As two neighboring agricultural powers, China and Russia have always attached great importance to the agricultural cooperation between the two sides. Especially after China promoted the Belt and Road Initiative, building the China Mongolia Russia Economic Corridor and other major economic development strategies, the two countries have become more closely linked in the trade of agricultural products, and have actively explored deeper cooperation. This paper analyzes the competitiveness of Sino Russian agricultural products trade, and then discusses the trade potential of Sino Russian agricultural products under the Belt and Road Initiative through the gravity model. Aiming at the problems existing in Sino Russian agricultural products trade, this paper puts forward some countermeasures for the cooperation development of Sino Russian agricultural products trade. Lai Quanlin | Jiang Lijie "Research on Trade Competitiveness and Trade Potential of Sino-Russian Agricultural Products" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49351.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/49351/research-on-trade-competitiveness-and-trade-potential-of-sinorussian-agricultural-products/lai-quanlin
An Analytical Study on Impact of WTO on Agricultural Trade in IndiaEliza Sharma
This chapter comprises the review of studies related to the agriculture, agriculture trade across the globe, impact of WTO on agriculture sector of different economies including India, and the reforms or changes occurred in agriculture over the period due to the changes in technology and globalization of the economies. The major gaps found from the studies have been discussed at last based on which the objectives of the study have been framed.
The Relation Between Exports of Main Products And Economic Growth of Key Econ...inventionjournals
This paper clarifies the literature of key product export growth and regional economic growth. The paper analyses impacts of key product export on regional economic growth and vice versa. The paper provides recent empirical evidence of the relation. Besides an evaluation of the recent relation between export growth and economic growth in Viet Nam, the paper assesses the relation between key product export and economic growth during 1996-2012 period based on quantitative and qualitative approaches. With constructed models, the paper examines the relation between key product export and economic growth and concludes that it is positive. The research findings show that key product export in every economic region contributes positively to regional economic growth although it varies in different regions. Based on existing literature and empirical analysis, the paper provides a number of strategies to improve key product export contribution to key economic regions in the most effective manner and vice versa. The paper creates a fundament for researchers and policy makers both regionally and nationally in order for developing effective orientations, policies and measures for promoting export and sustainable eoconomic development.
In September 2013, China proposed the strategy of “One Belt, One Road” for the first time. According to this
context, a comprehensive analysis of the import and export commodities between Shaanxi Province and the Belt and
Road countries was carried out. The analysis found that mechanical and electrical products of Shaanxi Province took
up the largest volume of trade,which had a rapid growth, was followed by light industry and medicine and other
products with stable growth. Shaanxi Province, with coutries along “one belt one road”, shared a relatively high
trade volume of agricultural products, mechanical and electrical products, mineral products and light industrial and
pharmaceutical products, compared to the small one of software and cultural products.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF EXPORT AND IMPORT DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDIAN E...chelliah paramasivan
International trade is a major concept welfare of labour intensive, capital, investment and technology resources promote marketing background throughout world. International trade exchanges of goods and services between countries developing economy inflation. International trade is exchanges of capital good and consumed product transfer across the international borders or territiores. International trade is lockdown period faliure of commercial activities not supply of home appliance products, natural resources during COVID-19 pandemic in Indian economy. Government of India not finalised the export and import extend the marketing network, working capital and reduction of economy growth rate. This paper highlighted is international trade of export and import during COVID-19 pademic in Indian economy.
Export-Play, Important Role of any country’s business India is one among these countries that have been exporting a large number of product and raw material to other countries to earn economy wealth. India is 19th largest export economy. India’s overall, export- in 2019-20 was US $ 313138.5 million and total import was US $ 473995.2 million and trade balance was US $ 160856.7 million. The main object of the paper is to analyse the structural change in foreign trade- Under new Exim policy. The period of the study is from 2010-11 to 2019-20. The result shows that USA, UAE, Hongkong, UK, Germany, Saudi Arbia and China accounted from more than 40% of export from India at the world level. India total export which was US $ 330078.1 million in the year 2018-19 decline to US $ 313138.5 million in the year 2019-20. The total export from India decreased by 5.13% from the year 2018-19 to year 2019-20. In the year 2019-20 the share in total export from India to USA is 16.95%, UAE 9.21%, China 5.30%, Hongkong 3.50%, UK 2.79%, Germany 2.64%, and Saudi Arbia 1.99%. India’s total import in the year 2019-20 was US $ 473995.2 million which China contributed by 37.76%, USA 7.52%, Saudi Ariba 3.60%, Hongkong 3.5%, UAE .38% and Germany 2.81%,. The result show that USA is most important trading partner followed by UAE an UK, Hongkong, China and other countries.
The main goal of this research was identifying non-resource non-energy goods with the highest
export potential for export to China from all the variety and complexity of the product range that Russia is able
to export. Under the new bilateral cooperation framework Russia is able to unleash its export potential and
effectively diversify its exports to China, while China - to receive a profitable supplier for the long term.
Prospects for Developing System of State Promotion of Export in the Republic ...ijtsrd
In this article, the author researches Chinese experience of promoting export, areas of state regulation of exports, support for local producers and export support and developed proposals for export promotion in Uzbekistan. Comparative analysis of the economic development of the People’s Republic of China, its impact on international trade and the system of state promotion for exports between Uzbekistan and China, the main problems in the development of the export support system of Uzbekistan and exports promotion in Uzbekistan by exploring the possibilities of using the Chinese experience in the development of the export promotion system. Sarvar Inagamov "Prospects for Developing System of State Promotion of Export in the Republic of Uzbekistan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/49082/prospects-for-developing-system-of-state-promotion-of-export-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan/sarvar-inagamov
Foreign Direct Investment, Trade and Economic Growth: A New Paradigm of the B...Akhilesh Chandra Prabhakar
The present study begins by surveying broadly supports the assertion that regional integration in the case of the
BRICS is not adequately paid attention except with very few original or significant contributions. This research
examines the existing pattern in the areas of trade and investment with a view to locate in the development
context. It was also essential to make a theoretical investigation on literature of trade along with the empirical
one. The survey broadly supports the frequent, through usually undocumented, assertion that BRICS was an area
had tended to neglect and to which they had made few if any original or significant contributions. Alongside, this
study panel data on BRICSs, where the results confirm that foreign direct investment (FDI), trade and economic
growth indicate the presence of long-run sustainable equilibrium relationship between them. It is thus important
that policymakers to remove obstacles to FDI inflows and improve the respective absorptive capacity in order to
reap maximize positive growth effects. This study also discussed that how China performed well through
attracting FDI inflows and maintained trade balance.
An Analytical Study on Impact of WTO on Agricultural Trade in IndiaEliza Sharma
This chapter comprises the review of studies related to the agriculture, agriculture trade across the globe, impact of WTO on agriculture sector of different economies including India, and the reforms or changes occurred in agriculture over the period due to the changes in technology and globalization of the economies. The major gaps found from the studies have been discussed at last based on which the objectives of the study have been framed.
The Relation Between Exports of Main Products And Economic Growth of Key Econ...inventionjournals
This paper clarifies the literature of key product export growth and regional economic growth. The paper analyses impacts of key product export on regional economic growth and vice versa. The paper provides recent empirical evidence of the relation. Besides an evaluation of the recent relation between export growth and economic growth in Viet Nam, the paper assesses the relation between key product export and economic growth during 1996-2012 period based on quantitative and qualitative approaches. With constructed models, the paper examines the relation between key product export and economic growth and concludes that it is positive. The research findings show that key product export in every economic region contributes positively to regional economic growth although it varies in different regions. Based on existing literature and empirical analysis, the paper provides a number of strategies to improve key product export contribution to key economic regions in the most effective manner and vice versa. The paper creates a fundament for researchers and policy makers both regionally and nationally in order for developing effective orientations, policies and measures for promoting export and sustainable eoconomic development.
In September 2013, China proposed the strategy of “One Belt, One Road” for the first time. According to this
context, a comprehensive analysis of the import and export commodities between Shaanxi Province and the Belt and
Road countries was carried out. The analysis found that mechanical and electrical products of Shaanxi Province took
up the largest volume of trade,which had a rapid growth, was followed by light industry and medicine and other
products with stable growth. Shaanxi Province, with coutries along “one belt one road”, shared a relatively high
trade volume of agricultural products, mechanical and electrical products, mineral products and light industrial and
pharmaceutical products, compared to the small one of software and cultural products.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF EXPORT AND IMPORT DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDIAN E...chelliah paramasivan
International trade is a major concept welfare of labour intensive, capital, investment and technology resources promote marketing background throughout world. International trade exchanges of goods and services between countries developing economy inflation. International trade is exchanges of capital good and consumed product transfer across the international borders or territiores. International trade is lockdown period faliure of commercial activities not supply of home appliance products, natural resources during COVID-19 pandemic in Indian economy. Government of India not finalised the export and import extend the marketing network, working capital and reduction of economy growth rate. This paper highlighted is international trade of export and import during COVID-19 pademic in Indian economy.
Export-Play, Important Role of any country’s business India is one among these countries that have been exporting a large number of product and raw material to other countries to earn economy wealth. India is 19th largest export economy. India’s overall, export- in 2019-20 was US $ 313138.5 million and total import was US $ 473995.2 million and trade balance was US $ 160856.7 million. The main object of the paper is to analyse the structural change in foreign trade- Under new Exim policy. The period of the study is from 2010-11 to 2019-20. The result shows that USA, UAE, Hongkong, UK, Germany, Saudi Arbia and China accounted from more than 40% of export from India at the world level. India total export which was US $ 330078.1 million in the year 2018-19 decline to US $ 313138.5 million in the year 2019-20. The total export from India decreased by 5.13% from the year 2018-19 to year 2019-20. In the year 2019-20 the share in total export from India to USA is 16.95%, UAE 9.21%, China 5.30%, Hongkong 3.50%, UK 2.79%, Germany 2.64%, and Saudi Arbia 1.99%. India’s total import in the year 2019-20 was US $ 473995.2 million which China contributed by 37.76%, USA 7.52%, Saudi Ariba 3.60%, Hongkong 3.5%, UAE .38% and Germany 2.81%,. The result show that USA is most important trading partner followed by UAE an UK, Hongkong, China and other countries.
The main goal of this research was identifying non-resource non-energy goods with the highest
export potential for export to China from all the variety and complexity of the product range that Russia is able
to export. Under the new bilateral cooperation framework Russia is able to unleash its export potential and
effectively diversify its exports to China, while China - to receive a profitable supplier for the long term.
Prospects for Developing System of State Promotion of Export in the Republic ...ijtsrd
In this article, the author researches Chinese experience of promoting export, areas of state regulation of exports, support for local producers and export support and developed proposals for export promotion in Uzbekistan. Comparative analysis of the economic development of the People’s Republic of China, its impact on international trade and the system of state promotion for exports between Uzbekistan and China, the main problems in the development of the export support system of Uzbekistan and exports promotion in Uzbekistan by exploring the possibilities of using the Chinese experience in the development of the export promotion system. Sarvar Inagamov "Prospects for Developing System of State Promotion of Export in the Republic of Uzbekistan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/49082/prospects-for-developing-system-of-state-promotion-of-export-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan/sarvar-inagamov
Foreign Direct Investment, Trade and Economic Growth: A New Paradigm of the B...Akhilesh Chandra Prabhakar
The present study begins by surveying broadly supports the assertion that regional integration in the case of the
BRICS is not adequately paid attention except with very few original or significant contributions. This research
examines the existing pattern in the areas of trade and investment with a view to locate in the development
context. It was also essential to make a theoretical investigation on literature of trade along with the empirical
one. The survey broadly supports the frequent, through usually undocumented, assertion that BRICS was an area
had tended to neglect and to which they had made few if any original or significant contributions. Alongside, this
study panel data on BRICSs, where the results confirm that foreign direct investment (FDI), trade and economic
growth indicate the presence of long-run sustainable equilibrium relationship between them. It is thus important
that policymakers to remove obstacles to FDI inflows and improve the respective absorptive capacity in order to
reap maximize positive growth effects. This study also discussed that how China performed well through
attracting FDI inflows and maintained trade balance.
Economic Ties of Georgia with Central Asian Countries and Future Cooperation ...ijtsrd
Central Asia is decisively one of the most significant regions in the world that makes a valuable contribution to Eurasian economic cooperation. The region is affluent with natural and energy resources that arouse the interest and desire for collaboration among the neighbors and generally, rest of the world. Georgia and the Central Asian republics are connected by historical liaison, starting from the ancient Silk Road. Although the multilateral relations have improved significantly over the years, much remains to be undertaken. For this region, Georgia is a gateway to connect with the Western world. On the other hand, Central Asia is also in Georgian interest, that allows the country to be involved in regional transportation projects, as well as increase its access to Asian markets. The aim of the following paper is to analyze economic relationships between Georgia and Central Asian countries in terms of foreign trade, tourism, foreign direct investments and remittances, detailed by countries. Additionally, the study pays attention to future collaboration perspectives and priority areas between the countries. This incorporates the partnership in such strategic spheres, as trade, energy, transport, tourism and infrastructure. The analysis of these issues is crucial since the economic intimacies between the given countries will contribute to deepening cooperation between the nations of the region and push Eurasian economic cooperation ahead. Davit Shatakishvili "Economic Ties of Georgia with Central Asian Countries and Future Cooperation Perspectives" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46396.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/46396/economic-ties-of-georgia-with-central-asian-countries-and-future-cooperation-perspectives/davit-shatakishvili
Chinese Experience of Regulating and Encouraging Foreign Tradeijtsrd
In this article, the author researches Chinese experience of promoting export, areas of state regulation of exports, support for local producers and export support and developed proposals for export promotion in Uzbekistan. Comparative analysis of the economic development of the People's Republic of China, its impact on international trade and the system of state promotion for exports between Uzbekistan and China, the main problems in the development of the export support system of Uzbekistan and exports promotion in Uzbekistan by exploring the possibilities of using the Chinese experience in the development of the export promotion system. Sarvar Inagamov "Chinese Experience of Regulating and Encouraging Foreign Trade" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47627.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/47627/chinese-experience-of-regulating-and-encouraging-foreign-trade/sarvar-inagamov
Russian–Chinese Dialogue: The 2016 Model: Report No. 25/2016Russian Council
This report presents the results of analysis of the state of Russia–China relations in 2015 and the first quarter of 2016.
Leading experts from Russia and China study key foreign policy interests of the two countries, their trade and economic bilateral relations, including investment, transport and energy projects. Special attention is given to security in Eurasia and the role of multilateral institutions in guaranteeing security, the alignment of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Silk Road Economic Belt projects, as well as Russia–China scientific, educational and cultural cooperation.
The content of the annual joint report is aimed at improving the effectiveness of the main areas of bilateral cooperation between Russia and China and bringing the opinions of the expert and academic community to the political leadership of the two countries.
An Analysis of Indian Commercial Dynamism in International Trade: 2000-2021Samsul Alam
The study first looks at the fundamentals of growth rate, trade balance, coverage rate, openness rate, and the share of global indicators before presenting each of them in more detail. It thus assesses India's overall commercial dynamism. A thorough analysis is made using data gathered from the World Bank's databank in order to carry out this study. An analysis of time series data is performed using data from 2000 to 2021. MS Excel is then used to analyze the data and provide a suitable interpretation. The results show that India has an average growth rate of 12.16 for imports and 12.02 for exports, a deficit trade balance over the years, a coverage rate that ranges from 78.49 (2012) to 97.97 (2020), trade openness that ranges from 26 (2001) to 56 (2012) percent, and a total global market share of 2.52 (2021) and 0.79. (2000). Researchers, other stakeholders in the field, and policymakers in nearby countries, specifically mentioning Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Myanmar and Indian governments, could all benefit from this study's findings.
India’s Trade with GCC in the Age of Covid 19ijtsrd
COVID 19s emergence has tipped the global economic system. Due to the outbreak of COVID 19, the economic structure of the entire planet has been severely destabilized. Global trade has found itself in a perilous position as a result of the lockdown and social distancing measures that have been put in place. It is one of Indias most important trading partners to have a relationship with the Gulf Cooperation Council GCC . Attempts have been made in this paper to explore the pattern and possibilities of Indian trade with countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council GCC in the period of COVID 19. The data from January 2020 to December 2021 was gathered from secondary sources and then analysed. Specifically, this study investigates the impact of the epidemic on Indias aggregate trade with the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council GCC . These findings indicate that Indias exports to the Gulf Cooperation Council GCC are more negatively affected by COVID 19 restrictions than its exports to the rest of the world. Despite the fact that the Gulf Cooperation Council countries offer India immense opportunity for trade and investment. Faisal Khan | Mohammed Sulaiman "India’s Trade with GCC in the Age of Covid-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52463.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/52463/india’s-trade-with-gcc-in-the-age-of-covid19/faisal-khan
Belt and Road Initiative Presentation 2024nncg9xwb2y
B&R Initiative The abstract provides an overview of the study, focusing on the Belt and Road Initiative
(BRI) initiated by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013. It outlines the objectives and scope
of the research, which is to examine the impact of BRI on the economic growth of Asian
economies along the BRI route. The methodology used involves panel data regression
analysis with various macroeconomic variables. The abstract concludes by stating the
significant impact of BRI on Asian economies' growth, along with other influential factors
like imports, political stability, and corruption.
In the introduction, the focus shifts to a broader discussion of the Belt and Road Initiative
(BRI) as one of President Xi Jinping's ambitious policies. It highlights the initiative's goal of
enhancing China's economic leadership through extensive infrastructure development in
its neighboring regions. Additionally, it touches upon the geopolitical perspective of the
initiative, suggesting it as China's strategy to assert political dominance over neighboring
countries. The introduction also hints at the economic motivations behind the BRI, pointing
towards China's economic concerns as the driving force behind the initiative.
Competitiveness of Kazakhstan’s Agricultural Export: Influencing Factor AnalysisIjbmmJournal
The research, "Competitiveness of Kazakhstan’s Agricultural Exports: Influencing Factor
Analysis," delves into deciphering the factors that shape the competitive landscape of Kazakhstan's agricultural
exports on the global stage. Employing comprehensive analytical tools like descriptive statistics and regression
models, this study scrutinizes pivotal determinants including production efficiency, infrastructure development,
policy formulations
Does the Gravity Model Explain Bangladesh’s Direction of Trade? A Panel Data ...iosrjce
The goal of this article is to investigate the determinants of bilateral trade flows of Bangladesh with
her fifty two major trading partners with the use of trade gravity model approach. The gravity model has been
estimated using pooled OLS, fixed effects, random effects estimation technique with the help of panel data for
the period 1975-2005. Our estimation results show that trade volume of Bangladesh responds more than
proportionally to per capita GDP and distance for OECD and NON –OECD trading partner countries
separately. Bangladesh’s direction of trade pattern is also strongly governed by geographical characteristics,
such as Area implying Bangladesh has a tendency to trade with larger countries. Membership in OECD and
GSP dummy has significant impact on trade. The results of gravity models have also been applied to calculate
the trade potentials indicating that Bangladesh has unexploited trade potentials with countries like UK,
Singapore, Netherlands, Germany, UAE, Canada, India, China, Italy, Australia, Germany, Switzerland &
Pakistan. We have found that the actual trade is converging towards equilibrium level of trade using average
speed of convergence measure. Therefore, identifying & utilizing unexploited trade potentials among some of
Bangladesh’s trading partners should stimulate growth to alleviate unemployment & poverty.
Development of Russian–Chinese Trade, Economic, Financial and Cross-Border Re...Russian Council
This Working Paper was prepared as part of a research project concerning the development of strategic partnership and constructive cooperation between Russia and China carried out by the Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC).
The authors present the results of a comprehensive review of Russian–Chinese trade, economic, financial and cross-border relations, analyse the impact of strengthening bilateral cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on the prospects of a “partnership for modernization”, and offer some recommendations in the area of bilateral relations and the development of Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East.
Economic Cooperation between India and Japan Opportunities, Challenges and Fu...ijtsrd
This research paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the opportunities, challenges, and future prospects of economic cooperation between India and Japan. It begins by examining the historical context and the bilateral relationship between the two countries, highlighting key milestones and agreements that have shaped their economic cooperation. The paper emphasizes the importance of trade as a key aspect of their collaboration, highlighting the growth and diversification of bilateral trade and the role of trade agreements such as the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement CEPA . It identifies sectors such as automobiles, machinery, pharmaceuticals, and electronics as driving forces behind bilateral trade.In terms of investment, the paper explores the patterns and trends of foreign direct investment FDI flows between India and Japan. It recognizes the sectors that have attracted significant Japanese investments in India, such as manufacturing, infrastructure, and information technology. It also discusses government initiatives and policies that promote investment cooperation. Challenges and obstacles to economic cooperation are addressed, including regulatory and administrative barriers, cultural and language differences, and geopolitical factors. The paper highlights the need to streamline regulations, promote cultural exchanges, and navigate geopolitical tensions for effective collaboration. Looking towards the future, the paper identifies potential areas of collaboration, such as manufacturing, the digital economy, and the start up ecosystem. It also discusses the importance of skill development, human resource exchange, and defense and security cooperation in shaping the future trajectory of economic cooperation. Dr. Pritee Verma "Economic Cooperation between India and Japan: Opportunities, Challenges and Future Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd58611.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/58611/economic-cooperation-between-india-and-japan-opportunities-challenges-and-future-prospects/dr-pritee-verma
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Chinese Experience of Regulating and Encouraging Foreign Tradeijtsrd
In this article, the author researches Chinese experience of promoting export, areas of state regulation of exports, support for local producers and export support and developed proposals for export promotion in Uzbekistan. Comparative analysis of the economic development of the People's Republic of China, its impact on international trade and the system of state promotion for exports between Uzbekistan and China, the main problems in the development of the export support system of Uzbekistan and exports promotion in Uzbekistan by exploring the possibilities of using the Chinese experience in the development of the export promotion system. Sarvar Inagamov "Chinese Experience of Regulating and Encouraging Foreign Trade" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47627.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/47627/chinese-experience-of-regulating-and-encouraging-foreign-trade/sarvar-inagamov
Russian–Chinese Dialogue: The 2016 Model: Report No. 25/2016Russian Council
This report presents the results of analysis of the state of Russia–China relations in 2015 and the first quarter of 2016.
Leading experts from Russia and China study key foreign policy interests of the two countries, their trade and economic bilateral relations, including investment, transport and energy projects. Special attention is given to security in Eurasia and the role of multilateral institutions in guaranteeing security, the alignment of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Silk Road Economic Belt projects, as well as Russia–China scientific, educational and cultural cooperation.
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An Analysis of Indian Commercial Dynamism in International Trade: 2000-2021Samsul Alam
The study first looks at the fundamentals of growth rate, trade balance, coverage rate, openness rate, and the share of global indicators before presenting each of them in more detail. It thus assesses India's overall commercial dynamism. A thorough analysis is made using data gathered from the World Bank's databank in order to carry out this study. An analysis of time series data is performed using data from 2000 to 2021. MS Excel is then used to analyze the data and provide a suitable interpretation. The results show that India has an average growth rate of 12.16 for imports and 12.02 for exports, a deficit trade balance over the years, a coverage rate that ranges from 78.49 (2012) to 97.97 (2020), trade openness that ranges from 26 (2001) to 56 (2012) percent, and a total global market share of 2.52 (2021) and 0.79. (2000). Researchers, other stakeholders in the field, and policymakers in nearby countries, specifically mentioning Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Myanmar and Indian governments, could all benefit from this study's findings.
India’s Trade with GCC in the Age of Covid 19ijtsrd
COVID 19s emergence has tipped the global economic system. Due to the outbreak of COVID 19, the economic structure of the entire planet has been severely destabilized. Global trade has found itself in a perilous position as a result of the lockdown and social distancing measures that have been put in place. It is one of Indias most important trading partners to have a relationship with the Gulf Cooperation Council GCC . Attempts have been made in this paper to explore the pattern and possibilities of Indian trade with countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council GCC in the period of COVID 19. The data from January 2020 to December 2021 was gathered from secondary sources and then analysed. Specifically, this study investigates the impact of the epidemic on Indias aggregate trade with the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council GCC . These findings indicate that Indias exports to the Gulf Cooperation Council GCC are more negatively affected by COVID 19 restrictions than its exports to the rest of the world. Despite the fact that the Gulf Cooperation Council countries offer India immense opportunity for trade and investment. Faisal Khan | Mohammed Sulaiman "India’s Trade with GCC in the Age of Covid-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52463.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/52463/india’s-trade-with-gcc-in-the-age-of-covid19/faisal-khan
Belt and Road Initiative Presentation 2024nncg9xwb2y
B&R Initiative The abstract provides an overview of the study, focusing on the Belt and Road Initiative
(BRI) initiated by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013. It outlines the objectives and scope
of the research, which is to examine the impact of BRI on the economic growth of Asian
economies along the BRI route. The methodology used involves panel data regression
analysis with various macroeconomic variables. The abstract concludes by stating the
significant impact of BRI on Asian economies' growth, along with other influential factors
like imports, political stability, and corruption.
In the introduction, the focus shifts to a broader discussion of the Belt and Road Initiative
(BRI) as one of President Xi Jinping's ambitious policies. It highlights the initiative's goal of
enhancing China's economic leadership through extensive infrastructure development in
its neighboring regions. Additionally, it touches upon the geopolitical perspective of the
initiative, suggesting it as China's strategy to assert political dominance over neighboring
countries. The introduction also hints at the economic motivations behind the BRI, pointing
towards China's economic concerns as the driving force behind the initiative.
Competitiveness of Kazakhstan’s Agricultural Export: Influencing Factor AnalysisIjbmmJournal
The research, "Competitiveness of Kazakhstan’s Agricultural Exports: Influencing Factor
Analysis," delves into deciphering the factors that shape the competitive landscape of Kazakhstan's agricultural
exports on the global stage. Employing comprehensive analytical tools like descriptive statistics and regression
models, this study scrutinizes pivotal determinants including production efficiency, infrastructure development,
policy formulations
Does the Gravity Model Explain Bangladesh’s Direction of Trade? A Panel Data ...iosrjce
The goal of this article is to investigate the determinants of bilateral trade flows of Bangladesh with
her fifty two major trading partners with the use of trade gravity model approach. The gravity model has been
estimated using pooled OLS, fixed effects, random effects estimation technique with the help of panel data for
the period 1975-2005. Our estimation results show that trade volume of Bangladesh responds more than
proportionally to per capita GDP and distance for OECD and NON –OECD trading partner countries
separately. Bangladesh’s direction of trade pattern is also strongly governed by geographical characteristics,
such as Area implying Bangladesh has a tendency to trade with larger countries. Membership in OECD and
GSP dummy has significant impact on trade. The results of gravity models have also been applied to calculate
the trade potentials indicating that Bangladesh has unexploited trade potentials with countries like UK,
Singapore, Netherlands, Germany, UAE, Canada, India, China, Italy, Australia, Germany, Switzerland &
Pakistan. We have found that the actual trade is converging towards equilibrium level of trade using average
speed of convergence measure. Therefore, identifying & utilizing unexploited trade potentials among some of
Bangladesh’s trading partners should stimulate growth to alleviate unemployment & poverty.
Development of Russian–Chinese Trade, Economic, Financial and Cross-Border Re...Russian Council
This Working Paper was prepared as part of a research project concerning the development of strategic partnership and constructive cooperation between Russia and China carried out by the Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC).
The authors present the results of a comprehensive review of Russian–Chinese trade, economic, financial and cross-border relations, analyse the impact of strengthening bilateral cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on the prospects of a “partnership for modernization”, and offer some recommendations in the area of bilateral relations and the development of Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East.
Economic Cooperation between India and Japan Opportunities, Challenges and Fu...ijtsrd
This research paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the opportunities, challenges, and future prospects of economic cooperation between India and Japan. It begins by examining the historical context and the bilateral relationship between the two countries, highlighting key milestones and agreements that have shaped their economic cooperation. The paper emphasizes the importance of trade as a key aspect of their collaboration, highlighting the growth and diversification of bilateral trade and the role of trade agreements such as the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement CEPA . It identifies sectors such as automobiles, machinery, pharmaceuticals, and electronics as driving forces behind bilateral trade.In terms of investment, the paper explores the patterns and trends of foreign direct investment FDI flows between India and Japan. It recognizes the sectors that have attracted significant Japanese investments in India, such as manufacturing, infrastructure, and information technology. It also discusses government initiatives and policies that promote investment cooperation. Challenges and obstacles to economic cooperation are addressed, including regulatory and administrative barriers, cultural and language differences, and geopolitical factors. The paper highlights the need to streamline regulations, promote cultural exchanges, and navigate geopolitical tensions for effective collaboration. Looking towards the future, the paper identifies potential areas of collaboration, such as manufacturing, the digital economy, and the start up ecosystem. It also discusses the importance of skill development, human resource exchange, and defense and security cooperation in shaping the future trajectory of economic cooperation. Dr. Pritee Verma "Economic Cooperation between India and Japan: Opportunities, Challenges and Future Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd58611.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/58611/economic-cooperation-between-india-and-japan-opportunities-challenges-and-future-prospects/dr-pritee-verma
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD49351 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 2 | Jan-Feb 2022 Page 999
puts forward suggestions on improving the
investment environment, perfecting the supporting
infrastructure construction, and establishing Sino-
Russian agricultural production bases along the road.
Wu Xuejun (2010)[4]
, Sun Yuxin (2016)[5]
, Hu
Guoliang and others (2020)[6]
measure intra-industry
trade indexes such as Revealed Comparative
Advantage and Trade Complementarity Index on the
level of product segmentation. It is found that the
agricultural products exported from China to Russia
are mainly labor-intensive agricultural products such
as aquatic products, vegetables and fruits, while the
agricultural products exported from Russia to China
are mainly forest products. Besides fish, crustaceans
and molluscs and products, the advantageous
agricultural products of China and those of Russia are
different and highly complementary. The large
structural difference in import and export trade
between the two sides is also one of the reasons for
the trade deficit (Tong Guangji and Shi Lei, 2017)[7]
.
In view of the problems existing in Sino-Russian
trade, scholars have carried out further research. The
obstacles in Sino-Russian agricultural economic and
trade cooperation are mainly reflected in the
difficulties in financing development, large trade
barriers in agricultural products, lagging cooperation
in processing and trading of agricultural products, low
efficiency of Russian customs in freight and
passenger transport, and low efficiencyin finance and
taxation (Luo Xiaoli, 2012)[8]
. Luan Shaoxiang
(2014)[9]
Through the analysis of the data and policies
of the trade in rural products between China and
Russia, this paper summarizes the problems faced by
the agricultural cooperation between China and
Russia, which are mainly as follows: the cooperation
mode is mainly small border trade, the agricultural
products trade is mainly in the middle and low end,
the support to the agricultural enterprises in Russia is
insufficient, and the agricultural labor cooperation is
at a low level. In addition to the traditional tariff trade
barriers, Sun Hongyu and Tong Guangji (2019)[10]
empirically test the impact of green trade barriers on
the trade volume of agricultural products exported
from China to Russia through VAR model. The
results show that green trade barriers have a
continuous inhibitory effect on the trade volume of
agricultural products exported from China to Russia.
In terms of the application of the method to analyze
the trade development potential, Zhang Zhixin et al.
(2019)[11]
analyzed the trade relationship between
China and western Asian countries through TCD and
RTA index, and calculated the trade potential index
between China and western Asian countries using the
trade gravity model, finding that the bilateral trade
potential is relatively stable. Xie Yiqing and Leuvent
(2020)[12]
based on the "gravity model" of
international trade and the characteristics of the trade
industry, review and analyze the broad and intensive
margins of the international trade potential of the
countries along the Belt and Road Initiativeroute from
different perspectives. Zhou Chong and Zhou
Dongyang (2020)[13]
use the extended gravity model
to measure the trade potential between China and 30
Latin American countries. The results show that the
trade between China and most Latin American
countries is potential development, and there is still a
large trade space in the future. Dang Lin Jing and
Zhao Jing Feng (2020)[14]
have constructed a time-
varying stochastic frontier gravity model and a trade
inefficiency model for China's agricultural exports to
countries along the Belt and Road Initiative route,
calculated and analyzed China's trade efficiency and
major influencing factors for agricultural exports to
countries along the route, and predicted the export
potential and expansion space. Liu Yexin and Li Li
(2018)[15]
use the stochastic frontier gravity model to
study the bilateral trade potential between China and
Russia, which indicates that the total trade between
China and Russia is at a relatively stable level and the
trade potential is huge. Li Shuang and Zu Ge Yan
(2020)[16]
discussed the export trade potential of Sino-
Russian agricultural products under the background
of China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor by
constructing a gravity model of Sino-Russian
agricultural products export trade. They believed that
the overall and classified export trade potential of
Sino-Russian agricultural products were potential
development models, and had a large development
space. The trade potential index of agricultural
products shows an upward trend and trade
development is stable.
II. Trade Competitiveness of Sino-Russian
Agricultural Products
A. Trade intensity index
In this paper, the export intensity index is used to
analyze the closeness of the Sino-Russian agricultural
trade relationship. The calculation formula is as
follows:
)
/
/(
)
/
( w
j
i
ij
x M
M
X
X
TII = ( 2-1)
In formula (2-1), Xij represents the export value of
country I to country J; Xi represents total exports of
country I; Mj represents the total import of country j;
Mw represents the world's total imports. If TIIx˃1, it
indicates that the trade ties between the two countries
are relatively close. The greater the value, the closer
the trade ties between the two countries. If TIIx≤1,
the trade links between the two countries are
relatively loose. The smaller the value, the more
distant the trade ties between the two countries are.
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Source: based on UN Comtrade (three decimal places)
Figure 1 Trends of Sino-Russian Agricultural Product Trade Intensity Index from 2002 to 2019
See Figure 1 for the trade intensity index of agricultural products between China and Russia and Russia from
2002 to 2019. We can see that: (i)the average TII index of Chinese agricultural products exported to Russia is
1.494, and the average TII index of Russian agricultural products exported to China is 1.831, indicating that the
trade intensity of Chinese and Russian agricultural products is relatively high and the trade ties are relatively
close. (ii)The average value of the intensity index of trade in agricultural products between Russia and China is
greater than the average value of the intensity index of trade in agricultural products between Russia and China,
and the degree of integration of trade in agricultural products between Russia and China continues to be greater
than that between China and Russia. This indicates that China's position in the market of agricultural products in
Russia is more important than Russia's in the market of agricultural products in China, and demonstrates the
importance of China's market in the trade of agricultural products in Russia. (iii)Sino-Russian trade in
agricultural products is closely linked and relatively stable. Since 2002, the intensityindex of Sino-Russian trade
in agricultural products has been kept between 1 and 2, with a significant decline in the first place. This is due to
the trend of diversification in the export market of agricultural products since China joined the World Trade
Organization (WTO). After that, it recovered slightly and became stable on the whole, which roughly coincided
with the time when the Belt and Road Initiative and the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor were put
forward. However, the intensity index of trade in agricultural products between Russia and China has been kept
between 1.5 and 2.5, with a slight "positive U" change in the change trend, indicating that although the trade
combination of agricultural products between Russia and China decreased from 2002 to 2010, with the changes
in domestic and international situations, the trade ties between Russia and China are becoming closer and closer.
B. Revealed comparative advantage index
This index is used to measure the agricultural trade between China and Russia, analyze the comparative
advantages of each category of agricultural products, and apply the calculation formula adapted to the
comparative advantage analysis of bilateral agricultural trade:
iwt
iwk
ijt
ijk
x
ijk
/
x
/
x
X
X
RCA = ( 2-2)
In formula (2-2), RCAxijk is the revealed comparative advantage index of commodity K exported from country I
to country J; Xijk and xijt in the molecule respectively represent the trade volume of commodity K exported from
country I to country J and the trade volume of all commodities exported from country I to country J; Xiwk and
Xiwt in the denominator respectively represent the trade volume of commodity K exported from country I to the
world and the trade volume of all commodities exported from country I to the world. When RCA value (i.e.
comparative advantage index) is less than 1, competitiveness is weak; On the contrary, it is more competitive.
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Source: based on UN Comtrade (three decimal places)
Figure 2 Trends of Sino-Russian Agricultural Products RCA from 2002 to 2019
According to Figure 2, from the perspective of the indicative comparative advantage of the overall agricultural
products, it can be seen that the comparative advantage index of China's and Russia's agricultural products is
1.574 and 0.939 respectively, indicating that China's agricultural products have a larger comparative advantage,
while Russia's agricultural products are slightly inferior. It is worth noting that the comparative advantage of
China's agricultural products is in a downward trend, while the comparative advantage of Russia's agricultural
products is in a fluctuating process with a leap-forward increase and then a steady decline in 2010. As shown in
Figure 5, from 2002 to 2019, the RCA value of agricultural products in China continued to decline from 2.341 in
2002 to 1.199 in 2019, while that of agricultural products in Russia increased from 0.365 to 2.521 in 2008 to
2010, decreased to 0.900 in 2012, and then remained at about 1. Although the comparative advantage of China's
agricultural products continues to decline, it is still higher than that of Russia's agricultural products. Considering
that Russia's advantages in agricultural resources make Russia's agriculture more potential for development, it is
expected that Russia's comparative advantage in agricultural products will have further development space in the
future and may surpass China's.
Although the RCA value of China's agricultural products continues to decline, from the comparative advantages
of specific categories of agricultural products, some Chinese agricultural products still have certain competitive
advantages in the Russian market.
Table 1 Comparison of RCA index of China and Russia's Segmented Agricultural Products
HS code
RCA index of Chinese agricultural products RCA index of Russian agricultural products
2009 2014 2019 2009 2014 2019
01 0.000 0.006 0.030 0.208 3.444 0.161
02 1.285 1.007 0.145 0.000 0.000 1.810
03 1.453 0.863 0.953 7.109 4.243 3.063
04 0.147 0.082 0.005 0.001 0.065 0.109
05 0.060 0.042 0.024 1.460 2.218 1.602
06 0.349 0.075 0.133 0.405 0.000 0.000
07 2.407 1.770 1.836 0.130 0.022 0.015
08 6.446 3.274 2.628 3.987 2.284 0.387
09 1.866 1.083 0.923 0.000 0.003 0.040
10 1.526 0.542 0.251 0.001 0.012 0.032
11 0.213 0.088 0.035 0.020 0.301 1.082
12 1.203 0.607 0.694 0.141 1.082 2.658
13 1.273 1.497 2.031 0.000 0.000 0.195
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14 0.184 0.260 0.611 0.000 0.000 0.001
15 0.566 0.379 0.214 0.000 0.094 1.302
16 2.089 1.811 0.949 0.040 0.033 0.119
17 1.661 1.345 0.901 0.000 0.024 0.088
18 1.005 0.836 0.270 0.001 0.084 1.142
19 0.316 0.561 0.587 0.003 0.016 0.300
20 3.418 2.514 2.143 0.011 0.017 0.039
21 1.534 1.686 0.836 0.004 0.038 0.089
22 0.477 0.223 0.366 0.076 0.181 0.434
23 0.208 0.723 0.912 1.996 0.576 0.396
24 0.951 0.305 0.252 0.000 0.308 0.108
Source: based on UN Comtrade (three decimal places)
Table 1 gives a breakdown of agricultural products RCA between China and Russia in 2009 (after the financial
crisis), 2014 (after the Belt and Road Initiative) and 2019 (after the Sino-US trade friction). It can be found that:
(i) According to the size and sustainability of RCA, the three types of agricultural products that have always
maintained a large comparative advantage for China are: edible vegetables, roots and tubers (HS07); Eating
fruits and nuts; Peel of fruits such as melon (HS08); Products of vegetables, fruits or other parts of plants
(HS20). These three types of agricultural products have always maintained a huge competitive advantage,
among which, the RCA index of HS08 has always been greater than 2.5, with a strong competitive advantage. In
addition, China's comparative advantages in shellac, gum, fats and other plant fluids, juices (HS13) and food
industry residues and waste, formulated feed (HS23) are gradually increasing. In fish and other aquatic
invertebrates (HS03), coffee, tea, yerba mate and spices (HS09), meat, fish and other aquatic invertebrate
products (HS16) and agricultural products such as sugar and confectionery (HS17), the dominant comparative
advantage index RCA was above 0.9, very close to 1. However, the comparative advantage of agricultural
products such as miscellaneous food (HS21) also declined. (ii) According to the size and persistence of the
dominant comparative advantage index RCA, the three types of agricultural products in which Russia has always
maintained comparative advantage are: fish and other aquatic invertebrates (HS03), other animal products
(HS05), oilseeds, kernels and industrial medicinal plants (HS12). Among them, fish and other aquatic
invertebrates (HS03) have obvious competitive advantages. In addition, the comparative advantages of meat and
edible offal (HS02), animal and vegetable fats and oils, waxes, refined edible fats and oils (HS15) and cocoa and
cocoa products (HS18) increased, while the competitive advantages of edible fruits and nuts, peels of fruits such
as melons (HS08) and food industry residues and wastes, formulated feed (HS23) decreased significantly. (iii)
On the whole, there are differences in the types of agricultural products in which China and Russia have
comparative advantages, and the competitiveness of both sides in agricultural products trade is relatively weak.
C. Trade complementarity index
Through this index, the trade complementarity between China's agricultural exports and Russia's agricultural
imports is calculated as follows:
)]
(
)
[( m
ijk
x
ijk
ijk RCA
RCA
C ×
∑
= ( 2-3)
iwt
iwk
ijt
ijk
x
ijk
X
X
x
x
RCA
/
/
= ( 2-4)
iwt
iwk
ijt
ijk
m
ijk
M
M
m
m
RCA
/
/
= ( 2-5)
Xijk in formula (2-5) represents the trade volume of commodity K exported from country I to country J; Xijt
represents the trade volume of all goods exported from country I to country j; Xiwk indicates the trade volume of
commodity K exported from country I to the world; Xiwt represents the trade volume of all goods exported from
country I to the world; Mijk said that the trade volume of commodity k imported by country j from country I; Mijt
represents the trade volume of all goods imported by country j from country I; Miwk said that the trade volume of
commodity K imported by country J from the world; Miwt represents the trade volume of all goods imported by
country J from the world. Generally speaking, cijk> 1 indicates that the two countries complement each other in
commodity k.
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Table 2 Comparison of Trade Complementarity Index between China and Russia in Segmented
Agricultural Products
HS code
China Export CI Russian Export CI
2009 2014 2019 2009 2014 2019
01 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.010 9.497 0.029
02 0.020 0.037 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.301
03 1.113 0.582 2.025 110.956 38.448 14.091
04 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
05 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.552 3.356 1.860
06 0.011 0.001 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.000
07 2.408 1.573 0.016 0.005 0.000 0.000
08 2.873 1.007 0.113 3.622 1.013 0.062
09 0.792 0.407 0.012 0.000 0.000 0.000
10 0.892 0.027 0.003 0.000 0.001 0.008
11 0.041 0.004 0.062 0.000 0.062 0.708
12 0.360 0.070 0.450 0.001 0.036 0.936
13 1.057 1.579 0.221 0.000 0.000 0.000
14 0.088 0.257 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
15 0.011 0.010 0.029 0.000 0.004 2.226
16 2.462 1.250 0.078 0.000 0.000 0.707
17 0.432 0.499 0.040 0.000 0.000 0.002
18 0.012 0.058 0.055 0.000 0.011 4.023
19 0.015 0.041 0.045 0.000 0.000 0.013
20 4.694 2.775 0.030 0.000 0.000 0.001
21 0.155 0.299 0.017 0.000 0.001 0.004
22 0.009 0.003 0.008 0.005 0.018 0.101
23 0.011 0.134 0.094 2.944 0.579 0.334
24 0.252 0.065 0.017 0.000 0.087 0.021
Source: based on UN Comtrade (three decimal places)
As can be seen from Table 2, although the complementarity of China's agricultural products exported to Russia
has been weakening on the whole, China and Russia have some complementarity in the agricultural products in
Chapters 03, 07, 08, 16 and 20. However, among the agricultural products exported by Russia to China,
generally speaking, trade complementarities are constantlyincreasing, such as chapters 02, 11, 12, 15, 16 and 18.
Therefore, chapter 16 can be taken as the focus of the development of Sino-Russian agricultural products trade.
As for the agricultural products in Chapter 03 (Fish and other aquatic invertebrates) and Chapter 05 (Other
animal products), Russia and China show strong complementarity, among which Chapter 03 coincides with
China and Russia. Therefore, focusing on the development of Sino-Russian trade relations in the agricultural
products in Chapter 03 (Fish and other aquatic invertebrates) can bring greater benefits to both countries.
However, some agricultural products between Russia and China have also seen a decline in trade
complementarity, such as Chapters 08 and 23.
On the whole, both the agricultural products exported by China to Russia and the agricultural products exported
by Russia to China have an index value of less than 1 for most of the agricultural products in each year. It can be
concluded that although China and Russia have a highly complementary relationship on individual agricultural
products, China and Russia have not yet formed a relatively complete complementary pattern of agricultural
products. Russia has a large market demand for labor-intensive and other key agricultural products. It can be
expected that there will be a large development space for the agricultural products trade between China and
Russia in the future. China can focus on expanding the export scale of agricultural products to Russia to promote
the development of agricultural products trade.
D. Trade specialization coefficient
From the above analysis, we can see that there is a strong complementary relationship between individual
agricultural products in China and Russia. Whether this complementary relationship belongs to inter-industry or
intra-industry complementarity needs to be measured by trade specialization coefficient. Judging whether the
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complementarity relationship is inter-industry complementarity or intra-industry complementarity through the
index, the calculation formula is:
( ) ( )
k
ij
k
ij
k
ij
k
ij
k
ij M
X
M
X
TSC +
−
= / ( 2-6)
In formula (2-6), and are the export value and import value of country I to country j on k products respectively.
This paper selects five agricultural products exported from China to Russia whose average trade
complementarity index is greater than 1 and calculates their trade specialization coefficient respectively. The
results are shown in Table 3.
Table 3 Trade specialization coefficient of products with average trade complementarity index > 1
among China's agricultural products exported to Russia
HS code Average TSC
03 -0.737
07 0.994
08 0.732
16 0.582
20 0.997
Source: based on UN Comtrade (three decimal places)
As can be seen from Table 3, the trade complementarities of agricultural products between China and Russia are
inter-industry complementarities. In these five categories of agricultural products, Chapter 07 and Chapter 20
agricultural products belong to China's high comparative advantage (competitive advantage) products, while
Chapter 08 products are also close to China's high comparative advantage. Among them, Chapter 20 agricultural
products with greater comparative advantage have an average TSC index of 0.997, but Chapter 03 products are
close to China's high comparative disadvantage products.
III. Trade Potential of Sino-Russian Agricultural Products
This paper will use the trade gravity model to analyze the development potential of Sino-Russian agricultural
trade. The original gravity model formula is expressed as follows:
ij
j
i
ij
D
Y
AY
T = ( 3-7)
Among them, Tij represents the double-standard trade volume between country I and country j, a is constant, Yi
represents the economic scale of country I, Yj represents the economic scale of country j, and Dij represents the
distance between country I and country j. The formula is modified and the natural logarithm is taken to obtain
the basic form of the gravity model:
µ
α
α
α
α +
+
+
+
= ij
j
i
ij DIS
GDP
GDP
T ln
ln
ln
ln 3
2
1
0 ( 3-8)
In order to better study the trade potential of Sino-Russian agricultural products, this paper adds control variables
to the trade gravity model. The final model is:
µ
α
α
α
α +
+
+
+
= ij
j
i
cjt DIS
GDP
GDP
T ln
ln
ln
ln 3
2
1
0 ( 3-9)
The explanatory variable Tcjt represents the total import and export trade between China and its trading partner
country J in the year of T, and the data are derived from the UN Comtrade database. The independent variable
GDPcjt represents the economic scale of China and the trading partner country J in T year, which measures the
economic level of a country. The data are derived from official website of the World Bank. The independent
variable POPcjt represents the total population of China and the trading partner country J in the year of T, and the
data are derived from official website of the World Bank. The independent variable DIScj represents the distance
between Beijing, China, and the capital of a trading partner country. The data is derived from Distance From To
official website.
X Represents another control variable. Among them: the independent variable SHPjt represents the liner
transportation related index of the trading partner countries in T year, and the data is derived from the official
website of the World Bank. It is generally believed that the liner transportation related index can better reflect a
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country's maritime transportation capacity and thus play a role in the international trade of goods transportation.
The index is based on the maximum value in 2004. The higher the value, the stronger the country's maritime
cargo transportation capacity is. APCEjt is a virtual variable of whether a trading partner country is an APEC
member country in the year of t, with 1 and 0 indicating yes and no respectively. The data is derived from the
official website of APEC, and it is generally believed that regional trading groups will promote transactions
among member countries.
In the selection of samples, in order to enhance the reliability and accuracy of the research conclusions, the
research scope is expanded to the trading partner countries of China and Russia, including BRICS member
countries Brazil, India and South Africa, as well as Japan, the United States, Vietnam, South Korea, Thailand,
Malaysia, Germany, Indonesia, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Canada, Australia,
Denmark, Ireland, France, Spain, Ukraine, Argentina, Uruguay, Peru, Ecuador and New Zealand, which have
large agricultural trade with China, with a total of 27 countries.
Using STATA software for empirical regression, a linear fitting equation can be obtained, and then the actual
value of Sino-Russian trade is brought into the fitting equation to obtain a series of fitting values T', and the ratio
P after comparing the actual value T with the fitting value T' obtained from the trade gravity model can be used
to measure the trade potential of agricultural products between China and Russia. According to the research of
Liu Qingfeng and Jiang Shuzhu (2002)[17]
, the trade potential is divided into three types: potential reshaping,
potential developing and potential huge. If p≥1.2, it belongs to potential modeling, when the trade is excessive;
If 0.8 < p < 1.2, it belongs to the trade development type. at this time, the trade potential has not been fully
explored, but the exploration space is limited; If p≤0.8, it belongs to the type with great potential, at which time
there is insufficient trade and there is a large potential for trade.
After calculation, the export potential index of Chinese and Russian agricultural products is shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Sino-Russian agricultural products export potential index
year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
specific value 0.840 0.881 1.002 1.014 1.026 1.009 1.002 1.012 1.024 1.036
On the whole, the agricultural products of China and
Russia as a whole are of potential development type
and have a large development space. The trade
potential index has shown an upward trend year by
year. This data shows that the prospects for
cooperation between China and Russia in agricultural
trade are huge and showing a trend of improvement.
The regression results based on the trade gravity
model show that the economic scale, liner shipping
related index and whether to join APEC of both
countries have significant positive effects, while the
population size and distance of both countries have
significant negative effects. In this regard, when
expanding its trade cooperation with Russia, China
can adopt corresponding policies in a targeted
manner, strengthen its maritime transportation
capacity and maintain policy communication with
other countries to promote friendly cooperation
between the two sides.
IV. Problems in the Development of Sino-
Russian Agricultural Products Trade
A. Trade barriers
In order to make up for the loss caused by the loss of
high tariff protection for domestic agricultural
production enterprises, Russia has adopted a series of
non-tariff barriers, mainly including anti-dumping,
import quotas, technical barriers and barriers to
customs clearance. According to the policy issued by
the Russian government in 2021, the import quota of
beef and poultry will remain unchanged in 2021 and
will be mainly distributed to the countries of the
Eurasian Union. Russia has also set up higher
technical barriers to agricultural products imported
from China, and stepped up the safety inspection of
agricultural products imported from China. This has
greatly increased the difficulty for Chinese
agricultural products to enter the Russian market,
weakened the export competitiveness of Chinese
agricultural products and may even stimulate bilateral
trade frictions. Russia has also set up barriers in
customs clearance for many Chinese agricultural
products enterprises. Some agricultural products are
not easy to store and have a short fresh-keeping
period. Too complicated customs clearance and a
longer customs clearance time will harm the interests
of Chinese agricultural products manufacturers and
will not be conducive to the development of Chinese
enterprises in the Russian market.
B. Logistics constraints
China-Russia border ports have imperfect logistics
construction and backward infrastructure. Since the
Belt and Road Initiative was put forward, China and
Russia have strengthened cooperation in the
construction of logistics and transportation, but the
effect is not significant. At present, the imperfection
of the logistics construction at the border ports
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between the two countries has become a major
obstacle to the trade of agricultural products. The
concentration of industries is relativelylow, the mode
of development is relatively single, the development
between regions is unbalanced, and the overall
situation of enterprises is "small, scattered and weak".
There is a general situation of "large quantity and low
quality" in Sino-Russian ports. Logistics
infrastructure construction is backward. Most of the
border ports were established in the 1980s and 1990s.
The facilities are old and the degree of
standardization is not high. These factors have greatly
reduced the transportation efficiency of agricultural
products and restricted the trade of agricultural
products.
C. Single structure
The import and export of agricultural products have a
single structure and are mostly complementary trade
with low added value. On the one hand, Russia's
vegetable cultivation is difficult and its output is
small. The average annual self-produced vegetable
production is less than 20% of the domestic market
demand. Most of the rest depends on foreign imports.
As the world's largest vegetable producer, China
produces vegetables and fruits that can meet Russia's
demand. On the other hand, China has a large
population and a large base of grain consumption,
while Russia is rich in land resources, and the bulk
grain products have a strong competitive advantage in
the world. China will import grain from Russia to
meet the people's living needs. Therefore, the
differentiated production of agricultural products
between the two countries can complement each other
and there is a huge space for Sino-Russian
agricultural products trade cooperation. However, due
to this geographical advantage, the agricultural
products trade between the two countries is mostly
labor-intensive primary agricultural products with
low added value, and a single structure of agricultural
products will also hinder the trade.
V. Suggestions on the Development of Sino-
Russian Agricultural Products Trade
In order to promote Sino-Russian trade in agricultural
products to develop better, strengthen friendly
cooperation between the two sides and improve the
international position of the two countries in the
agricultural products trade market, the following
policy recommendations are put forward in view of
the problems exposed in Sino-Russian trade in
agricultural products.
(i)Improve the construction of logistics infrastructure
and build a high-level border logistics port. First of
all, we should speed up the construction of the
logistics information public platform between China
and Russia, integrate the existing information
resources, and build an information network suitable
for the field of Sino-Russian logistics industry
cooperation through the use of the information
reserves of both sides. Secondly, it is necessary to
expand and repair the "multi-purpose" border
logistics ports, strengthen the management of the
existing ports and maintain the normal operation of
the ports. It is also necessary to increase the number
of Sino-Russian border waterway ports, repair the
affected ports, resume the decommissioning of ports
and strengthen the construction of water
transportation ports. In addition, China and Russia
should strengthen dialogue and communication and
jointly plan the construction of logistics
infrastructure. On the existing basis, the planning of
regional logistics infrastructure platforms should be
emphasized, and the important role of integrated
trunk line planning should be emphasized.According
to the characteristics of different cities as logistics
hubs, the areas and directions of their development
should be clarified, and the logistics parks and
logistics centers should be effectively arranged and
divided within the cities. Finally, we also encourage
Russia to introduce professional logistics planning
and construction team from China to speed up the
pace of logistics system construction and improve the
efficiency of bilateral logistics.
(ii)Improve policies and systems to ensure the smooth
progress of trade. China and Russia should attach
importance to the planning for the construction of
agricultural products trade cooperation bases. By
introducing preferential policies for the establishment
of agricultural products trade cooperation bases on
the Sino-Russian border, the two countries can attract
investment from agricultural products trade
enterprises and avoid the break of the capital chain.
They can also guarantee the normal operation of the
base's capital by signing agreements between
governments. At the same time, Russia should relax
its control over agricultural products trade, reduce
trade barriers, turn its attention to export enterprises,
and encourage a large number of agricultural products
export enterprises to improve their international
competitiveness and increase their export trade
volume. Relying on the Belt and Road Initiative,
China and Russia can formulate policies to support
specific enterprises, reduce the market access
threshold, encourage large and powerful enterprises
and groups to "go out" and provide technical support
and legal guidance to small and medium-sized
enterprises.
(iii)Expand the import and export of agricultural
products and increase the added value of agricultural
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products. The trade structure of agricultural products
between China and Russia is unbalanced and has a
single form. China and Russia must focus on
cultivating some advantages and characteristics of
agricultural products from the perspective of resource
endowments and national conditions to avoid falling
into the trap of comparative advantages. On the one
hand, it is necessary to stabilize and support the
export of domestic advantageous agricultural
products, establish large-scale agricultural product
storage bases along the Sino-Russian border, and
provide ancillary facilities such as freezers and fresh-
keeping warehouses; On the other hand, it can
increase the investment in scientific research in
regions with large trade scale, and make up for the
defects of the two countries that the trade structure of
agricultural products is single and most of them are
primary agricultural products by cultivating
agricultural products with higher quality, higher
output and more in line with Russian import
standards. At the same time, it is necessary to
increase investment in agricultural infrastructure and
reduce production and transportation costs by
dividing the production bases of different types of
agricultural products and concentrating on processing
to form large-scale production and processing bases
for agricultural products. Through speeding up the
construction of trade channels and logistics network
between China and Russia, improving the circulation
system of agricultural products, improving the traffic
conditions at the border between the two countries,
diversifying the trade and transportation routes,
reducing the comprehensive cost, increasing the types
and quantity of agricultural products trade, and
changing the trade structure of the two countries
through convenient transportation network.
(iv)Strengthen the supervision of agricultural
products production, establish a risk prevention
mechanism. We will continue to strengthen the
quality control of key links in the processing of
agricultural products, improve the quality and safety
standards of China's agricultural products, and
effectively improve the export quality of China's
agricultural products. We will step up efforts to crack
down on illegal activities in the food industry so that
the illegal costs far exceed the illegal gains. We will
also gradually improve the legal supervision
mechanism for the cultivation and breeding of
agricultural products to nip illegal activities in the
bud. The trade of agricultural products between China
and Russia is vulnerable to fluctuations and
uncertainties in the international market price of
agricultural products. The government must establish
a risk prevention mechanism as soon as possible to
improve its ability to resist external shocks. Flexible
and comprehensive use of ways to adjust the prices of
agricultural products, eliminate the impact of
exchange rate fluctuations on the transnational trade
of agricultural products, and prevent and resolve
exchange rate risks; Speeding up the
internationalization of RMB and guiding Chinese
agricultural export enterprises to set prices and settle
accounts in RMB, so as to eliminate the adverse
effects brought by exchange rate fluctuations; We
will adjust the trade structure of agricultural products
and establish a diversified market system for
agricultural products to better cope with unknown
risks.
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