predator prey interactions are of great importance in the agro ecosystems. insects being the largest group of arthropods have a major role in designing various management strategies against different crop pests. these interactions influence the structure and dynamics of an agro ecosystem.
apiculture #bee in these presentation i explain how honey bees colony are culture or reared and also there importance in environment such as pollination . there are many types of disease honey bees which are also mentioned
Predators are one of the most important aspects of biologial control of crop pests. The predators may be insects or mites or nematodes or any other living organisms. Like the parasitoids, predators also follow a typical prey selection strategy. It includes Prey Habitat Selection, Prey Finding, Prey Acceptance and Prey Suitability. Prey Habitat Selection can be obtained by different plant odors or prey odors (like- honeydew, prey frass etc) or herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPV). The HIPV is the most of important and reliable one to select the prey species by the predators. Actually when a plant is attacked by the pest species, the defense system is activated and it includes production of de novo or phytoalexins or secondary plant metabolites of various odors which actually attract the predators. Like- the bean plants attacked by Tetranychid mites, are attracted by the predatory Phytoseiid mites. Besides plants attacked under pests, release Methyl Salicylate like molecules which also attracts predators like Chrysopa spp. After habitat finding, the predators forage for suitable prey and if initial inspection of the habitat leads to evidence of prey in the local area, the predator is likely to engage in Intensified Local Search (ILS). ILS includes frequent turning, sinous search paths and slower walking. Theere are a number of factors which influence the efficiency of ILS. These include- Host Plant Architecture, Surface Texture of Plants, Hunger Status of Predators, Visual Cues, Patch Quality and Prey Products. Like- Larvae of some ladybirds foage less frequently for aphids on highly branched varieties than on normal branched varieties of crops. Similarly waxy surfaces can reduce their foragig efficiency and some of the predators are entrapped and died within the trichomes. Native adults of Harmonia axyridis are more attracted to yellow colour as compared to green colour. They are also attracted to the surface treated with prey products like honeydew to search for the preys while there are lots of exceptions regarding this. After a prey has been contacted, the age and experience of the predator, size of the prey and prey's defensive actions can influence the success of attack. The acceptance of prey depends on certain features like- food habit of the prey, chemical composition of prey cuticle, warning colourations and gregarious nature of prey species. After the acceptance, the suitability of prey is important to determine. This depends on- whether it supports both developement and reproduction or only developement or unpalatable. Suitability of prey for immature stages of predators depends on the survivorship of them, developemental time and adult body weight. Indexing prey suitability for mature adults depends mainly on the reproductive capability, high fecundity and viability. If predators feed on diseased or paralyzed hosts, it may induce low body weight, low immunity and survivorship. This understanding helps in successful IPM bio-control
predator prey interactions are of great importance in the agro ecosystems. insects being the largest group of arthropods have a major role in designing various management strategies against different crop pests. these interactions influence the structure and dynamics of an agro ecosystem.
apiculture #bee in these presentation i explain how honey bees colony are culture or reared and also there importance in environment such as pollination . there are many types of disease honey bees which are also mentioned
Predators are one of the most important aspects of biologial control of crop pests. The predators may be insects or mites or nematodes or any other living organisms. Like the parasitoids, predators also follow a typical prey selection strategy. It includes Prey Habitat Selection, Prey Finding, Prey Acceptance and Prey Suitability. Prey Habitat Selection can be obtained by different plant odors or prey odors (like- honeydew, prey frass etc) or herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPV). The HIPV is the most of important and reliable one to select the prey species by the predators. Actually when a plant is attacked by the pest species, the defense system is activated and it includes production of de novo or phytoalexins or secondary plant metabolites of various odors which actually attract the predators. Like- the bean plants attacked by Tetranychid mites, are attracted by the predatory Phytoseiid mites. Besides plants attacked under pests, release Methyl Salicylate like molecules which also attracts predators like Chrysopa spp. After habitat finding, the predators forage for suitable prey and if initial inspection of the habitat leads to evidence of prey in the local area, the predator is likely to engage in Intensified Local Search (ILS). ILS includes frequent turning, sinous search paths and slower walking. Theere are a number of factors which influence the efficiency of ILS. These include- Host Plant Architecture, Surface Texture of Plants, Hunger Status of Predators, Visual Cues, Patch Quality and Prey Products. Like- Larvae of some ladybirds foage less frequently for aphids on highly branched varieties than on normal branched varieties of crops. Similarly waxy surfaces can reduce their foragig efficiency and some of the predators are entrapped and died within the trichomes. Native adults of Harmonia axyridis are more attracted to yellow colour as compared to green colour. They are also attracted to the surface treated with prey products like honeydew to search for the preys while there are lots of exceptions regarding this. After a prey has been contacted, the age and experience of the predator, size of the prey and prey's defensive actions can influence the success of attack. The acceptance of prey depends on certain features like- food habit of the prey, chemical composition of prey cuticle, warning colourations and gregarious nature of prey species. After the acceptance, the suitability of prey is important to determine. This depends on- whether it supports both developement and reproduction or only developement or unpalatable. Suitability of prey for immature stages of predators depends on the survivorship of them, developemental time and adult body weight. Indexing prey suitability for mature adults depends mainly on the reproductive capability, high fecundity and viability. If predators feed on diseased or paralyzed hosts, it may induce low body weight, low immunity and survivorship. This understanding helps in successful IPM bio-control
This PPT describes the various products from honey bees. The benefits of honey bees include pollination services, pollen, honey included comb honey and creamed honey, beeswax, royal jelly, propolis, and bee venonm. Other topics include harvesting, dehydration and processing.
All about honey bees like their function,biology,pollination,threats to honeybees,which problems we will face in the absence of honey bees,importance of honeybees and the conclusion that we must have to save our bees so that the flowernig plants get pollinated
Discussion is done on various insect camouflages. History, mechanisms, importance, methods, advantages and disadvantages of camouflage in insects. The whole topic is very carefully discussed with proper photographs.
Use of Semiochemicals, Auditory stimuli and Visual f.pptmanjeetnauni
Semiochemicals are chemical substances produced by organisms such as plants and animals, such substances elicit a physiological or behavioral response in individuals of the same or another species. Semiochemicals are classified into pheromones and allelochemicals.
This PPT describes the various products from honey bees. The benefits of honey bees include pollination services, pollen, honey included comb honey and creamed honey, beeswax, royal jelly, propolis, and bee venonm. Other topics include harvesting, dehydration and processing.
All about honey bees like their function,biology,pollination,threats to honeybees,which problems we will face in the absence of honey bees,importance of honeybees and the conclusion that we must have to save our bees so that the flowernig plants get pollinated
Discussion is done on various insect camouflages. History, mechanisms, importance, methods, advantages and disadvantages of camouflage in insects. The whole topic is very carefully discussed with proper photographs.
Use of Semiochemicals, Auditory stimuli and Visual f.pptmanjeetnauni
Semiochemicals are chemical substances produced by organisms such as plants and animals, such substances elicit a physiological or behavioral response in individuals of the same or another species. Semiochemicals are classified into pheromones and allelochemicals.
1. La Formica
Le formiche mostrano la massima diversità nelle zone a clima tropicale,
come l'America del Sud, l'Africa e l'Australia orientale ma hanno molte
specie anche nelle regioni temperate del pianeta. Nelle loro società, che
variano in dimensioni e in organizzazione a seconda delle specie, vi è una
classe riproduttiva - costituita dalle regine e dai maschi - e una lavorativa,
costituita da femmine attere e sterili, dette operaie.
La Struttura
La Riproduzione
Una formica regina è una formica di sesso femminile in grado di riprodursi.
In molti casi è la madre di tutte le altre formiche del formicaio, ma in alcune
specie le formiche regine possono essere anche centinaia. Alcune formiche
2. femmine non hanno bisogno di accoppiarsi per riprodursi, usando la
riproduzione asessuale In tutti e tre questi casi le figlie saranno tutte
femmine. D'estate la nuova formica regina, nata da altre uova, nasce e
forma nuove colonie ricominciando il ciclo vitale.
La Regina
Curiosità
1. Il cervello
Il cervello di una formica ha 250.000 cellule cerebrali, quello di un essere
umano ne conta 10 milioni. Quindi una colonia di 40.000 formiche ha lo
stesso numero di cellule cerebrali di un essere umano.
2. I maschi sono (quasi) totalmente inutili.
Le cosiddette formiche volanti non sono altro che i maschi (o più raramente
regine non ancora fecondate).
I maschi non sanno nutrirsi da soli, non sanno uscire dal nido senza l’aiuto
delle operaie, non sanno difendersi ne difendere il nido, volano per
3. accoppiarsi con una regina non fecondata e poi muoiono, dato che non
servono più e le operaie non li sfameranno più.
3. La regina ha un cuore di ghiaccio.
Non letteralmente. Spero.
Una volta fecondata, la regina cade sul terreno alla ricerca di un posto dove
scavare la sua “camera reale”.
Per avere le energie necessarie a sfornare le prime operaie, la regina divora
i propri muscoli alari, privandosi delle ali. Non solo, la regina si ciba di una
parte delle prime uova e al banchetto si uniscono quelle poche operaie
fortunate e sopravvissute.
