Бизнес-кейс: методы оценки возврата на инвестиции в технологии виртуальных ПКMichael Kozloff
Современные тенденции в развитии технологий виртуализации и пример расчета эффективности от внедрения виртуальных ПК (virtual desktop virtualization, VDI)
Бизнес-кейс: методы оценки возврата на инвестиции в технологии виртуальных ПКMichael Kozloff
Современные тенденции в развитии технологий виртуализации и пример расчета эффективности от внедрения виртуальных ПК (virtual desktop virtualization, VDI)
Current evidence suggests that Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMO) plays a role in promoting immune health in infants through changes to the microbiome. Angela Lim, senior manager, global regulatory affairs lead, HMO shares on the science behind it, and the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead.
Adequate nutrition requires caring practices,
such as exclusive breastfeeding, the protection
of child health and adequate food and water
security and pregnant mother care programs.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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NYSORA Guideline
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. 514 Jornal de Pediatria - Vol. 79, Nº6, 2003 Retinol levels in human colostrum... – Dimenstein R et alii
Introduction expectant mother can be related to the ideal value for her
Vitamin A is a micronutrient that is essential to health. weight. The value is then applied to the diagram and
Dimenstein1 points out that this vitamin is involved in correlated with gestational age. Both instruments allow
reproduction, the visual cycle and cellular differentiation, maternal weight gain to be established and the mothers
which, in turn, affects physiological processes such as classified as of normal weight normal, overweight and low
growth, fetal development and the integrity if the immune weight. The socioeconomic variables studied were level of
system. Due to its role in embryo development and in the education and income. Data on income was expressed in
normal differentiation of epithelial tissues, vitamin A is of terms of multiples of the national minimum monthly salary
fundamental importance during periods of growth and received by the family and divided to represent income per
development, such as during gestation and lactation.2,3 capita. The cut-off for a definition of a low income was set
at 0.5 minimum salaries per capita, keeping in mind that
Vitamin A deficiency is a significant public health
when the minimum salary was created by Brazilian legislation
problem and is the main cause of permanent blindness
it was intended to meet the basic needs of a “standard”
accompanied by death among children in developing
family. All colostrum samples were obtained within 48
countries.4 It also contributes to a significant increase in
hours of birth, by manual expression of both breasts, twice
rates of infant mortality and morbidity associated with
during the day (morning and evening) to reduce variations
infectious processes.5 The primary factor which leads to
that occur during the day, until a volume of 2 ml of milk was
reduced vitamin A levels in children is the absence of
reached. The milk was collected in a polypropylene tube
maternal breastfeeding during the first six months of life,6
duly protected with aluminum foil to impede vitamin A
whether exclusive or complemented.7 In addition, children
degradation from the action of light. The samples were
who are exclusively breastfed depend entirely on the
stored at -20 °C until analysis.
concentration of vitamin A and the volume of their mothers’
milk to meet their requirements. Dietary investigation to establish vitamin A nutritional
history was by dietary recall of the last three months of
Human colostrum, defined as the first lactic secretion of
pregnancy, and in order to calculate the resultant ingestion
the nursing mother until the 7th day postpartum,8 and is
of vitamin A in the diet Virtual Nutri version 1.0 for
particularly rich in vitamin A. It can reach concentrations of
Windows-1996 from USP11 was used. Certain alterations
approximately 200 µg/100 ml, being, therefore, an excellent
were made to vitamin A concentrations for some foodstuffs
dietary source of this vitamin during the first days of the
according to the 1999 Food Composition Table, Brazilian
child’s life.9
Institute of National Statistics and Geography - IBGE. 12
In Brazil, little work has been published on the effects of The estimated total vitamin A was compared with dietary
maternal socioeconomic status and health indictors on the reference values (770 µgEqR/day for Vitamin A), from the
levels of vitamin A in colostrum. The objective of this study Food and Nutrition Board.13 No correlation was sought
is to determine retinol levels in the colostrum of nursing between vitamin A ingestion data and colostrum retinol
mothers resident in the city of Natal (RN) and their concentrations, since a historical dietary enquiry is not the
relationship with certain variables related to the best instrument for analyzing micronutrients.
socioeconomic and health status of mother and child.
Retinol was extracted from the colostrum by the method
described by Giuliano et al., 14 the phases were separated
and hexane evaporated in a nitrogen atmosphere, in a water
Methods bath at 37 °C. Extracts were re-suspended in 1 ml of
The study was approved by the Committee for Ethics in methanol (HPLC grade) and centrifuged for 1 minute. The
Research of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do retinol concentration of the samples was measured by
Norte. The sample was selected by convenience, with 42 HPLC with a Shimadzu LC-10 AD Chromatograph, coupled
nursing mothers taking part aged from 18 to 39. They were to a Shimadzu SPD-10 A UV-VIS Detector and a Shimadzu
seen at the Escola Januário Cicco Maternity Unit, Natal- C-R6A Chromatopac Integrator with a Shim-pack CLC-
RN, during the period between January and March 2002, ODS analytical conditions column (4.6 mm x 25 cm). The
and were breastfeeding exclusively. The mothers were chromatogram developed under the following mobile phase
selected to meet the following criteria: resident in the city of conditions: methanol 100% and flow 1.0 ml/min. The
Natal-RN, normal delivery, full term gestational period, retinol in the samples was identified and quantified by
single conception pregnancy and absence of chronic disease comparison with their respective standard retention times
during pregnancy. After the mothers had given informed and areas. Standard concentrations were confirmed by the
consent, questionnaires were filled out to obtain data on specific extinction coefficient (ε1%, 1 cm = 1850) in
socioeconomic, anthropometric and dietary factors. The absolute ethanol and with a wavelength of 325 nm.15 For
data on nutritional status was obtained from prenatal care this study the following cut-off points were used for
records. Anthropometric nutritional status was calculated colostrum retinol levels: < 30 µg/100 ml (low retinol level);
using the Rosso weight-gain chart and weight/gestational 30 59 µg/100 ml (low level in relation to mature milk) and
age curves.10 Thus, with the aid of a ruler, the height of the < 60 µg/100 ml (normal level for colostrum).
3. Retinol levels in human colostrum... – Dimenstein R et alii Jornal de Pediatria - Vol. 79, Nº6, 2003 515
Data was processed by the CONSULEST laboratory at the mothers presented adequate vitamin A consumption,
the Department of Statistics of the Universidade Federal do with an average ingestion of 1,398,8 µgRE/day, according
Rio Grande do Norte. Numerical data was processed for to the DRI. 13 When anthropometric nutritional status of
linear correlation, while the influence of socioeconomic the expectant mothers was analyzed by means of the
and maternal health variables on colostrum vitamin A weight/gestational age curve, it was found that 45% of
concentrations were subjected to non-parametric analysis the expectant mothers were within the limits of normality
of variance by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Retinol values were (Table 1).
expressed as mean and standard deviation and to test the The average of the values for retinol found in colostrum
differences between the averages of numerical data the was 93.1 + 51.1 µgRE/100 ml, and when analyzed by cut-
Student t test was used. Differences at p < 0.05 were off points, 71% of the nursing mothers had ideal values
considered significant. or values above 60 µgRE/100 ml (Table 2). Women who
were underweight, normal and overweight during
pregnancy had average retinol levels of 63.3 + 37.9, 95.6
+ 43.9 and 116.5 + 57.4 µgRE/100 ml, respectively
Results (Table 3). Mothers with low incomes had an average of
According to the questionnaire on socioeconomic 99.5 + 54.6 gRE/100 ml, and those with high incomes
status and mother-baby health, the majority of nursing 85.4 + 46.8 µgRE/100 ml. However no significant
mothers had a per capita family income of less than 0.5 differences were found between retinol levels and
minimum salaries (55%), 74% had completed the first variables relating to socioeconomic status and mother-
level of national education and 90% had given birth to baby health, except when the group that was underweight
babies weighing < 2,500 g. Employing Virtual Nutri 11 to during pregnancy was compared with the overweight
analyze vitamin A ingestion, it was observed that 55% of group (p < 0.05) (Table 3).
Table 1 - Distribution of the 42 nursing mothers being seen at the Maternidade Escola
Januário Cicco according to socioeconomic status and mother-baby health
n %
Socioeconomic status
Family income per capita
> 0.5 minimum salary 19 45
< 0.5 minimum salary (low income) 23 55
Level of education
Unliterate 5 12
Incomplete elementary school 16 38
Elementary school 10 24
High school 11 26
Health variable
Birth weight
> 2,500 g 38 90
< 2,500 g 4 10
Gestational nutritional status*
Low weight 11 26
Normal weight 19 45
Overweight 12 29
Dietary intake of vitamin A†
Apropriate (> 770 µg/day) 23 55
Inappropriate (< 770 µg/day) 19 45
* Anthropometric assessment, during the last three months of pregnancy, by means of Rosso weight/
gestational age curves. 10
† Dietary Reference Intake (DRI): 770 µg/day.13
4. 516 Jornal de Pediatria - Vol. 79, Nº6, 2003 Retinol levels in human colostrum... – Dimenstein R et alii
Table 2 - The average of the values for retinol found in with lower socioeconomic status. However, only 55% of
colostrum of the nursing mothers being seen at the the women were consuming sufficient quantities of the
Maternidade Escola Januário Cicco, Natal (RN) micronutrient to meet their needs (770 µgRE/day, DRI
Retinol Total group (n = 42) 2001), a fact which was also encountered by Moura 21 in
São Paulo, indicating a low consumption of vitamin A
Average+SD ( µg/100 ml) 93.10+51.11 rich foods on a populational level.
> 60 µg/100 ml (%) 71.43% Maternal socioeconomic status has been implicated
30 - 59 µg/100 ml (%) 21.43% as being associated with vitamin A concentrations in
< 30 µg/100 ml (%) 7.14% milk. Newman17 found that the level of this nutrient is
lower in the milk of nursing mothers from developing
countries when compared with that of women from
developed countries. Studies of Swedish and Ethiopian
women, privileged and under privileged, found retinol
values of 40-53.2 and 28.3-33.2 µgRE/100 ml,
Discussion respectively. 22 Income also affected retinol concentration
During pregnancy, ingestion and hepatic reserves of in the milk of nursing mothers in Bangladesh. 23
maternal vitamin A are essential to guarantee the In Brazil, and certain countries in Latin America,
transference of this micronutrient to the fetus, and are its vitamin A deficiency is considered a public health problem
first source of the nutrient.16 The observed average with a high frequency of sub-clinical manifestations. 24
vitamin A ingestion of women in developing countries This situation exists in populations that habitually ingest
(660 µgRE/day) is less than half that found in developed quantities close to minimum requirements or below the
countries (1540 µgRE/day).17 Among pregnant women recommended levels and becomes of concern in critical
registered with the public health system in Rio de Janeiro, situations, particularly during periods of growth and
average vitamin A ingestion was 2692 µgRE/day,18 development, such as during pregnancy and lactation.
while in deprived populations in Campinas-SP, an average Sub-clinical vitamin A deficiencies, common in our
was found that was below that of the developing region, mask the real clinical condition without provoking
countries.19 This study found an adequate average vitamin hypovitaminosis A symptoms. This is perhaps the
A consumption, in common with Ortega,20 despite the explanation for the absence of a correlation between low
majority of the nursing mothers belonging to the group socioeconomic status and vitamin A concentration in
Table 3 - Relation between the mothers’ nutritional status and the levels of retinol in the
colostrum according to anthropometric assessment, birthweight, family income
and level of education
Retinol µg/100 ml
Anthropometric assessment*
Low weight (n = 11) 63.35+37.98
Normal weight (n = 19) 95.55+43.96
Overweight (n = 12) 116.49+57.41
Birthweight†
Low weight (< 2,500 g) 76.40+45.99
Normal weight (> 2,500 g) 94.86+51.87
Income ‡
Low 99.53+54.60
High 85.37+46.78
Level of education§
Unliterate 110.78+52.18
Incomplete elementary school 87.13+52.49
Elementary school 89.52+42.54
High school 97.00+60.14
* Significantly different averages (p = 0.016), Kruskall-Wallis test;
† Non significantly different averages (p = 0.498), Student’s t test;
‡ Non significantly different averages (p = 0.503), Kruskall-Wallis test;
§ Non significantly different averages (p = 0.708), Kruskall-Wallis test.
5. Retinol levels in human colostrum... – Dimenstein R et alii Jornal de Pediatria - Vol. 79, Nº6, 2003 517
breastmilk found in our study. Income and education, far 3. Azais-Braesco V, Pascal G. Vitamin A in pregnancy: requirements
from having the expected effect on retinol levels in and safety limits. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(5 Suppl):S1325-33.
colostrum, actually presented an inverse relationship 4. Sauders C, Ramalho RA, Leal MC. Estado nutricional de vitamina
A no grupo materno-infantil. Rev Bras Saúde Materno-Infantil.
with lower average concentrations among women with 2001;1: 21-9.
higher levels of education or income. This effect was 5. Mclaren DS, Frigg M. Manual de ver y vivir sobre los transtornos
also observed by Vitolo et al.19 among women in por deficiencia de vitamina A (VADD). Washington:
Campinas - SP. Notwithstanding, the studies that found Organizacion Panamericana de La Salude; 1999.
maternal socioeconomic status to have an influence on 6. Euclydes MP. Nutrição do Lactente: Base científica para uma
the concentration of vitamin A in milk were mainly alimentação adequada. 2nd ed. Viçosa (MG): Ed. Metha; 2000.
carried out in populations living in extreme poverty, with 7. World Health Organization (WHO). Indicators for assessing
breastfeeding practices. Geneva: WHO; 1991 (Document WHO/
a high frequency of clinical manifestations of CDD/SER/91.14).
hypovitaminosis A. 8. Brasil, Ministério da Saúde. Normas gerais para bancos de leite
In addition the average colostrum retinol level was humano. 2nd ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 1993.
93.1 + 51.1 µg/100 ml, which agrees with levels found by 9. Stoltzfus RJ, Underwood BA. Breast-milk vitamin A as an
Macias25 in Cuban women. Adopting the cut-off points indicator of the vitamin A status of women and infants. Bull
World Health Organ. 1995;73:703-11.
already mentioned, we observed that only 7.1% of the
10. Vasconcelos FAG. Avaliação nutricional de coletividades. 2nd
nursing mothers presented a retinol deficiency (< 30 µg/ ed. Florianópolis: Ed. UFSC; 1995.
100 ml), while the majority had levels above 60 µg/100 11. Philippi ST, Szarfarc SC, Latterza AR. Virtual Nutri [software],
ml (Table 2). This data provides evidence that even in the versão 1.0, for Windows. São Paulo: Departamento de Nutrição/
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compared with populations in better socioeconomic Composição dos Alimentos. 5th ed. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 1999.
137p.
conditions. When maternal nutritional status is analyzed
13. Food and Nutrition Board. Institute of Medicine. Dietary
by anthropometric indicators, however, there are Reference Intake for vitamin A, vitamin K, Arsenic, boron,
significant differences between the underweight and chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel,
overweight groups, suggesting that the adaptive silicon, vanadium and zinc. Prepublication report. Washington,
mechanisms that ensure breastmilk retinol levels, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.
irrespective of socioeconomic conditions, are fragile 14. Giuliano AR, Neilson EM, Yap H, Baier M, Canfield LM.
Quantitation of and inter/intra-individual variability in major
and are probably associated with factors such as
carotenoids of mature human milk. J Nutr Biochem. 1994;5:551-6.
malnutrition. Accioly 18 did not observe significant 15. Nierenberg DW, Nann SL. A method for determining
associations between anthropometric values or nutritional concentrations of retinol, tocopherol, and five carotenoids in
status and the vitamin A levels of expectant mothers in human plasma and tissue samples. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56:
Rio de Janeiro, drawing attention to qualitative dietary 417-26.
factors, which are very different in different regions of 16. Coelho CSP, Ramalho RA, Accioly E. O inquérito dietético na
Brazil. This demonstrates that in a state of partial poverty, avaliação do estado nutricional de vitamina A em gestantes. ARS
CVRANDI Clínica Médica. 1995;6:44-60.
in contrast with extreme deprivation, vitamin A levels in
17. Newman V. Vitamin A and breastfeeding: a comparison of data
breastmilk tend towards normality. from developed and developing countries-summary. San Diego:
No alterations to colostrum retinol levels were Wellstart International; 1993.
observed among the nursing mothers studied in terms of 18. Accioly E, Souza-Queiróz S. Deficiencia de vitamina A en
socioeconomic variables and birth weight. This result embarazadas atendidas en una maternidad publica en Rio de
Janeiro, Brasil. Rev Chilena Nutrición. 2000;27:352-7.
suggests the existence of an adaptive mechanism
19. Vitolo MR, Accioly E, Ramalho RA, Soares AG, Cardoso CB,
maintaining mammary glandular levels of retinol at an Carvalho EB. Níveis de vitamina A no leite maduro de nutrizes
adequate level to meet the daily needs of the infant. The adolescentes e adultas de diferentes estratos socioeconômicos.
variations that were observed in retinol levels between Rev Ciências Médicas. 1999;8:3-10.
underweight and overweight groups should be better 20. Ortega RM, Andrés P, Martínez RM, López-Sobaler AM. Vitamin
investigated in order to evaluate the influence of factors A status during the third trimester of pregnancy in Spanish
such as malnutrition and qualitative dietary factors. women: influence on concentration of vitamin A in breast milk.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:564-8.
21. Moura EC, Rossi AVT, Sanches AL, Vendramini CM, Françoso
TA. Perfil nutricional de gestantes atendidas no Centro de Saúde
Escola Jardim Novo Campos Elíseos da PUCCAMP. Rev Nutr
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Janeiro (RJ): Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 1999. 23. Barua S, Tarannum S, Nahar L, Mohiduzzaman M. Retinol and
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116S. Avenida Praia de Genipabu, 2100/1402
25. Macias C, Schuweigert FJ. Changes in the concentration of CEP 59094010 – Natal, RN, Brazil
carotenoids, vitamin A, alpha-tocopherol and total lipids in Tel.: + 55 (84) 219.4340
human milk throughout early lactation. Ann Nutr Metab. E-mail: robertod@ufrnet.br
2001;45:82-5.