This document discusses randomly changing radio frequency interference (RFI) detected in ALOS PALSAR data collected over the American Arctic. It presents an analysis of RFI signatures identified in the data and the development of an azimuth analysis-based notch filtering algorithm to mitigate the effects of the interference. The algorithm detects and removes RFI based on outliers identified in azimuth cuts through the range-frequency data. Results show the method successfully restores data quality and polarimetric signatures degraded by RFI from long-range radar stations. The document concludes growing RFI is an issue for microwave remote sensing and requires ongoing monitoring and mitigation efforts.
Analisi delle prove di suscettibilità condotta nell'ambito della norma MIL-STD-461G e paragone con le normative precedenti. Pubblicata in occasione del seminario MIL nel 2017.
The document summarizes research on developing algorithms to estimate biomass levels in boreal forests using P-band SAR data from BioSAR experiments. Six regression models were tested using data from the Krycklan and Remningstorp sites in Sweden. The best performing models were ones that incorporated multiple polarizations including HV polarization, polarization ratios, and topographic corrections. These models achieved root mean squared errors of 30-40 tons/ha for above ground dry biomass estimation, significantly outperforming models using only single polarization data.
TU1.L09.1 - APPLICATION OF POLARIMETRIC SAR TO EARTH REMOTE SENSINGgrssieee
Polarimetric SAR data allows for a more complete analysis of scattering mechanisms. There are various techniques for analyzing polarimetric data, including polarization signatures and eigenvector decompositions. Model-based decomposition compares observed covariance matrices to model-derived matrices to identify the dominant scattering mechanisms, such as surface, volume, or double-bounce scattering, on a pixel-by-pixel basis. This provides quantitative information about surface properties and distributions of scatterers within each resolution cell.
A STABLE MODEL-BASED THREE-COMPONENT DECOMPOSITION APPROACH FOR POLARIMETRIC ...grssieee
The document proposes a three-component decomposition approach for polarimetric SAR data that improves stability over the Freeman decomposition. It addresses the ill-posed nature of the Freeman decomposition by using Tikhonov regularization, which introduces a regularization parameter to make the problem well-posed. Experimental results show the proposed approach produces more stable decompositions with no negative powers compared to the standard Freeman decomposition.
WE3.L09 - EVALUATION OF SYSTEM POLARIZATION QUALITY FOR POLARIMETRIC SAR IMAG...grssieee
This document evaluates polarization quality metrics for polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) imagery and target decomposition. It introduces the maximum normalized error (MNE) metric to quantify the effects of polarization distortions from the radar system. The MNE captures the maximum error over all possible target polarimetric responses. It provides an evaluation baseline for comparing the errors of different polarimetric decompositions under various distortion levels and configurations. Simulation results demonstrate that the MNE metric connects PolSAR image quality to interacting polarization distortions and serves as a reference for acceptable distortion levels.
This document proposes a new polarimetric calibration method for SAR using forest and surface scattering targets. It models forest backscatter as consisting of volume, double bounce, and surface scattering. Two steps are used to determine channel imbalances and forest parameters: first using forest and a corner reflector, then estimating cross-talks. The method was evaluated using 26 Amazon datasets and showed stable parameters and good polarimetric signatures after calibration. Reflection symmetry was confirmed for forests.
Model-based Polarimetric Decomposition using PolInSAR Coherence_v11(FILEminim...grssieee
This document presents a new model-based polarimetric decomposition technique that utilizes polarimetric SAR interferometry (PolInSAR) coherence. Current decomposition models have limitations in accurately modeling volume scattering and resolving scattering mechanism ambiguities. The proposed method introduces an adaptive volume scattering model parameterized by PolInSAR coherence. This allows the volume scattering to better fit diverse terrain types like forests and built-up areas. Experimental results on L-band PolInSAR data demonstrate the method's ability to discriminate between scattering mechanisms and improve upon existing decomposition techniques.
Dual-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data can be used to detect ships, oil rigs, buoys, and oil spills by analyzing the degree of polarization (DoP) within the data. The DoP is estimated from Stokes parameters, which describe the polarization of electromagnetic waves, and indicates how polarized versus depolarized the radar backscatter is from different targets. Higher DoP helps distinguish man-made objects from natural backgrounds. Experimental results show the DoP estimated from different dual-pol SAR modes can successfully identify ships and oil platforms within RADARSAT-2 and NASA/JPL UAVSAR imagery of coastal and offshore areas.
Analisi delle prove di suscettibilità condotta nell'ambito della norma MIL-STD-461G e paragone con le normative precedenti. Pubblicata in occasione del seminario MIL nel 2017.
The document summarizes research on developing algorithms to estimate biomass levels in boreal forests using P-band SAR data from BioSAR experiments. Six regression models were tested using data from the Krycklan and Remningstorp sites in Sweden. The best performing models were ones that incorporated multiple polarizations including HV polarization, polarization ratios, and topographic corrections. These models achieved root mean squared errors of 30-40 tons/ha for above ground dry biomass estimation, significantly outperforming models using only single polarization data.
TU1.L09.1 - APPLICATION OF POLARIMETRIC SAR TO EARTH REMOTE SENSINGgrssieee
Polarimetric SAR data allows for a more complete analysis of scattering mechanisms. There are various techniques for analyzing polarimetric data, including polarization signatures and eigenvector decompositions. Model-based decomposition compares observed covariance matrices to model-derived matrices to identify the dominant scattering mechanisms, such as surface, volume, or double-bounce scattering, on a pixel-by-pixel basis. This provides quantitative information about surface properties and distributions of scatterers within each resolution cell.
A STABLE MODEL-BASED THREE-COMPONENT DECOMPOSITION APPROACH FOR POLARIMETRIC ...grssieee
The document proposes a three-component decomposition approach for polarimetric SAR data that improves stability over the Freeman decomposition. It addresses the ill-posed nature of the Freeman decomposition by using Tikhonov regularization, which introduces a regularization parameter to make the problem well-posed. Experimental results show the proposed approach produces more stable decompositions with no negative powers compared to the standard Freeman decomposition.
WE3.L09 - EVALUATION OF SYSTEM POLARIZATION QUALITY FOR POLARIMETRIC SAR IMAG...grssieee
This document evaluates polarization quality metrics for polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) imagery and target decomposition. It introduces the maximum normalized error (MNE) metric to quantify the effects of polarization distortions from the radar system. The MNE captures the maximum error over all possible target polarimetric responses. It provides an evaluation baseline for comparing the errors of different polarimetric decompositions under various distortion levels and configurations. Simulation results demonstrate that the MNE metric connects PolSAR image quality to interacting polarization distortions and serves as a reference for acceptable distortion levels.
This document proposes a new polarimetric calibration method for SAR using forest and surface scattering targets. It models forest backscatter as consisting of volume, double bounce, and surface scattering. Two steps are used to determine channel imbalances and forest parameters: first using forest and a corner reflector, then estimating cross-talks. The method was evaluated using 26 Amazon datasets and showed stable parameters and good polarimetric signatures after calibration. Reflection symmetry was confirmed for forests.
Model-based Polarimetric Decomposition using PolInSAR Coherence_v11(FILEminim...grssieee
This document presents a new model-based polarimetric decomposition technique that utilizes polarimetric SAR interferometry (PolInSAR) coherence. Current decomposition models have limitations in accurately modeling volume scattering and resolving scattering mechanism ambiguities. The proposed method introduces an adaptive volume scattering model parameterized by PolInSAR coherence. This allows the volume scattering to better fit diverse terrain types like forests and built-up areas. Experimental results on L-band PolInSAR data demonstrate the method's ability to discriminate between scattering mechanisms and improve upon existing decomposition techniques.
Dual-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data can be used to detect ships, oil rigs, buoys, and oil spills by analyzing the degree of polarization (DoP) within the data. The DoP is estimated from Stokes parameters, which describe the polarization of electromagnetic waves, and indicates how polarized versus depolarized the radar backscatter is from different targets. Higher DoP helps distinguish man-made objects from natural backgrounds. Experimental results show the DoP estimated from different dual-pol SAR modes can successfully identify ships and oil platforms within RADARSAT-2 and NASA/JPL UAVSAR imagery of coastal and offshore areas.
This document summarizes a study that used wide-swath interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series to map large-scale ground deformation over the Danakil depression in the Afar region of Ethiopia between 2006 and 2009. The time series analysis revealed deformation signals consistent with magmatic intrusions and inflation/deflation of volcanic centers. Modeling of the deformation supported deep magma intrusion beneath the central segment and lateral magma propagation and chamber inflation beneath Dabbahu volcano in the northern segment. The study demonstrated the potential of wide-swath InSAR time series for mapping long-wavelength ground deformation over large areas.
TU1.L09.3 - Fully Polarimetric TerraSAR-X Data: Data Quality and Scientific ...grssieee
The document summarizes research using fully polarimetric TerraSAR-X data for scientific analysis. Key findings include:
1) TerraSAR-X was able to achieve high quality polarimetric data and stable radiometric calibration over multiple years of operation.
2) Analysis of agricultural, urban, glacial and sea ice sites showed polarimetry can provide information on surface changes and feature separation in different environments.
3) Coherent scatterer detection techniques were able to identify stable radar targets in urban and glacial sites at high spatial resolution.
TWO-POINT STATISTIC OF POLARIMETRIC SAR DATA TWO-POINT STATISTIC OF POLARIMET...grssieee
This document discusses using wavelet transforms to analyze two-point statistics of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data. It introduces wavelet variance and kurtosis as metrics that can be applied to PolSAR data transformed using a wavelet frame. It then provides an example of applying this analysis to ALOS PALSAR data over Hawaii's Papau Seamount to characterize sea surface features.
3_Terrain catergorization for single Pol.pptgrssieee
The document proposes a method for terrain categorization of single-polarization SAR images based on scattering mechanisms. It applies speckle filtering, unsupervised classification, and assigns color-codes to scattering categories (surface, volume, double-bounce) to produce categorized imagery. Comparisons with PolSAR Pauli decomposition and Google Earth show the method provides a simple way to separate terrain types from single-channel SAR, though it has limitations compared to fully polarimetric data.
TU3.L09 - AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT ADVANCES IN POLARIMETRIC SAR INFORMATION EXTR...grssieee
This document provides an overview of recent advances in polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) information extraction algorithms and applications presented at the 2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). It reviews developments in target decompositions, orientation angles, classification, segmentation, texture modeling, speckle filtering, compact polarimetry, and high-resolution PolSAR over the past five years. New satellite systems like ALOS, TerraSAR-X, and RADARSAT-2 have enabled applications in areas such as agriculture, forestry, geology and oceanography.
THE SENTINEL-1 MISSION AND ITS APPLICATION CAPABILITIESgrssieee
The Sentinel-1 mission is part of the GMES program and consists of two satellites to provide C-band SAR data for emergency response, marine and land monitoring, and other applications. The satellites operate in a near-polar orbit with a 12 day repeat cycle. The main acquisition mode is an interferometric wide swath mode with 5m range and 20m azimuth resolution over a 250km swath. Sentinel-1 will support operational services and create a long-term SAR data archive.
Polarimeter digunakan untuk mengukur sudut rotasi cahaya yang diakibatkan oleh zat optik aktif seperti gula. Eksperimen mengukur kecepatan hidrolisis sakarosa menjadi fruktosa dan glukosa dengan menentukan nilai alfa awal (α0), alfa pada setiap waktu (αt), dan alfa akhir (α∞) menggunakan polarimeter. HCl digunakan untuk mempercepat reaksi hidrolisis.
This document presents a new method for detecting land cover changes using RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) images. The method integrates change vector analysis, post-classification comparison, and object-oriented image analysis. It was tested on PolSAR images of an area in China that experiences illegal land development. The proposed method achieved higher accuracy than other techniques in determining various types of land cover changes, such as barren land converting to crops or built-up areas. The use of change vector analysis, post-classification comparison, and object-oriented analysis helped reduce false alarms from classification errors and environmental changes.
A polarimeter is an instrument used to measure the angle of rotation caused when polarized light passes through an optically active substance. It consists of a polarimeter tube and operation panel. When light passes through a left-handed or right-handed sample, the translucent semicircular fields in the polarimeter gradually change. There are different types of polarimeters. The specific rotation, a unique property of substances, can be calculated using the measured angle of rotation, concentration, temperature, and length of the sample cell. Polarimeters are used in industries like chemistry, food, beverages, and pharmaceuticals for applications such as quality control and purity measurements.
This document provides an analysis of the handwriting and signatures of three famous individuals: Mukesh Ambani, Anil Ambani, and Ratan Tata. For each person, key personality traits are inferred based on characteristics of their signature such as slant, letter formations, size, and strokes. Mukesh Ambani is described as logical and focused on results while Anil Ambani is portrayed as emotional and defensive. Ratan Tata is highlighted as persistent, determined, and a dreamer. The document suggests that signature analysis can provide insights into one's self-image, social skills, and personality.
The document discusses principles of radar imaging and synthetic aperture radar (SAR). SAR uses signal modulation and range-Doppler processing to achieve high-resolution radar imagery independent of distance to targets. Polarimetric SAR can characterize target scattering properties by measuring the scattering matrix. Interferometric SAR uses two antennas to measure elevation, while differential interferometry detects elevation changes over time for applications like change detection. Emerging techniques include polarimetric interferometry and using polarization signatures to estimate surface tilt and topography.
This document provides information about an upcoming training course on advanced synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing being offered by the Applied Technology Institute (ATI). The 2-day course will be held on May 6-7, 2009 in Chantilly, Virginia and will be instructed by Bart Huxtable. It will cover topics such as SAR review origins, basic and advanced SAR processing techniques, interferometric SAR, spotlight mode SAR, and polarimetric SAR. The course outline and schedule are provided along with instructor biographies and registration information. Additionally, the document advertises ATI's ability to provide on-site customized training courses.
Radar 2009 a 18 synthetic aperture radarForward2025
This document provides an overview of a lecture on synthetic aperture radar (SAR). It begins with an introduction to SAR, including why it was developed due to limitations of conventional radar for imaging. It then discusses the basics of SAR and how it forms images using signal processing to synthesize a large antenna aperture. The document outlines the rest of the lecture topics which will cover SAR image formation techniques, examples, applications, and a history of the evolution of SAR from its origins in the 1950s to current systems.
This document discusses synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and its use in remote sensing applications. SAR uses signal processing to simulate a large physical antenna on an airborne or spaceborne platform. As the platform moves, SAR collects and combines radar return signals to generate high-resolution imagery of the terrain below. Key aspects of SAR discussed include cross-range resolution, sequential generation of the synthetic antenna aperture, and phase correction to focus the SAR image. Applications mentioned include military reconnaissance, oceanography, geology, surveillance, and environmental monitoring.
This document discusses synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and pulse compression techniques. It explains that pulse compression allows radar systems to achieve fine range resolution using long duration, low power pulses by modulating the pulses with linear frequency modulation (chirp) and then correlating the received signal with a reference chirp. This improves the signal to noise ratio compared to using short pulses directly. The document covers topics such as range resolution, pulse compression, chirp waveforms, stretch processing, correlation processing, window functions, and how pulse compression affects signal to noise ratio and blind range.
This document discusses polarimetry, which is the study of the rotation of polarized light by optically active substances. Polarimetry can be used to both identify and quantify compounds based on their ability to rotate plane-polarized light clockwise or counterclockwise. The document outlines the principles of polarimetry using optically active compounds and the instrumentation of a polarimeter. Applications of polarimetry include identification of compounds, determination of optical activity, and uses in the chemical, food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and sugar industries for purity testing and concentration measurements.
Polarimetry is the study of the rotation of polarized light by transparent substances. Plane polarized light consists of two components rotating in opposite directions. When an optically active substance is placed in the path of plane polarized light, it rotates the plane of polarization. The magnitude of rotation depends on factors like the nature and concentration of the substance, temperature, and wavelength of light. Polarimeters are used to detect and measure optical activity by determining the angle of rotation of plane polarized light passing through a sample.
SEGMENTATION OF POLARIMETRIC SAR DATA WITH A MULTI-TEXTURE PRODUCT MODELgrssieee
1) The document describes a segmentation algorithm for polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) data that can model both scalar-texture and multi-texture scattering.
2) The algorithm uses log-cumulants and hypothesis testing to determine whether a scalar-texture or dual-texture model best fits the data within each segment.
3) The algorithm is tested on simulated multi-texture PolSAR data and is shown to accurately segment the classes and estimate their texture parameters. However, when applied to real data sets, the algorithm only finds the simpler scalar-texture case.
This document summarizes a study that used wide-swath interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series to map large-scale ground deformation over the Danakil depression in the Afar region of Ethiopia between 2006 and 2009. The time series analysis revealed deformation signals consistent with magmatic intrusions and inflation/deflation of volcanic centers. Modeling of the deformation supported deep magma intrusion beneath the central segment and lateral magma propagation and chamber inflation beneath Dabbahu volcano in the northern segment. The study demonstrated the potential of wide-swath InSAR time series for mapping long-wavelength ground deformation over large areas.
TU1.L09.3 - Fully Polarimetric TerraSAR-X Data: Data Quality and Scientific ...grssieee
The document summarizes research using fully polarimetric TerraSAR-X data for scientific analysis. Key findings include:
1) TerraSAR-X was able to achieve high quality polarimetric data and stable radiometric calibration over multiple years of operation.
2) Analysis of agricultural, urban, glacial and sea ice sites showed polarimetry can provide information on surface changes and feature separation in different environments.
3) Coherent scatterer detection techniques were able to identify stable radar targets in urban and glacial sites at high spatial resolution.
TWO-POINT STATISTIC OF POLARIMETRIC SAR DATA TWO-POINT STATISTIC OF POLARIMET...grssieee
This document discusses using wavelet transforms to analyze two-point statistics of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data. It introduces wavelet variance and kurtosis as metrics that can be applied to PolSAR data transformed using a wavelet frame. It then provides an example of applying this analysis to ALOS PALSAR data over Hawaii's Papau Seamount to characterize sea surface features.
3_Terrain catergorization for single Pol.pptgrssieee
The document proposes a method for terrain categorization of single-polarization SAR images based on scattering mechanisms. It applies speckle filtering, unsupervised classification, and assigns color-codes to scattering categories (surface, volume, double-bounce) to produce categorized imagery. Comparisons with PolSAR Pauli decomposition and Google Earth show the method provides a simple way to separate terrain types from single-channel SAR, though it has limitations compared to fully polarimetric data.
TU3.L09 - AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT ADVANCES IN POLARIMETRIC SAR INFORMATION EXTR...grssieee
This document provides an overview of recent advances in polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) information extraction algorithms and applications presented at the 2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). It reviews developments in target decompositions, orientation angles, classification, segmentation, texture modeling, speckle filtering, compact polarimetry, and high-resolution PolSAR over the past five years. New satellite systems like ALOS, TerraSAR-X, and RADARSAT-2 have enabled applications in areas such as agriculture, forestry, geology and oceanography.
THE SENTINEL-1 MISSION AND ITS APPLICATION CAPABILITIESgrssieee
The Sentinel-1 mission is part of the GMES program and consists of two satellites to provide C-band SAR data for emergency response, marine and land monitoring, and other applications. The satellites operate in a near-polar orbit with a 12 day repeat cycle. The main acquisition mode is an interferometric wide swath mode with 5m range and 20m azimuth resolution over a 250km swath. Sentinel-1 will support operational services and create a long-term SAR data archive.
Polarimeter digunakan untuk mengukur sudut rotasi cahaya yang diakibatkan oleh zat optik aktif seperti gula. Eksperimen mengukur kecepatan hidrolisis sakarosa menjadi fruktosa dan glukosa dengan menentukan nilai alfa awal (α0), alfa pada setiap waktu (αt), dan alfa akhir (α∞) menggunakan polarimeter. HCl digunakan untuk mempercepat reaksi hidrolisis.
This document presents a new method for detecting land cover changes using RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) images. The method integrates change vector analysis, post-classification comparison, and object-oriented image analysis. It was tested on PolSAR images of an area in China that experiences illegal land development. The proposed method achieved higher accuracy than other techniques in determining various types of land cover changes, such as barren land converting to crops or built-up areas. The use of change vector analysis, post-classification comparison, and object-oriented analysis helped reduce false alarms from classification errors and environmental changes.
A polarimeter is an instrument used to measure the angle of rotation caused when polarized light passes through an optically active substance. It consists of a polarimeter tube and operation panel. When light passes through a left-handed or right-handed sample, the translucent semicircular fields in the polarimeter gradually change. There are different types of polarimeters. The specific rotation, a unique property of substances, can be calculated using the measured angle of rotation, concentration, temperature, and length of the sample cell. Polarimeters are used in industries like chemistry, food, beverages, and pharmaceuticals for applications such as quality control and purity measurements.
This document provides an analysis of the handwriting and signatures of three famous individuals: Mukesh Ambani, Anil Ambani, and Ratan Tata. For each person, key personality traits are inferred based on characteristics of their signature such as slant, letter formations, size, and strokes. Mukesh Ambani is described as logical and focused on results while Anil Ambani is portrayed as emotional and defensive. Ratan Tata is highlighted as persistent, determined, and a dreamer. The document suggests that signature analysis can provide insights into one's self-image, social skills, and personality.
The document discusses principles of radar imaging and synthetic aperture radar (SAR). SAR uses signal modulation and range-Doppler processing to achieve high-resolution radar imagery independent of distance to targets. Polarimetric SAR can characterize target scattering properties by measuring the scattering matrix. Interferometric SAR uses two antennas to measure elevation, while differential interferometry detects elevation changes over time for applications like change detection. Emerging techniques include polarimetric interferometry and using polarization signatures to estimate surface tilt and topography.
This document provides information about an upcoming training course on advanced synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing being offered by the Applied Technology Institute (ATI). The 2-day course will be held on May 6-7, 2009 in Chantilly, Virginia and will be instructed by Bart Huxtable. It will cover topics such as SAR review origins, basic and advanced SAR processing techniques, interferometric SAR, spotlight mode SAR, and polarimetric SAR. The course outline and schedule are provided along with instructor biographies and registration information. Additionally, the document advertises ATI's ability to provide on-site customized training courses.
Radar 2009 a 18 synthetic aperture radarForward2025
This document provides an overview of a lecture on synthetic aperture radar (SAR). It begins with an introduction to SAR, including why it was developed due to limitations of conventional radar for imaging. It then discusses the basics of SAR and how it forms images using signal processing to synthesize a large antenna aperture. The document outlines the rest of the lecture topics which will cover SAR image formation techniques, examples, applications, and a history of the evolution of SAR from its origins in the 1950s to current systems.
This document discusses synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and its use in remote sensing applications. SAR uses signal processing to simulate a large physical antenna on an airborne or spaceborne platform. As the platform moves, SAR collects and combines radar return signals to generate high-resolution imagery of the terrain below. Key aspects of SAR discussed include cross-range resolution, sequential generation of the synthetic antenna aperture, and phase correction to focus the SAR image. Applications mentioned include military reconnaissance, oceanography, geology, surveillance, and environmental monitoring.
This document discusses synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and pulse compression techniques. It explains that pulse compression allows radar systems to achieve fine range resolution using long duration, low power pulses by modulating the pulses with linear frequency modulation (chirp) and then correlating the received signal with a reference chirp. This improves the signal to noise ratio compared to using short pulses directly. The document covers topics such as range resolution, pulse compression, chirp waveforms, stretch processing, correlation processing, window functions, and how pulse compression affects signal to noise ratio and blind range.
This document discusses polarimetry, which is the study of the rotation of polarized light by optically active substances. Polarimetry can be used to both identify and quantify compounds based on their ability to rotate plane-polarized light clockwise or counterclockwise. The document outlines the principles of polarimetry using optically active compounds and the instrumentation of a polarimeter. Applications of polarimetry include identification of compounds, determination of optical activity, and uses in the chemical, food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and sugar industries for purity testing and concentration measurements.
Polarimetry is the study of the rotation of polarized light by transparent substances. Plane polarized light consists of two components rotating in opposite directions. When an optically active substance is placed in the path of plane polarized light, it rotates the plane of polarization. The magnitude of rotation depends on factors like the nature and concentration of the substance, temperature, and wavelength of light. Polarimeters are used to detect and measure optical activity by determining the angle of rotation of plane polarized light passing through a sample.
SEGMENTATION OF POLARIMETRIC SAR DATA WITH A MULTI-TEXTURE PRODUCT MODELgrssieee
1) The document describes a segmentation algorithm for polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) data that can model both scalar-texture and multi-texture scattering.
2) The algorithm uses log-cumulants and hypothesis testing to determine whether a scalar-texture or dual-texture model best fits the data within each segment.
3) The algorithm is tested on simulated multi-texture PolSAR data and is shown to accurately segment the classes and estimate their texture parameters. However, when applied to real data sets, the algorithm only finds the simpler scalar-texture case.
The document summarizes the status of the GMES Space Component program. It describes the Sentinel satellite missions for monitoring land, ocean, atmosphere and emergency situations. The Sentinels will provide long-term data continuity as well as improved coverage compared to existing missions. Sentinel data will be freely and openly available to both operational users and the science community. The program is on track, with the first Sentinel launches beginning in 2013.
PROGRESSES OF DEVELOPMENT OF CFOSAT SCATTEROMETERgrssieee
The document describes the progress of the development of CFOSAT SCAT, a Ku-band scatterometer onboard the Chinese-French Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT). CFOSAT will measure global ocean surface winds and waves to improve weather forecasting, ocean dynamics modeling, climate research, and understanding of surface processes. The SCAT instrument is a rotating fan-beam radar scatterometer that will retrieve wind vectors using measurements of backscatter at incidence angles from 26 to 46 degrees. It has a wide swath of over 1000km and specifications are designed to achieve high-precision wind measurements globally. System details including parameters and the operation mode are provided.
DEVELOPMENT OF ALGORITHMS AND PRODUCTS FOR SUPPORTING THE ITALIAN HYPERSPECTR...grssieee
The document describes the SAP4PRISMA project which aims to develop algorithms and products to support the Italian hyperspectral PRISMA Earth observation mission. The project will focus on data processing, quality assessment, classification methods, and generating level 3 and 4 products for applications like land monitoring, agriculture, and hazard monitoring. It will include the generation of "PRISMA-like" synthetic test data to support algorithm development and validation. The research will be carried out across multiple work packages focusing on topics like data quality, classification methods, calibration/validation, and developing applicative products.
EO-1/HYPERION: NEARING TWELVE YEARS OF SUCCESSFUL MISSION SCIENCE OPERATION A...grssieee
1) The EO-1 Hyperion instrument has collected over 65,000 scenes over its 12-year mission to study land and coastal ecosystems using imaging spectroscopy.
2) Studies using Hyperion data have identified spectral indices related to chlorophyll that correlate with carbon flux measurements at different sites, including a Zambian woodland and North Carolina forest sites.
3) Time series of Hyperion data at flux tower sites show seasonal changes in these spectral indices that match patterns in ecosystem carbon uptake and release.
EO-1/HYPERION: NEARING TWELVE YEARS OF SUCCESSFUL MISSION SCIENCE OPERATION A...grssieee
1) The EO-1 Hyperion instrument has collected over 65,000 scenes over its 12-year mission to study land and coastal ecosystems using imaging spectroscopy.
2) Studies using Hyperion data have identified spectral indices related to chlorophyll that correlate with carbon flux measurements at different forest, grassland, and woodland sites globally.
3) Time series of Hyperion data at sites in Zambia, North Carolina, and Kansas show seasonal changes in these spectral indices that match patterns in ecosystem carbon uptake and release measured by flux towers.
EO-1/HYPERION: NEARING TWELVE YEARS OF SUCCESSFUL MISSION SCIENCE OPERATION A...grssieee
EO-1/Hyperion has been collecting hyperspectral imagery for over 12 years, acquiring over 65,000 scenes. Researchers have been using these data to develop and validate algorithms for estimating vegetation properties like fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) and photochemical reflectance index (PRI). Comparisons of Hyperion data to field measurements at flux tower sites show these algorithms can accurately track vegetation changes over time and relate spectral properties to productivity metrics like light use efficiency and gross ecosystem productivity. This work is helping prototype data products for the upcoming HyspIRI mission.
This document is a return and exchange form for a wetsuit company. It provides instructions for customers to fill out when returning an undamaged item for a refund, exchange, or size change. The form requests information like the customer's order details, contact information, the suit being returned and its size, the reason for return, and if applicable, the new desired size. It also provides the return shipping address and notifies customers that the company is not responsible for lost or damaged return packages.
This document provides instructions for clients of Fox Tax Planning and Preparation for preparing to have their taxes filed. It lists important income and deduction documentation to bring to an appointment, such as W-2s, 1099s, receipts for donations. It also includes an engagement letter detailing the services to be provided, responsibilities of both parties, fees, and electronic filing and signature procedures. Clients are asked to sign the letter agreeing to the terms and return it along with their tax information.
The document discusses mapping wetlands in North America using MODIS 500m imagery. It describes wetlands and existing global wetland databases. The methodology uses MODIS data from 2008, digital elevation models, and reference data to classify wetlands into three types - forest/shrub dominant wetlands, herbaceous dominant wetlands, and sea grass dominant wetlands. Training data is collected from existing land cover maps and Landsat imagery. A decision tree model and maximum likelihood classification are applied to extract wetlands from other land covers.
The document summarizes research using SBAS-DInSAR (Small BAseline Subset differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar) techniques to analyze ground deformation at Mt. Etna volcano in Italy over the last 18 years using ERS and ENVISAT satellite data. The analysis revealed three main deformation processes: inflation of the volcanic edifice, subsidence of sectors on the eastern flank due to gravitational spreading, and deflation-inflation cycles associated with eruptive and post-eruptive activity. More recent analysis using higher resolution COSMO-SkyMed data from 2009-2010 detected deformation related to faults and a 2010 earthquake more precisely than lower resolution ENVISAT data.
This study analyzed crustal deformation in the seismically active Patras Gulf region of Greece using GPS data. The GPS network was established in 1994 and expanded through additional campaigns in 1996, 2006, and 2011. The data show the Patras Gulf is opening up at a rate of 8-13 mm/yr with uplift of 5 mm/yr in the south. A continuous GPS station revealed southeast horizontal motion of 17.4 mm/yr and a clear signal from the 2008 Mw 6.4 Andravida earthquake. The results indicate increasing extension across the gulf and smaller extension near the Rio-Antirrio bridge area.
The document discusses advances in SAR interferometry over the past 20 years for measuring millimeter-scale land motion. Key points include:
1) Revisit times have decreased from 35 days with ERS-1 to 12 days with Sentinel-1 constellations, improving ground motion recovery.
2) Persistent scatterer interferometry techniques like SqueeSAR can now measure motions to the millimeter by using all available interferograms.
3) Atmospheric phase screens still limit accuracy but can be estimated and removed using numerical weather models, GPS, and other independent datasets.
4) Future opportunities include using wide Doppler bandwidths from satellites to achieve high-resolution azimuth measurements of ground motion.
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1. Characterization and Extent of Randomly-Changing
Radio Frequency Interference in ALOS PALSAR Data
FJ Meyer1) 2), J Nicoll2), AP Doulgeris3)
1)Earth& Planetary Remote Sensing, University of Alaska Fairbanks
2)Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF)
3)University of Tromsø, Romssa Universitehta. N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
Collaborating Organizations:
2. Outline
• Motivation
• An Uncharacteristic RFI Source in the American Arctic
• Screening AADN’s PALSAR Archive for RFI Issues
• Development of a Modified Notch Filter Approach for Signal Correction
• Performance of Notch Filter Algorithm
• Conclusions
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 2
3. Motivation
• In American Arctic, polarimetric data regularly affected by signal artifacts
causing huge variations of polarimetric signature (see examples below)
• Initial survey showed: More than 80% of data over Barrow, AK affected
• Source: High power RF interference
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 3
4. An Uncharacteristic RFI Source in the
American Arctic
• DEW line and North Warning System:
– Array of long-range and short-range over-the-horizon surveillance and early
warning defense system of US and Canada
– Originally ~ 90 sites located along American Arctic Coast
– Migrated to North Warning System in 1985 and reduced to ~50 Sites
Short-range stations
Long-range stations
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 4
5. The Long Range Radar System FPS-117
• AN/FPS-117 Long Range Radar (Lockheed-Martin):
– Pulsed phased array antenna system, with a PRF of up to 1500Hz
– L-band frequency range of 1215-1400 MHz (PALSAR fc: 1270 MHz)
– Low power, long range (up to 450km)
– Randomly hopping among 18 channels in the 1215-1400 MHz band.
Specifications
frequency: 1215 - 1400 MHz
pulse repetition frequency (PRF): 250 / 1100 Hz
pulsewidth (PW): 100 / 800 µs
peak power: 20 kW
displayed range: bis 463 km
Source: Lockheed-Martin
beamwidth: β:3,4°, ε:2,7°
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 5
7. Examples of Interference Signatures
PALSAR PLR21.5: Orbit: 17260; Frame: 1440
• Bandwidth and Power:
– ~ 1 – 2.5 MHz bandwidth; fc changing on pulse-by-pulse basis
HH VV
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 7
8. Effects on SAR Imaging and Polarimetry
PALSAR PLR21.5: Orbit: 17260; Frame: 1440
• Focused SAR image without notch-filtering
HH HV VV VH
8
9. PALSAR Operational Notch Filter
• Notch filtering during range compression:
– Range FFT of block of 256 azimuth lines
– Average spectrum along azimuth
– Analyze gain for anomalies & apply notch filter if anomaly is detected
– Then perform range and azimuth compression
• Problem:
– Due to the wide bandwidth and changing
center frequency, anomalies difficult to
detect by PALSAR notch filter
→Especially in the cross-pol channels,
PALSAR processor not able to provide
sufficiently corrected data
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 9
10. Effects on SAR Imaging and Polarimetry
PALSAR PLR21.5: Orbit: 17260; Frame: 1440
• Focused SAR image with PALSAR operational notch-filtering
HH HV VV VH
10
11. A Simple RFI Screening Method
• Per column of range compressed
raw data, calculate coherence
between odd and even samples:
f even f odd
CLine
f even f even f odd f odd
• This coherence is composed of
SAR signal and RFI components
CLine CRFI CSAR
• CSAR is small and can either be
ignored or identified in an
averaging process
• The plot to the right shows results
where high coherence peaks
correspond to RFI affected lines
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al.
11
12. RFI Affected ALOS PALSAR Frames in the AADN Archive
Severe
Intermediate
Not affected
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 12
12
13. RFI Affected ALOS PALSAR Frames in the AADN Archive
Severe
Intermediate
Not affected
Test Site Alaska
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 13
13
14. RFI Affected ALOS PALSAR Frames in the AADN Archive
North Warning System
Severe
Intermediate
Not affected
Test Site Alaska
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 14
14
15. RFI Affected ALOS PALSAR Frames in the AADN Archive
North Warning System
Severe
Intermediate
Not affected
Military Bases & Airport Radars
Test Site Alaska
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 15
15
16. Notch Filtering based on Azimuth Analysis
Original Data
• Signatures are high power, narrow in
azimuth time, wide bandwidth
→ detection based on azimuth analysis proposed
• Workflow:
Azimuth Time
– Range compression
– Range FFT
– Cut through azimuth-time range-frequency
diagram along azimuth
– Detection of interference by local outlier
analysis along azimuth
– Notch filtering by removal of detected outliers
– Azimuth compression
Range Frequency
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al.
16
17. Notch Filtering based on Azimuth Analysis
After Notch Filtering
• Signatures are high power, narrow in
azimuth time, wide bandwidth
→ detection based on azimuth analysis proposed
• Workflow:
– Range compression
– Range FFT
– Cut through azimuth-time range-frequency
diagram along azimuth
– Detection of interference by local outlier
analysis along azimuth
– Notch filtering by removal of detected outliers
– Azimuth compression
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al.
17
18. Effects on SAR Imaging and Polarimetry
PALSAR PLR21.5: Orbit: 17260; Frame: 1440
• Focused SAR image without notch-filtering
HH HV VV VH
18
19. Effects on SAR Imaging and Polarimetry
PALSAR PLR21.5: Orbit: 17260; Frame: 1440
• Focused SAR image with azimuth analysis-based notch-filtering
HH HV VV VH
19
20. Effects on SAR Imaging and Polarimetry
PALSAR PLR21.5: Orbit: 17260; Frame: 1440
HV
No filter applied
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 20
21. Effects on SAR Imaging and Polarimetry
PALSAR PLR21.5: Orbit: 17260; Frame: 1440
HV
PALSAR Operational filter
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 21
22. Effects on SAR Imaging and Polarimetry
PALSAR PLR21.5: Orbit: 17260; Frame: 1440
HV
Azimuth analysis-based filter
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 22
23. Correction Results – Polarimetric Signature
PALSAR PLR21.5: Orbit: 16837; Frame: 1440
Geographic Location
Acquisition Date:
March 23, 2009
RFI Source:
Long Range Radar Station Pauli Decomposition Pauli Decomposition
(LRRS) near Point Barrow, AK After Notch Filtering
Before Notch Filtering
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 23
24. Correction Results – Polarimetric Signature
PALSAR PLR21.5: Orbit: 17085; Frame: 1440
Geographic Location
Acquisition Date:
April 09, 2009
RFI Source:
Long Range Radar Station Pauli Decomposition Pauli Decomposition
(LRRS) near Point Barrow, AK After Notch Filtering
Before Notch Filtering
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 24
25. Correction Results – Polarimetric Signature
PALSAR PLR21.5: Orbit: 17260; Frame: 1440
Geographic Location
Acquisition Date:
April 21, 2009
RFI Source:
Long Range Radar Station Pauli Decomposition Pauli Decomposition
(LRRS) near Point Barrow, AK After Notch Filtering
Before Notch Filtering
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 25
26. Benefit of Developed RFI Filter for
Polarimetric Classification of Sea Ice Features
Operationally Processed Data Custom RFI-Filtered Data
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 26
27. Benefit of Developed RFI Filter for
Polarimetric Classification of Sea Ice Features
After RFI Filtering → Quality of classification result visually improved
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 27
28. RFI monitoring by JERS-1 SAR (1992-1998)
Normalized zero padded bandwidth (%)
0 10.0
29. RFI monitoring by PALSAR (2010~2011)
Normalized zero padded bandwidth (%)
0 10.0
30. Conclusions and Recommendations:
• L-band interference from over-the-horizon radars problematic in large
parts of the American Arctic
• Pulsed ground based systems cause temporarily narrow, high-power,
and wide bandwidth interferences with randomly changing fc
• Standard PALSAR processing scheme insufficient for removing
interferences
• A modified azimuth-based filtering algorithm shows good performance in
removing RFI signals and restoring original data quality
• Real data examples show successful mitigation of interferences
• Polarimetric signatures after RFI filtering significantly improved
• Growing issues of RFI in Microwave Remote Sensing needs to be
addressed
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 30
30
31. ANNOUNCEMENT:
2011 CEOS SAR Calibration and Validation Workshop
Fairbanks, Alaska
Workshop Dates: November 7 – 9, 2011
Abstract Deadline: September 14, 2011
More information at:
www.asf.alaska.edu/ceos_workshop/
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 31
31
32. Open Three Year PhD Position
starting fall 2011 / spring 2012 for a radar remote sensing research project at the Geophysical
Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks on
Theoretical Investigations into the Impact and Mitigation of
Ionospheric Effects on Low-Frequency SAR and InSAR Data
Research Focus:
• Investigation of spatial and
temporal properties of
ionospheric effects in SAR data
• Development of statistical
signal models
• Design of optimized methods
for ionospheric correction
More information:
Dr. Franz Meyer (fmeyer@gi.alaska.edu) and at: www.insar.alaska.edu
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al. 32
33. Image and kml Creation
• An average coherence is calculated
per image. For example to the right
C=0.010 (1.0% RFI coherence)
• A kml bounding box is created and
color coded according to
interference severity (green=low
RFI, yellow=moderate RFI, and red=
high RFI).
IGARSS’11, Vancouver F. Meyer et al.
33