Prepared & Presented by Dr.P.S.Jagadeesh Kumar Stanford University California, United States

1. “In Search Of Research”
Prepared & Presented by
Dr.P.S.Jagadeesh Kumar
Stanford University
California, United States

2. Outline
 What is Research?
 Is Engineering different from Science?
 Can Research be classified as Good research and Bad research?
 Can small thinking give rise to new research?
 What is a research paper?
 Research in industry Vs. academia?
 Turning Difficulties into Opportunities in Research
 What Does it Take to Be a Researcher?
 The Ten Commandments of Creativity in Research
 The Ten Commandments of Success in Research
 Conclusion

3. What is Research?[1/3]
 Is building a new device, research?
 Is writing a new software, research?
 Is repairing a device or debugging a software, research?
 Is drawing a conclusion from a lot of data, research?
 Is proving a theorem, research?
 Is formulating a theorem, research?

4. What is Research?[2/3]
Research could involve any of the above, or
none of the above….!!!!!!!!

5. What is Research?[3/3]
 Research is the systematic process of collecting and
analyzing information to increase our understanding of
the phenomenon under study.
 Research is a process of investigation. An examination
of a subject from different points of view.
 Research is a game of significant ideas.

6. Who is the father of research?

7.  Father of computer – Charles Babbage
 Father of internet – Vinton Cerf
 Father of Geometry – Euclid
 Father of Bio-technology – Louis Pastuer
……
 Father of Research – ???????? No evidence !!!!!!!!!!

8. Is Engineering different from Science?

9.  Science try to understand nature.
 Engineering try to make things that do not exist in
nature.
 To embody an invention the engineer must put his
idea in concrete terms, and design something that
people can use.
 Engineers use the knowledge of science,
mathematics, logic, economics, and appropriate
experience or tactic knowledge to find suitable
solutions to a problem.

10. Can Research be classified as Good research
and Bad research?

11.  Research has its own associated risk factors,
so classifying research into good and bad does
reveal any meaning.

12. Can small thinking give rise to
new research?

13.  Why Is The sky Blue?
The case, "Why is the sky blue?", was finally settled
by Einstein in 1911, who calculated the detailed
formula for the scattering of light from molecules;
and this was found to be in agreement with
experiment.
Rayleigh scattering, Mie theory, etc…
http://www.juliantrubin.com/einsteininvent

14.  The Relativity Theory showed that mass could be
converted directly into energy (E=mc²), and that a
minute piece of mass could release a vast amount of
energy. In 1939 Einstein collaborated with several
other physicists in writing a letter to President
Franklin D. Roosevelt, pointing out the possibility of
making an atomic bomb. The letter, which bore only
Einstein's signature, helped lend urgency to efforts in
the U.S. to build the atomic bomb, but Einstein
himself played no role in the work and knew nothing
about it at the time.

15.  The fact that things fall towards the Earth when they
are dropped.
What Newton came up with was a formula for how
big the force of gravity will be between any two
objects and show that this accurately accounts for the
motion of the moon and planets. The formula was so
good that it remained in use as the best prediction of
gravitational force until Einstein's theory of General
Relativity in the 20th Century and is still used today
where relativistic effects do not apply.

16.  The Italian astronomer Galileo was inspired to create
his first telescope by the work of Hans Lippershey of
the Netherlands. Lippershey's spyglass invention
was a tube with glass lenses placed on each end.
Galileo experimented with the idea, creating a
telescope capable of 40 times the magnification.

17. What is a research paper?

18.  A research paper analyzes a perspective or argues a
point. Regardless of the type of research paper you
are writing, your finished research paper should
present your own thinking backed up by others' ideas
and information.

19.  Review of the Literature in a Field
A review of the literature in a field requires you to
research information and then summarize and
paraphrase. A research paper adds the step of
synthesizing the information and developing your
own insight or analysis or argument on a topic or
issue that the information presents.

20.  Analysis in Research Papers
To analyze means to break a topic or concept down
into its parts in order to inspect and understand it,
and to restructure those parts in a way that makes
sense to it.
Usually you explain or defend your thesis with
reasons and evidence gained from your own personal
experience; often you are expected to include new
thinking gained from your reading or research.

21.  Argument in Research Papers
An argumentative research paper needs to support
your stand on an issue.

22. Research in Industry Vs.
Research in Academia
 Research in industry is product driven whereas research in
academia is idea driven.
 A product is typically based on a large number of ideas.
Industry
◮Needs to combine results of many idea driven research efforts.
◮Faces the challenge of deployment much more significantly.
◮Focus on an independent idea may be an unaffordable luxury.
Research in academia
◮Typically not bound by a particular product.
◮ Can afford to focus on ideas exclusively.
◮Can have longer gestation periods.

23. Turning Difficulties into Opportunities
in Research
Knowing right questions is the first step in knowing the answers.
“What appears to be a fault, often, by a change of viewpoint,
turns out to be one of the greatest assets you can have. ”
- Hamming
Research is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration.
“If others would think as hard as I did, they would get similar
results.”
- Newton

24. What Does it Take to Be a Researcher?
What we all may already possess….
Motivation, Curiosity, Creativity, insistence, Good Grasp.
What we may have to acquire with effort?
Strong Background.
Enhances the effectiveness of all the above traits.

25. The Ten Commandments of Creativity
in Research
1. Seek extension of an earlier known solution.
2. If you have a solution, find a problem.
3. Find out the right questions to ask.
4. Seek generality by removing specificities.
5. Seek symmetry by testing for duality.
6. Distill the essence, refine your ideas.
7. Distinguish the necessary from the unnecessary.
8. Distinguish the relevant from the irrelevant.
9. Build levels of abstractions and migrate between them.
10. Mix deep thinking with routine mechanical work.

26. The Ten Commandments of Success in
Research
1. Work on important problems.
2. Work on multiple problems.
3. For each problem, identify where you are.
4. Seek beauty in everything you do.
5. Get emotionally involved.
6. Remain committed.
7. Work hard, work continuously.
8. Consolidate your understanding.
9. Don’t depend on luck.
10. Handle uncertainty well.

27. Conclusion
 Research makes a researcher a much better learner.
 Research enables better consolidation of skills.
◮ Depth of skills
◮The “skill” of applying various skills!
 One gets involved with all aspects of solving a
particular problem.
Research takes us to a different state of mind!

28. Thank You