Resource: Achieving Supply Chain Integration, Ch. 6
Since the team has aligned purchasing and logistics, and stabilized disruptions in the supply chain for Small Molecule, the executive leaders are now interested in capitalizing upon those improvements. Small Molecule's new products will be launched in South America. The executives have asked the team to come in to explain the processes already taken. They want help creating a solid supply chain strategy for their South America launch considering how to leverage Porter's Five Forces.
Prepare a 4 slide visual presentation for the executives with speaker notes that explains how Porter's "Five Forces" are used to develop the supply chain strategy.
Determine how these Five Forces work together to evaluate growth potential and develop the overall strategy.
Cite references consistent with APA guidelines.
Just talk about the buyers power
Buyer Power
When the bargaining power of buyers is high, they can demand price concessions from firms in an industry. Often, when industries are characterized as “high competitive rivalry,” buyers have more power relative to sellers. Buyers also have more absolute power when there are few buyers relative to sellers, or when buyers purchase large volumes. Generally, as buyer power decreases, firms can charge higher markups and improve their profitability. An example of weak buyer power is movie theater customers. When customers go to see a movie—assuming they haven’t sneaked in a snack—they have no source of beverage or food other than from the movie theater concession stand. As a result, the movie theater can raise prices to an amount that a consumer would not typically pay.
Examples of industries with high buyer power are somewhat uncommon when the public sector is not the buyer. However, some examples of industries with concentrated buyer power can be found in agriculture. For example, 50 percent of all tobacco grown is purchased by three companies. Similar concentration of buyer power is found in the cocoa beans market, or in a coal mining town where the mine is the only buyer of labor.
BACKGROUND FOR PAPER 1 AND 2
Universalism vs. Particularism
In Ethics 501, you learned several different approaches to thinking about and analyzing ethical issues. The models you were exposed to reflect, by and large, a Western approach to ethics. A more multicultural model can be found in considering the difference between Universalist and Particularist approaches to ethics. This typology was developed by Fons Trompenaars and considers the ethical question, “What is more important—rules or relationships?” Read the following synopsis of these two perspectives. As you read, note how these approaches mirror the qualities of individualism/collectivism, high/low context, and monochromic/polychromic time orientations discussed in Modules 2 and 3.
Universalism versus Particularism. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.via-web.de/universalism-versus-particularism/
Differences in th ...
Module 4 - HomeLEGAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CROSS-CULTURAL .docxroushhsiu
Module 4 - Home
LEGAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CROSS-CULTURAL LEADERSHIP
Modular Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to satisfy the following outcomes:
Case
Evaluate the cross-cultural experience on terms of developing cultural intelligence.
SLP
Assess your role as a leader in making ethical decisions.
Discussion
Debate ethical choices as depicted in popular films.
Module Overview
Questions of right action can become particularly difficult for leaders in cross-cultural or international situations. Questions of the morality of doing business or forming alliances with countries where political repression or violation of civil rights is common are troublesome. How should a leader deal with expectations of bribery? What if the other country violates U.S. environmental or health laws? Does one live by the home-country rules or adopt an attitude of “When in Rome…”?
Without shared moral values or common laws, the choice of actions that should be taken constitute a real conundrum. How to resolve these matters? What tools exist to help the leader choose the ethical course?
To date, leaders cannot rely on international law related to ethical conduct, but there are some guidelines. An organization's “company code” is the first place to start. These codes set guidelines for employees to operate across borders. They may expressly forbid the taking of bribes, for example, or entering into agreements or joint ventures that violate U.S. law. These codes have both proactive and reactive advantages: helping uncertain leaders respond to murky situations in a foreign environment—while at the same time attracting highly ethical leaders who want to be part of a socially responsible organization.
There also exist international standards and codes of conduct such as the United Nations Global Compact and the Consumer Charter for Global Business. There are more targeted codes of conduct such as the ILO Conventions, and OECD Guidelines. These standards do not have the “teeth” that international law would have, but they can help leaders determine what the best course of action is.
While business standards and codes can be helpful to leaders, they do not help to develop a fundamental understanding of what drives ethical dilemmas in a cross-cultural environment or how leaders should respond to them. Indeed, in a cross-cultural study of business managers, participants ranked the importance of factors that lead to unethical behavior. Surprisingly, social norms of morality and personal advantage or gain were not even ranked. Instead, the single most important factor was the attitudes and behaviors of their leaders. (Dolcheck & Dolcheck (1987). In this module, we will be looking at three major topics that will lead to a broad perspective on how attitudes and behaviors affect ethical leadership.
Module 4 - Background
LEGAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CROSS-CULTURAL LEADERSHIP
Universalism vs. Particularism
In Ethics 5 ...
Ethics refers to moral principles that govern conduct. There are two types of standards - moral standards which judge actions as right/wrong, and non-moral standards which judge other things. Business ethics examines how moral standards apply to businesses. It investigates systemic issues regarding economic systems, corporate issues regarding company policies/culture, and individual issues regarding people's decisions. Moral reasoning involves understanding moral standards and using evidence to make judgments about whether actions meet those standards. There are debates around whether organizations can be ethical/unethical and how cultural differences impact business ethics.
This document contains an outline for a project on business ethics focusing on the ethical impacts of globalization. It includes sections on introduction, social responsibility, the greening of management, values-based management, managerial ethics, and conclusions. The introduction discusses how economics has moved away from normative issues and the need for a behavioral business ethics approach. It also addresses challenges with public policy lectures on trade topics.
Reading Assignment Chapter 3 The Institutional Context of Mul.docxsedgar5
Reading Assignment Chapter 3: The Institutional Context of Multinational Management, pp.
60–78 Chapter 4: Managing Ethical and Social Responsibility Challenges in Multinational
Companies, pp. 84–105
Unit Lesson Economic Systems An economic system can be defined as the method in which a
nation chooses to distribute resources to the community or specific area (Cullen & Parboteeah,
2017). The economic system of a country may be structured as socialism, capitalism, or a mixed
system. For example, the United States economic system is characterized as a mainly capitalist
economic system. Capitalist economics take place when companies are privately owned and
are able to carry out activities in a competitive market to make profits. In a socialist economy,
the state owns companies or makes decisions about production and pricing in pursuit of a
collective goal (Cullen & Parboteeah, 2017). The mixed economy is a combination of socialism
and capitalism. An example of a mixed economy is India. The businesses in India are
government and privately owned, producing a mixed economy. UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Institutional Context of Multinational Management and Managing Ethical and Social
Responsibility MBA 6631, Intercultural Management 2 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Social
Institutions Industrialization refers to a country’s industrial development. It “refers to the cultural
and economic changes that are brought about by fundamental changes in how production is
organized and distributed in society” (Cullen & Parboteeah, 2017, p. 67). The authors categorize
three specific industrializations—a preindustrial society, an industrial society, and a
postindustrial society—which affect both organizations and individuals. The preindustrial society
is dominated by agriculture. Whereas a preindustrial society can provide a company with cheap
labor, it can cost the company more in the long run due to the lack of infrastructure and support.
An industrial society is heavily focused on manufacturing and production. This type of society
requires a vast range of skill levels for workers to handle production and technology. Lastly, the
postindustrial society emphasizes services employing highly trained personnel that were trained
for their job positions through formal education. All three levels of industrialization play a vital
role in the success of strategic multinational management (Cullen & Parboteeah, 2017).
Multinational companies (MNCs) can use the levels as a gauge to determine where to do
business. How one chooses to worship and believe in a structure of faith is known as religion. In
most societies, religion can be characterized as a formal method of worship. Religion can be
reflected by dress, diet, behavior, and even holiday beliefs. Max Weber, a German sociologist,
is best known for his Protestant work ethic theory. The theory argues that Protestant ethics are
important as these result in hard work, success, and wealth (Cullen & Parboteea.
This document provides information about a course on Professional Practices in IT. It discusses:
- The course code, name, and objective to make students aware of their professional responsibilities in the IT sector.
- The marks distribution including assignments, quizzes, presentations, class participation, midterm and final exams.
- Course learning outcomes such as evaluating ethical decisions, professional codes of ethics, and the impact of technology on privacy and social interaction.
- Recommended resources on ethics in information technology.
- An assignment on plagiarism including defining it, how to avoid it, and penalties.
Research your chosen company, which is Kaiser Permanente. F.docxdebishakespeare
Research your chosen company, which is Kaiser Permanente. Find a minimum of one library source, which will support your thesis in this assignment. Review your assigned weekly lecture and text reading. Select from this reading 3-5 key concepts, which will also support your thesis. In a two to three page paper, address the questions below. Your paper should follow APA format including a title and reference page. The two to three page paper length requirement does NOT include the title page and reference page. Use APA Standards in Your Coursework to ensure you are following the correct format.
Describe some of the key decisions its management has faced within the past year or two. Identify an ethical issue the organization either faces or has faced in the past. If it has not been resolved, provide an analysis of how the issue should be addressed. If it has been resolved, critique how the organization resolved this issue based on the materials you have reviewed on ethical decision-making.
Notes/concepts from readings
Criteria for Ethical Decision Making
Most ethical dilemmas involve a conflict between the needs of the part and the whole—the individual versus the organization or the organization versus society as a whole. For example, should a company scrutinize job candidates' or employees' social media postings, which might benefit the organization as a whole but reduce the individual freedom of employees? Or should products that fail to meet tough Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards be exported to other countries where government standards are lower, benefiting the company but potentially harming world citizens? Sometimes ethical decisions entail a conflict between two groups. For example, should the potential for local health problems resulting from a company's effluents take precedence over the jobs it creates as the town's leading employer?
Managers faced with these kinds of tough ethical choices often benefit from a normative strategy—one based on norms and values—to guide their decision making. Normative ethics uses several approaches to describe values for guiding ethical decision making. Five approaches that are relevant to managers are the utilitarian approach, individualism approach, moral-rights approach, justice approach, and practical approach.27
Utilitarian Approach
The utilitarian approach, espoused by the nineteenth-century philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, holds that moral behavior produces the greatest good for the greatest number. Under this approach, a decision maker is expected to consider the effect of each decision alternative on all parties and select the one that optimizes the benefits for the greatest number of people. In the trolley dilemma earlier in this chapter, for instance, the utilitarian approach would hold that it would be moral to push one person to his death in order to save five. The utilitarian ethic is cited as the basis for the recent trend among companies to mon ...
This document discusses organizational ethics and the steps companies can take to promote ethics. It covers how a company's culture and ethical climate can influence employee behavior and notes that ethical situations arise across business functions. Professional associations in areas like accounting and finance have sought to provide ethical guidance. The document examines two cases of unethical behavior at large companies and how a company's culture can enable ongoing misconduct if issues are not addressed. It describes the components of ethical climates within organizations and some of the specific ethics challenges that can occur in functions like accounting, finance, and other business areas.
The document discusses ethical dilemmas in business and how to resolve them. It defines ethical dilemmas as situations where a choice must be made between two undesirable options. It also outlines sources of ethical problems in businesses and models of business conduct. To resolve dilemmas, the document recommends asking whether options are ethical, who they impact, and if they distribute benefits fairly. Resolutions can be deontological, focusing on rights and duties, or teleological, focusing on consequences.
Module 4 - HomeLEGAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CROSS-CULTURAL .docxroushhsiu
Module 4 - Home
LEGAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CROSS-CULTURAL LEADERSHIP
Modular Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to satisfy the following outcomes:
Case
Evaluate the cross-cultural experience on terms of developing cultural intelligence.
SLP
Assess your role as a leader in making ethical decisions.
Discussion
Debate ethical choices as depicted in popular films.
Module Overview
Questions of right action can become particularly difficult for leaders in cross-cultural or international situations. Questions of the morality of doing business or forming alliances with countries where political repression or violation of civil rights is common are troublesome. How should a leader deal with expectations of bribery? What if the other country violates U.S. environmental or health laws? Does one live by the home-country rules or adopt an attitude of “When in Rome…”?
Without shared moral values or common laws, the choice of actions that should be taken constitute a real conundrum. How to resolve these matters? What tools exist to help the leader choose the ethical course?
To date, leaders cannot rely on international law related to ethical conduct, but there are some guidelines. An organization's “company code” is the first place to start. These codes set guidelines for employees to operate across borders. They may expressly forbid the taking of bribes, for example, or entering into agreements or joint ventures that violate U.S. law. These codes have both proactive and reactive advantages: helping uncertain leaders respond to murky situations in a foreign environment—while at the same time attracting highly ethical leaders who want to be part of a socially responsible organization.
There also exist international standards and codes of conduct such as the United Nations Global Compact and the Consumer Charter for Global Business. There are more targeted codes of conduct such as the ILO Conventions, and OECD Guidelines. These standards do not have the “teeth” that international law would have, but they can help leaders determine what the best course of action is.
While business standards and codes can be helpful to leaders, they do not help to develop a fundamental understanding of what drives ethical dilemmas in a cross-cultural environment or how leaders should respond to them. Indeed, in a cross-cultural study of business managers, participants ranked the importance of factors that lead to unethical behavior. Surprisingly, social norms of morality and personal advantage or gain were not even ranked. Instead, the single most important factor was the attitudes and behaviors of their leaders. (Dolcheck & Dolcheck (1987). In this module, we will be looking at three major topics that will lead to a broad perspective on how attitudes and behaviors affect ethical leadership.
Module 4 - Background
LEGAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CROSS-CULTURAL LEADERSHIP
Universalism vs. Particularism
In Ethics 5 ...
Ethics refers to moral principles that govern conduct. There are two types of standards - moral standards which judge actions as right/wrong, and non-moral standards which judge other things. Business ethics examines how moral standards apply to businesses. It investigates systemic issues regarding economic systems, corporate issues regarding company policies/culture, and individual issues regarding people's decisions. Moral reasoning involves understanding moral standards and using evidence to make judgments about whether actions meet those standards. There are debates around whether organizations can be ethical/unethical and how cultural differences impact business ethics.
This document contains an outline for a project on business ethics focusing on the ethical impacts of globalization. It includes sections on introduction, social responsibility, the greening of management, values-based management, managerial ethics, and conclusions. The introduction discusses how economics has moved away from normative issues and the need for a behavioral business ethics approach. It also addresses challenges with public policy lectures on trade topics.
Reading Assignment Chapter 3 The Institutional Context of Mul.docxsedgar5
Reading Assignment Chapter 3: The Institutional Context of Multinational Management, pp.
60–78 Chapter 4: Managing Ethical and Social Responsibility Challenges in Multinational
Companies, pp. 84–105
Unit Lesson Economic Systems An economic system can be defined as the method in which a
nation chooses to distribute resources to the community or specific area (Cullen & Parboteeah,
2017). The economic system of a country may be structured as socialism, capitalism, or a mixed
system. For example, the United States economic system is characterized as a mainly capitalist
economic system. Capitalist economics take place when companies are privately owned and
are able to carry out activities in a competitive market to make profits. In a socialist economy,
the state owns companies or makes decisions about production and pricing in pursuit of a
collective goal (Cullen & Parboteeah, 2017). The mixed economy is a combination of socialism
and capitalism. An example of a mixed economy is India. The businesses in India are
government and privately owned, producing a mixed economy. UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Institutional Context of Multinational Management and Managing Ethical and Social
Responsibility MBA 6631, Intercultural Management 2 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Social
Institutions Industrialization refers to a country’s industrial development. It “refers to the cultural
and economic changes that are brought about by fundamental changes in how production is
organized and distributed in society” (Cullen & Parboteeah, 2017, p. 67). The authors categorize
three specific industrializations—a preindustrial society, an industrial society, and a
postindustrial society—which affect both organizations and individuals. The preindustrial society
is dominated by agriculture. Whereas a preindustrial society can provide a company with cheap
labor, it can cost the company more in the long run due to the lack of infrastructure and support.
An industrial society is heavily focused on manufacturing and production. This type of society
requires a vast range of skill levels for workers to handle production and technology. Lastly, the
postindustrial society emphasizes services employing highly trained personnel that were trained
for their job positions through formal education. All three levels of industrialization play a vital
role in the success of strategic multinational management (Cullen & Parboteeah, 2017).
Multinational companies (MNCs) can use the levels as a gauge to determine where to do
business. How one chooses to worship and believe in a structure of faith is known as religion. In
most societies, religion can be characterized as a formal method of worship. Religion can be
reflected by dress, diet, behavior, and even holiday beliefs. Max Weber, a German sociologist,
is best known for his Protestant work ethic theory. The theory argues that Protestant ethics are
important as these result in hard work, success, and wealth (Cullen & Parboteea.
This document provides information about a course on Professional Practices in IT. It discusses:
- The course code, name, and objective to make students aware of their professional responsibilities in the IT sector.
- The marks distribution including assignments, quizzes, presentations, class participation, midterm and final exams.
- Course learning outcomes such as evaluating ethical decisions, professional codes of ethics, and the impact of technology on privacy and social interaction.
- Recommended resources on ethics in information technology.
- An assignment on plagiarism including defining it, how to avoid it, and penalties.
Research your chosen company, which is Kaiser Permanente. F.docxdebishakespeare
Research your chosen company, which is Kaiser Permanente. Find a minimum of one library source, which will support your thesis in this assignment. Review your assigned weekly lecture and text reading. Select from this reading 3-5 key concepts, which will also support your thesis. In a two to three page paper, address the questions below. Your paper should follow APA format including a title and reference page. The two to three page paper length requirement does NOT include the title page and reference page. Use APA Standards in Your Coursework to ensure you are following the correct format.
Describe some of the key decisions its management has faced within the past year or two. Identify an ethical issue the organization either faces or has faced in the past. If it has not been resolved, provide an analysis of how the issue should be addressed. If it has been resolved, critique how the organization resolved this issue based on the materials you have reviewed on ethical decision-making.
Notes/concepts from readings
Criteria for Ethical Decision Making
Most ethical dilemmas involve a conflict between the needs of the part and the whole—the individual versus the organization or the organization versus society as a whole. For example, should a company scrutinize job candidates' or employees' social media postings, which might benefit the organization as a whole but reduce the individual freedom of employees? Or should products that fail to meet tough Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards be exported to other countries where government standards are lower, benefiting the company but potentially harming world citizens? Sometimes ethical decisions entail a conflict between two groups. For example, should the potential for local health problems resulting from a company's effluents take precedence over the jobs it creates as the town's leading employer?
Managers faced with these kinds of tough ethical choices often benefit from a normative strategy—one based on norms and values—to guide their decision making. Normative ethics uses several approaches to describe values for guiding ethical decision making. Five approaches that are relevant to managers are the utilitarian approach, individualism approach, moral-rights approach, justice approach, and practical approach.27
Utilitarian Approach
The utilitarian approach, espoused by the nineteenth-century philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, holds that moral behavior produces the greatest good for the greatest number. Under this approach, a decision maker is expected to consider the effect of each decision alternative on all parties and select the one that optimizes the benefits for the greatest number of people. In the trolley dilemma earlier in this chapter, for instance, the utilitarian approach would hold that it would be moral to push one person to his death in order to save five. The utilitarian ethic is cited as the basis for the recent trend among companies to mon ...
This document discusses organizational ethics and the steps companies can take to promote ethics. It covers how a company's culture and ethical climate can influence employee behavior and notes that ethical situations arise across business functions. Professional associations in areas like accounting and finance have sought to provide ethical guidance. The document examines two cases of unethical behavior at large companies and how a company's culture can enable ongoing misconduct if issues are not addressed. It describes the components of ethical climates within organizations and some of the specific ethics challenges that can occur in functions like accounting, finance, and other business areas.
The document discusses ethical dilemmas in business and how to resolve them. It defines ethical dilemmas as situations where a choice must be made between two undesirable options. It also outlines sources of ethical problems in businesses and models of business conduct. To resolve dilemmas, the document recommends asking whether options are ethical, who they impact, and if they distribute benefits fairly. Resolutions can be deontological, focusing on rights and duties, or teleological, focusing on consequences.
Ethical DilemmaAssume you are a manager of a large heavy equipme.docxgitagrimston
Ethical Dilemma
Assume you are a manager of a large heavy equipment manufacturing company. Your company currently outsources the manufacturing of a specialized piece of equipment to a firm in another country. The outsourcing of this piece of equipment has saved your organization a considerable amount of money and has increased profits by 15%. A recent newspaper article has revealed that this firm is paying their employees only a few dollars a day and their employees often work long hours. While you are not the only company that uses this firm your company was specifically named in the newspaper article. You have been asked by your CEO to make a decision on whether or not to continue to do business with this firm.
post your answers to the following questions in paragraph form (minimum of 500-600 words) Be sure to incorporate your weekly readings, citing your sources using proper APA (including in-text citations and references). In making this decision you will need to do the following:
1. Discuss the ethics of continuing to do business with this firm. In this discussion evaluate the economic, legal and ethical issues. Describe how a written code of ethics might impact your decision.
2. Describe any other factors you would consider in making a decision to continue or discontinue doing business with this organization.
3. State the process you would follow to make your decision, provide your decision, and explain the decision making style you have used.
4. Prepare A SWOT analysis of your decision using the following table:
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
Notes from class readings
Criteria for Ethical Decision Making
Most ethical dilemmas involve a conflict between the needs of the part and the whole—the individual versus the organization or the organization versus society as a whole. For example, should a company scrutinize job candidates' or employees' social media postings, which might benefit the organization as a whole but reduce the individual freedom of employees? Or should products that fail to meet tough Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards be exported to other countries where government standards are lower, benefiting the company but potentially harming world citizens? Sometimes ethical decisions entail a conflict between two groups. For example, should the potential for local health problems resulting from a company's effluents take precedence over the jobs it creates as the town's leading employer?
Managers faced with these kinds of tough ethical choices often benefit from a normative strategy—one based on norms and values—to guide their decision making. Normative ethics uses several approaches to describe values for guiding ethical decision making. Five approaches that are relevant to managers are the utilitarian approach, individualism approach, moral-rights approach, justice approach, and practical approach.27
Utilitarian Approach
The utilitarian approach, espoused by the nineteenth-centu ...
This document summarizes a research study that examined the impact of ethics training on budgetary decision making. The study involved four groups that received different combinations of a pre-test, ethics intervention, and post-test. The findings indicate that formal ethics training had little to no impact on individual choices, and in some cases seemed to have a negative correlation. The data suggest that individual ethical standards are a stronger predictor of ethical behavior than other variables like ethics training. Further research is needed to identify the most effective ways to guide budgetary decisions along ethical lines.
This document discusses ethics in international business. It begins by defining business ethics and outlining some common ethical issues that arise in international business, such as differing employment practices, human rights, environmental regulations, corruption, and the obligations of multinational corporations. The document then examines these issues in more depth and provides examples. It also discusses ethical dilemmas, the roots of unethical behavior such as personal ethics, decision-making processes, organizational culture, performance expectations, leadership, and societal culture. Finally, it outlines processes and models for ethical decision-making.
Introduction to management groups g - i - managerial ethics and corporate s...Diego Thomas
This document provides an overview and summary of the key topics covered in a lecture on managerial ethics and corporate social responsibility. The lecture discusses:
1. Definitions of ethics and how it relates to behaviors governed by law and free choice.
2. Approaches to evaluating ethical behavior such as utilitarian, individualism, moral rights, and justice approaches.
3. Factors that influence ethical decision making for individuals and organizations.
4. The concept of corporate social responsibility and importance of balancing stakeholder interests.
This document discusses ethical decision making in business. It outlines several models that guide ethical decision making, including rights theory, justice theory, and utilitarianism. It also discusses influences on ethical decision making like personal moral standards, workplace ethics and culture, and the nature of ethical issues. Key factors in ethical decision making are developing trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and good citizenship. Managers must balance different stakeholder interests and address complex issues with human-centered solutions.
(Chapter 16 Internationa! Diversity and Facing the Future .docxjoyjonna282
This document summarizes recommendations for organizations to promote diversity and inclusion at multiple levels. It recommends that organizations appoint an executive leader responsible for diversity, ensure management at all levels supports diversity, conduct fair hiring practices, provide training and mentoring programs, monitor promotion rates, and support employee resource groups. The key ideas are that organizational commitment from top to bottom is needed, human resource practices must be evaluated for fairness, and diversity efforts require long-term strategies rather than just quick fixes.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in morality, ethical theory, and approaches to studying ethics. It discusses the distinction between morality and ethical theory, as well as morality and prudence. It introduces utilitarianism and Kantian ethical theories. It also covers additional topics like relativism, moral disagreements, and the problems with egoism. The document aims to define important terminology and explore different perspectives in ethics through examples and discussions of prominent philosophers.
Business ethics C1 -moral_ethics_ethical_dilemmaIzah Asmadi
This document discusses topics related to moral, ethics, and ethical dilemmas. It includes definitions of morality, ethics, values, and discusses the differences between morality and ethics. It provides hypothetical ethical dilemma cases for students to analyze, including an overcrowded lifeboat scenario, Sophie's choice, and a husband's choice case. Students are instructed to split into groups to analyze one of the three cases and answer questions about resolving the ethical dilemmas presented in each case.
1) You must clearly label the answer to each question.2) If you .docxjeremylockett77
1) You must clearly label the answer to each question.
2) If you are unable to draw diagrams in Microsoft Word, you may use scanned copies of hand drawn diagrams.
3) Word count: The suggested word limit for each sub-question is 200-250 words. (1200 to 1500 words altogether)
4) You must clearly acknowledge all sources using Harvard referencing system including the textbook.
Question 1 (a) Explain, with the aid of diagrams, how an outbreak of hostilities in the Middle East might be expected to impact the Australian markets for petrol and passenger cars with large engines that run on petrol. (6 marks)
(b) The latest electric car is expected to be released in Australia shortly at a very affordable price. What impact might this have on the market for cars which run on petrol? Justify your answer. (4 marks)
Question 2 (a) Australian government is encouraging young people to attend universities with a view to increase the proportion of educated youth workforce. While this policy certainly reduces the number of people available for work today it will increase their skills when they eventually complete their university degrees and enter the workforce. Use the production frontier model and graph to show the effects of such a policy on Australian output. (6 marks)
(b) What are the long-term determinants of economic growth and how can government influence economic growth. (4 marks)
Question 3 (a) Suppose the government is thinking of imposing a sales tax on all brands of cigarettes. What will be the likely impact of this tax on the price of cigarettes and who will bear the major burden of the tax? How will your answer change if the tax was imposed on the consumption of coffee instead? Explain with the help of appropriate diagrams. (6 marks)
(b) Coles and Woolworths dominate the Australian supermarket/grocery sector. Which type of market structure does this sector resemble? Provide a brief explanation. Based on the concepts learnt in this unit explain the likely reasons for the prevalence of this market structure in the Australian supermarket sector. (4 marks)
INTRODUCTION:
THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decision Making
***This article updates several previous pieces from Issues in Ethics by Manuel Velasquez - Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics at Santa Clara University and former Center director - and Claire Andre, associate Center director. "Thinking Ethically" is based on a framework developed by the authors in collaboration with Center Director Thomas Shanks, S.J., Presidential Professor of Ethics and the Common Good Michael J. Meyer, and others. The framework is used as the basis for many programs and presentations at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.
TAKEN FROM: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html
Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are bombarded da ...
BUSI 472Group Case Project - Final Grading RubricNote It is r.docxRAHUL126667
BUSI 472
Group Case Project - Final Grading Rubric
Note: It is required that each member of the group will participate in the Group Case Project. Failure to participate in the group processes will result in a penalty from the group score.
Criteria
Points Possible
Points Earned
Introduction
0 to 5 points
· Is there a clear thesis statement?
· Does the introduction provide a clear overview of the paper’s contents?
Content
0 to 20 points
· Are the issues raised in the topic properly treated?
· Are differing viewpoints considered, analyzed, and treated?
· Is the paper 5–7 pages?
· Is each of the relevant elements of the Hosmer model included and shown as a heading in the paper?
Conclusion
0 to 30 points
· Does the paper propose a convincing moral solution based on the Hosmer model?
· Is the reader persuaded by your arguments?
· Does the conclusion offer suggestions for further study?
Materials/Sources
0 to 20 points
· Are 5–7 scholarly sources utilized?
· Are materials properly cited and quoted in current APA style?
Structure
0 to 5 points
· Are the transitions between paragraphs and sections clear?
· Is the treatment of the topic logically oriented?
Style
0 to 20 points
· Does the paper use current APA format correctly?
· Is the paper without spelling and grammar errors?
Total
/100
Instructor’s Comments
1. Moral Problem- Krystal
HERE IS WHAT I WROTE: PLEASE EDIT BECAUSE ITS OFF TOPIC REMEMBER OUR CASE IS ABOUT MORAL PROBLEM AND HEALTH & OBSISTY ONLY. PLEASE USE THE OUTLINE TO ONLY THE NAME OF KRYSTAL
Business ethics or morals (Vilcox & Mohan, 2007) refers to contemporary benchmarks or sets of qualities that administer the activities and conduct of a person in the business organization. It ensures that a specific required level of trust exists amongst purchasers and different types of market members with business organizations. For instance, a portfolio administrator must give a similar thought to the arrangement of relatives and little individual financial specialists or investors. Such practices guarantee that the general public gets reasonable treatment. The idea of business morals emerged in the 1960s as organizations turned out to be more mindful of a rising buyer based society that indicated concerns with respect to nature, social causes, and corporate duty. Business morals go past only an ethical code of good and bad; it endeavors to accommodate what organizations must do legitimately as opposed to keeping up an upper hand over different organizations. Firms show business morals in a few ways. The moral or ethical problem occurs when business partners or competitors start to engage in activities that lead them to a problem.
Moral Standards is setting the limits that human beings are precious and should not in any way be mistreated. For instance, human rights should be protected and uphold to ensure that every human being enjoys life and is not threaten from all hurt and harm in our society. Throughout America we see slaver ...
Requirements for Replies to Other ThreadsAt least two of the four.docxmandygoatesxio0
The document provides instructions for students to write two 200-word replies to fellow classmates' posts that discuss different ethical theories in relation to a case study on Starbucks. One reply must identify the notions of moral good in deontology and utilitarianism and compare them in relation to a post. The second reply must do the same but with virtue ethics. Replies must focus on whether the ethical theories were identified and applied well and include citations in APA format.
The document describes Carroll's Pyramid of Social Responsibility, which presents four types of responsibilities for businesses: economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic. It places economic responsibilities at the base as the foundation, with legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities ascending higher up the pyramid. The pyramid provides a framework for understanding a business' evolving responsibilities to society.
The document provides an introduction to the concept of ethics. It states that ethical statements can make judgements about actions, characters, principles, and that they express degrees of ethical views. It notes that ethics involves determining what is right and wrong, and doing what is right, though determining right and wrong is complex with many ethical dilemmas having no clear answers. It concludes by citing Mackie's definition of ethics as the "Science of Conduct."
GE 108 Ethics Second week Presentation.pptxJennicaMusico
This document discusses three levels of moral dilemmas: personal, organizational, and structural.
Personal dilemmas are those resolved on an individual level, like a student torn between avenging his brother's death and caring for his mother. Organizational dilemmas arise in institutions like hospitals deciding on life support or businesses balancing responsibilities. Structural dilemmas involve networks of institutions, like setting medicine prices or implementing universal healthcare against other budget needs.
BUSINESS
IN
ETHICAL FOCUS
nd
edition2
A n A n t hol o g y
Fritz Allhoff, Alexander Sager,
and Anand J. Vaidya
EDITED BY
broadview press
BV136 Business in Ethical Focus R6.indd 3 11/15/16 12:26 PM
Review Copy
1
Unit 1
PRELIMINARIES
Introduction: Why Study Business Ethics?
Anand J. Vaidya and Fritz Allhoff
THE WHAT AND WHY OF
BUSINESS ETHICS
What is business ethics, and why study it?
One good way to get an answer to this question is
by taking note of what business is, what ethics is,
and then tying the two together.
Business as will be understood here is the
sum total of the relationships and activities that
surround the trading of goods or services. In most
cases, businesses seek to profit from their activities,
though it is increasingly common for businesses
such as social enterprises to operate as non-profits.
As a category, business includes everything from
the selling of handmade products between two
neighboring villages in India to large-scale multi-
national corporations such as Nike and Microsoft
engaged in global trade. Both the relationships
between individuals involved in any aspect of
business and the relationships between groups—
corporations, divisions of them, unions, etc.—are
important to understanding business as a whole.
Business ethics is important because it is
involved centrally in most people’s lives. Almost
all people are consumers of commercial goods.
Businesses also employ many people, giving them
not only a wage, but in many cases an identity and
an opportunity to express creativity.
Ethics, in its broadest sense, is an investigation
into how humans should live. Ethics is distinct
from law since laws themselves can be objects of
ethical criticism. Within the confines of a moral
investigation, one can inquire as to whether a
legal statute is consistent with morality.¹ For
example, slavery was once considered to be both
morally permissible and legally permissible. Later
many people disputed its morality even though it
remained legally permissible.
Many ethicists divide their discipline into
three branches: meta-ethics, normative ethics, and
applied ethics. Meta-ethics explores conceptual
and foundational questions in morality. Some of
the questions are the following: Are there moral
facts? Is morality objective? How do we come to
know moral truths? Are moral claims the kinds of
things that can be true or false, or are they sim-
ply expressions of emotion? What is the primary
object of moral evaluation?
Normative ethics is the study of which prin-
ciples determine the moral permissibility and
impermissibility of an action, or, more simply,
what constitutes right and wrong. One approach
to this, deontology, holds that morality is consti-
tuted by rights and duties, and that those features
take priority over the consequences of actions. An
alternative approach, consequentialism, maintains
that it is only the consequences of actions (often
mea.
The document discusses various topics related to business ethics including definitions of ethics, morality, and business ethics. It describes different ethical theories like teleological, deontological, and virtue ethics as well as concepts such as moral absolutism and relativism. The document also outlines objectives, sources, and nature of ethics providing an overview of this important subject.
This document discusses business ethics and ethical decision making. It defines ethics and ethical principles, and lists sources of ethics like religion, family, and education. It discusses ethical relativism and key reasons for businesses to act ethically, like meeting stakeholder demands, enhancing performance, complying with laws, preventing harm, and promoting personal morality. Common causes of unethical behavior are also outlined. The document then discusses core elements of ethical character in business like managers' values and stages of moral development. It concludes by analyzing ethical dilemmas using four methods: virtues, utilitarian, rights, and justice.
According to the textbook, the Federal Disaster Assistance Act of 19.docxronak56
According to the textbook, the Federal Disaster Assistance Act of 1950 (P.L. 81-875) defined the roles and responsibilities during natural disasters. Once the president issued a disaster declaration, federal relief resources could flow to the affected areas for response and recovery. The president would then delegate administrative control of relief efforts to the Housing and Home Finance Administration. This law also instituted the federal role in natural disasters as a supportive role, while instituting primary responsibility for disaster response and recovery with local and state governments. How had this changed by 1978? Why did it change? Do you agree with the change? Why, or why not?
300 WORDS
APA FORMAT
.
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5 Eng.docxronak56
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5: Engage in Policy Practice:
Social workers understand that human rights and social justice, as well as social welfare and services, are mediated by policy and its implementation at the federal, state, and local levels. Social workers understand the history and current structures of social policies and services, the role of policy in service delivery, and the role of practice in policy development. Social workers understand their role in policy development and implementation within their practice settings at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels and they actively engage in policy practice to effect change within those settings. Social workers recognize and understand the historical, social, cultural, economic, organizational, environmental, and global influences that affect social policy. They are also knowledgeable about policy formulation, analysis, implementation, and evaluation. Social workers:
Identify social policy at the local, state, and federal level that impacts well-being, service delivery, and access to social services;
Assess how social welfare and economic policies impact the delivery of and access to social services;
Apply critical thinking to analyze, formulate, and advocate for policies that advance human rights and social, economic, and environmental justice.
This assignment is intended to help students demonstrate the behavioral components of this competency in their field education.
To prepare: Working with your field instructor, identify, evaluate, and discuss policies established by the local, state, and federal government (within the last five years) that affect the day to day operations of the field placement agency.
The Assignment (1-2 pages):
Describe the policies and their impact on the field agency.
Propose specific recommendations regarding how you, as a social work intern, and the agency can advocate for policies pertaining to advancing social justice for the agency and the clients it serves.
.
According to the text, economic outcomes measured by economic gr.docxronak56
According to the text, economic outcomes measured by economic growth is affected by a number of factors. Also, hundreds of empirical studies on economic growth across countries have highlighted the correlation between economic growth and a variety of variables.
Claims regarding the determinants of economic growth are conditional, and the findings depend on the variables used. However, the availability of physical capital or infrastructure, government consumption, terms of trade, macroeconomic stability, the rule of law, regulatory quality, government effectiveness, foreign direct investments, population size, and natural resource availability are the most consistent findings of empirical studies on economic growth.
Review the literature on economic growth and provide a summary of how:
Population affects economic growth
Natural Resource Abundance affects economic growth
Note: The answers you provide to each of these sub-questions should not be more than 15 sentences.
Also note that because this is a literature review you must cite credible sources; avoid using news articles.
The examples below should serve as a guide
Example 1: The example below shows how inflation affects investment in a study of the effect of inflation on investment.
The destabilizing effect of inflation on investment has been a major source of debate in economic and business literature. Generally, inflation is often considered a sign of macroeconomic instability and the inability of government to control macroeconomic policy, both of which contribute to an adverse investment climate (Fischer, 2013; Greene & Villanueva, 1991). However, the empirical evidence is still far from convincing. While some authors claim positive effects of inflation on investment, others hold that inflation poses a “stealth” threat to investments. For example, Greene and Villanueva (1991) argue that high rate of inflation adversely affects private investment activity by increasing the riskiness of long-term investment projects. Also, Fischer (2013) observed that inflation uncertainty is associated with substantial reduction in total investment. On the contrary, McClain and Nicholes (1993) found that investment and inflation are positively related to each other.
Example 2: The example below shows how natural resource endowments affects income inequality in a study of the determinants of income inequality.
The nexus between natural resource endowments and income inequality has also been widely debated and has inspired a long history of research in both economics and political science (see, for example, Fum and Hodler, 2010; Goderis and Malone, 2011; Leamer, Maul, Rodriguez, and Schott, 1999; Carmignani, 2013; Parcero and Papyrakis, 2016; Bourguignon and Morrisson, 1998). For example, Anderson et al., (2004) argue that natural resources endowment provide a plausible explanation as to why the observed levels of inequality are significantly higher in both sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.
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1. Discuss the ethics of continuing to do business with this firm. In this discussion evaluate the economic, legal and ethical issues. Describe how a written code of ethics might impact your decision.
2. Describe any other factors you would consider in making a decision to continue or discontinue doing business with this organization.
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4. Prepare A SWOT analysis of your decision using the following table:
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Opportunities
Threats
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Most ethical dilemmas involve a conflict between the needs of the part and the whole—the individual versus the organization or the organization versus society as a whole. For example, should a company scrutinize job candidates' or employees' social media postings, which might benefit the organization as a whole but reduce the individual freedom of employees? Or should products that fail to meet tough Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards be exported to other countries where government standards are lower, benefiting the company but potentially harming world citizens? Sometimes ethical decisions entail a conflict between two groups. For example, should the potential for local health problems resulting from a company's effluents take precedence over the jobs it creates as the town's leading employer?
Managers faced with these kinds of tough ethical choices often benefit from a normative strategy—one based on norms and values—to guide their decision making. Normative ethics uses several approaches to describe values for guiding ethical decision making. Five approaches that are relevant to managers are the utilitarian approach, individualism approach, moral-rights approach, justice approach, and practical approach.27
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2) If you are unable to draw diagrams in Microsoft Word, you may use scanned copies of hand drawn diagrams.
3) Word count: The suggested word limit for each sub-question is 200-250 words. (1200 to 1500 words altogether)
4) You must clearly acknowledge all sources using Harvard referencing system including the textbook.
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TAKEN FROM: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html
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BUSI 472
Group Case Project - Final Grading Rubric
Note: It is required that each member of the group will participate in the Group Case Project. Failure to participate in the group processes will result in a penalty from the group score.
Criteria
Points Possible
Points Earned
Introduction
0 to 5 points
· Is there a clear thesis statement?
· Does the introduction provide a clear overview of the paper’s contents?
Content
0 to 20 points
· Are the issues raised in the topic properly treated?
· Are differing viewpoints considered, analyzed, and treated?
· Is the paper 5–7 pages?
· Is each of the relevant elements of the Hosmer model included and shown as a heading in the paper?
Conclusion
0 to 30 points
· Does the paper propose a convincing moral solution based on the Hosmer model?
· Is the reader persuaded by your arguments?
· Does the conclusion offer suggestions for further study?
Materials/Sources
0 to 20 points
· Are 5–7 scholarly sources utilized?
· Are materials properly cited and quoted in current APA style?
Structure
0 to 5 points
· Are the transitions between paragraphs and sections clear?
· Is the treatment of the topic logically oriented?
Style
0 to 20 points
· Does the paper use current APA format correctly?
· Is the paper without spelling and grammar errors?
Total
/100
Instructor’s Comments
1. Moral Problem- Krystal
HERE IS WHAT I WROTE: PLEASE EDIT BECAUSE ITS OFF TOPIC REMEMBER OUR CASE IS ABOUT MORAL PROBLEM AND HEALTH & OBSISTY ONLY. PLEASE USE THE OUTLINE TO ONLY THE NAME OF KRYSTAL
Business ethics or morals (Vilcox & Mohan, 2007) refers to contemporary benchmarks or sets of qualities that administer the activities and conduct of a person in the business organization. It ensures that a specific required level of trust exists amongst purchasers and different types of market members with business organizations. For instance, a portfolio administrator must give a similar thought to the arrangement of relatives and little individual financial specialists or investors. Such practices guarantee that the general public gets reasonable treatment. The idea of business morals emerged in the 1960s as organizations turned out to be more mindful of a rising buyer based society that indicated concerns with respect to nature, social causes, and corporate duty. Business morals go past only an ethical code of good and bad; it endeavors to accommodate what organizations must do legitimately as opposed to keeping up an upper hand over different organizations. Firms show business morals in a few ways. The moral or ethical problem occurs when business partners or competitors start to engage in activities that lead them to a problem.
Moral Standards is setting the limits that human beings are precious and should not in any way be mistreated. For instance, human rights should be protected and uphold to ensure that every human being enjoys life and is not threaten from all hurt and harm in our society. Throughout America we see slaver ...
Requirements for Replies to Other ThreadsAt least two of the four.docxmandygoatesxio0
The document provides instructions for students to write two 200-word replies to fellow classmates' posts that discuss different ethical theories in relation to a case study on Starbucks. One reply must identify the notions of moral good in deontology and utilitarianism and compare them in relation to a post. The second reply must do the same but with virtue ethics. Replies must focus on whether the ethical theories were identified and applied well and include citations in APA format.
The document describes Carroll's Pyramid of Social Responsibility, which presents four types of responsibilities for businesses: economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic. It places economic responsibilities at the base as the foundation, with legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities ascending higher up the pyramid. The pyramid provides a framework for understanding a business' evolving responsibilities to society.
The document provides an introduction to the concept of ethics. It states that ethical statements can make judgements about actions, characters, principles, and that they express degrees of ethical views. It notes that ethics involves determining what is right and wrong, and doing what is right, though determining right and wrong is complex with many ethical dilemmas having no clear answers. It concludes by citing Mackie's definition of ethics as the "Science of Conduct."
GE 108 Ethics Second week Presentation.pptxJennicaMusico
This document discusses three levels of moral dilemmas: personal, organizational, and structural.
Personal dilemmas are those resolved on an individual level, like a student torn between avenging his brother's death and caring for his mother. Organizational dilemmas arise in institutions like hospitals deciding on life support or businesses balancing responsibilities. Structural dilemmas involve networks of institutions, like setting medicine prices or implementing universal healthcare against other budget needs.
BUSINESS
IN
ETHICAL FOCUS
nd
edition2
A n A n t hol o g y
Fritz Allhoff, Alexander Sager,
and Anand J. Vaidya
EDITED BY
broadview press
BV136 Business in Ethical Focus R6.indd 3 11/15/16 12:26 PM
Review Copy
1
Unit 1
PRELIMINARIES
Introduction: Why Study Business Ethics?
Anand J. Vaidya and Fritz Allhoff
THE WHAT AND WHY OF
BUSINESS ETHICS
What is business ethics, and why study it?
One good way to get an answer to this question is
by taking note of what business is, what ethics is,
and then tying the two together.
Business as will be understood here is the
sum total of the relationships and activities that
surround the trading of goods or services. In most
cases, businesses seek to profit from their activities,
though it is increasingly common for businesses
such as social enterprises to operate as non-profits.
As a category, business includes everything from
the selling of handmade products between two
neighboring villages in India to large-scale multi-
national corporations such as Nike and Microsoft
engaged in global trade. Both the relationships
between individuals involved in any aspect of
business and the relationships between groups—
corporations, divisions of them, unions, etc.—are
important to understanding business as a whole.
Business ethics is important because it is
involved centrally in most people’s lives. Almost
all people are consumers of commercial goods.
Businesses also employ many people, giving them
not only a wage, but in many cases an identity and
an opportunity to express creativity.
Ethics, in its broadest sense, is an investigation
into how humans should live. Ethics is distinct
from law since laws themselves can be objects of
ethical criticism. Within the confines of a moral
investigation, one can inquire as to whether a
legal statute is consistent with morality.¹ For
example, slavery was once considered to be both
morally permissible and legally permissible. Later
many people disputed its morality even though it
remained legally permissible.
Many ethicists divide their discipline into
three branches: meta-ethics, normative ethics, and
applied ethics. Meta-ethics explores conceptual
and foundational questions in morality. Some of
the questions are the following: Are there moral
facts? Is morality objective? How do we come to
know moral truths? Are moral claims the kinds of
things that can be true or false, or are they sim-
ply expressions of emotion? What is the primary
object of moral evaluation?
Normative ethics is the study of which prin-
ciples determine the moral permissibility and
impermissibility of an action, or, more simply,
what constitutes right and wrong. One approach
to this, deontology, holds that morality is consti-
tuted by rights and duties, and that those features
take priority over the consequences of actions. An
alternative approach, consequentialism, maintains
that it is only the consequences of actions (often
mea.
The document discusses various topics related to business ethics including definitions of ethics, morality, and business ethics. It describes different ethical theories like teleological, deontological, and virtue ethics as well as concepts such as moral absolutism and relativism. The document also outlines objectives, sources, and nature of ethics providing an overview of this important subject.
This document discusses business ethics and ethical decision making. It defines ethics and ethical principles, and lists sources of ethics like religion, family, and education. It discusses ethical relativism and key reasons for businesses to act ethically, like meeting stakeholder demands, enhancing performance, complying with laws, preventing harm, and promoting personal morality. Common causes of unethical behavior are also outlined. The document then discusses core elements of ethical character in business like managers' values and stages of moral development. It concludes by analyzing ethical dilemmas using four methods: virtues, utilitarian, rights, and justice.
Similar to Resource Achieving Supply Chain Integration, Ch. 6Since the tea.docx (19)
According to the textbook, the Federal Disaster Assistance Act of 19.docxronak56
According to the textbook, the Federal Disaster Assistance Act of 1950 (P.L. 81-875) defined the roles and responsibilities during natural disasters. Once the president issued a disaster declaration, federal relief resources could flow to the affected areas for response and recovery. The president would then delegate administrative control of relief efforts to the Housing and Home Finance Administration. This law also instituted the federal role in natural disasters as a supportive role, while instituting primary responsibility for disaster response and recovery with local and state governments. How had this changed by 1978? Why did it change? Do you agree with the change? Why, or why not?
300 WORDS
APA FORMAT
.
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5 Eng.docxronak56
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5: Engage in Policy Practice:
Social workers understand that human rights and social justice, as well as social welfare and services, are mediated by policy and its implementation at the federal, state, and local levels. Social workers understand the history and current structures of social policies and services, the role of policy in service delivery, and the role of practice in policy development. Social workers understand their role in policy development and implementation within their practice settings at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels and they actively engage in policy practice to effect change within those settings. Social workers recognize and understand the historical, social, cultural, economic, organizational, environmental, and global influences that affect social policy. They are also knowledgeable about policy formulation, analysis, implementation, and evaluation. Social workers:
Identify social policy at the local, state, and federal level that impacts well-being, service delivery, and access to social services;
Assess how social welfare and economic policies impact the delivery of and access to social services;
Apply critical thinking to analyze, formulate, and advocate for policies that advance human rights and social, economic, and environmental justice.
This assignment is intended to help students demonstrate the behavioral components of this competency in their field education.
To prepare: Working with your field instructor, identify, evaluate, and discuss policies established by the local, state, and federal government (within the last five years) that affect the day to day operations of the field placement agency.
The Assignment (1-2 pages):
Describe the policies and their impact on the field agency.
Propose specific recommendations regarding how you, as a social work intern, and the agency can advocate for policies pertaining to advancing social justice for the agency and the clients it serves.
.
According to the text, economic outcomes measured by economic gr.docxronak56
According to the text, economic outcomes measured by economic growth is affected by a number of factors. Also, hundreds of empirical studies on economic growth across countries have highlighted the correlation between economic growth and a variety of variables.
Claims regarding the determinants of economic growth are conditional, and the findings depend on the variables used. However, the availability of physical capital or infrastructure, government consumption, terms of trade, macroeconomic stability, the rule of law, regulatory quality, government effectiveness, foreign direct investments, population size, and natural resource availability are the most consistent findings of empirical studies on economic growth.
Review the literature on economic growth and provide a summary of how:
Population affects economic growth
Natural Resource Abundance affects economic growth
Note: The answers you provide to each of these sub-questions should not be more than 15 sentences.
Also note that because this is a literature review you must cite credible sources; avoid using news articles.
The examples below should serve as a guide
Example 1: The example below shows how inflation affects investment in a study of the effect of inflation on investment.
The destabilizing effect of inflation on investment has been a major source of debate in economic and business literature. Generally, inflation is often considered a sign of macroeconomic instability and the inability of government to control macroeconomic policy, both of which contribute to an adverse investment climate (Fischer, 2013; Greene & Villanueva, 1991). However, the empirical evidence is still far from convincing. While some authors claim positive effects of inflation on investment, others hold that inflation poses a “stealth” threat to investments. For example, Greene and Villanueva (1991) argue that high rate of inflation adversely affects private investment activity by increasing the riskiness of long-term investment projects. Also, Fischer (2013) observed that inflation uncertainty is associated with substantial reduction in total investment. On the contrary, McClain and Nicholes (1993) found that investment and inflation are positively related to each other.
Example 2: The example below shows how natural resource endowments affects income inequality in a study of the determinants of income inequality.
The nexus between natural resource endowments and income inequality has also been widely debated and has inspired a long history of research in both economics and political science (see, for example, Fum and Hodler, 2010; Goderis and Malone, 2011; Leamer, Maul, Rodriguez, and Schott, 1999; Carmignani, 2013; Parcero and Papyrakis, 2016; Bourguignon and Morrisson, 1998). For example, Anderson et al., (2004) argue that natural resources endowment provide a plausible explanation as to why the observed levels of inequality are significantly higher in both sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5.docxronak56
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5: Engage in Policy Practice:
Social workers understand that human rights and social justice, as well as social welfare and services, are mediated by policy and its implementation at the federal, state, and local levels. Social workers understand the history and current structures of social policies and services, the role of policy in service delivery, and the role of practice in policy development. Social workers understand their role in policy development and implementation within their practice settings at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels and they actively engage in policy practice to effect change within those settings. Social workers recognize and understand the historical, social, cultural, economic, organizational, environmental, and global influences that affect social policy. They are also knowledgeable about policy formulation, analysis, implementation, and evaluation. Social workers:
Identify social policy at the local, state, and federal level that impacts well-being, service delivery, and access to social services;
Assess how social welfare and economic policies impact the delivery of and access to social services;
Apply critical thinking to analyze, formulate, and advocate for policies that advance human rights and social, economic, and environmental justice.
This assignment is intended to help students demonstrate the behavioral components of this competency in their field education.
To prepare: Working with your field instructor, identify, evaluate, and discuss policies established by the local, state, and federal government (within the last five years) that affect the day to day operations of the field placement agency (
Georgia Department of Family and Children Services
).
The Assignment (1-2 pages):
Describe the policies and their impact on the field agency.
Propose specific recommendations regarding how you, as a social work intern, and the agency can advocate for policies pertaining to advancing social justice for the agency and the clients it serves.
.
According to the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC), part of.docxronak56
According to the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC), part of being a well-prepared special educator includes “developing relationships with families based on mutual respect and actively involving families and individuals with exceptionalities in educational decision making” (Council for Exceptional Children, 2015, Special Education Professional Ethical Principles, E). This includes advocating for parental involvement by providing information on educational rights and safeguards in a way that creates accessibility and transparent IEP meeting procedures (Council for Exceptional Children, 2015).
Hammond, Ingalls and Trussell (2008) investigated the experiences of those family members who attended an initial IEP meeting and then subsequent meetings over the next four years. Their findings indicated that the overwhelming majority of the 212 family participants agreed that the child needed special education services but had negative emotional responses to the initial team meeting. Some of the most beneficial information collected included acknowledging the emotions tied to having a child initial diagnosed with a disability; stronger communication skills by education professionals during the team meeting; and additional measures to better prepare parents for the team meetings (Hammond, Ingalls, & Trussell, 2008). Similarly, the article,
Building Parent Trust in the Special Education Setting (Links to an external site.)
(Wellner, 2012) was written to emphasize the importance of trust building strategies to avoid costly due process hearings and to maximize relationships with all involved in making decisions on behalf of the student with special needs.
Initial Post:
After reading the article, After reading the article,
The 5-Point Plan
, reviewing the Council for Exceptional Children’s (CEC) , reviewing the Council for Exceptional Children’s (CEC)
Special Education and Professional Ethical Principles and Practice Standards (Links to an external site.)
, and reading
Building Parent Trust in the Special Education Setting (Links to an external site.)
you will create an initial response depending on the first letter of your last name.
If your last name begins with the letters A – M:
You will respond as one of the parent participants in this the Hammond, Ingalls and Trussell study. Begin by explaining how you felt attending your child’s first IEP meeting, using the article and the Instructor Guidance as a foundation for your narrative. Then, describe how future IEP meeting experiences changed (improved or declined) and why. Finally, using the
CEC Professional Practice Standards for Parents and Families (Links to an external site.)
and
Building Parent Trust in the Special Education Setting (Links to an external site.)
, provide at least three suggestions to the special education team leader for how to improve this experience for parents of newly diagnosed children with disabilities.
.
According to the article, Answer these two questions. Why did Ma.docxronak56
According to the article, Answer these two questions.
Why did Marx believe that capitalism would fall on its own? Why did his predictions not come true? (hint: how has the economy changed since Marx’s time?
Describe Robert Owen’s “New Lanark” community? What were his innovations? Did he suspend either private property or market economics? Are there people today who follow a similar business model?
.
According to Neuman’s theory, a human being is a total person as a c.docxronak56
According to Neuman’s theory, a human being is a total person as a client system and the person is a layered, multidimensional being. Each layer consists of a five-person variable or subsystem: (1) physiological, (2) psychological, (3) sociocultural, (4) developmental, and (5) spiritual.
Considering the 'spiritual' variable- Do you feel this variable exists at all? Does it have as wide-ranging results as Neuman claims? Is it appropriate for an APRN to participate in or work with the patient’s spiritual dimension?
.
According to Rolando et al. (2012), alcohol socialization is the pr.docxronak56
According to Rolando et al. (2012), “alcohol socialization is the process by which a person approaches and familiarizes with alcohol learns about the values connected to its use and about how, when and where s/he can or cannot drink.”
Based on the focus group findings, describe what the first drink means in both Italy and Finland, and what types of attitudes are connected with different types of socialization processes.
.
According to your readings, cloud computing represents one of th.docxronak56
According to your readings, cloud computing represents one of the most significant paradigms shifts in information technology (IT) history, due to an extension of sharing an application-hosting provider that has been around for many years, and was common in highly regulated vertical industries like banks and health care institutions. The author’s knowledge from their research continue to assert that, the impetus behind cloud computing lies on the idea that it provides economies of scale by spreading costs across many client organizations and pooling computing resources while matching client computing needs to consumption in a flexible, real-time version.
Identify the issues and risks that pose concern to organizations storing data in the cloud - briefly support your discussion.
.
According to this idea that gender is socially constructed, answer.docxronak56
According to this idea that gender is socially constructed, answer the following questions:
1. What does it mean to be a man in the U.S.? What does it mean to be a woman?
2. From what institutions do we learn these gender roles?
3. How do these clips demonstrate the ways in which gender is socially constructed in the U.S.? Do the concepts discussed in the clips resonate with you? Why or why not?
In Persepolis, the main character Marji struggles to define her identity as an Iranian woman in a changing society.
· What roles are depicted for women in Iranian society in the film? How do they change over time?
· How does Persepolis demonstrate the ways in which gender and identity are influenced in many ways, by different processes across cultures? How are gender roles in Iran similar, or different to gender in the U.S.?
· What are some of the stereotypes that exist about Muslim women and how does Abu-Lughod in “Do Muslim Women Need Saving” and Persepolis complicate these stereotypes?
Answer the following questions 2 full pages
Running head: MAJOR HEALTH CARE PROBLEMS IN THE U.S. 1
Major Health Care Problems in the U.S.
Jane Doe
ID: 1212121
MAJOR HEALTH CARE PROBLEMS IN THE U.S. 2
Major Health Care Problems in the US
Problem statement: High and continuously rising cost of health care has been and still is one of
the biggest challenges affecting the Health Care system in United States.
Methods of Examining the Problem
Both qualitative and quantitative research methods should be used to fully understand the
issue of high cost of care in the US. Quantitative methods like surveys and experimentations will
aid in estimating the prevalence, magnitude and frequency of the problem in different regions.
On the other hand, qualitative methods like case studies and observation will help describe the
extent and complexity of the issue. The two approaches need to work in complementation to
obtain a clear understanding of this menace.
Surveys, as a quantitative research method, is one of the most effective in the social
research and present a more viable method of examining the cost of health in the country. They
involve asking of questions in the form of questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaires are
written questions to which the response can be open ended or multiple-choice format. This
would be used to gain information about cost within determinants that are of
disagree/neutral/agree nature. An example is if patients are contented with the cost of services
they get or they deem the cost of cover worthy. Interviews, the researcher discussing issues with
the respondents, are to be used to gain more details on already known aspects of the system. This
may include gathering information to inform policies, administration and use of technology to
minimize the cost of care.
Since health cost in the US is not a new challenge and there have been studies about it,
qualitative methods like .
According to Thiel (2015, p. 40), CSR literature lacks consensus fo.docxronak56
According to Thiel (2015, p. 40), “CSR literature lacks consensus for a standard definition. Typically, many people who are familiar with the concept will initially define CSR within the three domains of the social, economic and natural environments.”
Come up with your own definition of what you believe is a good definition of CSR that you would like your company to follow.
Afterward, explain each part of your definition and why you believe it is best.
.
According to recent surveys, China, India, and the Philippines are t.docxronak56
According to recent surveys, China, India, and the Philippines are the three most popular countries for IT outsourcing. Write a short paper (2-4 paragraphs) explaining what the appeal would be for US companies to outsource IT functions to these countries. You may discuss cost, labor pool, language, or possibly government support as your reasons. There are many other reasons you may choose to highlight in your paper.
.
According to Rolando et al. (2012), alcohol socialization is th.docxronak56
According to Rolando et al. (2012), “alcohol socialization is the process by which a person approaches and familiarizes with alcohol learns about the values connected to its use and about how, when and where s/he can or cannot drink.”
Based on the focus group findings, describe what the first drink means in both Italy and Finland, and what types of attitudes are connected with different types of socialization processes. Respond to two posts identifying how positive values can be connected to first memories of drinking.
.
According to the author, Social Security is an essential program, .docxronak56
According to the author, Social Security is an essential program, but its future is looking unpromising unless we start by eliminating the payroll tax cap.
In the author’s proposal to keep the funding open, the author proposes the acceptance of Bernie Sanders’ “Keeping Our Social Security Promises Act,” which the author suggests would removes the payroll tax cap. To elaborate further, the author stated that the reason for the cap on the social security is because of the uneven amount of participation during elections which makes the rich influential in governance. The author stated that, research have found that the rich who made over $125,000 contributed 35% in campaigns. According to the author, this act causes a major problem regarding the shaping of the social security because people with lower income would not be able to contribute that amount of money towards campaigns. The author also states that it causes greater income equality, since those who contribute are rich and as a matter of fact get more benefits from political power in the form of payroll tax cap. This in the authors words, compromises the state of social welfare in the United States because those active in politics don’t have the same views as the poor who are focused on housing, poverty, and health. Congressional Research Service was used to predicts that, if tax cap is not removed, there will be a permanent increase of tax rate from 12.4% to 15.1% which would hurt people making less than the current tax cap currently at $132,900 or, cutting benefits by 20% in 2035 and continuously rising every year.
In as much as the author makes a good point on the percentage of rich people that donated to campaign, the author failed to state how much the rich get in payroll tax cap since that is a major part of the authors argument. The authors failed to indicate how an increase in tax rate would affect people making less than the current tax cap which is $132,900. To sum it up, the author failed to expand and give more numeric evidence to support the argument.
In addition, to provide a guideline in eliminating payroll tax cap, the author suggested a bill introduced by Bernie Sanders called, Keeping Our Social Security Promises Act. The bill according to the author seeks to remove the cap placed on payroll taxes. The author further stated the bill will help Solvency to expand for 75 years without increasing taxes for those who earn less than $250,000, the only people who will see a change are those earn more than $250,000. According to the Congressional Research Service as stated by the author, removing the cap would eliminate 84% of the projected shortfall. The author stated that, the top 200 CEOs would have to contributed $341,291,106 towards Social Security when the tax cap is removed. In addition, the author stated that, removing the cap would eliminate 84% of the projected shortfall. The author proposes an increase in the taxable payroll from 12.40% to 12.83% to keep it solvent.
According to Morrish, the blame for the ever-growing problem of disc.docxronak56
According to Morrish, the blame for the ever-growing problem of discipline in schools rests at least in part on popular discipline theories, which he believes have gone to excess in allowing students to make choices concerning how they will conduct themselves in school. What are your thoughts about Morrish’s ideas?
.
According to DuBrin (2015), Cultural intelligence is an outsiders .docxronak56
According to DuBrin (2015), "Cultural intelligence is an outsider's ability to interpret someone's unfamiliar and ambiguous behavior the same way that person's compatriots would" (p. 177). In this case, how would you incorporate cultural intelligence within a team setting? Please explain.
Your journal entry must be at least 200 words
.
According to Edgar Schein, organizational culture are the shared.docxronak56
According to Edgar Schein, organizational culture are the shared beliefs and values among a group of people which influences how they perceive, think, and react in the organization. There are four types of organizational culture:
Clan-Internal focus that values flexibility
Adhocracy-A risk taking culture with an external focus on flexibility
Market-A competitive culture with an external focus on profits over employee satisfaction
Hierarchy-A structured culture valuing stability and effectiveness internally
How would you describe the organizational culture of a pr
evious or current place of employment? And why?
Do you think this type of culture is best suited to help the company achieve its strategic goals? Explain.
.
According to DuBrin (2015), the following strategies or tactics are .docxronak56
According to DuBrin (2015), the following strategies or tactics are identified for enhancing your career:
develop career goals,
capitalize on your strengths and build your personal brand,
be passionate about and proud of your work,
develop a code of professional ethics and prosocial motivation,
develop a proactive personality,
keep growing through continuous learning and self-development,
document your accomplishments,
project a professional image, and
perceive yourself as a provider of services. (p. 430)
Identify and explain three career-enhancing techniques or tactics in advancing your career.
Your essay should be at least two pages and should include an introduction, a body of supported material (paragraphs), and a conclusion. Be sure to include two references (on a reference page), and follow all other APA formatting requirements. The reference page does not count toward the total page requirement.
Be sure to apply the proper APA format for the content and references provided.
.
According to DuBrin (2015), the following strategies or tactics .docxronak56
According to DuBrin (2015), the following strategies or tactics are identified for enhancing your career:
develop career goals,
capitalize on your strengths and build your personal brand,
be passionate about and proud of your work,
develop a code of professional ethics and prosocial motivation,
develop a proactive personality,
keep growing through continuous learning and self-development,
document your accomplishments,
project a professional image, and
perceive yourself as a provider of services. (p. 430)
Identify and explain three career-enhancing techniques or tactics in advancing your career.
Your essay should be at least two pages and should include an introduction, a body of supported material (paragraphs), and a conclusion. Be sure to include two references (on a reference page), and follow all other APA formatting requirements.
.
Access the Mental Measurements Yearbook, located in the Univer.docxronak56
Access
the Mental Measurements Yearbook, located in the University Library.
Select
two assessments of intelligence and two achievement tests.
Prepare
a 13 slide presentation about your selected instruments. In your analysis, address the following:
Critique the major definitions of intelligence. Determine which theory of intelligence best fits your selected instruments. Explain how the definition and the measures are related.
Evaluate the measures of intelligence you selected for reliability, validity, normative procedures, and bias.
Your selected intelligence and achievement assessments. How are the goals of the tests similar and different? How are the tests used? What are the purposes of giving these differing tests?
.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Resource Achieving Supply Chain Integration, Ch. 6Since the tea.docx
1. Resource: Achieving Supply Chain Integration, Ch. 6
Since the team has aligned purchasing and logistics, and
stabilized disruptions in the supply chain for Small Molecule,
the executive leaders are now interested in capitalizing upon
those improvements. Small Molecule's new products will be
launched in South America. The executives have asked the team
to come in to explain the processes already taken. They want
help creating a solid supply chain strategy for their South
America launch considering how to leverage Porter's Five
Forces.
Prepare a 4 slide visual presentation for the executives with
speaker notes that explains how Porter's "Five Forces" are used
to develop the supply chain strategy.
Determine how these Five Forces work together to evaluate
growth potential and develop the overall strategy.
Cite references consistent with APA guidelines.
Just talk about the buyers power
Buyer Power
When the bargaining power of buyers is high, they can demand
price concessions from firms in an industry. Often, when
industries are characterized as “high competitive rivalry,”
buyers have more power relative to sellers. Buyers also have
more absolute power when there are few buyers relative to
sellers, or when buyers purchase large volumes. Generally, as
buyer power decreases, firms can charge higher markups and
improve their profitability. An example of weak buyer power is
movie theater customers. When customers go to see a movie—
assuming they haven’t sneaked in a snack—they have no source
of beverage or food other than from the movie theater
concession stand. As a result, the movie theater can raise prices
2. to an amount that a consumer would not typically pay.
Examples of industries with high buyer power are somewhat
uncommon when the public sector is not the buyer. However,
some examples of industries with concentrated buyer power can
be found in agriculture. For example, 50 percent of all tobacco
grown is purchased by three companies. Similar concentration
of buyer power is found in the cocoa beans market, or in a coal
mining town where the mine is the only buyer of labor.
BACKGROUND FOR PAPER 1 AND 2
Universalism vs. Particularism
In Ethics 501, you learned several different approaches to
thinking about and analyzing ethical issues. The models you
were exposed to reflect, by and large, a Western approach to
ethics. A more multicultural model can be found in considering
the difference between Universalist and Particularist approaches
to ethics. This typology was developed by Fons Trompenaars
and considers the ethical question, “What is more important—
rules or relationships?” Read the following synopsis of these
two perspectives. As you read, note how these approaches
mirror the qualities of individualism/collectivism, high/low
context, and monochromic/polychromic time orientations
discussed in Modules 2 and 3.
Universalism versus Particularism. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.via-web.de/universalism-versus-particularism/
Differences in the Concept of Social Responsibility
At the very heart of any discussion of social responsibility is
the question of why the organization exists. Is it to maximize
the financial return to the owners, as many Western business
schools teach—or is it to promote the well-being of society, a
perspective reflected in the mission statements of many
Japanese companies?
In the following essay, Kidus Mehalu of Ethiopia considers the
3. role that leaders of multinational corporations might play in
balancing the profit motive with the need for addressing
worldwide social and economic problems.
Mehalu, K. G. (2011). Social responsibility and managerial
ethics: A focus on MNC’s, 3rd Global Drucker Forum, Vienna.
Retrieved from
http://essay.druckerchallenge.org/fileadmin/user_upload/essays_
pdf/kidusmehalu.pdf
Making Ethical Choices
Though any ethical dilemma can present a leader with difficult
choices, resolving cross-cultural ethical dilemmas can seem
downright impossible because the moral beliefs and values
concerning what is right and wrong may not be the same in both
cultures. The question then arises, do we take the position of
ethical relativism (deciding what is right or wrong depending on
the ethical norms and standards of the culture where the action
takes place) or risk being complicit in cultural imperialism
(imposing the ethical standards of one’s own society on another
which has made different judgments in accordance with the
morality of their own culture).
To understand more about the relative nature of moral practices
across and between cultures, read:
Velasquez, M., Andre, C., Shanks, S. J., & Myer, M. J. (2014).
Ethical relativism. Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.
Retrieved from
http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/ethicalrelativism.
html#sthash.FeFJwTIQ.dpbs
Are there any ethical standards that cut across all cultures and
help leaders make the right choice when societal moral codes
conflict? Marc Hauser, a Harvard psychologist, argues for the
existence of a moral code that is shared among all human
beings, regardless of nationality, political affiliation, religion,
race, age, or gender. This does not mean that all humans
respond to moral situations in the same way. They will respond
within the guidelines of their own social norms. But it does
suggest that we will respond to certain moral imperatives
4. following universal underlying principles—such as killing is
wrong—though the application of that principle may vary from
society to society (for example, laws about death penalties or
assisted suicides).
Let’s look at an example we are all familiar with—South Africa
under apartheid. Many international companies conducted
business in South Africa during the apartheid. Most were
headquartered in countries that did not tolerate racial
discrimination. It is interesting to compare the different
strategies employed by these companies when deciding how to
interact with a culture where the social discrimination would be
considered to be ethically wrong in their own countries.
Strategy
Approach
Examples of Companies
Individually refuse to abide by apartheid
Refuse to follow rules of apartheid (e.g., integrate factory
washrooms)
Polaroid, GM
Collectively refuse to abide by apartheid
Sign a promise to adhere to the “Sullivan Principles”*
125
Fortune 500 Companies
Comply with apartheid
Play by the rules
Citibank
Forced withdrawal
Economic sanctions
89 U.S. firms including IBM, GM, P&G
Stand fast
Protect investment in South Africa
Multiple European firms
Invest
Buy up companies at bargain prices
Asian firms
*Companies that signed the Sullivan Principles pledged to:
5. · Express their support for universal human rights, especially
for their employees, the communities in which they operate and
for the parties with whom they do business.
· Promote equal opportunity for their employees at all levels of
their company with respect to issues such as color, race, gender,
age, ethnicity, or religious beliefs. Also they would not operate
with worker treatment that exploits children, includes physical
punishment, abuses females, imposes involuntary servitude or
incorporates other forms of abuse.
· Respect their employees’ voluntary freedom of association.
· Compensate their employees enough to enable them to meet
their basic needs and provide the opportunity to improve their
skill and capability in order to raise their social and economic
opportunities.
· Provide a safe and healthy workplace, protect human health
and the environment and promote sustainable development.
· Promote fair competition including respect for intellectual and
other property rights and not offer, pay, or accept bribes.
· Work with governments and the communities in which the
company does business to improve the quality of life in those
communities, including their educational, cultural, economic
and social well-being. They would also seek to provide training
and opportunities for workers from disadvantaged backgrounds.
· Promote the application of the Principles by those with whom
the company does business.
As this case illustrates, arriving at a common approach to
dealing with cross-cultural ethical problems is hard to achieve.
Stages of Moral Development
There are four common rationalizations leaders use to justify
unethical behavior.
· It is not really immoral/illegal.
· I am acting in the best interests of the individual or
organization.
· It will never be discovered or publicized.
· My actions help the organization and therefore the ends justify
the means.
6. These rationalizations stem from Kohlberg’s “Stages of Moral
Development.” Kohlberg theorized that individuals progress
through various stages of moral development ranging from an
immature basis for deciding what is the right thing to do out of
a fear of punishment to a fully self-actualized code of ethics
based on internalized principles of justice. There is a link to an
article on Kohlberg’s model under “Optional Reading” if you
care to know more about this model.
Some scholars argue that organizations can be characterized by
a similar stage model and they make ethical decisions according
to the stage of development they have achieved. Read the
following article that explains these stages and gives examples
of real organizational responses to ethical dilemmas.
Reidenbach, R. E., & Robin, D. P. (1991). A conceptual model
of corporate moral development. Journal of Business Ethics,
10(4), 273.
In order for leaders to set the proper guidelines for making
ethical decisions within their organizations, leaders must
engage their subordinates in open discussion, without fear of
punishment or reprisal. These discussions should be informed
by the levels of moral development described in the article
above, with the goal of making decisions at the highest level of
moral reasoning possible.
As stated by INSEAD professor Henri-Claude de Bettignies:
The purpose of these discussions and debates is not to impose
values or give solutions, but to enhance awareness, to provide
frames of reference, to give analytical tools to explore in-depth
tradeoffs among short and long-term alternative decisions, to
involve individual managers in assessing their own values and
paradigms in order to be more lucid and responsible in their
own choices.
Application: Ethics and Negotiation
An effective way to initiate a discussion at this level is to
consider an application of the ethical frameworks we have been
considering to a practical activity like negotiation. For an in-
depth study of how cross-cultural differences can effect ethical
7. action in negotiations, read the following research article. When
reading this article, focus on the Introduction and Conceptual
Framework, skim the Research Methods and Results, and focus
again on the Discussion and Conclusion.
Ma, Z. (2010). The SINS in Business Negotiations: Explore the
Cross-Cultural Differences in Business Ethics Between Canada
and China. Journal Of Business Ethics, 91, 123–135.
Conclusion
There may be certain ethical principles that are universal, as
some experts claim. These could include such principles as
honesty, integrity, and protection of society. Others are
decidedly culture-specific, such as whistle-blowing, bribery and
kickbacks, profiteering, social welfare, patent protection, etc.
The challenge is to recognize similarities and differences and
identify the underlying rationalization (protection of group or
protection of the individual). The leader needs to help his or her
followers look for ways to resolve the differences through a
shared sense of common human values.
In the end, the resolution of ethical dilemmas is likely to be
culturally determined. Individualist cultures will evaluate moral
decisions based on a personal ability to live with the
consequences; collectivist cultures will look at whether or not
the group can live with them. Low-context cultures will seek to
codify legal rules—or at least written ones; high-context
cultures will adopt tacit standards shared by members of the
society. And universalist cultures will expect ethical standards
to apply equally to all; particularist cultures will apply
standards depending on who or what is involved.
And so we find ourselves coming full circle, wondering if it is
ever possible to find a set of ethical principles that will apply to
cross-cultural situations where each party operates under
different values and assumptions about what is right and what is
wrong.
Optional Reading
An example of a typical analytical tool used to facilitate ethical
decision making is described in the following article:
8. Bagley, C. E. (2003). The ethical leader’s decision tree.
Harvard Business Review 81(2), 18.
Dolcheck, M. M & Dolcheck, C. C. (1987). Business ethics: A
comparison of attitudes of managers in Hong Kong and the
United States, The Hong Kong Manager. (April–May) 28–43.
McLeod, S. A. (2011). Kohlberg. Retrieved from
http://www.simplypsychology.org/kohlberg.html
Stewart, J. B. (2011). Amandla! The Sullivan principles and the
battle to end apartheid in South Africa, 1975–1987. Journal Of
African American History, 96(1), 62–89.
PAPER 1
In this module, you will be completing a post-experience write-
up. This paper should be about 6 pages long. The purpose of
this write-up is to reflect on the experience as specifically
related to the concepts in this course: CQ, the components of
CQ, and CQ development. It is important to fully describe both
your successes and failures at building CQ capacity. The ability
to recognize failure can provide valuable insights and growth. If
9. developing one component of CQ is more difficult for you than
others, it is not unusual. For example, you may understand
cultural differences (cognitive) and be highly motivated to learn
to lead in cross-cultural environments (motivation), but find
yourself unable to change your leadership style to fit the
cultural circumstances (action). Perfection is not the goal of this
course—that can take years of practice. What is a more realistic
goal is to become more aware of your strengths and weaknesses
and make progress toward becoming more culturally competent
by building on your strengths and shoring up your weaknesses.
Assignment Expectations
Your post-experience write-up should include the following:
1. Assess the quality of the cultural experience as related to the
assignment expectations (see Module 2)
2. Provide a rich qualitative description of the cultural
experience.
3. Clearly and accurately relate your experience to the key
concepts of the course:
· Cognitive (CQ Knowledge): awareness, self-awareness,
knowledge
· Motivation (CQ Drive): perseverance related to cultural
interaction
· Metacognitive (CQ Strategy): active control over thinking and
using cultural knowledge (e.g., questioning assumptions and/or
stereotypes)
· Action (CQ Action): ability to adjust or adapt behavior
1. Assess your effectiveness in personally applying CQ concepts
(honest and critical analysis of your strengths and weaknesses,
successes and difficulties).
2. Describe how what you learned through this exercise can
improve your performance as a leader.
3. Use professional-quality writing.
10. PAPER 2
The SLP for this module involves a self-assessment on ethics.
Begin by completing this interactive ethics assessment. Then, in
your weekly journal, reflect on the following questions:
1. What was your score on this assessment?
2. What did the feedback following the assessment reveal about
your patterns of ethical decision making?
3. How is this instrument “culture bound”? How would the
answers be different in a particularist culture?
4. What other insights have you gained about your role as a
leader in making ethical decisions in a cross-cultural situation?
SLP Assignment Expectations
· The journal is a cumulative document—you turn in all
previous entries with each module.
· Include the results from the assessment in your journal.
· Each module should add 2–3 pages to the journal.
· The journal should be thoughtful and insightful, integrating
learnings from the assessment with other activities in the
module and course.
· The format for the journal is less formal than academic papers
(e.g., you can use the first person), but you should use headings
to organize your thoughts and guide the reader and cite any
sources where you are using information, data, or text from an
outside source.
· Any references should be prepared in APA format in a
combined reference list at the end of the journal.
· Your journal should be edited and error-free.
· Submit your finished paper to TLC by the assignment due
date.
11. BACKGROUND PAPER 3 AND 4
we introduce the Bolman and Deal Four Frames Model. We will
also be reviewing the notion of sensemaking, given that
sensemaking serves as a very good theoretical backdrop/
underpinning for our use of the Four Frames. Bolman and Deal
suggest that leaders interpret organizational events differently
because their perspectives are dependent upon the frame or
frames they are actively using. Different leaders rely on
different “frames.”
Bolman and Deal’s Four Frames is a widely-acclaimed
theoretical model that is grounded in the notion of sensemaking.
In his seminal 1995 book Sensemaking in Organizations (*
footnote 1), Karl Weick says the following: “The concept of
sensemaking is well named because, literally, it means the
making of sense. Active agents construct sensible, sensable (**
footnote 2) events. They ‘structure the unknown’” (Weick,
1995, p. 4).
[1] Source: Weick, K.E. (1995). Sensemaking in organizations.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
[2] The spelling of the adjective “sensable” is not a
typographical error. The spelling of the word “sensable,”
derived from Huber and Daft (1987), is intended to refer to how
events are perceived – i.e., how they are “sensed” by onlookers.
Therefore, a “sensable” event may or may not be reflective of
reality, but is descriptive of how events are perceived by
individuals viewing and/or affected by them).
12. Because our world is increasingly complex, chaotic, and
mutable, we need ways of making sense of it. Weick says that
sensemaking is itself the process by which people structure the
unknown. Of course, our need to make sense of things occurs on
multiple levels; in organizations, sensemaking is a process that
occurs at the individual, group, and organizational levels. More
recently, Weick et al. (footnote 3), have said that sensemaking
allows for clarity of the “situation [such that it] is
comprehended explicitly in words and that serves as a
springboard into action” (p. 409). Stated in plain terms, when
we can’t clearly explain what is happening, it’s more likely than
not that we don’t have a good understanding of what is really
going on!
[3] Source: Weick, K.E., Sutcliffe, K.M., & Obstfeld, D.
(2005). Organizing and the process of sensemaking and
organizing. Organization Science, 16(4), 409-421.
The following excerpt, adapted from pages 24-27 of Bolman,
L.G. & Deal, T.E. (2003). Reframing organizations: artistry,
choice, and leadership (3rd ed.), helps to answer the question:
Why should we be concerned with organizational sensemaking?
Human organizations can be exciting and challenging places.
That is how things are usually depicted in management texts and
corporate annual reports. But they are just as likely deceptive,
confusing, and demoralizing. It is a mistake to assume that an
organization is either a snake pit or a rose garden (Schwartz,
1986). Managers need to be mindful of several natural
characteristics of life at work that create opportunities for the
wise as well as traps for the unwary.
First, organizations are complex. They are populated by people,
whose behavior is notoriously hard to understand and predict.
Interactions among diverse individuals and groups make
organizations even more complicated. Larger organizations have
a bewildering array of people, departments, technologies, goals,
and environments. The complexity is compounded with
transactions across multiple organizations. Almost anything can
affect anything else in collective activity. Permutations produce
13. complex, causal knots very hard to disentangle.
Second, organizations are surprising. What you expect is often
dramatically different from what happens. The solution to
yesterday's problems often creates future impediments to getting
anything done. It may even create new possibilities for disaster.
What goes around often comes around, to the detriment of an
organization's well-being. Taking action in a collective
enterprise is like shooting a wobbly cue ball into a large and
complex array of self-directed billiard balls. So many balls
careen in so many directions that it is impossible to know how
things will eventually sort out.
Third, organizations are deceptive. They defy expectations and
then camouflage surprises. It is tempting but too easy to blame
deception on individual character flaws or personality disorders.
Subordinates legitimately fear that the boss will not listen or
might punish them for being resistant or insubordinate. One
person put it simply: "Communications in organizations are
rarely candid, open, or timely."
Fourth, organizations are ambiguous. The sum of complexity,
unpredictability, and deception is rampant ambiguity. Figuring
out what is really happening in businesses, hospitals, schools,
or public agencies is difficult. Even if we think we know what
is happening, it is hard to know what it means or what to do
about it. When you incorporate additional organizations—or
cultures—into the human equation, the level of ambiguity
quickly becomes overwhelming. Ambiguity originates from a
number of sources. Sometimes information is incomplete or
vague. The same information may be interpreted in a variety of
ways. At other times, ambiguity is deliberately created to hide
problems or avoid conflict. Much of the time, events and
processes are so complex, scattered, and uncoordinated no one
can fully understand—let alone control—what is happening.
Adapted from McCaskey (1982), Bolman and Deal list some of
the most important sources of organizational ambiguity as:
We are not sure what the problem is. Definitions are vague or
competing, and any given problem is intertwined with other
14. messy problems.
We are not sure what is really happening. Information is
incomplete, ambiguous, and unreliable. People disagree on how
to interpret information that is available.
We are not sure what we want. We all have multiple goals that
are unclear or conflicting. Different people want different
things. This leads to political and emotional conflict.
We do not have the resources we need. Shortages of time,
attention, or money make difficult situations even more chaotic.
We are not sure who is supposed to do what. Roles are unclear,
there is disagreement about who is responsible for what, and
things keep shifting as players come and go.
We are not sure how to get what we want. Even if we agree on
what we want, we are not sure (or we disagree) about how to
make it happen.
We are not sure how to determine if we have succeeded. We are
not sure what criteria to use to evaluate success. Or if we do
know the criteria, we are not sure how to measure the outcome.
In this table adapted from Bolman and Deal’s Reframing
Organizations (2003), commonplace organizational activities
are viewed in the context of four frames – these are the
Structural, Human Resources, Political, and Symbolic frames.
Bolman and Deal say that “any event [in this table] can be
framed in several ways and serve multiple purposes. Planning,
for example, produces specific objectives. But it also creates
arenas for airing conflict and becomes a sacred occasion to
renegotiate symbolic meanings” (Bolman & Deal, 2003, p. 305).
Table 1: Four Interpretations of Organizational Process (pp.
306-7) ***
Process
Structural Frame
Human Resources Frame
Political Frame
Symbolic Frame
Strategic planning
Creating strategies to set objectives and coordinate resources
15. Gatherings to promote participation
Arena to air conflict and realign power
Ritual to signal responsibility, produce symbols, negotiate
meanings
Decision making
Rational sequence to produce right decision
Open process to produce commitment
Opportunity to gain or exercise power
Ritual to confirm values and create opportunities for bonding
Reorganizing
Realign roles and responsibilities to fit tasks and environment
Maintain a balance between human needs and formal roles
Redistribute power and form new coalitions
Maintain an image of accountability and responsiveness;
negotiate new social order
Evaluating
Way to distribute rewards or penalties and control performance
Process for helping individuals grow and improve
Opportunity to exercise power
Occasion to play roles in shared drama
Approaching conflict
Maintain organizational goals by having authorities resolve
conflict
Develop relationships by having individuals confront conflict
Develop power by bargaining, forcing, or manipulating others to
win
Develop shared values and use conflict to negotiate meaning
Goal setting
Keep organization headed in the right direction
Keep people involved and communication open
Provide opportunity for individuals and groups to make
interests known
Develop symbols and shared values
Communication
Transmit facts and information
Exchange information, needs, and feelings
16. Influence or manipulate others
Tell stories
Meetings
Formal occasions for making decisions
Informal occasions for involvement, sharing feelings
Competitive occasions to win points
Sacred occasions to celebrate and transform the culture
Motivation
Economic incentives
Growth and self-actualization
Coercion, manipulation, and seduction
Symbols and celebrations
Table 2: Choosing a Frame (p. 310) ***
Question
If yes:
If no:
Are individual commitment and motivation essential to success?
Human resource; symbolic
Structural; political
Is the technical quality of the decision important?
Structural
Human resource; political; symbolic
Is there a high level of ambiguity and uncertainty?
Political; symbolic
Structural; human resource
Are conflict and scarce resources significant?
Political; symbolic
Structural; human resource
Are you working from the bottom up?
Political; symbolic
Structural; human resource
*** [3] Source: Bolman, L.G.& Deal, T.E. (2003). Reframing
organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership (3rd ed.). San
Francisco: John Wiley.
This chapter from the National Defense University serves as an
17. informative discussion of the relationship between sensemaking,
framing and frames, and Bolman and Deal’s Four Frames
Model:
Framing Perspectives. (n.d.). National Defense University.
Retrieved on May 2, 2014 from
http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/strat-ldr-
dm/pt1ch5.html
Here is an excellent slide presentation/ overview of the Four
Frames:
Vincent, P. (2014). Four-frame model: Reframing organizations.
Slideshare. Retrieved on May 1, 2014 from
http://www.slideshare.net/PhilVincent1/fourframe-model
Next, read the following excerpt from Bolman, L.G. & Deal,
T.E.(2003). Reframing organizations: artistry, choice, and
leadership (3rd ed). San Francisco: John Wiley. Note the
assumptions of the Structural Frame, as you will use these to
guide the writing of your Module 1 Case:
Assumptions of the Structural Frame
The assumptions of the structural frame are reflected in current
approaches to social architecture and organizational design.
These assumptions reflect a belief in rationality and a faith that
the right formal arrangements minimize problems and maximize
performance. A human resource perspective emphasizes the
importance of changing people (through training, rotation,
promotion, or dismissal), but the structural perspective
champions a pattern of well-thought-out roles and relationships.
Properly designed, these formal arrangements can accommodate
both collective goals and individual differences.
Six assumptions undergird the structural frame:
1. Organizations exist to achieve established goals and
objectives.
2. Organizations increase efficiency and enhance performance
through specialization and a clear division of labor.
3. Appropriate forms of coordination and control ensure that
diverse efforts of individuals and units mesh.
4. Organizations work best when rationality prevails over
18. personal preferences and extraneous pressures.
5. Structures must be designed to fit an organization's
circumstances (including its goals, technology, workforce, and
environment).
6. Problems and performance gaps arise from structural
deficiencies and can be remedied through analysis and
restructuring (Bolman & Deal, 2003, pp. 44-45).It is important
to recognize that the Structural Frame is theoretically rooted in
the scientific management works of individuals like Frederick
Winslow Taylor, Henri Fayol, Max Weber, and Frank and
Lillian Gilbreth.
Dr. Jacobs’ slide presentation is a wonderfully comprehensive
overview of the Structural Frame:
Jacobs, R.M. (n.d.). Theories of practice: The structural frame.
Villanova University. Retrieved on May 8, 2014 from
http://www83.homepage.villanova.edu/richard.jacobs/MPA%20
8002/Powerpoint/8002%20MPA/structural.ppt
Elaine Westbrooks’ excellent presentation on the Structural
Frame follows here (be sure to review the embedded videos as
well as the slides):
Westbrooks, E. (2012). Reframing organizations: The structural
frame. Prezi. Retrieved on May 4, 2014
from http://prezi.com/e8hhfbnjodal/reframing-organizations-
the-structural-frame/
Part 3: Optional and Session-Long Resources (these optional
resources relate to Sensemaking and to Frames and Framing;
you may want to refer back to these readings in future
modules):
In this excerpt, the authors of the Four Frames Model – Bolman
and Deal – discuss the tendency for modern organizations to
resemble feudal hierarchies, in the sense that today’s
organizations also have their versions of monarchs, lords, and
serfs:
Bolman, L.G., & Deal, T.E. (n.d.). Monarchs, lords, and serfs.
Lee Bolman.com. Retrieved from
http://www.leebolman.com/Teaching%20materials/Monarchs%2
19. 0lords%20etc.pdf
Here is a very good presentation on the origins of the structural
perspective/ lens, structural tensions, and structural imperatives
(“must-haves”):
Sensemaking
In this well-written and highly informative chapter of her book
on leadership, Dr. Joan Gallos makes clear the relationship
between sensemaking and use of Bolman and Deal’s Four
Frames Model:
Gallos, J.V. (2008). Making sense of organizations: Leadership,
frames, and everyday theories of the situation. In Joan V. Gallos
(Ed.), Business Leadership: A Jossey-Bass Reader (161-179).
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Retrieved from
http://www.joangallos.com/wp-
content/uploads/2007/08/making-sense-of-organizations.doc
In this journal article, Weick et al. observe how sensemaking
relates to organizing:
Weick, K. E., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Obstfeld, D. (2005).
Organizing and the process of sensemaking. Organization
Science, 16(4), 409-421. Retrieved from ProQuest.
The following book chapter is an excellent reading on
sensemaking:
Ancona, D. (2011). Sensemaking: Framing and acting in the
unknown. In Scott A. Snook, Nitin N. Nohria, and Rakesh
Khurana (Eds.), The Handbook for Teaching Leadership (3-19).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Retrieved from
http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/42924_1.pdf
Here is the final report from the Command and Control
Research Program’s (CCRP) Sensemaking Composium. This
report is military-based, and includes discussion of such key
(and related) constructs as “situational awareness” and
individual and organizational sensemaking:
Leedom, D.K. (23-25 Oct. 2001). Final Report, from
Sensemaking Symposium. Command and Control Research
Program (CCRP), Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense
for Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence.
20. Retrieved from
http://www.dodccrp.org/events/2001_sensemaking_symposium/
docs/FinalReport/Sensemaking_Final_Report.htm
The following is a well-written, informative article that defines
the concept of sensemaking, and describes how sensemaking is
“both an individual and a social activity” (Social section, line
1) that is related to identity construction:
Marshall, T. (n.d.). Sense-making. The Atlas of New
Librarianship. Retrieved on April 30, 2014 from
http://www.newlibrarianship.org/wordpress/?page_id=1151
Frames and Framing
Remember that the four frames are present in every
organization, no matter its size or type. Importantly, while each
one of us has a preference for certain frames over others, no one
frame is “best” – optimally, we will view the organization
through the use of all four frames simultaneously, or through
multi-frame thinking. While the use of a multi-frame approach
may be challenging in practice, the use of a single frame is not
only limiting, but it can even be misleading. For example, when
an organization’s leadership places sole reliance on the
Symbolic Frame, the importance of structure, or even the
contribution of the organization’s people resources, may go
unnoticed and unattended. Symbolism is vitally important in
organizations; but an organization’s people, its strategies, and
its structures are as equally important.
Dr. Joan V. Gallos’ book chapter discusses how organizational
diagnosis can be performed using the Four Frames:
Gallos, J.V. (2006). Reframing complexity: A four dimensional
approach to organizational diagnosis, development, and change.
In Joan V. Gallos (Ed.), Organization Development: A Jossey-
Bass Reader. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Retrieved on May 1,
2014 from http://www.joangallos.com/wp-
content/uploads/2007/08/reframing-complexity-a-four-
dimensional-approach.doc
Doug Greene’s presentation on reframing is a very good
introduction to framing and discussion of the Four Frames
21. Model:
Greene, D. (2010). Reframing organizations. Dr. Doug Greene.
Retrieved on May 11, 2014 from
http://www.drdouggreen.com/wp-content/Reframing-
Organizations.pdf
Below is an early (Winter 1991) journal article by Bolman and
Deal, in which the authors studied the Four Frames Model in
two organizations:
Bolman, L.G., & Deal, T.E. (1991). Leadership and management
effectiveness: A multi-frame, multi-sector analysis. Human
Resource Management (1986-1998), 30(4), 509-531. Retrieved
from ProQuest.
Following is an excellent outline overview of the Four Frames.
Bolman and Deal have aptly subtitled the reframing process as
“The Leadership Kaleidoscope”:
Bolman, L.G., & Deal, T.E. (n.d.). Reframing organizations:
The leadership kaleidoscope. Retrieved on May 8, 2014
from http://www.tnellen.com/ted/tc/bolman.html
Be sure to visit Dr. Lee Bolman’s home page, an excellent
source of information concerning frames and framing. Get the
story directly from one of the original authors of the Four
Frames Model:
Bolman, L. (2014). Reframing organizations teaching resources.
Lee Bolman. Retrieved on May 8, 2014 from
http://www.leebolman.com/reframing_teaching_resources.htm
Finally, be sure that you review the excellent summary tables
included here:
Filipovitch, A.J. (2005). Framing organizations. Retrieved from
http://krypton.mnsu.edu/~jp5985fj/courses/609/Frame/Reframin
g.html
22. PAPER 3
Begin the Module 1 Case by visiting the Walt Disney Company
website:
The Walt Disney Company. (2014). Retrieved on May 8, 2014
from http://thewaltdisneycompany.com/
Additional Case-related resources
The following resources should be helpful to you in your
analysis of the Case. Chapter 6 of Bryman’s book relates
(somewhat ominously) to “control and surveillance” activities at
Disney:
Bryman, A. (2004). The Disneyization of society. London: Sage
Publications. Retrieved from Ebrary.
Structure implies logistics. Certainly, the artful and skillful
deployment of technology will often create useful intelligence –
even competitive advantage. And so…is Mickey watching?
Read “Big Mickey is Watching”:
Palmeri, C., & Faries, B. (2014). Big Mickey is watching.
Bloomberg Businessweek, (4370), 22-23. Retrieved from
EBSCO – Business Source Complete.
Case Assignment
After you have reviewed the contents of the Walt Disney
Company website, completed the readings provided at the
Background page of Module 1, and performed additional
research from the library and the internet, write a 6-7 page
paper in which you do the following:
Using the following assumptions of the Structural Frame,
complete an in-depth assessment of the Walt Disney Company:
23. 1. Organizations exist to achieve established goals and
objectives.
2. Organizations increase efficiency and enhance performance
through specialization and a clear division of labor.
3. Appropriate forms of coordination and control ensure that
diverse efforts of individuals and units mesh.
4. Organizations work best when rationality prevails over
personal preferences and extraneous pressures.
5. Structures must be designed to fit an organization's
circumstances (including its goals, technology, workforce, and
environment).
6. Problems and performance gaps arise from structural
deficiencies and can be remedied through analysis and
restructuring.
Keys to the Assignment
The key aspects of this assignment that are to be covered in
your 6-7 page paper include the following:
· Describe the organizational design used by the Walt Disney
Company. Is Disney’s structure more or less effective as it
relates to the company’s ability to accomplish its stated purpose
(vision, mission)? Explain.
· Using Bolman and Deal’s Structural Frame, analyze two or
three structural characteristics of the Walt Disney Company.
Because you cannot cover all structural characteristics in a short
paper, you will need to be selective; therefore, choose two or
three characteristics that are of particular interest to you. These
might include the Walt Disney Company’s strategic plans, more
specific goals and objectives, or the company’s policies and
procedures. Alternatively, you might select technology or some
component of Disney’s external environment (e.g., competition,
legal, political, or social environments).
· For each structural characteristic that you have included in
your Case, discuss the extent to which that structural
characteristic has been effective or ineffective relative to
assisting Disney attain its stated purpose. Defend your answer
in the context of the six (6) assumptions given above (how well
24. do the structural characteristics you’ve identified above ascribe
to these assumptions, if at all?).
· Having had applied the Structural Frame to the Walt Disney
Company, is there anything that you would you do differently?
Conclude Chapter 1 of your paper by giving recommendations
as to what Disney should do differently, and explain why.
· The background readings will not give you all the answers to
the Case. Therefore, you will need to perform some research in
the library, and use a minimum of 3-4 scholarly sources from
the library to support and justify your understanding of the
case.
· Your paper must demonstrate evidence of critical thinking (if
you need tips on critical thinking,
http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/college-and-university-
students/799 is an excellent resource). Don’t simply restate
facts – instead, be sure to interpret the facts you have
accumulated from your research.
PAPER 4
In the Module 1 SLP, you will write a 3- to 4-page paper in
which you will apply the Structural Frame to the organization in
which you are currently employed (or in which you have worked
previously).
Overview of the LED599 SLP Sequence
Before we begin the Module 1 SLP, two very important and
related points should be emphasized, as they are fundamental to
an understanding of the Module 1 SLP:
1. All four frames can be used to assess any given organization,
because all organizations have structural, human resources,
political, and symbolic characteristics; and
2. Different leaders use lenses – or frames – through which they
view their organizations. Certain leaders will tend to use one
frame predominantly, while others tend to be more balanced,
choosing one of the frames depending on the circumstances. The
25. important point here is that there is no “right” frame through
which a leader should or must view any given organization or
any particular set of organizational circumstances. At the same
time, it is helpful for a leader to understand which frame (or
frames) he/she is actively using. It is also critical that leaders
be aware that there are four frames – not one – and that the use
of others may be beneficial to effective sensemaking as well
(importantly, this helps leaders to better avoid organizational
“blind spots”).
Assignment
The Module 1 SLP requires that you write a 3- to 4-page paper,
in which you address the following:
After you briefly describe the organization in which you
presently work – or in which you have previously worked –
apply the Structural Frame to the organization, analyzing the
effectiveness of two or three structural characteristics you have
identified.
Keys to the Assignment
The key aspects of this assignment that should be covered in
your paper include the following (note there are two parts to
this SLP):
Part 1:
In a minimum of two pages:
· Briefly describe your organization – name, what it does, size
(number of employees, annual revenue, relative market share,
etc.);
· Describe the organizational design of your chosen
organization. Is it effective? Why or why not?
· Choose 2 or 3 structural characteristics of your organization
(e.g., strategic planning process, goals, objectives, policies,
procedures, rules, budgets and other allocation of resources,
etc.); and
· Discuss the relative effectiveness of the structural
characteristics you have identified. If you were CEO of your
company, what (if anything) might you do differently? Why
would you make any changes you suggest?
26. Part 2:
· Complete the Leadership Orientations Questionnaire, and
score your results.
· In a minimum oftwo pages:
· Report your scores for each of the Four Frames.
· After you have completed an in-depth self-assessment of your
scores, discuss how your scores inform your personal leadership
style. For instance, what do your scores (high and low)
collectively suggest about your leadership tendencies and about
the ways in which you personally make sense of organizational
events?Might your low scores indicate areas in which you may
have leadership “blind spots”?