The document provides an overview of the male reproductive system. It describes the internal and external organs including the testes, penis, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate gland. The process of sperm production (spermatogenesis) within the seminiferous tubules of the testes is explained. The role of hormones like testosterone and FSH in sperm production and male characteristics is also summarized. Key functions of the reproductive organs and ducts involved in sperm maturation and ejaculation are highlighted.

1. MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING – I
UNIT – VII NURSING MANAGEMENT OF
DISORDERS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM –
“REVIEW OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM”
Mrs.SARANYA.R,M.Sc(N),
Associate Professor,
SRM Trichy College of Nursing
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Saranya R,M.Sc (N)

2. OBJECTIVES
 Identify the structures and major organs of
the male reproductive system and
describe their functions.
 Describe how sperm cells are formed.
 List the actions of testosterone.
 Describe the substances found in semen.
 Explain the process spermatogenesis
 Enlist the ducts involved in male
reproductive system
 Identify the importance of testosterone in
male reproductive function
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3. INTRODUCTION
• The human reproductive system is contains organs
that are essential and allow us to produce offspring
for the survival of the species, passing heredity
traits from one generation to the next.
• Gamete is a specialized sex cell carrying 23
chromosomes—one half the number in body cells.
At fertilization, the chromosomes in one male
gamete, called a sperm (or spermatozoon),
combine with the chromosomes in one female
gamete, called an oocyte.
• Male sex organs are located entirely within the
pelvis inside the body, male reproductive organs
are both side and outside the pelvis.
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4. MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
External Genital Organs
 Penis
Scrotum
Internal Genital Organs
Testis
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Accessory Glands
i) Seminal vesicles
ii) Bulbourethral Glands
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5. External Genital Organs
PENIS
– Contains urethra
– Passageway for ejaculation of semen
and excretion of urine
– Body of penis – 3 cylindrical masses of
tissue with erectile tissue
– Glans penis – terminal opening is
external urethral orifice
• Prepuce or foreskin covers glands in
uncircumcised men
– Root of penis is attached portion
– Erection – parasympathetic fibers
release and cause local production of
nitric oxide (NO) causing smooth
muscle in arterioles to relax and dilate
allowing large amounts of blood to
enter penis
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6. External Genital Organs
Scrotum
– Supporting structure for testes
– Raphe – external median ridge
– Scrotal septum – internally divides
scrotum into two sacs, each with a
single testis
• Made up of subcutaneous layer
and dartos muscle
– Associated with each testis is the
cremaster muscle
– Normal sperm production requires a
temperature 2-3°C below core body
temperature
• Cremaster and dartos muscle
contracts or relaxes
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7. Testis
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral Glands
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8. INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS
Testis
– Paired oval glands in the scrotum
– Develops near kidney and descends
through inguinal canals near 7th
month of fetal development
– Tunica vaginalis partially covers
testes
– Tunica albuginea – internal to tunica
vaginalis
• Extends inward forming septa
that divide testis into lobules
– Each of 200-300 lobules contains 1-
3 seminiferous tubules
• Sperm produced here through
spermatogenesis
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9. Cont…
Each testis is made of
tightly coiled structures
called seminiferous
tubules.
Among tubules are cells
that produce
testosterone.
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10. The epididymis is a
tightly coiled tubes
against the testicles.
It acts as maturation
and storage place for
sperm.
Adult human testicle with
epididymis:
A. Head of epididymis,
B. Body of epididymis,
C. Tail of epididymis, and
D. Vas deferens
Epididymis
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11. Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)
The vas deferens is a
thin tube that starts
from the epididymis to
the urethra in the
penis.
They transport sperm
from the epididymis in
anticipation of
ejaculation.
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12. a. Seminal Vesicles
b. Prostate Gland
c. Bulbourethral Glands
 These glands produce nourishing fluids for the
sperms that enter the urethra.
Accessory glands
INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS
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13. Seminal Vesicles
The Seminal Vesicles
are sac-like structures
attached to the vas
deferens at one side of
the bladder.
They produce a
sticky yellowish
fluid that contains
fructose.
Internal Genital Organs - Accessory glands
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14. Prostate Gland
The Prostate Gland
surrounds the ejaculatory
ducts at the base of the
urethra, just below the
bladder.
The Prostate Gland is
responsible for making the
production of semen, a liquid
mixture of sperm cells,
prostate fluid and seminal fluid.
Internal Genital Organs - Accessory glands
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15. Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s gland)
The Bulbourethral Glands
are two small glands
located on the sides of the
urethra just below the
prostate gland.
These glands produce a
clear, slippery fluid that
empties directly into the
urethra.
Internal Genital Organs - Accessory glands
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16. SPERM
• Function:
– Tomove and carry genetic
information to the egg.
• Structure:
– Head: The large head
region of the sperm that
contains DNA.
– Midpiece: The narrow
middle part of the cell that
contains mitochondria.
– Tail: The wavelike motion of
the flagellum propels the
sperm forward.
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17. Spermatogenesis is
the formation of
sperm cells.
It takes place in the
seminiferous
tubules.
SPERMATOGENESIS
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18. SPERMATOGENESIS
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19. Hormonal control of testes
At puberty, secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH) increases
– Stimulates anterior pituitary to increase secretion of
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
– LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
• Synthesized from cholesterol mainly in testes
• Suppresses secretion of LH and GnRH via negative
feedback. Enzyme 5 alpha-reductase converts
testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in
external genitals and prostate
– FSH acts indirectly on spermatogenesis
• FSH and testosterone act on Sertoli cells to stimulate
secretion of androgen-binding protein (ABP)
• ABP binds testosterone keeping concentration high
• Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis
• Sertoli cells release inhibit which inhibits FSH
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20. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis
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21. Androgens (testosterone and DHT)
Prenatal development
• Testosterone stimulates male pattern of
development or reproductive system ducts and
descent of testes
• DHT stimulates development of external genitalia
Development of male sexual characteristics
• At puberty, they bring about development of male
sex organs and development of male secondary
sexual characteristics
Development of sexual function
• Androgens contribute to male sexual behavior,
spermatogenesis and sex drive (libido)
– Stimulation of anabolism
• Stimulate protein synthesis – heavier muscle and
bone mass in men
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22. Negative feedback regulates testosterone production
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23. Male reproductive system ducts
Ducts of testis
Pressure generated by fluid produced by Sertoli
cells push sperm along seminiferous tubules into
straight tubules, rote testis, efferent ducts in epididymis
and then ductus epididymis
Epididymis
• Consists of tightly coiled ductus epididymis
• Stereocilia are microvilli that reabsorb degenerated
sperm
• Site of sperm maturation – acquire motility and
ability to fertilize
• Can store sperm for several months
• Continues as ductus (vas) deferens
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24. Male reproductive system ducts
Ductus (vas) deferens
• Conveys sperm during sexual arousal through
peristaltic contractions
• Can also store sperm several months
Spermatic cord
• Ascends out of scrotum
• Consists of ductus deferens as it ascends
through scrotum, testicular artery, veins that
drain testes and carry testosterone, autonomic
nerves, lymphatic vessels, and cremaster
muscle
• Spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve pass
through inguinal canal
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25. Male reproductive system ducts
Ejaculatory ducts
• Formed by union of duct from seminal vesicle and
ampulla of ductus deferens
• Terminate in prostatic urethra
• Eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretions just
before release of semen into urethra
Urethra
• Shared terminal duct of reproductive and urinary
systems
• Subdivided into prostatic urethra, membranous
urethra, and spongy (penile) urethra
• Ends at external urethral orifice
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26. REFERENCE:
Ross and Wilson Anatomy and physiology,
10th edition, (2007) published by Elsevier.
Page no. 441- 462
Essentials of medical physiology k
Sembulingam and prema Sembulingam, 5th
edition, (2010) published by jaypee brothers.
Page no. 437- 492
Lweis medical surgical nursing 7th edition
(2009) published by Elsevier page no. 1325
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27. 3/8/2022 27
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