This document presents an overview of measurement scales, research methods, and the formulation of research objectives and hypotheses. It categorizes measurement scales into nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio types and discusses various research methodologies including experimental, descriptive, and qualitative research. Additionally, it covers the importance of research questions, objectives, and hypotheses in guiding educational research and data analysis.

1. Scales of Measurement, Research Method,
Objectives & Hypothesis
Lumding College
2024
Presenter:
Dr Sandip Ratna, Associate Prof.
SCTE-Kohima
sandipncte@yahoo.in

2. • Scales of Measurement
• Research Method
• Objectives &
• Hypothesis
Contents:

3. Scales of Measurement

4. • Measurement is the foundation of any scientific
investigation
• Everything we do begins with the measurement
of whatever it is we want to study
• Definition: measurement is the assignment
of numbers to objects
Why we need Scales of Measurement:

5. Concept of Scales of Measurement:

6. Four Types of Measurement Scales
Nominal Scale
Ordinal Scale
Interval Scale
Ratio Scale

7. Nominal Scale:
Not really a ‘scale’ because it does not scale objects
along any dimension. It simply labels objects
Gender is a nominal scale
Male = 1
Female = 2
OR
Religious Affiliation
Catholic = 1; Hindu= 2; Jewish= 3; Muslim = 4; Other= 5

8. Ordinal Scale:
Numbers are used to place objects in order
But, there is no information regarding the differences
(intervals) between points on the scale

9. What about expressing liking to the following:
# I like ice cream. SA(5) A(4) U(3) D(2) SD(1)
SA= Strongly Agree
A= Agree
U= Undecided
D= Disagree
SD= Strongly Disagree
Example, Ordinal Scale:

10. Interval Scale :
An interval scale is a scale on which equal intervals
between objects, represent equal differences
The interval differences are meaningful
But, we can’t defend ratio relationships

11. Temperature (Farenheit), Credit score (300-850).,
Students Marks, Weight, Price etc
Example, Interval Scale:
Cat BOYS GIRLS
SS 87 89
SCIENCE 83 88
ENG 92 87
MATHS 95 94

12. Ratio Scale :
• Ratios are meaningful
• Physical scales of time, length and volume are ratio
scales
• We can say that 20 seconds is twice as long as 10
seconds

13. • Product defect rates, time to repurchase,
unemployment rate, and crime rate.
• As an analyst, you can say a crime rate of 10% is
twice that of 5%, or annual sales of Rs 2 million are
25% greater than Rs1.5 million.
Example, Ratio Scale:

14. SUMMARY of Scales of measurement:

15. Research Method

16. Research methods are the strategies, processes or
techniques utilized in the collection of data or
evidence for analysis in order to uncover new
information or create better understanding of a topic.
Research Method (Meaning) :

17. Classification of Research:
Educational research can be classified into different types.
These classifications may depend on the
1. Goals,
2. Methods of investigation,
3. Kind of evidence or data collection
Research Method :

18. Basis of Goal Typology
Basic Research
Eg: Learning Theories
Applied Research
i. Action Research
Disciplinary problem of a student
ii. Evaluation Research
Effective TLM for BA class
iii. Research & Development
Effective Curriculum for school std.

19. 1. On the Basis of Goal Typology
If we classify educational researches based on the goals of the
particular investigation and the use to be made of it, then:
(a) Basic Research: Called pure research which is concerned with
obtaining empirical data that can be used to formulate, expand or
evaluate theory.
Eg: Teaching-Learning Approaches
(b) Applied Research: Application of theories and principles from
basic research to solve educational problems, Three sub-
categories:

20. Cont…
(i) Action Research: In order to solve their practical local problems, aimed at
developing new skills, finding new answers or approaches to solve problems of
current concern.
Eg: Disciplinary problem of a student
(ii) Evaluation Research: In order to improve their efficiency by making necessary
revisions or modifications.
Eg: Effective TLM for M.Ed. class.
(iii) Research and Development: This is concerned with developing and testing
curricula, methods and materials to ensure maximum efficiency of educational
products and practices.
Eg: Effectiveness of a TLM in M.Ed. class.

21. Basis of Method of Investigation
Experimental Research
Eg: Laboratory blood tests to determine the causes of a patient's health condition
Quasi-experiment Research
Impact of TLM on M & F students’ performance
Descriptive Research
Disciplinary problem of a student
Surveys
Attitude of students towards…
Case Studies
Contribution of Mr. X towards
Educational development of Assam
Documentary Analysis
Stu. Performance on H.S.L.C. exm.
Historical Research
Development of present education
System in India.

22. 2 On the Basis of Method of Investigation Typology
(a) Experimental Research: independent variables are manipulated
to observe the effects on the dependent variables.
Eg: Laboratory blood tests to determine the causes of a patient's
health condition.
(b) Ex Post Facto Research: When the subjects may be grouped on
the basis of some naturally occurring characteristics. Variables like
sex, race, intelligence, aptitude, creativity, personality, socio-economic
status, etc.
Eg: Impact of Demonstration method on Male & Female students.

23. Cont…
(c) Descriptive Research: Concerned with either description and
interpretation of existing relationships, attitudes, practices, processes,
trends, etc. or the comparison of variables.
(i) Surveys: A number of data-gathering psychometric tools and
procedures are used. These include questionnaires, tests, checklists,
rating scales, score cards, inventories, interviews, etc.
Eg: Attitude of student towards Science Education.
(ii) Documentary Analysis: This type, documents and records are
examined for relevant information. Official gazettes, minutes of
meetings, reports of panels and blueprints can be examined.
Eg: Students Performance on H.S.L.C. Examination(NBSE) in 2016.

24. Cont…
(iii) Case Studies: Investigate a detailed account of individuals or
aggregations of individual cases may be treated as units under this
type of study.
Eg: Contribution of Mr. X towards education in Assam.
(d) Historical Research: A past oriented research; involves the
location, documentation, evaluation and interpretation of available
evidence in order to understand past events.
Eg: Development of present education System in Assam.

25. Basis of the Kind of Evidence or data collection
Quantitative Research
eg: Teachers attitude toward ICT
based Teaching-learning
Qualitative Research
Perception of people of Assam
towards Covid-19 Vacation…
Multiple Perspective Research /Mixed Research
Student perceptions of their school environment relate
to differences in test scores
Types: phenomenological,
ethnographic, grounded theory,
historical, case study, & action
research
Types: Descriptive, Correlational,
Quasi-Experimental, & Experimental
Research

26. 3. On the Basis of the Kind of Evidence or data collection used
Research can be classified as quantitative, qualitative or multiple
perspective.
(a) Quantitative Research: This type uses information or data
expressed in numerical values. Data collection methods include tests of
various types, experiments, questionnaire, rating scales etc. Quantitative
data are analysed using either descriptive & (or) inferential statistics.
Ex: Teachers attitude toward ICT based Teaching-learning

27. Cont…
(b) Qualitative Research: Collected data is verbal or non-numerical. It
makes use of qualitative data yielded through interviews, observations,
artifacts, and documentary sources, audio and visual materials among others.
Types: Grounded theory, Ethnographic, Narrative research, Case studies, and
Phenomenology.
Ex: Social Behavior towards Covid-19 Vacation…….
(c) Multiple Perspective Research: Uses both quantitative and qualitative
approaches
Ex: Social practices and attitude of Bodo tribes towards Baishagu festival.

28. Research Questions & Objectives

29. Research questions & objectives:
Research questions are the starting point in any good
research . They provide the road map to proceed and identify
and focus on the research gaps.
The research objectives are actions intended to answer the
research questions .

30. Example :
Research questions
i. Are there any difference in students’ attitude on the basis of gender?
ii. What are the attitude difference between rural & urban students?
Objectives
i. To analyse students’ attitude towards online learning on the basis of
gender.
ii. To analyse students’ attitude towards online learning on the basis of
Location of stay.
Students’ Attitude towards Online Learning at Secondary Schools of Assam

31. Hypotheses:

32. Hypotheses :
Generally hypothesis is considered as an assumption or a supposition which
has to be proved or disproved.
A hypothesis is a logical supposition, a reasonable guess, an educated conjecture. It
provides a tentative explanation for a phenomenon under investigation."
(Leedy and Ormrod, 2001).
Purpose:
• Guides/gives direction to the study/investigation
• Suggests which form of research design is likely to be the most appropriate
• Provides a framework for organizing the conclusions of the findings
• Structures the next phase in the investigation and therefore furnishes continuity to the
examination of the problem

33. Cat AVERAGE
Male 63.25
Female 62.25
ENG Science Maths SS
92 31 33 97
57 67 62 63
Who is Taller ?
Who is Better ?
Concept of Hypothesis :

34. G. Hypotheses:
Who is Taller ? Who is Better ?

35. Hypotheses :
Example:
To Compare between Teaching Method (A) & Teaching Method (B)
 The Teaching Method (A) is as good as Teaching Method (B)
i.e, H0: A=B
There is no significant difference between Teaching Method-A & Method-B
,
 The Teaching Method-A is better than Teaching Method-B
i.e, Ha: A>B
The method of Teaching-A is better than Teaching-B
These hypotheses are capable of objectively verified and tested
 NULLHYPOTHESIS
 ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

36. Example :
Objectives
i. To analyse students’ attitude towards online learning on the basis of
Gender.
ii. To analyse students’ attitude towards online learning on the basis of
Location of School.
Students’ Attitude towards Online Learning at Secondary Schools of Assam
Hypotheses:
H01: There is no significant deference between Male and Female Students
Attitude towards online learning.
H02: There is no significant deference between Rural and Urban School
Students Attitude towards online learning.

37. Parametric and Non-parametric Data:
Parametric Data:
•Normality: The data follows a normal (Gaussian) distribution.
•Homogeneity of variance: The variance of the population is the same across
all groups.
•Independence: Observations are independent of each other.
•Statistical Tests: t-test, Z-test, ANOVA, F-test can be used.
Non-Parametric Data
1.Independence: Data points are independent and not influenced by others.
2.Random Sampling: Data represents a random sample from the population.
3.Homogeneity of Measurement: Measurements are consistent across all data
points.
Statistical Tests: Chi square test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test,
Wilcoxon signed-rank test are used

38. t-test: William Sealy Gosset

42. Cal. t-value < Tab. t-value  Fail to Reject Ho
That is, The null hypothesis that there is no difference
between the means is therefore somewhat unlikely

43. If the absolute value of the calculated t-statistic is larger
than the critical value of t, we reject the null hypothesis.
That is, if Cal. t-value > Tab. t-value  Reject Ho
if Cal. t-value < Tab. t-value  Fail to Reject Ho
p-value ≤ 0.05  Reject Ho
p-value > 0.05  Fail to Reject Ho
t-test:

44. Establish Critical or Rejection region

46. Chi-Square test:
If the observed chi-square
test statistic is greater than
the critical value, the null
hypothesis can be rejected
Example:
Category RIGHT-HANDED LEFT-HANDED
INDIAN 37 13
CANADIAN 17 53
Karl
Pearson

48. Any Questions?

49. References:
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50. Thank You
+919856950447
sandipncte@yahoo.in
www.sctek.online
State College of Teacher Education
Kohima, Nagaland, 797001