This document presents a project work on ratio analysis as a tool for financial analysis. It discusses ratio analysis as a technique for evaluating a company's financial condition and performance by calculating and comparing various financial ratios. The document defines key terms related to ratio analysis and outlines its objectives and procedures. It also classifies common financial ratios into five main categories: leverage ratios, liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, turnover/asset utilization ratios, and valuation ratios. Examples of important ratios under each category are provided.

1. PROJECT WORK PRESENTATION ON
RATIO ANALYSIS – A TOOL OF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
NAME : JIGAR THAKKAR
ADMISSION NO. : HPGD/JL20/2449
SPECIALISATION : FINANCE MANAGEMENT
PRIN. L.N. WELINGKAR INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT & RESEARCH
YEAR OF SUBMISSION : JUNE,2021

2. TABLE OF CONTENT
Sr. No. Pg. No
1 1
2 3
3 5
4 6
5 6
6 7
7 9
8 10
9 11
10 12
11 13
12 14
13 16
14 17
15 18
16 19
Importance of Ratio Analysis
Advantages of Ratio Analysis
Conclusion
Bibliography
Limitastions of Ratio Anaylsis
Leverage Ratios
Liquidity Ratios
Profitability Ratios
Turnover or Assest Utilization Ratios
Valuations Ratios
Introduction
Defination
Objectives
Procedure
Key Terms
Classification
Particulars

3. INTRODUCTION
 Ratio analysis allows the interested parties like Shareholders, investors, creditors, government,
and bankers to come to a conclusion about the company’s performance. The appraisal of the ratio
will make a proper analysis of the strength and weaknesses of the firms. The ratio calculation is an
easy and straightforward task, but the appropriate analysis and interpretation can be made only
by exposure. While interpreting the financial data the analyst has to be careful about the
limitations imposed by the accounting concepts and methods. Ratio analysis is helpful in providing
valuable insight when a company is in a financial position.
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4. WHAT IS RATIO ANALYSIS ?
• The term ratio is used to describe the relationships
between figures in a balance sheet or in a profit and loss
account or in a budgetary control system or in any other
part of the accounting organization. The accounting ratio
indicates the quantitative relationship which is used for
analysis and decision making. It gives data for analysis of
inter-firm and intra-firm comparisons. A ratio is a quotient
of two numbers and the relation expressed between two
accounting figures is known as the `accounting ratio’. Ratio
analysis is a very powerful analysis tool useful for
measuring the performance of an organization. The ratio
analysis concentrates on the internal relationship among
the figures in the financial statement. The analysis helps
the management to make future projections on the basis
of the past records.
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5. DEFINITIONS
 “Ratio is a yardstick used to evaluate the financial condition and performance of a firm, relating two pieces of
financial data to each other.” - James C. Van Harne
 “Ratio is a fraction whose numerator is the antecedent and denominator the consequent.” - H.G. Guthmann
 “Ratio is the relationship or proportion that one amount bears to another, the first number being the
numerator and the later denominator.” - H.G. Guthmann
 Ratio analysis is a quantitative method of gaining insight into a company's liquidity, operational efficiency, and
profitability by studying its financial statements such as the balance sheet and income statement. Ratio
analysis is a cornerstone of fundamental equity analysis.
 “The relation of one amount, a to another b, expressed as the ratio of a to b”. - Kohler
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6. 4

7. OBJECTIVES OF RATIO ANALYSIS
 Ratio analysis is indispensable part of interpretation of results revealed by the financial statements. It
provides users with crucial financial information and points out the areas which require investigation. Ratio
analysis is a technique which involves regrouping of data by application of arithmetical relationships, though
its interpretation is a complex matter. It requires a fine understanding of the way and the rules used for
preparing financial statements. Once done effectively, it provides a lot of information which helps the
analyst:
1. To know the areas of the business which need more attention;
2. To know about the potential areas which can be improved with the effort in the
desired direction;
3. To provide a deeper analysis of the profitability, liquidity, solvency and
efficiency levels in the business;
4. To provide information for making cross-sectional analysis by comparing the
performance with the best industry standards; and
5. To provide information derived from financial statements useful for making
projections and estimates for the future.
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8. PROCEDURE FOR COMPUTATION OF RATIOS
 Generally, ratio analysis involves four steps for procedure for computation of ratios:
(i) Collection of relevant accounting data from financial statements.
(ii) Constructing ratios of related accounting figures.
(iii) Comparing the ratios thus constructed with the standard ratios which may be the corresponding past ratios of the firm or
industry average ratios of the firm or
ratios of competitors.
(iv) Interpretation of ratios to arrive at valid conclusions.
KEY TERMS
I. Budgeting II. Window-dressing III. Profitability ratios
IV. Liquidity ratios V. Activity ratios VI. Solvency ratios
VII. Trend analysis
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9.  Ratio analysis is a commonly used tool for financial statement analysis. A ratio is a mathematical relationship
between one number to another number. For exhaustive financial analysis, experts classify financial ratios into
the following five groups:
1. Structural or debt utilization ratios :- Debt, or leverage, ratios measure the firm’s ability to repay long-term
debt.
2. Liquidity ratios :- Liquidity ratios measure the availability of cash to pay debt.
3. Profitability ratios :- Profitability ratios measure the firm’s use of its assets and control of its expenses to
generate an acceptable rate of return.
4. Turnover or asset utilization ratio :- Turnover or Asset Utilization ratios, also called efficiency ratios, measure
the effectiveness of a firm’s use of resources, or assets.
5. Valuation ratios :- Valuation ratios are concerned with shareholder audiences. They measure the cost of
issuing stock and the relationship between return and the value of an investment in company’s shares.
CLASSIFICATION
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10. Leverage Ratios Liquidity Ratios Profitability Ratios Turnover or Asset
Utilization Ratios
Valuation Ratios
Funded Debt to
Capitalization
Current Ratio Gross Profit Margin Receivables Turnover Yield
Debt to Equity Quick Ratio Operating Profit Margin
Ratio
Average Collection
Period
Price Earnings Ratio
Interest Coverage Ratio Net Profit Margin Ratio Inventory Turnover Market Value/ Book
Value Ratio
Fixed Charges Coverage
Ratio
Return on Assets Ratio Fixed Assets Turnover Price to Sales Ratio
Return on Equity Ratio Total Assets Turnover Price to Book (P/B)
Ratio
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11. 1. LEVERAGE RATIOS
 A leverage ratio is any one of several financial measurements that assesses the ability of a company to meet
its financial obligations.
 Common leverage ratios include the debt-equity ratio, equity multiplier, degree of financial leverage, and
consumer leverage ratio.
 Banks have regulatory oversight on the level of leverage they can hold.
 Too much debt can be dangerous for a company and its investors.
 Some important Leverage Ratio is given below:
A. Funded Debt to Capitalization
B. Debt to Equity
C. Interest Coverage Ratio
D. Fixed Charges Coverage Ratio
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12. 2. LIQUIDITY RATIOS
 Liquidity ratios measure the adequacy of current and liquid assets and help evaluate the ability of the
business to pay its short-term debts.
 The ability of a business to pay its short-term debts is frequently referred to as short-term
solvency position or liquidity position of the business.
 Generally a business with sufficient current and liquid assets to pay its current liabilities as and when they
become due is considered to have a strong liquidity position and a businesses with insufficient current and
liquid assets is considered to have weak liquidity position.
 Short-term creditors like suppliers of goods and commercial banks use liquidity ratios to know whether the
business has adequate current and liquid assets to meet its current obligations.
Two commonly used liquidity ratios are given below:
A. Current ratio or working capital ratio
B. Quick ratio or acid test ratio
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13. 3. PROFITABILITY RATIOS
 Profit is the primary objective of all businesses. All businesses need a consistent improvement in profit to survive
and prosper. A business that continually suffers losses cannot survive for a long period.
 Profitability ratios measure the efficiency of management in the employment of business resources to earn
profits. These ratios indicate the success or failure of a business enterprise for a particular period of time.
Profitability ratios are used by almost all the parties connected with the business.
 Following are the categories of profitability ratio
A. Gross profit (GP) ratio
B. Operating Profit Margin ratio
C. Net Profit Margin Ratio
D. Return on Assets Ratio
E. Return on Equity Ratio
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14. 4. TURNOVER OR ASSEST UTILIZATION RATIOS
 Turnover or Asset utilization ratios measure the efficiency of a firm or company in generating revenues by
converting its production into cash or sales.
 Generally a fast conversion increases revenues and profits.
 Activity ratios show how frequently the assets are converted into cash or sales and, therefore, are frequently
used in conjunction with liquidity ratios for a deep analysis of liquidity.
 Some important activity ratios are:
A. Receivables turnover ratio
B. Average collection period
C. Inventory turnover ratio
D. Fixed assets turnover ratio
E. Total Asset turnover ratio
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15. 5. VALUATION RATIOS
 Valuation ratios are some of the most commonly quoted and easily used ratios for analyzing the attractiveness of
an investment in a company. These measures primarily integrate a company’s publicly traded stock price to give
investors an understanding of how inexpensive or expensive the company is in the market.
 In general, the lower the ratio level, the more attractive an investment in a company becomes. Often, analysts
will take the reciprocal of a valuation ratio, or its multiple, as a measure of relative value.
 Some important activity ratios are:
A. Yield
B. Price Earnings Ratio
C. Market Value/ Book Value Ratio
D. Price to sales Ratio
E. Price to Book Ratio
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16. IMPORTANCE OF RATIO ANALYSIS
 The major importance that arise from ratio analysis are as follows :
1. Ratio analysis is a very powerful analytical tool, useful for measuring the performance of an organization.
2. Ratio analysis concentrates on the inter-relationship among the figures appearing in the financial statements.
3. Ratios make comparison easy. The said ratio is compared with the standard ratio and this shows the degree of
efficient utilization of assets, etc.
4. The results of two companies engaged in the same business can be easily compared (inter-firm comparison)
with the help of ratio analysis.
5. Short-term liquidity position and long-term solvency position can be easily ascertained with the help of ratio
analysis.
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17. 6. Ratio analysis helps the management to analyze the past performance of the firm and to make further
projections.
7. Ratio analysis allows interested parties to make an evaluation of certain aspects of the firm’s performance.
8. Its importance lies in analyzing the probable casual relationship between two past results.
9. By effectively using the ratios, one can find out the growth or decline of an enterprise with the help them, and
future actions can be taken.
10. Ratio analysis helps the management to analyze the past performance of the firm and to make further
projections.
11. Ratio analysis allows interested parties, like shareholders, investors, creditors, and analysts to make an evaluation
of certain aspects of a firm’s performance.
12. The appraisal of the ratios will make a proper analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the firm’s operations.
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18. ADVANTAGES OF RATIO ANALYSIS
 Ratio analysis is widely used as a powerful tool of financial statement analysis. It establishes the numerical or
quantitative relationship between two figures of a financial statement to ascertain strengths and weaknesses
of a firm as well as its current financial position and historical performance. It helps various interested parties
to make an evaluation of certain aspect of a firm’s performance.
The following are the principal advantages of ratio analysis:
I. Forecasting and Planning
II. Budgeting
III. Measurement of Operating Efficiency
IV. Communication
V. Control of Performance and Cost:
VI. Inter-firm Comparison
VII. Indication of Liquidity Position
VIII. Indication of Long-term Solvency Position
IX. Indication of Overall Profitability
X. Signal of Corporate Sickness
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19. LIMITATIONS OF RATIO ANALYSIS
 The technique of ratio analysis is a very useful device for making a study of the financial health of a firm.
But it has some limitations which must not be lost sight of before undertaking such analysis.
Some of these limitations are:
I. Limitations of Financial Statements:
II. Historical Information:
III. Different Accounting Policies:
IV. Lack of Standard of Comparison:
V. Quantitative Analysis:
VI. Window-Dressing:
VII. Changes in Price Level:
VIII. Causal Relationship Must:
IX. Ratios Account for one Variable:
X. Seasonal Factors Affect Financial Data:
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20. CONCLUSION
 Ratio Analysis is the basic tool of financial analysis and Financial analysis itself is an important part of any
business planning process as SWOT ,being basic tool of the strategic analysis plays a vital role in a business
planning process and no SWOT analysis would be complete without an analysis of companies financial
position. In this way Ratio Analysis is very important part of whole business strategic planning.
 Accounting ratios are very helpful in analyzing any company’s performance but on the flip side, these
ratios calculated using balance sheet on a specific date. As such, may not reflect the financial position of
the company during other periods of the year. Hence, it is always better for the analyst to do the in-depth
analysis of the company’s performance rather to only rely on ratios.
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21. BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/stocks/06/ratios.asp
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/leverageratio.asp#:~:text=are%20discussed%2
0below.-
,A%20leverage%20ratio%20is%20any%20one%20of%20several%20financial%20measu
rements,output%20will%20affect%20operating%20income.
https://old.mu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Accountancy-Paper-III-Advance-
Financial-Management-Final-Book.pdf
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22. THANK
YOU