The document discusses the importance of linking research to policy change to create smoke-free communities. It provides examples of different types of research conducted, from simple surveys to more complex studies. The research helps frame the issue for the public and policymakers and identifies specific solutions. The document emphasizes that all levels of research, from simple to complex, have a role to play in informing policy. Civil society can be involved in research and translating findings into advocacy.
This presentation was developed for our CLeaR (local government tobacco control standards) assessment in July 2014. It sets out our vision for tobacco control in Hertfordshire, summarises our strategies and current position and identifies our future work including commitment to harm reduction, getting positive gains from e-cigarettes and driving tobacco related harm down
The Debate: Electronic Cigarettes with Phillip Gardiner, DrPHsfary
From the the first Annual National Conference on Tobacco and Behavioral Health, which occurred May 19-20, 2014 in Bethesda, MD and was hosted by the Central East Addiction Technology Transfer Center, a program of The Danya Institute. You can see videos from the conference on our website www.ceattc.org (go to “Tobacco and Behavioral Health Resources” under “Special Topics”).
The panel will discuss what we know about the use of e-cigarettes and explore the upside (benefits), and the downside (harm), of use. The goal is a thoughtfully informed discussion on this controversial issue.
Phillip Gardiner, DrPH, is a Public Health activist, administrator, evaluator and researcher. For the past 25 years, he has worked on studies ranging from Hypertension, Multiculturalism and AIDS, to Breast Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Diabetes and Smoking. Dr. Gardiner has maintained his community activism to address racial disparities in health, through writing, organizing, evaluating and public speaking. Dr. Gardiner is the Policy and Regulatory Sciences and Neurosciences and Nicotine Dependence Program Officer for the Tobacco Related Disease Research Program (TRDRP), University of California Office of the President. Most recently, Dr. Gardiner led a live Webcast Panel on Electronic Cigarettes in 2013, with over 1400 registrants. Dr. Gardiner is also an adjunct faculty member at Touro University in Vallejo, a graduate medical college, where he teaches a course on Health Disparities. Dr. Gardiner is Co-Chair of the African American Tobacco Control Leadership Council (AATCLC), a group of Black professionals dedicated to fighting the scourge of tobacco in the African American community.
This presentation was developed for our CLeaR (local government tobacco control standards) assessment in July 2014. It sets out our vision for tobacco control in Hertfordshire, summarises our strategies and current position and identifies our future work including commitment to harm reduction, getting positive gains from e-cigarettes and driving tobacco related harm down
The Debate: Electronic Cigarettes with Phillip Gardiner, DrPHsfary
From the the first Annual National Conference on Tobacco and Behavioral Health, which occurred May 19-20, 2014 in Bethesda, MD and was hosted by the Central East Addiction Technology Transfer Center, a program of The Danya Institute. You can see videos from the conference on our website www.ceattc.org (go to “Tobacco and Behavioral Health Resources” under “Special Topics”).
The panel will discuss what we know about the use of e-cigarettes and explore the upside (benefits), and the downside (harm), of use. The goal is a thoughtfully informed discussion on this controversial issue.
Phillip Gardiner, DrPH, is a Public Health activist, administrator, evaluator and researcher. For the past 25 years, he has worked on studies ranging from Hypertension, Multiculturalism and AIDS, to Breast Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Diabetes and Smoking. Dr. Gardiner has maintained his community activism to address racial disparities in health, through writing, organizing, evaluating and public speaking. Dr. Gardiner is the Policy and Regulatory Sciences and Neurosciences and Nicotine Dependence Program Officer for the Tobacco Related Disease Research Program (TRDRP), University of California Office of the President. Most recently, Dr. Gardiner led a live Webcast Panel on Electronic Cigarettes in 2013, with over 1400 registrants. Dr. Gardiner is also an adjunct faculty member at Touro University in Vallejo, a graduate medical college, where he teaches a course on Health Disparities. Dr. Gardiner is Co-Chair of the African American Tobacco Control Leadership Council (AATCLC), a group of Black professionals dedicated to fighting the scourge of tobacco in the African American community.
18Section A State and Community InterventionsI. State.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
18
Section A: State and Community Interventions
I. State and Community Interventions
Justification
The history of successful public health practice
has demonstrated that the active and coordi-
nated involvement of a wide range of societal and
community resources must be the foundation of
sustained solutions to pervasive problems like
tobacco use.1–8 In a review of evidence of popula-
tion-wide tobacco prevention and control efforts,
the Task Force on Community Preventive Ser-
vices confirmed the importance of coordinated
and combined intervention efforts.9 The strongest
evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of many
of the population-wide approaches that are most
highly recommended by the Task Force on Com-
munity Preventive Services comes from studies in
which specific strategies for smoking cessation,
preventing tobacco use initiation, and eliminating
exposure to secondhand smoke are combined with
mass-media campaigns and efforts to mobilize
communities and to integrate these strategies into
synergistic and multicomponent efforts.9
Additionally, research has demonstrated the
importance of community support and involvement
at the grassroots level in implementing several
of the most highly effective policy interventions,
including increasing the unit price of tobacco
products and creating smokefree public and private
environments.3,4,6,10–12 Although knowledge is critical,
communities must reinforce and support health.13
Example program and policy recommendations
from the Task Force on Community Preventive
Services, as well as the Healthy People 2020
policy goals for the nation, are provided in
Appendix B. In addition, recommendations for
tobacco-free living from the National Prevention
Council are provided in Appendix C.
The policies, partnerships, and intervention
activities that occur at the state and community
levels will ultimately lead to social norm
and behavior change nationwide. State and
community coalitions are essential partnerships.
For example, they can keep tobacco issues
before the public, combat the tobacco industry,
enhance community involvement and promote
community buy-in and support, educate policy
makers, and help to inform policy change.
Social norm change influences behavior
indirectly by creating social and legal climates in
which harmful products and conduct become less
desirable, acceptable, and attainable. The health
impact pyramid provides a five-tier framework to
improve health through different types of public
health interventions, with greater improvements
coming from activities focused on policy change
that create a context in which the healthy options
are easy to attain.6 This community intervention
model has now become a core element of statewide
comprehensive tobacco control programs.3,4,10,14–16
Since the establishment of the California
Tobacco Control Program in 1989, California has
achieved an almost 50% decline in the prevalence
of smoking a ...
This presentation was given to the national Public Health Stakeholder Forum for England on 21 January 2015. It covers my take on tobacco control priorities and work we need to do
Editorial: Evidence based policy or policy based evidence? by Michael MarmotJim Bloyd, DrPH, MPH
A simple prescription would be to review the scientific evidence of what would make a difference, formulate policies, and implement them—evidence based policy making. Unfor- tunately this simple prescription, applied to real life, is simplistic. The relation between science and policy is more complicated. Scientific findings do not fall on blank minds that get made up as a result. Science engages with busy minds that have strong views about how things are and ought to be.
This presentation is a take on what local authorities can do on reducing smoking in a world where e-cigarettes are and important tool . For the Public Policy Exchange Conference on July 12th 2016.
Jay Colum, nicotine dependency specialist for the Hamilton County Health Department, was the the speaker at the August 5 meeting of the Chattanooga Area’s Southside Council.
Colum’s topic was "Tobacco Control in Tennessee and Resources for Quitters."
Colum provided business people with the following information:
* How Tennessee smoking policies affect you
* How to help cut down on second-hand smoke
* How to make your environment healthier
Colum has worked in addictions therapy for over 20 years, focusing on providing addiction therapy to families. For the last five years he has provided tobacco control and education through the Health Department. He is responsible for maintaining a Tobacco Community Coalition, which includes the Smoke-Free Chattanooga campaign. Collum is seeking volunteers with an interest in helping change the culture of tobacco in Tennessee.
CDC Update: Joining Forces to Reduce Tobacco and Cancer Among Behavioral Heal...sfary
From the the first Annual National Conference on Tobacco and Behavioral Health, which occurred May 19-20, 2014 in Bethesda, MD and was hosted by the Central East Addiction Technology Transfer Center, a program of The Danya Institute. You can see videos from the conference on our website www.ceattc.org (go to “Tobacco and Behavioral Health Resources” under “Special Topics”).
Tim McAfee, MD, MPH, is Director of CDC’s Office on Smoking and Health (OSH) within the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. He is responsible for providing leadership and direction for all scientific, policy, and programmatic issues related to tobacco control and prevention. Before ed his residency training at Group Health Cooperative in Seattle and completed a fellowship at the University of Washington. Dr. McAfee has been a principal investigator and co-investigator on numerous research studies focusing on questions related to the effectiveness and dissemination of telephone- and Web-based tobacco cessation programs in medical systems and through government-sponsored quitlines. He helped found and served on the Board of Directors of the North American Quitline Consortium as well as numerous state and national tobacco policy advisory groups. He also authored the World Health Organization’s quitline manual for low- and middle-income countries.
18Section A State and Community InterventionsI. State.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
18
Section A: State and Community Interventions
I. State and Community Interventions
Justification
The history of successful public health practice
has demonstrated that the active and coordi-
nated involvement of a wide range of societal and
community resources must be the foundation of
sustained solutions to pervasive problems like
tobacco use.1–8 In a review of evidence of popula-
tion-wide tobacco prevention and control efforts,
the Task Force on Community Preventive Ser-
vices confirmed the importance of coordinated
and combined intervention efforts.9 The strongest
evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of many
of the population-wide approaches that are most
highly recommended by the Task Force on Com-
munity Preventive Services comes from studies in
which specific strategies for smoking cessation,
preventing tobacco use initiation, and eliminating
exposure to secondhand smoke are combined with
mass-media campaigns and efforts to mobilize
communities and to integrate these strategies into
synergistic and multicomponent efforts.9
Additionally, research has demonstrated the
importance of community support and involvement
at the grassroots level in implementing several
of the most highly effective policy interventions,
including increasing the unit price of tobacco
products and creating smokefree public and private
environments.3,4,6,10–12 Although knowledge is critical,
communities must reinforce and support health.13
Example program and policy recommendations
from the Task Force on Community Preventive
Services, as well as the Healthy People 2020
policy goals for the nation, are provided in
Appendix B. In addition, recommendations for
tobacco-free living from the National Prevention
Council are provided in Appendix C.
The policies, partnerships, and intervention
activities that occur at the state and community
levels will ultimately lead to social norm
and behavior change nationwide. State and
community coalitions are essential partnerships.
For example, they can keep tobacco issues
before the public, combat the tobacco industry,
enhance community involvement and promote
community buy-in and support, educate policy
makers, and help to inform policy change.
Social norm change influences behavior
indirectly by creating social and legal climates in
which harmful products and conduct become less
desirable, acceptable, and attainable. The health
impact pyramid provides a five-tier framework to
improve health through different types of public
health interventions, with greater improvements
coming from activities focused on policy change
that create a context in which the healthy options
are easy to attain.6 This community intervention
model has now become a core element of statewide
comprehensive tobacco control programs.3,4,10,14–16
Since the establishment of the California
Tobacco Control Program in 1989, California has
achieved an almost 50% decline in the prevalence
of smoking a ...
This presentation was given to the national Public Health Stakeholder Forum for England on 21 January 2015. It covers my take on tobacco control priorities and work we need to do
Editorial: Evidence based policy or policy based evidence? by Michael MarmotJim Bloyd, DrPH, MPH
A simple prescription would be to review the scientific evidence of what would make a difference, formulate policies, and implement them—evidence based policy making. Unfor- tunately this simple prescription, applied to real life, is simplistic. The relation between science and policy is more complicated. Scientific findings do not fall on blank minds that get made up as a result. Science engages with busy minds that have strong views about how things are and ought to be.
This presentation is a take on what local authorities can do on reducing smoking in a world where e-cigarettes are and important tool . For the Public Policy Exchange Conference on July 12th 2016.
Jay Colum, nicotine dependency specialist for the Hamilton County Health Department, was the the speaker at the August 5 meeting of the Chattanooga Area’s Southside Council.
Colum’s topic was "Tobacco Control in Tennessee and Resources for Quitters."
Colum provided business people with the following information:
* How Tennessee smoking policies affect you
* How to help cut down on second-hand smoke
* How to make your environment healthier
Colum has worked in addictions therapy for over 20 years, focusing on providing addiction therapy to families. For the last five years he has provided tobacco control and education through the Health Department. He is responsible for maintaining a Tobacco Community Coalition, which includes the Smoke-Free Chattanooga campaign. Collum is seeking volunteers with an interest in helping change the culture of tobacco in Tennessee.
CDC Update: Joining Forces to Reduce Tobacco and Cancer Among Behavioral Heal...sfary
From the the first Annual National Conference on Tobacco and Behavioral Health, which occurred May 19-20, 2014 in Bethesda, MD and was hosted by the Central East Addiction Technology Transfer Center, a program of The Danya Institute. You can see videos from the conference on our website www.ceattc.org (go to “Tobacco and Behavioral Health Resources” under “Special Topics”).
Tim McAfee, MD, MPH, is Director of CDC’s Office on Smoking and Health (OSH) within the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. He is responsible for providing leadership and direction for all scientific, policy, and programmatic issues related to tobacco control and prevention. Before ed his residency training at Group Health Cooperative in Seattle and completed a fellowship at the University of Washington. Dr. McAfee has been a principal investigator and co-investigator on numerous research studies focusing on questions related to the effectiveness and dissemination of telephone- and Web-based tobacco cessation programs in medical systems and through government-sponsored quitlines. He helped found and served on the Board of Directors of the North American Quitline Consortium as well as numerous state and national tobacco policy advisory groups. He also authored the World Health Organization’s quitline manual for low- and middle-income countries.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Research To Policy To Action For Smokefree Community
1. Research to Policy to Action for a Smoke-Free Community Prof Dr Abu Bakar Bin Abdul Majid University Cyberjaya, College of Medical Sciences
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. The gap between research and policy More research is needed.. tobacco manufacturers disagree even after 100 careful studies showing the same result all over the world. Cabinet ministers trying to act on the smoking data have lost their posts in the USA and the UK. We have to accept that all of us have our particular values and biases and that these affect our priorities in research and in policy making.
7. The importance in doing the right kind of research, practical and applicable that works for a particular community is the challenge for policy makers and tobacco advocators Different levels would need different strategies with different emphasis and objectives
8. One factor governing the implementation of research findings and policy is ease of- their application . Research showing that fluoride reduces caries has had a major impact via fluoride toothpaste even where fluoridation of the water supply has been bitterly opposed. The use of fluoride toothpaste spread widely with little need to educate the public as it costs the same as regular toothpaste, fits naturally into our daily toothbrushing habit, and doesn't raise the spectre of poisoned water. The gap between research and policy
9. ADVANCING SMOKE-FREE POLICY CHANGE : Bringing Together Science, Communications, Mobilization of Public Support and Advocacy
10. Scientifically Proven Solutions Tobacco Taxes as an Example of the Power of research Combined with effective policy and media advocacy Example:
11.
12.
13. Examples of simple surveys conducted that ultimately paved the way for a smoke-free community Smoking behavior around children at home Methods: a cross-sectional survey in a convenience sample of 40 households, with at least one child under the age of 11 years. A questionnaire covering SES, tobacco use, SHS exposure, attitudes and beliefs about the harms of smoking
14. Examples of simple surveys conducted that ultimately paved the way for a smoke-free community Results: reported smoking around children was 82%. The prevalence of smoking inside the home was around 80% Most of the smokers (70%) agreed that parents and adults should not smoke near children. Conclusions: Smokers commonly smoke around their children and inside their homes. Most homes do not have smoke-free policies.
15. Examples of not so simple surveys The impact on cotinine levels in children of implementation of smokefree legislation in England Salivary cotinine is an excellent marker of exposure to tobacco: using a sensitive assay Method: Around 7,500 children were interviewed. 2,000 aged 4-15 gave saliva samples. Findings: In 1998-2003, proportion of children with no exposure (<0.1ng/ml salivary cotinine) ranged from 11% aged 4yrs to 17% aged 10yrs. Not for NGOs probably? For universities….
16. Building on a Smoke-Free Foundation--Reducing Secondhand Smoke in Multi-Unit Housing Smoke-free multi-unit housing is a relatively new frontier for secondhand smoke interventions in California; Method: statewide polls revealed that 82% of apartment dwellers prefer to live in a smoke-free building or section of a building. A 2005 survey of Northern Californian apartment managers and owners suggested an apparent trend that they are more willing to consider smoke-free housing for California’s tenants.
17. Smoke-free Multi-unit Dwellings in Canada Obj : Educating landlords, condominium corporations and builders about the law and encouraging them to voluntarily adopt smoke-free policies, the Coalition is working to increase the supply of smoke-free housing in Canada. Methods A national strategy has been developed which focuses on building capacity in the tobacco control community, networking with and educating the housing sector , increasing public awareness and creating favourable conditions for smoke-free housing. Results With greater awareness and understanding of the issue, more landlords, condominium corporations and builders are beginning to adopt smoke-free policies. Conclusions There is market demand for smoke-free multi-unit housing. Through the work of the Canadian Smoke-free Housing Coalition, supply is catching up and smoke-free housing will soon become a social norm in Canada
18. Public opinion and publicity on smoke-free workplaces in Finland In democratic decision-making legislation needs public support in order to be enforced effectively. Several efforts to create smoke-free workplaces in Finland. Objectives What are the changes in public opinion over the years. Methods The changes in public opinion are depicted by opinion polls carried out in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007 and 2008. Results Over time public opinion has become more supportive of smoking restrictions. Media publicity was at its most critical before the ban, became but favorable soon after enforcement of the ban. Conclusions The findings highlight the importance to understand the process in public opinion formation and media publicity. The strategy to have smoke-free restaurants needs scientific facts, public debate and media support as well as active co-operation.
19. Example Smoking in Cars in the Republic of Ireland: Cross-sectional surveys Second-hand-smoke (SHS) in a car is 23 times more toxic than in a house due to the enclosed space. Children while traveling in vehicles (cars) are exposed to SHS. 30 representative and randomly selected schools throughout Ireland took part in the 2007 Irish Study Results : Overall 14.9% (13.9% boys, 15.6% girls) of Irish children aged 13-15 years were exposed to smoking in cars. Conclusions: Smoking in cars is a public health policy issue. Our findings show that children are regularly exposed to SHS in cars in Ireland and this demands legislation .
20. The responsibility for enforcing tobacco control regulations in the 1970s was vested primarily with the French Ministry of Justice. However, in response to increasing tobacco industry violations of the law and the need for enhanced enforcement, the Government recruited non-governmental organizations to play a more direct role in enforcement efforts. France : Engaging Civil Society in Enforcement
22. Research in Smoke-free Environment Knowledge of second hand smoke Perceptions of community on second hand smoke Acceptance of second hand smoke Second hand smoke in cars, homes, restaurants, closed buildings air-condition or non air-condition Perceptions on ban smoking, hazards
23. Research in Smoke-free Environment Role of media Smoke-free beach, Smoke-free playgrounds, Smoke-free walkways, Smoke-free clubs Can be simple or complex that needs expert eg second hand smoke & breast Ca. effects the CNS Pharmacogenetics or prevalence of smoke-free homes by NGOs in village. …… depending on your needs. To implement smoke-free homes in residential areas, taman / village
24. Research in S-F Environment Purpose Know that everyone can play a role and do research, simple Need many different type for different purpose Research help in making policy and thus decision making tool to mobilise and change Community/people. Research is vital to get the population to accept truth Truth distorted by tobacco industry Show the truth of Shs in cars, homes, restaurants,, The level of problems we share…. The level of support of majority Can help government make decision / or can change government
25. Research to policy to action Doing research is not always difficult, can be very easy. Think of high end, difficult, complicated research . Think of difficulty in design or analysis Not enough time – health staffs There is a role for all NGOs and health providers to do research All can do some forms of research Research needed at many levels, many fronts
27. How to translate scientific research into advocacy and policy Understand how science helps facilitate smoke-free conditions Alignment with political-cultural norms In US, successful advocacy was “bottom up”; most activity originated at local level. In countries like Ireland and NZ (small with strong central government) successful action was “top down”, but consultative. In Australia ?, the level is in-between… Framing also varies, from protecting non-smokers, to protecting workers
29. The Prevalence of second hand smoke exposure and Public Policy of Smoke-Free Homes in a community, Sepang. ( i) To study the prevalence of second hand smoke in the houses in a population in Sepang. (ii) Health Intervention with a public policy on smoke-free homes in the area after community leaders were briefed. Methods: A cross sectional survey on prevalence of second hand smoking via face to face interview. Study results were than disseminated to the community and an intervention program to create a smoke-free home policy was carried out with the involvement of community leaders and technical support from local health providers.
30. The Prevalence of second hand smoke exposure and Public Policy of Smoke-Free Homes in a community, Sepang. Results: 67.7% of homes are exposed to second hand smoke with 43.1% of homes have smokers that smoke in front of family members . 96% of the population knows that secondhand smoke it hazardous to health. The results enabled the community to take preventive and control measures on their own through a public policy on smoke free home in their residential area .
31. Example: Letter by the Residential area’s committee chairman. (Translated from Bahasa Malaysia) Dear families of Megah V, Sepang A recent study conducted in our community found that a high percentage of children and families are exposed to second hand smoke in the home. 55.6% of the homes in our residential area have smoking activity in their homes. 74.5% of family members are exposed to smoke from smokers in their family. However, 94.7% of the smokers also realize the dangers of second hand smoke to others. The health consultants informed that second hand smoke cause an increase of 300% of upper respiratory tract infections and 900% of asthma among children besides many other hazards to others. I appeal that we make our residents live in a healthy environment and try to make all our homes smoke free. For our dear friends who are smokers, we appeal that smoking is done outside the house. May our concerted action improve the health of our families in Megah V, Sepang. Thank you, Sincerely, Hj. Muhammad bin Ahmad Chairman, Megah V Residents Committee
32. Essential steps in getting community involvement in implementing Smoke Free homes in a confined geographical, residential area . Planning stage – involve the community leaders in a community survey Do a simple prevalence survey on smoking prevalence and smoking activity in the homes. Include some aspects of lifestyle determinants, example frequency of exercise. Present the community diagnosis to the community leaders. Get the community to act on the findings and suggest a smoke free home policy in their community.
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34. 2. All in your taman 3. Create data for your local community- very effective 4. Start to use available findings from existing results 5. Disseminate findings to local community 6. Take local action Civil society need to move forward shs agenda NGOs need to voice effectively and make changes Down –up by the civil society/Non-Governmental Organizations Up-down approach compliment by the ministry of Health. Remember MOH is at times conflicting with MOF It is always people’s power. Lessons learned - application