzing a company's ongoing business concern by examining factors like working capital, cash flow, receivables, inventory, and management skills. The overall goal of financial statement analysis is to assess a company's financial health, performance, and ability to repay debts.
iscover the key methodologies and tools essential for accurate investment property valuation. Maximize your ROI by understanding the intricacies of property valuation and make informed decisions that propel your investment portfolio forward.
The document provides an overview of the IASB Conceptual Framework 2018, which was revised in March 2018. It summarizes the key topics covered in each of the 8 chapters of the framework. The chapters cover the objectives of financial reporting, qualitative characteristics of useful financial information, the elements of financial statements, recognition and derecognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure, and concepts of capital and capital maintenance. Key definitions and concepts introduced or revised in the 2018 framework include the definition of an economic resource, separate recognition criteria, and discussion of derecognition. The framework also describes the reporting entity and consolidated financial statements.
This document presents a project work on ratio analysis as a tool for financial analysis. It discusses ratio analysis as a technique for evaluating a company's financial condition and performance by calculating and comparing various financial ratios. The document defines key terms related to ratio analysis and outlines its objectives and procedures. It also classifies common financial ratios into five main categories: leverage ratios, liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, turnover/asset utilization ratios, and valuation ratios. Examples of important ratios under each category are provided.
Private Equity Valuation Methods improve active equity portfolio by valuing a business/company that is the core task of the financial analyst. Most PE/VC firms estimate a company’s value with the help of Equity Valuation Methods. To evaluate an organization, there should be enough understanding of Venture Valuation, which is considered as the most holistic evaluation approach.
The document defines management audit as an examination of an organization's structure and use of resources to ensure efficient management. It discusses the objectives of a management audit such as improving efficiency and assessing if the organization can achieve its goals. The scope includes reviewing the current organizational structure and studying aspects like return on investment. Functional areas that are analyzed include purchase, production, distribution, personnel, finance, and accounting. The types of information required are objectives, planning, organization, control, and functional areas.
This document provides an overview of valuation approaches and techniques for measuring the fair value of unquoted equity instruments under IFRS 13. It discusses the market approach, income approach, and a combination of the two. Under the market approach, it describes using transaction prices for identical/similar instruments and comparable company valuation multiples. The income approach discusses discounted cash flow models and dividend discount models. It emphasizes that valuation requires judgment and different techniques may provide different results.
This document discusses ratio analysis and its applications. Ratio analysis involves comparing financial metrics and ratios to evaluate a company's performance over time, against its peers, and relative to industry benchmarks. The key types of ratios covered are liquidity ratios, solvency ratios, profitability ratios, efficiency ratios, coverage ratios, and market prospect ratios. Specific ratios discussed include the current ratio, debt-to-equity ratio, return on assets, inventory turnover, and dividend yield. The document emphasizes that ratio analysis is most insightful when trends are analyzed over time and when comparisons are made to competitors in the same industry.
A study on financial perfomance don for precot meridian limitedJagadeeshB15
This document provides an overview of ratio analysis of financial statements. It discusses the uses of ratio analysis for various stakeholders like shareholders, creditors, employees, government and management. It also covers the different types of ratios like liquidity ratios, leverage ratios, activity ratios and profitability ratios. Standards of comparison for ratios are important and ratios can be compared over time periods for a company or compared to industry averages. The document provides context on calculating and interpreting various financial ratios to evaluate the financial position and performance of a company.
Indian corporates are transitioning to the new Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) which converge closely with IFRS. Ind AS require fair value accounting for approximately 75% of the balance sheet. Significant standards include Ind AS 113 on fair value measurement, Ind AS 103 on business combinations, and Ind AS 16 on property, plant, and equipment. Ind AS transition improves comparability, transparency, and results in more qualitative financial statements with global acceptability. Fair value is a principle-based framework and requires use of valuation techniques like discounted cash flow analysis and consideration of fair value hierarchy and premiums/discounts in fair value measurement.
Mr. Chander Sawhney, Partner & Head – Valuation & Deals, Corporate Professionals shared his thoughts as a guest Speaker on Valuation Principles & Techniques in Ind AS at a seminar organised by Gurgaon Branch of ICAI on 3rd September, 2016.
IndAS113 prescribes Fair Valuation definition, Techniques, Application and its Hierarchy. About 75% of the Balance Sheet Size is expected to change due to Fair Value Accounting (#IndAS109 #Financial Instruments, #IndAS102 #Share based payments, #IndAS16 Property Plant Equipments (PPE), #IndAS103 #Business combination etc. shall be impacted using #FairValue. Time to get ready, Plan Prepare and Align with the new requirements...
About Corporate Professionals Valuation Practice
Corporate Professionals Capital Pvt. Ltd. is a SEBI Registered (Cat-1) Merchant Banker and has a successful track record of providing a broad range of M&A and Transaction Advisory Services. Our Dedicated Team has more than 10 years of rich Valuation experience and we have executed more than 500 Corporate Valuations for clients of International Repute across different Context, Industries and Boundaries.
To know more about Our Valuation offerings and how we can help you, please visit us at www.corporatevaluations.in or download our Valuation profile @ http://www.corporatevaluations.in/VALUATION_PROFILE.pdf
- Responsibility accounting is a system that assigns responsibility for controlling costs to individuals within an organization. It focuses on evaluating managers based on the costs and revenues they can control.
- Key features include identifying responsibility centers where authority is delegated, assigning controllable and uncontrollable costs and revenues to these centers, and preparing responsibility reports to provide feedback on variances from budgets.
- The goal is not to punish individuals but rather to motivate improved performance by providing information to managers on areas where they can influence outcomes.
Business valuation documentation (recovered)Ankitha2404
This document provides an overview of business valuation and discusses various approaches used to value a business. It defines business valuation as estimating the economic value of an owner's interest in a business. Valuation requires estimating the worth of both tangible and intangible assets of a business. The document then discusses the objectives, need, and research methodology for a case study valuing the equity shares of a software company using different approaches. It provides details on the asset-based approach to valuation, defining it, discussing its scope and importance, and outlining some advantages.
This document discusses the importance of comprehensive due diligence for physician practice acquisitions. It notes that many physician practices were not built with a future sale in mind, so their operations may not be optimized for an acquisition. Comprehensive due diligence is important to identify any issues and provide realistic valuations. The summary provides an overview of key areas covered in due diligence, including financial analysis, compliance and coding reviews, cybersecurity assessments, and physician compensation structures. Conducting thorough due diligence helps both buyers and sellers have realistic expectations and reduces surprises that could jeopardize a deal.
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) completed its project on the classification and measurement of financial instruments with the release of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-01, Financial Instruments- Overall (Topic 825-10) Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The project began as one of the significant convergence projects with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), however, differences between the two Boards has resulted in accounting standards for financial instruments that are not converged in many respects.
The project included two previous exposure drafts issued in 2010 and 2013. The finalized ASU, however, differs in many significant respects from the changes proposed in each of those exposure drafts, largely due to the feedback received from constituents. The scope of the classification and measurement project ultimately became narrower in focus. It provides only targeted improvements to various aspects of the measurement and classification of financial instruments, primarily equity instruments.
The final ASU also provides disclosure relief for both public and non-public entities. Guidance for the classification and measurement of debt securities and loans receivable remains unchanged.
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 11 on equity analysis and valuation. It discusses recasting financial statements to separate recurring from non-recurring earnings components. Earnings persistence, determinants of persistence, and their relevance for forecasting are analyzed. Earnings-based valuation is described, emphasizing the use of earnings and accounting measures to compute company value. The importance of analyzing earning power and forecasting earnings for valuation purposes is also explained. Several tools for equity analysis and techniques for recasting, adjusting, and forecasting earnings are outlined.
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Midterm Study Guide
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Identify
Liberation theology
Mujerista
theology
Popular religiosity
Mestizaje
James Cone
Gustavo Gutiérrez
‘adamah
‘adam
‘ish
ishsha
ex nihilio
‘ezer
Neged
tardemah
Beersheba
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Moriah
‘hesed
Long Essay
Using
at least
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The Book of Genesis’ two creation stories and their depictions of God, humanity, and the created world.
Hermeneutical process for interpreting biblical texts and the issues taken into consideration
Equality between man and woman, biblical and cultural perspectives.
How did sin enter the world, God’s role, humanity’s role, consequences.
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The three different methods that can be used to account for uncollectible accounts receivable, specifically:
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percentage of sales
the direct write-off methods
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Midterm Assignment Instructions (due 31 August)
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Foreign Intelligence Entity (FIE) Threat Analysis
The CIA's Counterintelligence Center Analysis Group (CIC/AG) identifies, monitors, and analyzes the efforts of FIEs against US persons, activities, and interests. CIC/AG analysts focus on two specific types of counterintelligence threats to US national security:
1. Transnational threats, such as the counterintelligence aspect of terrorism or the threats posed by emerging or changing technologies to the US Government, intelligence operations, and US Government information systems; and
2. Threats posed by FIEs and their activities.
Value:
This Assignment counts for 40% of your Final Course Grade for this course.
Objective:
This assignment, in accordance with undergraduate academic endeavors, provides an opportunity to evaluate assimilation of course topics, and sharpen and evaluate students' research & critical thinking skills. The assignment is driven & tested by a combination of course materials and external self-led research (depending upon essay[s] selected); analyzed and presented in essay(s) form.
Type:
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Topic:
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Title of paper
Abstract
Introduction
Major points/arguments
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Ride Along 1. Adoption of ASU 2014-02 allows a private company.docx
1. Ride Along
1. Adoption of ASU 2014-02 allows a private company to
amortize its existing and new goodwill on a straight-line basis
over a maximum of 10 years. Further, ASU 2014-18 eliminates
the need for identifying certain intangible assets acquired in a
business combination and the value of such assets are attributed
to goodwill. Non-compete agreements and customer-related
assets are such intangibles that are not capable of being sold or
licensed independently of other business assets.
Before deciding whether to adopt the private-company
alternative in ASU 2014-02, Ride along must take into account
· That if Ride along goes public or is acquired by a public
company, the company must discontinue the use of ASU 2014-
02 and must retroactively restate its previously issued financial
statements utilizing U.S. GAAP applicable to public companies.
Hence, Ride Along would have to recognise need to reverse
previously amortized goodwill, while recognizing intangibles
previously subsumed into goodwill. This process of valuing
customer-related and noncompetition assets is pricey and
challenging because the value of these assets will be determined
as on the original acquisition date of business combination.
· That such alternative tends to result in companies reporting
lower profits and total asset balances due to goodwill
amortization.
2. Post selection of ASU 2014-02, Ride Along subsequently
become a public company or is subject to Public company
reporting (as user of financial statements, including regulators,
lenders or other creditors, require a private company to continue
to apply traditional GAAP accounting standards), it is required
to recast prior periods as if it hadn’t elected the alternative.
· Ride Along must retroactively restate its previously issued
financial statements utilizing U.S. GAAP applicable to public
companies. Hence, Ride Along would have to recognise
2. intangibles previously subsumed into goodwill and remove
amortization impact.
· Further it will have to test for goodwill impairment annually.
3. Upon selection of ASU 2014-02, an entity must further make
a accounting policy election to test goodwill for impairment at
either the entity level or the reporting unit level.
Goodwill should be tested for impairment when a triggering
event occurs instead of performing annually. In such event, the
entity has the option to first assess qualitative factors to
determine whether the quantitative impairment test is necessary.
If that qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely
than not (about 50%) that goodwill is impaired, the entity must
perform the quantitative test to compare the entity’s fair value
with its carrying amount. If the qualitative assessment indicates
that it is not more likely than not that goodwill is impaired,
further testing is unnecessary.
Impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying
value of the entity or reporting unit and its fair value, assuming
the carrying value is higher. This amount is then written off of
currently recorded goodwill. The disclosures required under this
alternative are similar to existing U.S. GAAP.
Goodwill
Impairment
Mini (Feb 2012)
8
0.9 (45% of 2 mn is impaired on departure of Mini)
Retail (June 2013)
10
At entity level, the impairment to be accounted for is 0.9 Mn
Bicycle
3. Tyre
Retail stores
Fair value
115.5
21
73.5
Carrying value
65
20
60
At the reporting unit levels i.e. bicycle/tyre and retail stores,
there is no impairment.
4. The goodwill of reporting units with zero or negative
carrying values will not be impaired, even when conditions
underlying the reporting unit indicate that goodwill is impaired.
Entities will, however, be required to disclose any reporting
units with zero or negative carrying amounts and the respective
amounts of goodwill allocated to those reporting units
Case study 2 Quality Waste Removal
Ans A
Yes
Management can apply a step zero analysis to both reporting
units as of Dec 31 2013,current year measurement date
Ans B
The fair value of an asset (or liability) is the amount at which
that asset (or liability) could be bought (or incurred) or sold (or
settled) in a current transaction between willing parties, that is,
other than in a forced or liquidation sale. Thus, the fair value of
a reporting unit refers to the amount at which the unit as a
whole could be bought or sold in a current transaction between
willing parties. Quoted market prices in active markets are the
best evidence of fair value and shall be used as the basis for the
measurement, if available. However, the market price of an
individual equity security (and thus the market capitalization of
a reporting unit with publicly traded equity securities) may not
4. be representative of the fair value of the reporting unit as a
whole. The quoted market price of an individual equity security,
therefore, need not be the sole measurement basis of the fair
value of a reporting unit.
If quoted market prices are not available, the estimate of fair
value shall be based on the best information available, including
prices for similar assets and liabilities and the results of using
other valuation techniques. A present value technique is often
the best available technique with which to estimate the fair
value of a group of net assets (such as a reporting unit). If a
present value technique is used to measure fair value, estimates
of future cash flows used in that technique shall be consistent
with the objective of measuring fair value. Those cash flow
estimates shall incorporate assumptions that marketplace
participants would use in their estimates of fair value. If that
information is not available without undue cost and effort, an
entity may use its own assumptions. Those cash flow estimates
shall be based on reasonable and supportable assumptions and
shall consider all available evidence. The weight given to the
evidence shall be commensurate with the extent to which the
evidence can be verified objectively. If a range is estimated for
the amounts or timing of possible cash flows, the likelihood of
possible outcomes shall be considered. Concepts Statement 7
discusses the essential elements of a present value measurement
provides examples of circumstances in which an entity’s cash
flows might differ from the market cash flows , and discusses
the use of present value techniques in measuring the fair value
of an asset or a liability
In estimating the fair value of a reporting unit, a valuation
technique based on multiples of earnings or revenue or a similar
performance measure may be used if that technique is consistent
with the objective of measuring fair value. Use of multiples of
earnings or revenue in determining the fair value of a reporting
unit may be appropriate, for example, when the fair value of an
entity that has comparable operations and economic
characteristics is observable and the relevant multiples of the
5. comparable entity are known. Conversely, use of multiples
would not be appropriate in situations in which the operations
or activities of an entity for which the multiples are known are
not of a comparable nature, scope, or size as the reporting unit
for which fair value is being estimated
Ans C
The newly acquired reporting unit will most likely have a very
low cushion; what affect would this have on the conclusions of
the qualitative assessment?
This will contradict the conclusions of the qualitative
assesement.
C
omprehensive written reports are the summation and
culmination of most
psychological and psycho- educational evaluations. These
reports sum-
marize the data from test administration, integrate relevant
qualitative
information, and directly address the posed concerns. Because
these documents
inform decision making and remain for years in academic, as
well as medical and
psychological records, they must be well written. When well
written, assessment
reports can enhance treatment, guide and inform instruction,
and provide critical
information to the referral source and others. The findings and
observations are
presented clearly so that they are understandable to parents,
teachers, clients, and
other professionals. In contrast, when poorly written,
6. assessment reports may be
incomprehensible to parents and teachers and the
recommendations impossible or
unrealistic to implement (Salend & Salend, 1985). Because the
results from a re-
port can affect decisions and influence decision making for
years beyond the initial
evaluation, the creation of assessment reports requires special
attention and care.
The purpose of this book is to review the essential elements and
structure
of well- written psychological and psycho- educational reports.
This book is de-
signed for novice report writers, students and interns in
training, and profes-
sionals who are required to read and understand reports
prepared by others. The
book is also intended for professionals in the field who desire to
improve their
skills in preparing and writing assessment reports. As Salend
and Salend (1985)
asked: “What if professionals were given a letter grade on the
educational assess-
ment reports they write? Would you get an ‘A’ or an ‘F’ or
merely an average ‘C?’
Yet we all recognize the importance of these reports which
contain data used to
formulate IEP goals and subsequent programming” (p. 277).
This text is designed to cover all aspects of preparing a written
report as well
as to provide illustrative samples of clear, informative reports.
This first chapter
provides an overview of the purposes of report writing as well
as a brief discus-
9. the reason for referral and background information (Chapter 3),
discussion of
appearance and behavioral observations (Chapter 4), test results
and interpreta-
tion (Chapter 5), summary and diagnostic impressions (Chapter
6), and recom-
mendations (Chapter 8). The seventh chapter discusses
personality assessment.
The ninth chapter presents special issues related to reports,
including feedback,
follow- up, and the use of computer- generated reports. The
tenth and final chap-
ter presents several sample case reports. An Appendix at the end
of the book
provides information about tests cited throughout the text.
Assessment reports are written for a variety of audiences (e.g.,
parents, teach-
ers, clients, physicians, attorneys) as well as to answer a variety
of referral concerns
(e.g., psychological, linguistic, behavioral, or academic).
Reports are also written
by a variety of professionals (e.g., school psychologists, clinical
psychologists,
neuropsychologists, diagnosticians, educational evaluators, and
speech and lan-
guage therapists). Although the roles of these professionals
differ, they all prepare
written assessment reports. Thus, the skills required to both
understand and write
clear, informative assessment reports are critical for a wide
range of professionals
in fields of psychology and education.
PURPOSES OF ASSESSMENT REPORTS
10. As we have noted, the general purposes of an assessment report
are varied. Own-
by (1997) suggested the following four desired outcomes:
1. Answering the referral questions as explicitly as possible
2. Providing the referral source with additional information
when it is
relevant
3. Creating a record of the assessment for future use
4. Recommending a specific course of action
Similarly, Sattler (2001) specified the following four purposes:
1. To provide accurate assessment- related information (e.g.,
developmen-
tal, medical, and educational history) as well as current
interpersonal
skills, intellectual and cognitive abilities, motor skills, and
personality
to the referral source and other concerned parties
2. To serve as a source of clinical hypotheses and appropriate
interventions
3. To provide meaningful baseline information for evaluating
progress
after interventions have been implemented or time has passed
4. To serve as a legal document
2 ESSENTIALS OF ASSESSMENT REPORT WRITING
Lichtenberger, E. O., Mather, N., & Kaufman, N. L. (2004).
Essentials of assessment report writing. Retrieved from
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Created from waldenu on 2019-11-09 05:36:23.
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Kaufman and Lichtenberger
(2002) outlined several principles
of intelligent testing. The report
writer’s main roles are to (1) gener-
ate hypotheses about the person be-
ing assessed, (2) support or refute
those hypotheses with qualitative
information and test data, and (3)
propose recommendations related
to the initial referral. Regardless of
the types of questions posed by the
referral source, as Ownby, Sattler, and Kaufman and
Lichtenberger suggest,
the central objectives of assessment reports are to answer
questions, describe
the individual and his or her situation, interpret and integrate
13. qualitative and
quantitative data, and then recommend appropriate treatment,
therapies, or
interventions (see Don’t Forget).
In a school setting, reports are the cornerstone for determining
appropriate
adjustments, supports, and accommodations; recommending
behavioral inter-
ventions and instructional strategies; and considering eligibility
and need for
services. These types of reports inform the decision- making
process by making a
direct connection between the obtained assessment results and
the most relevant
types of interventions.
Although the general purposes of written reports are similar
across specialty ar-
eas, some differences exist in the types of evaluation as well as
the recipients. The
focus in some evaluations is on the educational needs of an
individual, whereas in
others the focus is on behavioral or psychological concerns. For
example, speech
language therapists are most concerned with disorders in spoken
and written lan-
guage and a person’s general ability to communicate to others
using speech and
gestures. In some instances, a report is written for another
professional (e.g., a
neuropsychologist to a physician, a clinical psychologist to a
psychiatrist, a school
psychologist to a teacher, or a forensic psychologist to an
attorney; Figure 1.1). In
other instances, a report is prepared for the parents of a child in
14. school or directly
for the individual. Regardless of the recipient of the report,
always assume that
parents or the examinee will read it. Therefore, the language in
the report must
be readily understandable.
School psychologists, speech and language therapists,
diagnosticians, and edu-
cational evaluators most often assess children who are not
functioning well in
aspects of school due to cognitive, academic, developmental,
linguistic, or emo-
tional concerns. These assessments usually focus on
determining an individual’s
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 3
DON’T FORGET
Objectives of Psychologi-
cal Reports
• answer the referral questions
• describe the person
• organize the data
• recommend interventions
Lichtenberger, E. O., Mather, N., & Kaufman, N. L. (2004).
Essentials of assessment report writing. Retrieved from
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Created from waldenu on 2019-11-09 05:36:23.
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strengths and weaknesses, as well as specific educational needs.
The results then
inform the development of an educational program as well as
the selection of
methodologies. Evaluations are also conducted to identify gifted
and talented
children who would benefit from enrichment and accelerated
curricula.
The roles of clinical psychologists and neuropsychologists are
diverse, as are
the reports they prepare. These professionals may work in
hospitals, university
counseling centers, community clinics, or private practices.
Clinical psychologists
commonly share their reports with psychiatrists, psychiatric
nurses, psychiatric
social workers, and other medical personnel. Most often they
are concerned with
the assessment and treatment of disorders in behavior, whereas
17. neuropsycholo-
gists are more concerned with neurological functioning and how
various abilities
relate to learning and behavior. Because evaluators work in
different settings and
write reports for various professionals and purposes, the formats
and language of
these reports will vary. In addition, reports will vary based upon
the types of tests
selected as well as the theoretical orientations of evaluators.
In this book, our primary focus is upon the use and
interpretation of psycho-
logical and educational tests in clinical and educational
settings. We present tests
and reports that illustrate samples from the domains of
neuropsychology, clinical
psychology, school psychology, and education. Although some
details in formats
4 ESSENTIALS OF ASSESSMENT REPORT WRITING
Figure 1.1 Assessment reports may be shared with many types
of people.
Psychiatrists
Social Workers
Teachers
Doctors
School Counselors
Parents
20. domains.
One significant commonality of all assessment reports relates to
content: The
writer must focus upon the individual and the problem being
assessed. The cen-
tral goal of all reports is improved outcomes for the person
being evaluated. An-
other common aspect of all assessment reports relates to writing
style: The author
must create the separate sections of the report but provide
integration so that the
report forms a cohesive whole. These two topics are discussed
next.
FOCUS ON THE PERSON AND THE PROBLEM
Regardless of the type of report written, the focus is upon the
person being evalu-
ated and the problem or problems of concern. Because testing
data are gathered
during an assessment, some evaluators spend too much time
writing about the
obtained test scores rather than about what these scores mean.
Novice report
writers often find it challenging to maintain focus on the
individual. Because the
sheer amount of data can be overwhelming, it seems easier to
describe the tests
and obtained scores than to interpret what these results imply or
mean (Figure
1.2). Unfortunately, when scores become the focal point of a
report, the person
being assessed seems to disappear in the array of numbers. Keep
in mind that
the referral source is not interested in the scores per se but in
21. what these scores
mean in regard to an individual’s intellectual or academic
functioning. Although
data are often discussed within a report, present the results in
such a way that the
reader does not lose sight of the individual. Explain how the
person responded to
specific tasks, rather than simply reporting and discussing a
profile of test scores
(Kaufman & Lichtenberger, 2002).
O’Neill (1995) noted that some reports provide little
interpretation beyond
the test scores, whereas others are based on a complex process
of problem solving.
She describes three diverse levels of clinical interpretation: (1)
the concrete level,
(2) the mechanical level, and (3) the individualized level.
Reports written at the
concrete level do not draw conclusions beyond scores. The
emphasis is placed on
describing the various obtained scores. Reports written at the
mechanical level
focus upon the differences among subtests and factor scores.
Conclusions are
drawn, but they are based only upon the differences among the
obtained scores.
Reports written at the individualized level draw conclusions
that are based upon
an integration of background information, behavior, and scores.
They are explan-
atory and include qualitative information. O’Neill explains that
these reports
look at the scores through the person rather than looking at the
person through
the scores. The most useful reports are written at the
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COHESION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
A typical report includes the sections listed in Rapid Reference
1.1. Although
these sections are presented separately, to communicate
effectively you should
organize the assessment report so that it is integrated and forms
a cohesive whole.
24. Consider information in the background section when writing
the test behav-
iors section. Integrate both background information and test
behaviors with the
test results and interpretation. Base the diagnostic impressions
and recommenda-
tions on the referral question, background information, and
observations, as well
as the test results. This process of integration does not mean
that the specific sec-
tions of the report lose their unique identities, but rather that
one section relates
to another.
To help with integration and organization, one rule of thumb is
that findings
from an earlier section of the report may be integrated when
writing a later sec-
tion, but not vice versa. A second rule of thumb is to attempt to
answer the referral
questions, even if the answers are tentative or speculative. It is
preferable to write
6 ESSENTIALS OF ASSESSMENT REPORT WRITING
Figure 1.2 Even though the amount of data may seem
overwhelming, remember to
write about the person and what the scores mean rather than just
describing the tests
and scores.
Lichtenberger, E. O., Mather, N., & Kaufman, N. L. (2004).
Essentials of assessment report writing. Retrieved from
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Created from waldenu on 2019-11-09 05:36:23.
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that the results are inconclusive than to ignore the questions.
The reader will then
be assured that the concerns were not overlooked but presented
difficult chal-
lenges that are yet to be resolved. The accompanying Caution
reviews these rules
of thumb. The next section provides a brief discussion of how
the various sections
of a report relate to and build upon each other.
Reason for Referral
The reason for referral determines the focus of an evaluation
and provides the
rationale for the assessment. Write all other sections of the
report with the refer-
ral question or questions in mind. The reason for referral also
27. helps determine
the types of assessment tools that will be selected to complete
the evaluation. A
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 7
Components of Typical Reports
• title or heading
• identifying information
• reason for referral
• background information
• tests administered
Note. Some reports also contain an appendix that
includes any additional handouts or readings that the
evaluator wishes to share to help implement
the recommendations, such as an informational sheet on
pharmaceutical treatment of Attention-
Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or a specific
technique to use for spelling instruction.
Rapid Reference 1.1
• behavioral observations
• test results and interpretation
• summary and diagnostic impressions
• recommendations
• psychometric summary of scores
C A U T I O N
Rules of Thumb
Rule of Thumb Example
Do not integrate findings from a later Do not describe
test results in the
30. academic concerns
may involve specific standardized measures of intelligence and
achievement (e.g.,
a reading or math test) as well as informal classroom
assessments and a review of
recent homework papers.
Background Information
The background section serves the important function of placing
the assessment
results within a pertinent context that highlights personal
history. This history
is often summarized chronologically. This section may include
developmental
history, medical history, educational history, family
constellation, employment
history (if relevant), and the results of previous evaluations. In
many cases, an
evaluator can write this section before the evaluation is
conducted, basing it on
a careful review of available records and notes taken during
interviews. After the
evaluation, additional findings may be added based upon other
factual informa-
tion (such as hobbies, interests, attitudes toward school or
work) that are discov-
ered during the course of the evaluation. In general, describe
past history that
may be relevant to present situations (e.g., frequent school
absences, motorcycle
accident resulting in head injury). Do not include current test
behaviors or test
results in this section.
Behavioral Observations
31. The Behavioral Observations section covers pertinent
observations related to es-
tablishing rapport as well as behaviors during the assessment,
such as levels of
attention, motivation, persistence, and frustration. This section
is devoted pri-
marily to behaviors observed during the testing session. If the
individual was
observed in another setting (e.g., in a classroom, in the waiting
room, on the
playground, at home), then those observations may also be
included in this sec-
tion. When nontest behaviors are incorporated into this section,
state the specific
context of the observation (e.g., classroom), describe the
behaviors observed in
the real- life context (e.g., cooperative), and explain whether
these behaviors were
consistent with those observed during testing. You may also
compare behaviors
observed in past assessments to the ones observed in the present
assessment.
Consider the referral question and information from the
background section
when describing observed behaviors during testing. For
example, Ben, a fourth-
grade student, was referred to the school psychologist for poor
attention. Ben’s
8 ESSENTIALS OF ASSESSMENT REPORT WRITING
Lichtenberger, E. O., Mather, N., & Kaufman, N. L. (2004).
Essentials of assessment report writing. Retrieved from
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com
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limited attention was described as a notable and pervasive
problem. Similarly,
both Ben’s mother and teacher described him as inattentive.
When describing
test behaviors, note Ben’s level of inattentiveness with specific
examples observed
during the testing session (e.g., Ben continually had to be
redirected to tasks).
In general, review the concern (inattention) and determine if the
present behav-
iors are consistent or inconsistent with this concern. If
consistent, note specific
examples of inattention; if inconsistent, note the differences
between the behav-
iors reported and those that were actually observed. As another
34. illustration, if a
teacher describes a child as unmotivated (background) but the
child is seen as
motivated during the evaluation (test behavior), discuss the
differing perceptions.
When you encounter contradictory perceptions, generate
hypotheses that will be
supported or rejected later.
Whereas previously mentioned background information can be
discussed in
the behaviors section, do not bring test results or performance
on specific in-
dividual tests or subtests into the Behaviors section. These test
results will be
presented systematically and organized carefully in the Test
Results and Inter-
pretation section.
Test Results and Interpretation
In the Test Results and Interpretation section, some of Ben’s
test scores would
probably relate to level of attentiveness, such as performance on
tests requiring
listening, memory, or speed. For example, on timed tests, Ben
looked up fre-
quently and had to be prompted to keep working. Ben also had
trouble on tests
that required following lengthy oral directions and would often
request repeti-
tions. You would then want to integrate these findings with the
other observed
behaviors, such as the report by the school psychologist, which
noted that the
obtained low test scores seemed to reflect Ben’s inattention
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the recommendations upon the instructional methods that would
be most ap-
propriate given the child’s background, age, and prior
interventions, as well as
the severity of the problem. A written summary is optional. If a
summary is
written, highlight the most crucial background information,
behaviors, and test
results.
10 ESSENTIALS OF ASSESSMENT REPORT WRITING
TEST YOURSELF
1. The main purpose of an assessment report is to
(a) summarize the test data.
(b) convince the person that he or she needs
psychological or educational
services.
(c) answer the referral question.
(d) describe current behaviors.
2. Assessment reports are mainly used to communicate between
professionals within
the fields of psychology and education. True or False?
38. 3. Reports are most useful when they are written at the ______
level.
(a) concrete
(b) mechanical
(c) individualized
(d) abstract
4. The test scores are the most valuable pieces of information
gained from an assess-
ment and should therefore be the main focus of all reports. True
or False?
5. A well- written report will always include a summary of
findings at the end. True or
False?
6. A well- integrated and organized report will
(a) integrate findings presented early in the report (such
as behavioral ob-
servations) with later findings (such as test results), but not
vice versa.
(b) preview relevant findings from test results in an
earlier section of the
report (such as behavioral observations) when relevant.
(c) keep the various sections of the report distinct (i.e.,
background,
behavioral observations, test results) and never integrate
findings until
the summary section.
7. It is acceptable to write tentative or speculative answers to