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1. Name: Jayson B. Sambuena
Professor: Ar. Efren Berme
Subject: Planning 1
Research paper
for module 15 & 16
PLANNING ISSUES
 Problem of growing population growth
Growing and continuous population growth have become one of the most difficult
problems of urbanization.
Population problem: is the imbalance between the population, resources, and services;
which is the increase in the population without increasing opportunities for education,
sanitation, employment and the high level of the economy.
Recently we found that agricultural land is abused and used in construction, which leads
to shrinking the area of agricultural land and swallowing rural villages.
There are general problems that occur because of the increase in population, which is
traffic congestion resulting in an increase in the number of cars and pollution of the
environment. There is also an increase in overcrowding occurring in schools and
hospitals, which affects the quality of education and health together.
The increase in population has made it difficult to dispose of and recycle waste. In order
to overcome this problem, we must begin with the individual in terms of education,
issuing family planning laws and ensuring education.

2.  Problem of population concentration
This is where a number of people move to a certain area of the land, after leaving their homes in
the rural places, for work or to live. This has become a problem causing a negative impact on the
rural population, due to the shortage of services and labor. It has also been a problem for the
urban population in increasing the number of labors, which led to unemployment.
To help solve this problem, we must prevent the displacement of villages to cities as well as be
providing all services to the villages and rural areas, attention to education and health in those
areas.
 Problem of slums
Slum housing is one of the main phenomena of population overcrowding.
The dangers of random housing are due to the semi-poor infrastructure and the few services in the areas
of informal housing. In addition to high population density, the informal housing areas pose great dangers
to the population and the society in general. Some of the most important of dangers are:
 Unemployment and hidden economies: Due to poverty and lack of skills among many slum
residents.
 Violence and crime: The widespread poverty in these societies, unemployment, the inability to
move forward and the partial or total absence of the law; push many into violence or engage in
organized crime.
 Diseases and epidemics: The absence of health components lead to the spread of diseases among
the big population, which makes transmission and outbreaks of epidemics easily possible.
In order to overcome this problem, the government has to provide health and safety housing and facilities
for all workers in factories and low-income people, raise wages and improve services.

3.  Problem of displacement
According to the United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS) Strategy for
Combating Displacement, homelessness is defined as a “lack of adequate housing, which includes
all situations and conditions considered below the appropriate level” in the society where the
displaced person lives.
The homeless are in a tragic situation where men, women, and children live in trailers, abandoned
houses and streets. The homeless people are threatened all the time, especially in the winter, but
they are at greater risk, such as health, mental and physical problems.
Some shelters offer services to help people get a home, helping individuals. For example, receive
state subsidies, financial assistance from other sources, or legal aid, help them to get support to
repair their relationship with their families, or to have opportunities to learn some skills. The
solution to this homelessness problem is good urban planning, and the government has to provide
funding for the establishment of shelters to meet the needs of displaced persons.
 Problem of Education
Education is very important for any civilized society. It is the main manufacturer of civilization.
People with good education live in the cities, while those living in slums suffer from economic
problems, therefore no educational opportunity. Non-urban planning is the main reason for
education failure. The solution to providing a good education for all individuals is to establish a
fair geographical distribution of schools and universities in all regions.
The conference “Urban Planning and Architectural Design for Sustainable Development” – is a
great chance for all who are interested in architecture & urban planning to get more experience
and exchange knowledge with peers and professors.

4. IMPACT OF PLANNING
1. Site plans can help you understand potential constraints early on in the process.
Some critical issues that need to be addressed that are integrated into the site plan are the
following:
site access and circulation, including fire department access,
grading,
drainage vs. latest environmental clean water requirements,
utility services,
any site specific encumbrances such as easements/ dedications, and
jurisdictional setbacks.
The site plan needs to depict developable building areas in relationship to the land, parking
requirements, and other zoning as well as site specific constraints. This is why a topographic
survey supplemented with a good depiction of underground drainage and utility services on-site
or in the adjoining streets is of key importance at an early stage of the project. You can integrate
the proposed site development with the topographic survey to get a comprehensive
understanding of how the proposed development is served and works with the known existing
constraints and features.
2. Accurate site plans can help you determine the project’s constructability and prevent future
mistakes.
Given the initial information from the initial conceptual site plan and the topographic survey, the
site plan can then be reworked to incorporate any accommodations or changes. Every square foot
count–sometimes, you may end up with a smaller or bigger project that you thought you had. Or
perhaps you may need to make changes to your budget because of the information that you
found. An accurate site plan can signal you to make necessary changes, and also save you from
making costly construction mistakes throughout the building process. This can save valuable
time and resources and allow for a fully functional and cost-effective building project in the end.
3. Site plans are part of the construction document process to meet permitting standards of local
jurisdictions.
Accurate and detailed site plans serve as a talking point for the regulatory agencies that have
jurisdiction over the project for approvals. Meeting early on with the relevant public/ private
jurisdictions to discuss and better understand potential issues is extremely valuable. During the
permitting process, the reviewing agencies may offer comments or concerns over details of the
project site plan, and the civil engineer can help in finding solutions and guide the development
of the plans as needed. The City of Fremont, for example, has a planning review permit
process that often requires an accurate site plan.

5. An accurate site plan can help you understand site constraints, prevent potential mistakes, and
serve as part of the construction document process to meet permitting standards. The design and
permitting review process associated with site planning can be a challenging, yet rewarding and
extremely valuable process that the civil engineer can facilitate.
CONCEPTS OF PHILIPPINE CITIES / REGIONS
Concepts and Definitions City - There are three classes of cities in the Philippines: the highly urbanized,
the independent component cities which are independent of the province, and the component cities which
are part of the provinces where they are located and subject to their administrative supervision.
Concepts and Definitions Municipality - Is a political corporate body which is endowed with the facilities
of a municipal corporation, exercised by and through the municipal government in conformity with law. It
is a subsidiary of the province which consists of a number of barangays within its territorial boundaries,
one of which is the seat of government found at the town proper (población).
Concepts and Definitions Barangay - The smallest political unit into which cities and municipalities in the
Philippines are divided. It is the basic unit of the Philippine political system. It consists of less than 1,000
inhabitants residing within the territorial limit of a city or municipality and administered by a set of
elective officials, headed by a barangay chairman (punong barangay).
Concepts and Definitions City Classification Highly Urbanized Cities Independent Component Cities
Component Cities
Concepts and Definitions City Classification Highly Urbanized Cities - Cities with a minimum population
of two hundred thousand (200,000) inhabitants, as certified by the National Statistics Office, and with the
latest annual income of at least Fifty Million Pesos (P50,000,000.00) based on 1991 constant prices, as
certified by the city treasurer. Independent Component Cities - Cities whose charters prohibit their voters
from voting for provincial elective officials. Independent component cities shall be independent of the
province. Component Cities - Cities which do not meet the above requirements shall be considered
component cities of the province in which they are geographically located. If a component city is located
within the boundaries of two (2) or more provinces, such city shall be considered a component of the
province of which it used to be a municipality.
Concepts and Definitions Urban/Rural Classification in the Philippines, “urban” areas fall under the
following categories: 1. In their entirety, all municipal jurisdictions which, whether designated chartered
cities, provincial capital or not, have a population density of at least 1,000 persons per square kilometer:
all barangays; 2. Poblaciónes or central districts of municipalities and cities which have a population
density of at least 500 persons square kilometer;
3. Poblaciónes or central districts not included in (1) and (2) regardless of the population size which have
the following: street pattern or network of streets in either parallel or right angel orientation; •at least six
establishments (commercial, manufacturing, recreational and/or personal services); •at least three of the
following: •a town hall, church or chapel with religious service at least once a month; •a public plaza,
park or cemetery; •a market place, or building, where trading activities are carried on at least once a
week; •a public building, like a school, hospital, puericulture and health center or library.

6. 4. Barangays having at least 1,000 inhabitants which meet the conditions set forth in (3) above and where
the occupation of the inhabitants is predominantly non- farming or fishing. RURAL AREAS All
poblaciónes or central districts and all barrios that do not meet the requirements for classification of
urban.
Urbanization is a driving force for growth and poverty reduction. Globally, over 80 percent of economic
activity is concentrated in cities, and cities are essential for lifting millions of people out of poverty
through the opportunities that density and agglomeration can bring with jobs, services, and innovation.
However, if not carefully managed and planned for, the benefits of urbanization are not realized and can
result in congestion, slums, pollution, inequality and crime. City competitiveness is an important part of
successful urbanization. A competitive city facilitates its rims and industries to create jobs, raise
productivity, and increase the incomes of citizens over time.1 At the same time, it is not possible to
achieve these objectives without strong institutions, social inclusion, resilience, and environmental
sustainability. All of these elements are important to harnessing the benefits of urbanization and must be
enabled by both national and local governments. The Philippines is one of the fastest urbanizing countries
in the East Asia and Pacific region. In the past five decades the urban population grew by over 50 million
people, and by 2050, approximately 102 million people (more than 65 percent of the country’s total
population) will reside in cities. Urban density overall is high, particularly in Metro Manila, one of the
regions fast growing megacities. Urbanization is correlated with economic deficiency and growth in the
Philippines, as has been found in other countries. The economic benefits of urbanization are realized
through agglomeration economies based on the high and increasing density of cities which provides much
opportunity for structural transformation of the economy While urbanization in the Philippines has had
positive impacts on increased productivity, economic growth and poverty reduction, the country has not
benefited from urbanization gains as much as other countries which leaves much scope for increasing
opportunities going forward. There are a number of underlying structural issues affecting urbanization in
the Philippines in various ways. First is the countries’ archipelagic geography which creates divisions in
connectivity both internally and to external markets. Second is the country’s bypassing the
industrialization process normally associated with urbanization, having shifted directly from agriculture to
service sector dominance. Third is a stagnating manufacturing sector which has not resulted in high
quality jobs and, in turn, has negatively affected urban led growth. In all known cases of high and
sustained growth, urban manufacturing and services led the process while increases in agricultural
productivity freed up the labor force that moved to the cities and manned factories.2 Fourth, is the
Philippines high exposure to natural hazards, particularly loading and seismic risk, all of which
exacerbate urban management challenges.
CURRENT STATE AND CHALLENGES OF PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES
Risks and opportunities
Cities are the main centers of consumption, resource use, congestion, and waste. Eleven of the 20 most
polluted cities, and 15 of the 20 most vulnerable cities to rising sea levels, are in Asia.
Despite all these problems, cities are the growth drivers of most economies, particularly when one looks
at clusters of cities. Urban density can actually be a positive contributor on many fronts. It is usually
accompanied by lower poverty incidence, increased productivity, and steeper economic growth. This is
true across the board, and even more so as the city size grows. The high concentration of industries and

7. services in highly urbanized cities has attracted job-seekers to relocate in droves to find employment and
gain better access to education, healthcare and overall quality of life.
Urban density creates critical mass, attracts diversity, and makes possible the ‘creative combustion’ that
brings life, new ideas, entrepreneurial vigor, and an innovative verve to urban communities. Today, when
people think of places to live, work, invest, or visit, they think not so much of countries; they think of
cities.
Decisive interventions are imperative at the city level
However, it is important to manage the ‘quality of that density’. Cities like Metro Manila need to ensure
that urban growth is supported by adequate infrastructure, such as adequate power, water, roads, transport
systems, flood control, and waste management, to name a few.
In response, private sector groups, such as the APEC Business Advisory Council (ABAC), have been
pushing for the trend towards sustainable, competitive, and livable cities. ABAC is of the belief that cities
can achieve resilience if they will elevate their competitiveness level in key indicators, such as
transportation and infrastructure, technology readiness, health and safety, environment, and ease of doing
business. This initiative can be a potentially viable long-term solution to mitigating the impact of climate
change. However, more work clearly needs to be done and cooperation and synergies between the public
and private sectors will be integral to taking this initiative forward.
Aside from hard infrastructure, we need to ensure that the right level of governance, urban management
and planning is in place to support Metro Manila. I believe there is a need for the creation of a central
institution that would spearhead a cohesive and strategic planning and execution of a national urban
agenda – from land use and urban planning to infrastructure development while ensuring the
sustainability and resilience of the cities. While the local government units continue to do their part in
addressing the challenges, the lack of an integrated urban management framework and execution falls
short in enabling seamless connectivity across the whole spectrum.
Greater private sector participation in urban development
Since a developing country such as the Philippines would have significant constraints investing in capital
assets for infrastructure, public services, and even disaster management, the government has increasingly
involved the private sector in providing these services to address these challenges without straining public
finances or burdening the population with higher taxes.
The private sector, for its part, has, over time, made significant strides in helping to augment the
Philippines’ urbanization challenges, particularly in the areas of transport, communication, property
development, and disaster management. Much more needs to be done and I believe the private sector can
still intensify its role in helping to develop more livable communities within and outside the metropolis
that encourages decongestion and improves the standard of living significantly.
At Ayala, for instance, we have been pushing to improve our existing townships into more sustainable
developments and building new integrated mixed-use projects of different scales, both within and outside
Metro Manila. To date, we have over 8,000 hectares of strategic land bank, out of which we have 16
large-scale, mixed-use developments across the Philippines. In each of the cities that we have presence in,
we work hand in hand with the local government in planning and building key infrastructure requirements
around our developments, including access roads, pedestrian walkways, and water distribution.

8. Another example is how the build-operate-transfer law enacted in the 1990s has paved the way for private
sector participation in sectors critical to economic growth, particularly in power generation,
telecommunications, transport infrastructure, and water utilities.
Ayala has been an active participant in some of the Philippines’ landmark Public-Private Partnership
(PPP) initiatives. In 1997, Ayala won the country’s first PPP programmed, which was water privatization
for the east zone of Metro Manila. Over the last 18 years, Manila Water has greatly improved water
distribution in the east zone, driving down non-revenue water to 11 per cent and bringing water to 99 per
cent of the households in the area. Today, Manila Water is a leader in the water sector, not only in Manila,
but in other parts of the country, as well as in Southeast Asia.
Similarly, we took part in the government’s liberalization efforts of the telecommunications sector also in
the 1990s and established Globe Telecom. From a virtual monopoly back then, the telecommunications
industry today has spawned a host of entrepreneurial activity and ‘cottage industries’ in various mobile
content and services. More importantly, the vast improvement in the telecommunications infrastructure
has given rise to the business process outsourcing industry, currently one of the main growth engines of
the country.
More recently, the government has started a PPP programmed that includes several potentially impactful
transport infrastructure projects in rail, toll roads, and airports. This should create an ecosystem that is
conducive for urban success.
From what we have seen in the Philippines, good public governance is crucial for implementing
successful PPPs. Multiple stakeholder participation and access to information for informed dialogues are
important, starting from the planning process to the implementation.
Since the auctions under the PPP framework are conducted in a considerably fair and transparent manner,
the projects have attracted great interest from both local and foreign investors, including the Ayala Group.
SOCIO-CULTURAL BASIS OF PLANNING
1. GEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY
2. ANTHROPOLOGY
3. CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
GEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY

9. AVAILABILITY OF LOCAL MATERIALS
Most designers design with available materials. It is not common for people to design with materials
which are not available or which are difficult to obtain. This is especially true in commercial architecture
which is almost always subject to time and cost pressures.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Major current environmental issues may include climate change, pollution, environmental degradation,
and resource depletion etc. The conservation movement lobbies for protection of endangered species and
protection of any ecologically valuable natural areas, genetically modified foods and global warming.
DISASTER PRONE AREAS
The word sustainable is defined as using a resource so that it is not depleted or permanently damaged.
Sustainability is one of the most significant concepts of this decade influencing the design community
planning and architecture.
DIVERSE LAND
Architects design on many places. And each of these places have unique terrain.
ANTHROPOLOGY

10. Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. To understand the full sweep and complexity of
cultures across all of human history, anthropology draws and builds upon knowledge from the social and
biological sciences as well as the humanities and physical sciences. A central concern of anthropologists
is the application of knowledge to the solution of human problems.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
Vernacular architecture is an architectural style that is designed based on local needs, availability of
construction materials and reflecting local traditions. At least originally, vernacular architecture did not
use formally-schooled architects, but relied on the design skills and tradition of local builders.
FACTORS AFFECTING VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
CLIMATIC CONDITION
Climatic influences on vernacular architecture are substantial and can be extremely complex. The man-
made elements interact with the natural microclimate to determine the factors affecting comfort in the
built environment: light, heat, wind, and humidity.
CULTURE
The way of life of people, and the way they use their shelters. These are great influence on architecture
especially on building forms. The size of family units, who shares which spaces, how food is prepared
and eaten, how people interact and many other cultural considerations will affect the layout and size of
dwellings.
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
It’s no secret that architecture and technology go hand in hand—just take a swipe through our project
database to see a deluge of stunning structures that would be impossible without the profession’s ever-
expanding suite of software.
CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

11. Cultural landscapes are landscapes that have been affected, influenced, or shaped by human
involvement. A cultural landscape can be associated with a person or event. It can be thousands of acres
or a tiny homestead. It can be a grand estate, industrial site, park, garden, cemetery, campus and more.
Collectively, cultural landscapes are works of art, narratives of culture, and expressions of regional
identity.
ETHNOGRAPHIC LANDSCAPE
The term “landscape” has a wide range of meaning in natural, cultural, and social research, from “a
picture of natural inland scenery” to “a composition of man-made or man-modified spaces to serve as
infrastructure or background for our collective existence.
HISTORIC SITES
Historic sites are cultural landscapes significant for their association with a historic event, activity or
person.
Architectural conservation describes the process through which the material, historical, and design
integrity of humanity’s-built heritage are prolonged through carefully planned interventions. The
individual engaged in this pursuit is known as an architectural conservator-restorer. Decisions of when
and how to engage in an intervention are critical to the ultimate conservation-restoration of cultural
heritage.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
Vernacular landscapes are landscapes that evolved through use by the people whose activities or
occupancy shaped those landscapes. Through social or cultural attitudes of an individual, family, or a
community, the landscapes reflect the physical, biological, and cultural character of those everyday lives.
REFERENCES:
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/409940469/Socio-cultural-Basis-of-Design-in-Communities
https://asiahouse.org/news-and-views/challenges-opportunities-urban-development-philippines/
https://www.slideshare.net/jobitonio/local-government-and-regionaladministration
https://www.ierek.com/news/index.php/2018/06/21/urban-planning-issues-solutions-2/