This document provides an overview of India's export potential and performance. It analyzes trade data from 1990-2018, finding that while exports and imports have grown, trade deficits have also increased. India's share of world exports is only 1.7% and concentrated in a few countries. The document identifies top export potential countries and proposes constructing a gravity model to identify key variables determining Indian exports. It concludes that expanding manufacturing and exports through trade agreements could help India create more jobs and reduce trade deficits.
Export-Play, Important Role of any country’s business India is one among these countries that have been exporting a large number of product and raw material to other countries to earn economy wealth. India is 19th largest export economy. India’s overall, export- in 2019-20 was US $ 313138.5 million and total import was US $ 473995.2 million and trade balance was US $ 160856.7 million. The main object of the paper is to analyse the structural change in foreign trade- Under new Exim policy. The period of the study is from 2010-11 to 2019-20. The result shows that USA, UAE, Hongkong, UK, Germany, Saudi Arbia and China accounted from more than 40% of export from India at the world level. India total export which was US $ 330078.1 million in the year 2018-19 decline to US $ 313138.5 million in the year 2019-20. The total export from India decreased by 5.13% from the year 2018-19 to year 2019-20. In the year 2019-20 the share in total export from India to USA is 16.95%, UAE 9.21%, China 5.30%, Hongkong 3.50%, UK 2.79%, Germany 2.64%, and Saudi Arbia 1.99%. India’s total import in the year 2019-20 was US $ 473995.2 million which China contributed by 37.76%, USA 7.52%, Saudi Ariba 3.60%, Hongkong 3.5%, UAE .38% and Germany 2.81%,. The result show that USA is most important trading partner followed by UAE an UK, Hongkong, China and other countries.
There was a mild revival in India's export growth in 2013-14 after a decline in 2012-13. While export growth rates saw fluctuations, ending the year at a positive 4.1% growth. The deceleration in export growth in 2012-13 was mainly due to a sharp decline in the growth of export unit values, rather than a decline in export quantities. Similarly for imports, the deceleration in growth in 2012-13 was largely due to a steep fall in the growth of import unit values, despite an improvement in import quantities. The emerging and developing economies significantly increased their share of world exports from 2000 to 2012, with China being the largest contributor, while the shares of newly industrialized Asian economies declined slightly over the
INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF EXPORT AND IMPORT DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDIAN E...chelliah paramasivan
International trade is a major concept welfare of labour intensive, capital, investment and technology resources promote marketing background throughout world. International trade exchanges of goods and services between countries developing economy inflation. International trade is exchanges of capital good and consumed product transfer across the international borders or territiores. International trade is lockdown period faliure of commercial activities not supply of home appliance products, natural resources during COVID-19 pandemic in Indian economy. Government of India not finalised the export and import extend the marketing network, working capital and reduction of economy growth rate. This paper highlighted is international trade of export and import during COVID-19 pademic in Indian economy.
The primary concern of this research is to analyze the pattern of vertical and horizontal intraindustry
trade in the context of the trade relationship between Mexico and China in seven sectors over a fiveyear
period, from 2012 to 2016,
Foreign trade plays a vital role in the Indian
economy. As the country need to import diverse products so
foreign trade is extremely important to country. India exports
vast number of products and also imports an equal amount of
other products. Although India has steadily opened up its
economy, its tariffs continue to be high when compared with
other countries, and its investment norms are still restrictive.
This leads some to see India as a ‘rapid globalizer’ while
others still see it as a ‘highly protectionist’ economy.
Nonetheless, in recent years, the government’s stand on trade
and investment policy has displayed a marked shift from
protecting ‘producers’ to benefiting ‘consumers’. India is now
aggressively pushing for a more liberal global trade regime,
especially in services. This paper is an attempt to analyse the
major changes in volume, composition and direction of Indian
Foreign Trade.
The document discusses India's large and rapidly growing service sector. It notes that the service sector now accounts for over 50% of India's GDP and employs over 30% of the workforce. Some of the fastest growing services discussed include trade, tourism and hospitality, transport, and business services. The tourism and hospitality industry is highlighted as a major contributor to GDP and employment. Overall the document outlines the significant role of services in India's economy and its potential for further growth.
This document analyzes the competitiveness of service trade between China and Germany by comparing several indexes. It finds that while China's service trade has grown rapidly in recent decades, Germany's is more stable and its services play a larger role in its economy and labor market. China's service trade remains centered around transportation and tourism, while Germany has stronger high-tech and capital-intensive services like finance and insurance. Overall, Germany maintains a more balanced and internationally competitive service trade profile compared to China.
Export-Play, Important Role of any country’s business India is one among these countries that have been exporting a large number of product and raw material to other countries to earn economy wealth. India is 19th largest export economy. India’s overall, export- in 2019-20 was US $ 313138.5 million and total import was US $ 473995.2 million and trade balance was US $ 160856.7 million. The main object of the paper is to analyse the structural change in foreign trade- Under new Exim policy. The period of the study is from 2010-11 to 2019-20. The result shows that USA, UAE, Hongkong, UK, Germany, Saudi Arbia and China accounted from more than 40% of export from India at the world level. India total export which was US $ 330078.1 million in the year 2018-19 decline to US $ 313138.5 million in the year 2019-20. The total export from India decreased by 5.13% from the year 2018-19 to year 2019-20. In the year 2019-20 the share in total export from India to USA is 16.95%, UAE 9.21%, China 5.30%, Hongkong 3.50%, UK 2.79%, Germany 2.64%, and Saudi Arbia 1.99%. India’s total import in the year 2019-20 was US $ 473995.2 million which China contributed by 37.76%, USA 7.52%, Saudi Ariba 3.60%, Hongkong 3.5%, UAE .38% and Germany 2.81%,. The result show that USA is most important trading partner followed by UAE an UK, Hongkong, China and other countries.
There was a mild revival in India's export growth in 2013-14 after a decline in 2012-13. While export growth rates saw fluctuations, ending the year at a positive 4.1% growth. The deceleration in export growth in 2012-13 was mainly due to a sharp decline in the growth of export unit values, rather than a decline in export quantities. Similarly for imports, the deceleration in growth in 2012-13 was largely due to a steep fall in the growth of import unit values, despite an improvement in import quantities. The emerging and developing economies significantly increased their share of world exports from 2000 to 2012, with China being the largest contributor, while the shares of newly industrialized Asian economies declined slightly over the
INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF EXPORT AND IMPORT DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDIAN E...chelliah paramasivan
International trade is a major concept welfare of labour intensive, capital, investment and technology resources promote marketing background throughout world. International trade exchanges of goods and services between countries developing economy inflation. International trade is exchanges of capital good and consumed product transfer across the international borders or territiores. International trade is lockdown period faliure of commercial activities not supply of home appliance products, natural resources during COVID-19 pandemic in Indian economy. Government of India not finalised the export and import extend the marketing network, working capital and reduction of economy growth rate. This paper highlighted is international trade of export and import during COVID-19 pademic in Indian economy.
The primary concern of this research is to analyze the pattern of vertical and horizontal intraindustry
trade in the context of the trade relationship between Mexico and China in seven sectors over a fiveyear
period, from 2012 to 2016,
Foreign trade plays a vital role in the Indian
economy. As the country need to import diverse products so
foreign trade is extremely important to country. India exports
vast number of products and also imports an equal amount of
other products. Although India has steadily opened up its
economy, its tariffs continue to be high when compared with
other countries, and its investment norms are still restrictive.
This leads some to see India as a ‘rapid globalizer’ while
others still see it as a ‘highly protectionist’ economy.
Nonetheless, in recent years, the government’s stand on trade
and investment policy has displayed a marked shift from
protecting ‘producers’ to benefiting ‘consumers’. India is now
aggressively pushing for a more liberal global trade regime,
especially in services. This paper is an attempt to analyse the
major changes in volume, composition and direction of Indian
Foreign Trade.
The document discusses India's large and rapidly growing service sector. It notes that the service sector now accounts for over 50% of India's GDP and employs over 30% of the workforce. Some of the fastest growing services discussed include trade, tourism and hospitality, transport, and business services. The tourism and hospitality industry is highlighted as a major contributor to GDP and employment. Overall the document outlines the significant role of services in India's economy and its potential for further growth.
This document analyzes the competitiveness of service trade between China and Germany by comparing several indexes. It finds that while China's service trade has grown rapidly in recent decades, Germany's is more stable and its services play a larger role in its economy and labor market. China's service trade remains centered around transportation and tourism, while Germany has stronger high-tech and capital-intensive services like finance and insurance. Overall, Germany maintains a more balanced and internationally competitive service trade profile compared to China.
The wave of Economic reforms appeared on India’s shores in 1991, much after china’s and other south East Asian countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Hong Kong. Due to economic reforms, however delayed they were, Indian economy were able to brake the shackles of heavy protectionism and license raj. Economic reforms (1980s reforms and 1991 reforms) did bring out the economy from the shameful reference of so called “Hindu Growth rate” of witnessing almost stagnant 3.5% GDP growth rate. Since independence India being a country with a demographic reality which are both challenging and unique, has a perennial problem of providing employment to millions of job seekers. The other fact which is unique to India only is that service sector contribution into growth rate has risen sharply in the developing countries’ economies like India in nineties, and, therefore, have become a self propelling and dynamic sector in the accelerated growth in the economies.
This study focuses on service sector as a vector of Indian globalization. The impact of new economic reforms which acted as a catalyst for service sector is to be reviewed as they opened door for the growth rate of the country and made India a destination of FDI inflow and out flow but that increased growth rate is not translated in providing employment to the millions.
The wave of Economic reforms appeared on India’s shores in 1991, much after china’s and other south East Asian countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Hong Kong. Due to economic reforms, however delayed they were, Indian economy were able to brake the shackles of heavy protectionism and license raj. Economic reforms (1980s reforms and 1991 reforms) did bring out the economy from the shameful reference of so called “Hindu Growth rate” of witnessing almost stagnant 3.5% GDP growth rate. Since independence India being a country with a demographic reality which are both challenging and unique, has a perennial problem of providing employment to millions of job seekers. The other fact which is unique to India only is that service sector contribution into growth rate has risen sharply in the developing countries’ economies like India in nineties, and, therefore, have become a self propelling and dynamic sector in the accelerated growth in the economies.
This study focuses on service sector as a vector of Indian globalization. The impact of new economic reforms which acted as a catalyst for service sector is to be reviewed as they opened door for the growth rate of the country and made India a destination of FDI inflow and out flow but that increased growth rate is not translated in providing employment to the millions.
The document discusses international trade in Pakistan. It provides information on Pakistan's imports and exports, including key trading partners and commodities. While Pakistan has trade partnerships, it faces a large trade deficit due to lower demand for its exports and higher imports compared to exports. Political instability also contributes to the deficit. The deficit is expected to increase further as Pakistan's oil imports rise. Pakistan's economy relies on agriculture but is supported by industry as well. However, exports mainly consist of raw materials rather than manufactured goods.
International trade plays an important role in India's economy, especially agricultural trade. While agriculture accounts for a large portion of employment and GDP, India has historically been a small player in global agricultural trade, with less than 1% of the world market. However, agricultural exports have grown in recent decades from $3725 million in 1992-93 to $7141 million in 2001-02. Major agricultural exports include tea, oilcakes, fruits, vegetables, spices and tobacco. Further reforms and investments are still needed to better integrate India's agricultural sector into world markets and increase its global market share.
The document discusses key indicators of the Indian economy and agriculture sector. It provides statistics showing India's GDP growth rate, exports, imports, foreign exchange reserves, and FDI inflows have all been increasing in recent years. However, agriculture still faces major problems like low productivity and farmers' debts. The 11th five-year economic plan aims to boost agricultural GDP growth to 4% annually through a second green revolution and increasing irrigation.
THE PERFORMANCE OF AN INDIAN ECONOMY AND TRANSFORMATION IN RURAL INDIA: MACRO...Dr. Avinash S Naik
This document presents an analysis of the performance of the Indian economy and transformation in rural India from a macroeconomic perspective. It discusses key characteristics and challenges of the Indian economy, provides interesting facts and statistics, and analyzes the performance of major sectors such as agriculture, industry, services, and infrastructure from 2012-2017. It also examines the interrelationships between these sectors and concludes with the overall economic growth and development in India.
India had experienced high economic growth of 8.8% annually from 2003-2008, higher than IMF estimates of potential growth. However, fears of overheating led the RBI to begin monetary tightening in 2004. The global financial crisis that began in 2008 significantly impacted the Indian economy through lower exports, FDI, and FII inflows. India's GDP growth declined to 6.8% in 2008-2009 from 9.3% the previous year as industrial growth, investment, stock markets, and employment all slowed substantially due to weak global demand.
Effect of international trade on economic growth in kenyaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the effect of international trade on economic growth in Kenya from 1960 to 2010. It uses a multiple linear regression model to examine the relationship between GDP growth rate and several independent variables including exchange rate, inflation, and final government consumption. The findings show that exchange rate had no significant effect on GDP growth, while inflation had a negative and significant effect. Final government consumption had a positive effect on GDP growth in Kenya. The study recommends policies to promote exports, maintain low inflation, and encourage government expenditure on development projects.
Security Analysis Project on Tata Global BeveragesShameem Hamed
The document discusses India's economic performance in 2010-2011. It covers GDP growth, inflation, foreign trade, foreign investments, forex reserves, and corporate sector performance. It then provides an overview of India's FMCG sector, including key categories and companies. The FMCG sector contributed around Rs. 90,000 crores annually and is a major part of the Indian economy and services sector. Major players like HUL, Marico and Nestle have increased market share in key categories.
An overview of india japan trade relation today and tomorrowmarketxceldata
Economic relations between India and Japan have vast potential for growth, given the obvious complementarities that exist between the two Asian economies. Japan's interest in India is increasing due to a variety of reasons including India's big and growing market and its resources, especially the human resources. The signing of the historic India-Japan Comprehensive Economic PartnershipAgreement (CEPA) and its implementation from August 2011 has accelerated economic and commercial relations between the two countries.
For Inquiry Visit Us: https://www.market-xcel.com/contact.html
An overview of India USA trade relation today and tomorrowmarketxceldata
This document provides an overview of trade relations between India and the United States. It notes that trade has grown significantly from $16 billion in 1999 to $142 billion in 2018, making the US India's 8th largest trading partner. However, tensions have also increased around issues like tariffs, investment limits, agriculture, intellectual property, medical devices, and the digital economy. It then discusses projections showing India's economic growth rate being revised downward due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, with organizations like the IMF forecasting growth of just 1.9% in FY2021 compared to earlier predictions of over 5%.
The trade landscape, as we know it, is changing: Is India prepared?aakash malhotra
In report of August 2022, Deloitte India discusses the crucial changes occurring in the Indian economy and how exports contribute to India's GDP and vision of becoming a US$5 trillion economy.
This document discusses India's twin deficits of fiscal deficit and current account deficit. It notes that India has struggled with double-deficit issues for a long period. The fiscal deficit arises from government expenditure exceeding revenue, while the current account deficit is caused by a gap between exports and imports. The document analyzes the components of government expenditure and imports, and how they have contributed to the deficits. It also examines the linkages between economic growth cycles, the components of GDP, and the trajectory of the deficits. The slowing exports and rebounding imports during economic downturns are seen as widening the current account deficit.
An overview of India Italy trade relation today and tomorrowmarketxceldata
The document summarizes India-Italy economic and trade relations. It provides an overview of the economies and recent developments in both countries. The bilateral trade between India and Italy witnessed growth until the 2008 recession but has since declined. Major exports from India to Italy include machinery and textiles, while Italy exports machinery and chemicals to India. Recent initiatives like an MoU between Invest India and the Italian Trade Agency aim to strengthen economic cooperation between the two countries.
IRJET - India Economy in the Beginning of 21th CenturyIRJET Journal
1. The global economy slowed in 2019, with world GDP growth at 2.6% since the financial crisis, lower than 3.3% in 2018. India's economy also slowed, with GDP growth at 4.8% in 2019 compared to 6.2% in the second half of 2018, driven by a decline in investment.
2. However, India saw an improvement in its current account deficit in the first half of 2019 due to lower oil prices and a decline in imports. Foreign direct investment and foreign exchange reserves also increased in the first half of 2020.
3. Going forward, GDP growth is expected to be higher in the second half of 2019-20, supported by government measures to boost investment
Growth has-peaked-amidst-escalating-risks-economic-outlook-presentation-11-2018OECD, Economics Department
The OECD Economic Outlook report projects that global economic growth is slowing as risks are mounting. World GDP growth is projected to decline from 3.7% in 2018 to 3.5% in both 2019 and 2020. Risks include escalating trade tensions, weaker investor sentiment towards emerging markets, and a potential slowdown in China that could negatively impact the global economy. The report calls for enhanced international cooperation to help prepare for more difficult economic times.
This document provides an analysis of India's economy across three key markets - labor, goods/services, and financial - from 1998-2014. For each market, it examines trends in key variables and uses time series analysis to model and forecast values through 2016. In the labor market, unemployment and age dependency are forecast to increase as India transitions to a developed economy with an aging population. GDP growth and exports/imports are predicted to decline slightly in goods/services, indicating a more self-reliant economy. Interest rates and share prices may also decline in the financial market, reflecting an overall economic slowdown rather than recession as India develops.
International trade plays an important role in the development of economy as a whole. India is the 19th largest exporter with a share of 1.7 to the total global trade and 10th largest importer with share of 2.65 to the global merchandise trade, according to the WTO ranking for the year 2018. International trade enables the countries to widen the scope of marketing for its output. Exports of goods and services of a nation provide better employment opportunities to the people and higher standard of living of home as well as host countries. Exports lead to increase the efficiency on the national output and productivity of factors of production. Export of a country may become a growth driver of national economy. Expansion of foreign trade may bring variety of benefits to the people and economy of the country. Dr. S Senthil | Dr. S Kowsalya "An Analysis on India’s Foreign Trade" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30785.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/30785/an-analysis-on-india%E2%80%99s-foreign-trade/dr-s-senthil
This document provides an overview and analysis of the Indian real estate market. It discusses key trends such as rising urbanization and population growth fueling demand. The real estate sector contributes significantly to India's GDP and job growth. Recent government policies aim to boost the sector through increased foreign investment, REIT regulations, land and tax reforms. The market size is projected to reach $180 billion by 2020. Private equity investments are also growing, focused on sectors like e-commerce, IT and retail. Overall the report outlines bullish prospects for continued strong growth in Indian real estate.
India's GDP has grown significantly over the past 35 years, outpacing global growth. While its growth has been slower than China's, considering India's reforms began 13 years later, the difference is not as large. India's growth has been driven by the services sector rather than manufacturing. Rising incomes, falling interest rates, and increasing domestic savings are fueling strong consumption. Labor productivity has also increased faster than wages. Imports and exports as a percentage of GDP have risen steadily. FDI and FII inflows have grown substantially since economic reforms began in 1991. Outward FDI has increased 30-fold since the 1990s. Recently, inflation and interest rates have fallen in India, signaling an economic recovery.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of social media marketing on online consumer behavior for fashion brands. It discusses how social media has become an important part of marketing strategies, but questions remain about its effectiveness in influencing purchases. The study aims to understand if social media helps influence students' buying decisions and online fashion purchases. It reviews literature on how social media marketing appeals to emotions but can also cause anxiety, and how most consumers say social media does not influence their purchases, though it may have more influence than they realize. The document provides context and motivation for the research.
The document discusses a study on the impact of social media on consumer buying behavior. The study aimed to understand how social media influences consumers' purchasing decisions and identify the key factors that motivate online purchases. A questionnaire was distributed through social media platforms and data analysis identified five key factors: referral, trust, awareness, communication, and convenience. Regression analysis found referral, trust, awareness, and convenience significantly impacted consumer buying behavior, but communication did not. Cross-tab analysis showed Instagram most influenced younger age groups while Facebook and YouTube impacted older groups, and preferences varied by occupation. In conclusion, the study identified the major social media factors driving online consumer purchasing decisions.
The wave of Economic reforms appeared on India’s shores in 1991, much after china’s and other south East Asian countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Hong Kong. Due to economic reforms, however delayed they were, Indian economy were able to brake the shackles of heavy protectionism and license raj. Economic reforms (1980s reforms and 1991 reforms) did bring out the economy from the shameful reference of so called “Hindu Growth rate” of witnessing almost stagnant 3.5% GDP growth rate. Since independence India being a country with a demographic reality which are both challenging and unique, has a perennial problem of providing employment to millions of job seekers. The other fact which is unique to India only is that service sector contribution into growth rate has risen sharply in the developing countries’ economies like India in nineties, and, therefore, have become a self propelling and dynamic sector in the accelerated growth in the economies.
This study focuses on service sector as a vector of Indian globalization. The impact of new economic reforms which acted as a catalyst for service sector is to be reviewed as they opened door for the growth rate of the country and made India a destination of FDI inflow and out flow but that increased growth rate is not translated in providing employment to the millions.
The wave of Economic reforms appeared on India’s shores in 1991, much after china’s and other south East Asian countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Hong Kong. Due to economic reforms, however delayed they were, Indian economy were able to brake the shackles of heavy protectionism and license raj. Economic reforms (1980s reforms and 1991 reforms) did bring out the economy from the shameful reference of so called “Hindu Growth rate” of witnessing almost stagnant 3.5% GDP growth rate. Since independence India being a country with a demographic reality which are both challenging and unique, has a perennial problem of providing employment to millions of job seekers. The other fact which is unique to India only is that service sector contribution into growth rate has risen sharply in the developing countries’ economies like India in nineties, and, therefore, have become a self propelling and dynamic sector in the accelerated growth in the economies.
This study focuses on service sector as a vector of Indian globalization. The impact of new economic reforms which acted as a catalyst for service sector is to be reviewed as they opened door for the growth rate of the country and made India a destination of FDI inflow and out flow but that increased growth rate is not translated in providing employment to the millions.
The document discusses international trade in Pakistan. It provides information on Pakistan's imports and exports, including key trading partners and commodities. While Pakistan has trade partnerships, it faces a large trade deficit due to lower demand for its exports and higher imports compared to exports. Political instability also contributes to the deficit. The deficit is expected to increase further as Pakistan's oil imports rise. Pakistan's economy relies on agriculture but is supported by industry as well. However, exports mainly consist of raw materials rather than manufactured goods.
International trade plays an important role in India's economy, especially agricultural trade. While agriculture accounts for a large portion of employment and GDP, India has historically been a small player in global agricultural trade, with less than 1% of the world market. However, agricultural exports have grown in recent decades from $3725 million in 1992-93 to $7141 million in 2001-02. Major agricultural exports include tea, oilcakes, fruits, vegetables, spices and tobacco. Further reforms and investments are still needed to better integrate India's agricultural sector into world markets and increase its global market share.
The document discusses key indicators of the Indian economy and agriculture sector. It provides statistics showing India's GDP growth rate, exports, imports, foreign exchange reserves, and FDI inflows have all been increasing in recent years. However, agriculture still faces major problems like low productivity and farmers' debts. The 11th five-year economic plan aims to boost agricultural GDP growth to 4% annually through a second green revolution and increasing irrigation.
THE PERFORMANCE OF AN INDIAN ECONOMY AND TRANSFORMATION IN RURAL INDIA: MACRO...Dr. Avinash S Naik
This document presents an analysis of the performance of the Indian economy and transformation in rural India from a macroeconomic perspective. It discusses key characteristics and challenges of the Indian economy, provides interesting facts and statistics, and analyzes the performance of major sectors such as agriculture, industry, services, and infrastructure from 2012-2017. It also examines the interrelationships between these sectors and concludes with the overall economic growth and development in India.
India had experienced high economic growth of 8.8% annually from 2003-2008, higher than IMF estimates of potential growth. However, fears of overheating led the RBI to begin monetary tightening in 2004. The global financial crisis that began in 2008 significantly impacted the Indian economy through lower exports, FDI, and FII inflows. India's GDP growth declined to 6.8% in 2008-2009 from 9.3% the previous year as industrial growth, investment, stock markets, and employment all slowed substantially due to weak global demand.
Effect of international trade on economic growth in kenyaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the effect of international trade on economic growth in Kenya from 1960 to 2010. It uses a multiple linear regression model to examine the relationship between GDP growth rate and several independent variables including exchange rate, inflation, and final government consumption. The findings show that exchange rate had no significant effect on GDP growth, while inflation had a negative and significant effect. Final government consumption had a positive effect on GDP growth in Kenya. The study recommends policies to promote exports, maintain low inflation, and encourage government expenditure on development projects.
Security Analysis Project on Tata Global BeveragesShameem Hamed
The document discusses India's economic performance in 2010-2011. It covers GDP growth, inflation, foreign trade, foreign investments, forex reserves, and corporate sector performance. It then provides an overview of India's FMCG sector, including key categories and companies. The FMCG sector contributed around Rs. 90,000 crores annually and is a major part of the Indian economy and services sector. Major players like HUL, Marico and Nestle have increased market share in key categories.
An overview of india japan trade relation today and tomorrowmarketxceldata
Economic relations between India and Japan have vast potential for growth, given the obvious complementarities that exist between the two Asian economies. Japan's interest in India is increasing due to a variety of reasons including India's big and growing market and its resources, especially the human resources. The signing of the historic India-Japan Comprehensive Economic PartnershipAgreement (CEPA) and its implementation from August 2011 has accelerated economic and commercial relations between the two countries.
For Inquiry Visit Us: https://www.market-xcel.com/contact.html
An overview of India USA trade relation today and tomorrowmarketxceldata
This document provides an overview of trade relations between India and the United States. It notes that trade has grown significantly from $16 billion in 1999 to $142 billion in 2018, making the US India's 8th largest trading partner. However, tensions have also increased around issues like tariffs, investment limits, agriculture, intellectual property, medical devices, and the digital economy. It then discusses projections showing India's economic growth rate being revised downward due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, with organizations like the IMF forecasting growth of just 1.9% in FY2021 compared to earlier predictions of over 5%.
The trade landscape, as we know it, is changing: Is India prepared?aakash malhotra
In report of August 2022, Deloitte India discusses the crucial changes occurring in the Indian economy and how exports contribute to India's GDP and vision of becoming a US$5 trillion economy.
This document discusses India's twin deficits of fiscal deficit and current account deficit. It notes that India has struggled with double-deficit issues for a long period. The fiscal deficit arises from government expenditure exceeding revenue, while the current account deficit is caused by a gap between exports and imports. The document analyzes the components of government expenditure and imports, and how they have contributed to the deficits. It also examines the linkages between economic growth cycles, the components of GDP, and the trajectory of the deficits. The slowing exports and rebounding imports during economic downturns are seen as widening the current account deficit.
An overview of India Italy trade relation today and tomorrowmarketxceldata
The document summarizes India-Italy economic and trade relations. It provides an overview of the economies and recent developments in both countries. The bilateral trade between India and Italy witnessed growth until the 2008 recession but has since declined. Major exports from India to Italy include machinery and textiles, while Italy exports machinery and chemicals to India. Recent initiatives like an MoU between Invest India and the Italian Trade Agency aim to strengthen economic cooperation between the two countries.
IRJET - India Economy in the Beginning of 21th CenturyIRJET Journal
1. The global economy slowed in 2019, with world GDP growth at 2.6% since the financial crisis, lower than 3.3% in 2018. India's economy also slowed, with GDP growth at 4.8% in 2019 compared to 6.2% in the second half of 2018, driven by a decline in investment.
2. However, India saw an improvement in its current account deficit in the first half of 2019 due to lower oil prices and a decline in imports. Foreign direct investment and foreign exchange reserves also increased in the first half of 2020.
3. Going forward, GDP growth is expected to be higher in the second half of 2019-20, supported by government measures to boost investment
Growth has-peaked-amidst-escalating-risks-economic-outlook-presentation-11-2018OECD, Economics Department
The OECD Economic Outlook report projects that global economic growth is slowing as risks are mounting. World GDP growth is projected to decline from 3.7% in 2018 to 3.5% in both 2019 and 2020. Risks include escalating trade tensions, weaker investor sentiment towards emerging markets, and a potential slowdown in China that could negatively impact the global economy. The report calls for enhanced international cooperation to help prepare for more difficult economic times.
This document provides an analysis of India's economy across three key markets - labor, goods/services, and financial - from 1998-2014. For each market, it examines trends in key variables and uses time series analysis to model and forecast values through 2016. In the labor market, unemployment and age dependency are forecast to increase as India transitions to a developed economy with an aging population. GDP growth and exports/imports are predicted to decline slightly in goods/services, indicating a more self-reliant economy. Interest rates and share prices may also decline in the financial market, reflecting an overall economic slowdown rather than recession as India develops.
International trade plays an important role in the development of economy as a whole. India is the 19th largest exporter with a share of 1.7 to the total global trade and 10th largest importer with share of 2.65 to the global merchandise trade, according to the WTO ranking for the year 2018. International trade enables the countries to widen the scope of marketing for its output. Exports of goods and services of a nation provide better employment opportunities to the people and higher standard of living of home as well as host countries. Exports lead to increase the efficiency on the national output and productivity of factors of production. Export of a country may become a growth driver of national economy. Expansion of foreign trade may bring variety of benefits to the people and economy of the country. Dr. S Senthil | Dr. S Kowsalya "An Analysis on India’s Foreign Trade" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30785.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/30785/an-analysis-on-india%E2%80%99s-foreign-trade/dr-s-senthil
This document provides an overview and analysis of the Indian real estate market. It discusses key trends such as rising urbanization and population growth fueling demand. The real estate sector contributes significantly to India's GDP and job growth. Recent government policies aim to boost the sector through increased foreign investment, REIT regulations, land and tax reforms. The market size is projected to reach $180 billion by 2020. Private equity investments are also growing, focused on sectors like e-commerce, IT and retail. Overall the report outlines bullish prospects for continued strong growth in Indian real estate.
India's GDP has grown significantly over the past 35 years, outpacing global growth. While its growth has been slower than China's, considering India's reforms began 13 years later, the difference is not as large. India's growth has been driven by the services sector rather than manufacturing. Rising incomes, falling interest rates, and increasing domestic savings are fueling strong consumption. Labor productivity has also increased faster than wages. Imports and exports as a percentage of GDP have risen steadily. FDI and FII inflows have grown substantially since economic reforms began in 1991. Outward FDI has increased 30-fold since the 1990s. Recently, inflation and interest rates have fallen in India, signaling an economic recovery.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of social media marketing on online consumer behavior for fashion brands. It discusses how social media has become an important part of marketing strategies, but questions remain about its effectiveness in influencing purchases. The study aims to understand if social media helps influence students' buying decisions and online fashion purchases. It reviews literature on how social media marketing appeals to emotions but can also cause anxiety, and how most consumers say social media does not influence their purchases, though it may have more influence than they realize. The document provides context and motivation for the research.
The document discusses a study on the impact of social media on consumer buying behavior. The study aimed to understand how social media influences consumers' purchasing decisions and identify the key factors that motivate online purchases. A questionnaire was distributed through social media platforms and data analysis identified five key factors: referral, trust, awareness, communication, and convenience. Regression analysis found referral, trust, awareness, and convenience significantly impacted consumer buying behavior, but communication did not. Cross-tab analysis showed Instagram most influenced younger age groups while Facebook and YouTube impacted older groups, and preferences varied by occupation. In conclusion, the study identified the major social media factors driving online consumer purchasing decisions.
This certificate certifies that a student named Soumyajit Mahananda submitted an original capstone project titled "A Comprehensive Study on Digital Marketing and International Business" to the International Management Institute in Bhubaneswar, India. The project was completed by Soumyajit Mahananda under the supervision of their named supervisor at the International Management Institute in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Post Graduate Diploma in Management. To the supervisor's knowledge, this project has not been used before to obtain any other degree or diploma from any other university or institution.
This document is a project report submitted for a Master's degree in Business Administration. It discusses employee retention in the private sector. The introduction provides background on human resource management and employee retention. Retaining key employees is critical for an organization's long-term success. Effective retention strategies consider compensation, work environment, opportunities for growth, relationships, and support. High employee turnover can be very costly for companies.
This document outlines a research project proposal on the impact of social media on consumer buying behavior. The project will study how social media influences consumers' decision-making process across different stages of purchase. It will identify key factors in consumers' buying process and analyze the extent to which social media impacts these factors. A questionnaire will be used to collect primary data, which will then be analyzed using factor analysis to understand relationships between influential factors and the role of social media. The objectives are to establish social media's impact on consumer decisions, understand reasons for online purchases, and determine how social media influences pre-purchase, purchase, and post-purchase stages.
Employee retention is important for organizations to maintain institutional knowledge and reduce costs from turnover. Many factors influence an employee's decision to stay with an organization such as compensation, opportunities for growth, quality of leadership, and workplace culture. Organizations should implement strategies to engage employees, provide training and career development opportunities, recognize good performance, and foster an inclusive environment to improve retention.
This document provides a mid-term report on a project studying the impact of social media on consumer buying behavior. It includes an acknowledgment, table of contents, and the beginning of Chapter 1 which provides general information on the industry. Chapter 1 discusses the overview of the global and Indian social media markets, growth and penetration of the industry, major social media platforms, and introduces the study objectives and research design.
This document provides an overview of the social media industry globally and in India. It discusses key statistics about social media platform users worldwide and in major countries. In India, social media adoption is around 85% of internet users, or around 330 million active users currently. The main users are millennials and Gen Z. Popular platforms in India include Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, Amazon and Flipkart. The number of social media users is growing rapidly in India, both in urban and rural areas.
1) The document proposes a study on the impact of employee retention on organizational performance. Retaining key employees is important for customer satisfaction, productivity, and profitability. However, retaining talent is more important than just reducing turnover costs.
2) The proposed study will examine how factors like training time, lost knowledge, and costly hiring impact an organization when employees leave. It will assess how employee retention positively and negatively affects performance, culture, and success.
3) The objectives are to establish how employee retention influences decision-making across levels, and to determine how it impacts organizations in the pre-hire, work, and post-employment stages. Primary research through questionnaires will be used to collect and analyze real-time data
This proposal outlines a study on the role of digital and social media marketing on consumer behavior. The objectives are to examine how digital marketing influences purchase decisions, evaluate which channels consumers prefer for buying over traditional channels, and analyze the impact of social media on buying behavior. The methodology will include surveys to collect both primary and secondary data using convenient sampling of both online and offline respondents. Data will be analyzed using statistical and graphical techniques as well as ISM-Dematel and network relation mapping models.
This document is a comprehensive project report submitted in partial fulfillment of an MBA degree. It examines the role of digital and social media marketing on consumer behavior. The report contains various sections including an introduction, literature review, objectives, methodology, data analysis, findings, and conclusion. It was prepared by two students and submitted to their faculty guide and institute for review and certification.
The document proposes a study on the barriers to data driven quality management in the Indian automobile industry. The study aims to identify current barriers, consult industry professionals, and analyze the findings. The goal is to determine how automobile component manufacturers can better introduce data driven quality approaches to improve problem solving and ensure products meet standards. The research methodology will include surveys, interviews, and network analysis to identify key barriers and relationships.
This document outlines a student's proposed research project on identifying employee retention strategies that impact job satisfaction across organizations. The project will examine how factors like psychological/economic job security, affiliation, and self-actualization influence retention strategies. A survey will collect primary data on the relationship between various impact factors. The results aim to provide guidance to organizations on creating employee-oriented cultures to improve retention and business performance over the long term.
This document appears to be the introduction or preface section of a study report on the perception of retail investors towards mutual funds in India. It provides background on the mutual fund industry in India, noting its growth in recent decades. It states that the study aims to understand gaps in retail investor perception that have limited mutual fund growth, and to examine factors that influence investor attraction to mutual funds in order to facilitate further industry growth.
This document discusses a research project report on the impact of digital and social media marketing on consumer behavior. The report includes an introduction outlining the importance of digital marketing compared to traditional marketing and how consumers interact differently. It also discusses literature on consumer digital culture and how identities extend into digital realms. Research topics examined include fashion blogging influence and how advertisers can customize ads. The conclusion emphasizes how digital tools have allowed businesses to engage customers globally and grow their brands.
This document is a capstone report submission for a postgraduate program. It contains 6,202 words and was submitted on March 7, 2023. The originality report shows that the majority of the content is original work by the student author, with some minor portions attributed to various internet sources and academic publications.
This document is a capstone research project report submitted by Rounak Kar that examines impulsive buying behaviour of consumers in the fast fashion apparel industry. The report includes an introduction to the fast fashion industry and impulsive buying behaviour. It then presents a literature review on factors that influence impulsive buying such as social media influencers, trends, hedonic motivation, mood, customer preferences, and promotions/pricing. The research project section describes the objectives, methodology, framework, data analysis including factor analysis and discriminant analysis. It is found that social media factors and customer preferences positively trigger impulse buying in fast fashion, while promotions/pricing do not influence impulse buying behaviour.
This document provides an overview of the social media industry globally and in India. It discusses key statistics about social media platform users worldwide and in India. Facebook has over 2.6 billion active users globally each month, making it the most popular platform. In India, social media penetration is growing rapidly, with an expected 640 million users by 2020, most accessing social media via mobile devices. The document outlines objectives to analyze the impact of social media on consumer buying behavior in India.
This document provides approval for a capstone project proposal submitted by a student at the International Management Institute in Bhubaneswar, India. The student's name and roll number are listed, along with the proposed and revised titles of their project. Their project is based on Option 1, Option 2, or Option 3, though which option is not specified. A brief synopsis of less than 250 words indicates that the project will examine the role of digital and social media marketing on consumer behavior through the lens of how consumers interact with and feel towards brands on social media and digital platforms. The date and signatures of the student and faculty guide are provided.
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1. 1 | P a g e
PGDM Term IV (2021-23) Batch
Academic Year- 2022-23
EC505- INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
Group members
Name Roll Number Signature
1 Debajyoti Nag 21PGDM-BHU024
2 Maitreya Sengupta 21PGDM-BHU048
3 Soumyajit Karmakar 21PGDM-BHU102
4 Tanmoy Kolay 21PGDM-BHU112
2. 2 | P a g e
INDIA’S EXPORT POTENTIAL
Introduction:
The world economy has been significantly impacted by "trade" over the past two centuries.
Countries have seen continuous economic development because of globalization, which has
dramatically changed not just how products and services are produced but also how people live
their lives. Global integration has increased because of competition, economies of scale,
experiential learning, innovation, etc. It has long been known that increased commerce is
closely tied to economic growth. Studies by Frankel, Romer (1990) and Alcala, Ciccone (2004)
using long-run macroeconomic data concluded that there is a causal link between trade and
growth and that trade is one of the elements promoting economic growth. Trade growth rates
have often been greater in nations with strong GDP growth rates.
India has also gone through this. India's commercial situation has improved since trade
liberalization took place in 1991. India is more open than many other emerging countries due
to lower tariff rates, non-tariff obstacles, and a liberal investment strategy. However,
restrictions have been imposed by factor market rigidities and the failure to draw large
international investments. Furthermore, some economic shocks have a tendency to spread
across the economy. Exports and growth rate have been impacted by the shocks (both good
and negative) of liberalization, the East Asian crisis, the global financial crisis, the slowdown
in international trade caused by the US-China trade war, and China's new trade strategy.
According to the Department of Commerce's most recent statement, "India's total exports
(goods and services combined) are projected to reach USD 397.48 billion from April through
December 2019-20*, representing an increase of 0.93% over the same time last year. The
anticipated total imports for April through December 2019–20* are USD 455.14 billion,
representing a decline of 5.82% from the same time last year." Over time, the trade gap
increased and was recorded at USD 184 billion in 2018–19. The current account deficit
increases as the trade imbalance increases, placing severe strain on the foreign exchange
reserves. The IMF recently predicted an 11-year low growth rate of 4.8% for the year 2019–
20. The growth rate in 2018-19 was 6.8. After the initial years of the decade, both merchandise
and service exports grew at a single digit. Data on quantum index number of exports of
3. 3 | P a g e
commodities (base year 1999-2000) shows that growth has declined from 15.2% in 2010-11 to
2.9% in 2017-18.
India's share in value of world exports is a mere 1.7% although a whopping 96.5% of the
world’s traded items are exported. But when looked from a global point of view, India has
performed better than the world average growth of exports before 2018. The reason, as stated
by Prof. Nag of IIFT, is due to India's exports to most developing countries. The lack of global
demand for goods has slowed down not only for India but for other Asian giants like China and
South Korea as well. From a bird's point of view, low share of manufacturing sector, followed
by a sudden jump in services and a stagnant agricultural sector are the main causes. Looking
at China forty years ago, no one would have foreseen China's epic rise in taking the world
export market, but this was made possible by the adoption of export-oriented growth,
identifying and specializing industries with high export potential, focus on SEZs and enhancing
infrastructure capability. On the other hand, India has been slow to move up in the global value
chain.
Factual Analysis:
According to the most recent report from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, "Indian
exports decreased 1.8% year-on-year to USD 27.36 billion in December 2019, declining for
the fifth consecutive month despite increases in sales of electronic goods (30.4%), drugs &
pharmaceuticals (13%), marine products (7.8%), readymade garments (2.4%), and cotton yard
(0.4%)." To gain a broad picture of India's present situation, we look at exports, imports, trade
openness, trade balance, currency rate, and various more visualizations and descriptive
statistics in this part.
Exports and Imports of Goods and Services 1990 onwards:
4. 4 | P a g e
Chart 1
Chart 1
The rising trend of both exports and imports are encouraging but the value is low compared to
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5. 5 | P a g e
most of the major economies of the world (charts 1 & 2). India ranks 19th in the list of
exporters. The recent period is categorized by sudden shocks as against a smooth linear
movement witnessed in the period 1998-2008. The failure to increase the share in the value of
total exported goods has resulted in a deterioration in the trade balance (chart 3).
Chart 2
The increase in trade deficit in recent years can be seen clearly through an analysis of the above
and below graphs. The rising current account deficit which can be attributed to the deficit in
the trade balance has put pressure on the foreign exchange reserves (chart 4).
Chart 3
During this period, the rupee-dollar exchange rate has exhibited a depriciating trend (chart 5).
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Exports Imports Trade balance
6. 6 | P a g e
In 2018-19 India’s exchange rate hit a more than 5-year low to Rs 71.26.
Chart 4
Exchange rate affects India’s net barter terms of trade index, as a fall in the value of a country's
currency affects its imports ' domestic prices but may not directly affect the commodity prices
it exports. (Net Barter Terms of Trade index (2000 = 100) is ratio of the export price index to
the corresponding import price index measured relative to the base year). Improving the terms
of trade a nation benefits the country since more goods can be bought for any given export
price.. Therefore, the improvement in terms of trade, post 2009 crisis, is visible in chart 6.
Although the index has started to fall in recent years, with the latest value being below the base
year index.
Chart 5
7. 7 | P a g e
India’s performance from a global macro view point is highlighted in charts 7 and 8.
The above curve exhibits non-linearity and an inverted U-shaped relationship in particular
(chart 7). Trade openness, taking only goods, is enhanced by an increase in GDP per capita,
even though beyond a threshold point, any increases in economic growth dampen openness.
Chart 6
The share in the world market in the last decade has been more or less hovering around 1.5 to
1.6 percent (chart 8).
India’s performance in the world market is analysed in the following paragraphs (charts 9 and
10).
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8. 8 | P a g e
Chart 7
Chart 8
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Geographical Orientation of Exports
United States of America United Arab Emirates China Hong Kong, China
Singapore United Kingdom Germany Bangladesh
Netherlands Nepal Belgium Viet Nam
Malaysia Saudi Arabia Italy Turkey
France
9. 9 | P a g e
The pie-chart clearly shows that nearly half of India’s exports go to just ten countries (chart
10). This indicates concentration of exports in terms of destination countries.
Chart 9
Both the diversity indices of market and product (at HS-2 level) are at moderate levels as
compared to the BRICS countries. There has been a marginal increase in the market diversity
index (chart 11).
Whereas the product diversity index is at a higher level than it was in 2009. The index has
shown a steady trend after reaching a high in 2015 (chart 12).
Chart 10
From the foregoing analysis it can be seen that though India’s exports have grown in terms of
value, the share in world exports has remained stagnant. Juxtaposed against a sharper increase
in imports, this has resulted in a widening of trade deficit. With this backdrop, the following
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Export Diversity Index (HS-2)
10. 10 | P a g e
sections (sections IV and V) construct a gravity model for India to identify the variables that
play a key role in determining our exports. Section IV lists the data sources and methodology
which is followed by the empirical construct in Section V.
List of Top 14 Export Potential Countries and their respective Product-wise Tables:
United States of
America
United Arab
Emirates
China Hong Kong Singapore
United
Kingdom
Germany Bangladesh Netherlands Nepal
Belgium Vietnam Malaysia Saudi Arabia
United States of America
Trade in products and services between India and the US increased from $68.4 billion to $142
billion at an average annual growth rate of 7.59 percent. if the agreement is accepted.
Additionally, the US ($3.13 billion in 2018–19) is the greatest source of FDI and a significant
investor. A trade agreement can be followed by an investment agreement. India has to create
more jobs, which can only be done by expanding manufacturing and exports. Future-oriented
commitment to establishing positive bilateral economic ties between the US and India must
begin immediately.
United Arab Emirates
The centuries-old ties between the two nations are in the midst of a golden period. The bilateral
relationship has grown and evolved into a comprehensive strategic partnership, according to
India's ambassador to the UAE, as both nations continue to seek deeper collaboration in new
sectors. After the US and China, the UAE surpassed $60 billion in bilateral trade during the
2018–19 fiscal year, making it India's third-largest trading partner. $30.2 billion was sent to
the UAE, while $29.8 billion was imported from the UAE. As the two countries have
established a $100 billion trade objective by 2020, it is predicted that the figures would increase
dramatically in the upcoming years. Currently, UAE investments in India are estimated to be
close to $13-14 billion, primarily in five sectors: air transport, power,
construction/development of the real estate, services, and hotels and tourism. Also, Expo 2020
will build on the 20 percent increase in our trade and will enable us to move significantly
11. 11 | P a g e
towards the trade target of $100 billion. To achieve this target, competitiveness has to improve
for products that have an export value of more than $500 million, while value has to be
increased for many products which have significant global share and high comparative
advantage.
China
India-China bilateral trade declined by about $3 billion last year while India's trade deficit
continues to be high at $53.5 billion as both countries faced economic slowdown. The widening
trade deficit has become a big concern for India in bilateral relations between India and China.
India wants China to open up its IT, agri-food, and pharmaceutical sectors to allow it to expand
its exports. “Gross Chinese investment in India amounted to $5.08 billion by the end of
September 2019.” (China’s Ministry of Trade)
The majority of the items shipped to China are intermediate products and raw materials, which
account for more than 7% of total exports. whereas China's imports are dominated by
manufactured items, particularly electronics, communications equipment, electrical
equipment, and medicines. The mismatch between bilateral exports and imports is highlighted
by India's import basket, which points to a considerable demand for Chinese goods in important
industries.
The three categories of commodities are in a similar condition to the UAE. The items with
higher potential do not seem to be in line with the higher-performing ones. Therefore, there is
plenty of room to expand trade with China, which would then increase the value of our exports
and help us close our growing trade deficit.
Hong Kong
Imports from Hong Kong also increased in recent times and the balance of trade during this
period was in Hong Kong’s favor amounting to $5000 million. Retaining its position as the 7th
largest trading partner of Hong Kong, about 90% of India's exports are gems and jewellery
related. Other than that, exports include, mineral fuels, electrical machinery, leather, iron &
steel, fish & crustaceans, cotton, organic chemicals, machinery and articles of apparel while
Indian imports from Hong Kong include pearls, precious and semi-precious stones, electrical
machinery, machinery, optical & medical instruments, clocks & watches, plastic and articles
thereof, special woven fabrics, miscellaneous manufactured articles, edible fruits & nuts and
paper. With the signing up of Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA), investments
12. 12 | P a g e
from Hong Kong to India are expected to increase.
The Trade Promotion Council of India claims that over the same time period, there was a one-
to-one product link between decreased shipment from China to India and a similar rise from
Hong Kong to India. As it is interesting to note from the data that major products like electrical
machinery, nuclear reactors, mineral fuels, and iron and steel among others are mainly
produced in China and not Hong Kong, China and Hong Kong may be treated as a
complementing entity for all trade purposes and calculating trade figures. More micro-level
study is required to investigate this situation of round-tripping across Hong Kong because the
list of enhancers vastly outweighs the achievers and aspirers.
Singapore
It is the fifth-highest prospective country with a value of exports to Singapore that has increased
by 13.5%. The $28 billion in overall commerce has given Singapore and its businesses reason
for optimism on India's long-term prospects. The total amount of investment has also increased,
particularly in logistics and services, but more attention should be paid to signing agreements
that will increase the value and proportion of India's exports.
United Kingdom
Even though in the last 3 years India-U.K. bilateral trade has increased over 27% the table
clearly shows signs of significant amelioration. With no achiever or aspirer, and the political
instability regarding Brexit, near term prospects do not seem very encouraging.
Germany
India-Germany trade of $24 billion has increased only partially in the last couple of years.
Other than exporting nuclear reactors, boilers, and machinery no other product has fared well.
Manufacturing exports should be the main concern while making trade deals or negotiations.
Bangladesh
With distance not being a barrier and a long-shared history between the two neighbors, India
has to diversify the range of products exported to Bangladesh. Although total trade has been
increasing in the past, the number has not seen a significant rise in the last 2-3 financial years.
The growth rate of Bangladesh has surpassed that of India due to its high intensity of exports
in the primary sector, especially textiles and agriculture. This might be a problem for India and
the only way out is diversification.
13. 13 | P a g e
Netherlands and Nepal
Both Netherlands (40.75) (above) and Nepal (17.5%) (below) have seen a significant rise in
trade with India in both value and share. However, other than the export of minerals fuels, the
export performance has been dismal. Still, there is scope for improvement and the products
with the potential to do so have been mentioned in the tables.
Belgium
Coming to Belgium, if we rule out the fact that Gujarat has a significant global share in the
diamond cutting industry and Antwerp is the “Diamond Capital of the World” India does not
perform well at other sectors when exporting to Belgium.
Malaysia
India and Malaysia are connected by various cultural and historical links dating back to
antiquity. Our bilateral trade level on the trade front stands at $10.5 billion and was expected
to hit $25 billion by 2020. Recent ban on refined palm oil, imposed by India, may hinder the
good relations of the past, along with the trade potential.
Looking at the list of the tables for the 9 countries mentioned above after Hong Kong, a certain
similarity can be noticed in the export potential basket for India. Although the products with
high potential are somewhat different as per the needs of the different countries, one thing that
is recurring is the poor performance, in value terms, of the products which have a high
comparative advantage and notable share in the world market. With only one or two products
surpassing the $1 billion or $500 million marks, the situation is not very encouraging. To
ameliorate this scenario, identification of products that are performing well in the last two
columns of each table is done.
The government needs to enhance the capacity to export such goods and increase their value
to make them reach at least the $500 million thresholds. Another trade indicator that should
automatically adjust itself, if the potentials are realized, is the trade deficit with all the countries
other than the United Kingdom and to some extent Vietnam. Out of the top 14 export potential
nations, India only has a surplus in two countries (one being the UK where we do not export
any goods that value more than $500 million).
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Saudi Arabia
India has a huge trade deficit with Saudi Arabia. India imports goods worth nearly 5 times than
what it exports. Most of the deficit is due to the huge import of crude oil and related products.
However, the relationship between the two countries is expected to elevate to that of a strategic
partnership as Saudi Arabia sees investment opportunity of $100 billion worth in India.
Conclusion and Policy Recommendations:
India's economy has undergone a full transformation as a result of its foreign policy since post-
liberalization. India chose an export-led economic strategy and gave export promotion priority
as a result of its outward-looking policy. The major strategies for increasing the nation's exports
were trade and investment. The amount and make-up of exports have varied in recent decades.
Although services continue to be the mainstay of Indian export growth, the country's economy
is actively promoting industrial exports. The current study has two goals in mind. The research
begins by examining the trends that have an impact on Indian exports before utilizing quarterly
data from 2008 to 2018 to apply a gravity model of trade. The majority of the findings were
consistent with theory: commerce is hampered by distance and tariffs whereas respectable
economies' sizes and the existence of a shared official language with India support exports.
The negative sign for the contiguity variable was one odd outcome. Although the outcome
deviates from the norm, it is also not unexpected. India exports far more (in terms of value) to
other nations than its neighbours, which explains why. The relevance of FTAs for India is still
another factor. The tariff variable is rendered meaningless by the inclusion of the FTA dummy
in the model, which is what should happen given that nations who have such agreements with
India no longer need to worry about tariffs. However, India's FTA results have not been very
promising. The necessity for TAs that would facilitate greater integration in global value chains
must be emphasised. The TAs should also make it possible for products to enter emerging
markets when the nation has a competitive advantage over its rivals (ref 28). These factors are
significant and must to be taken into account when creating new contracts and rules.
Finding a route to increase India's exports' value is the study's key goal. Although more than
96% of the world's exports (measured in terms of number of products) are made up of exported
goods, the percentage of exports measured in terms of product value is incredibly low and is
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not increasing. To maximize the nation's export potential, diversification (in markets and
goods) and an increase in exports are recommended. In order to improve India's terms of trade,
lower its trade and current account deficits, and boost its market share, new policy measures
are required. In order to do this, we've identified six HS-6 products with a share of more than
1.7% and an export value of more than $1 billion: semi-milled or fully milled rice, light oil
preparations, petroleum oils, and oils derived from bituminous minerals (aside from crude),
pharmaceuticals, diamonds (cut or otherwise, but not mounted or set), and articles of jewelry
made of precious metals (other than silver). However, these goods often do poorly in the top
14 export-prospective nations (excl. USA and UAE). Along with marketing the aforementioned
products, newer commodities that can be exchanged with any of the 14 nations should be found.