The study first looks at the fundamentals of growth rate, trade balance, coverage rate, openness rate, and the share of global indicators before presenting each of them in more detail. It thus assesses India's overall commercial dynamism. A thorough analysis is made using data gathered from the World Bank's databank in order to carry out this study. An analysis of time series data is performed using data from 2000 to 2021. MS Excel is then used to analyze the data and provide a suitable interpretation. The results show that India has an average growth rate of 12.16 for imports and 12.02 for exports, a deficit trade balance over the years, a coverage rate that ranges from 78.49 (2012) to 97.97 (2020), trade openness that ranges from 26 (2001) to 56 (2012) percent, and a total global market share of 2.52 (2021) and 0.79. (2000). Researchers, other stakeholders in the field, and policymakers in nearby countries, specifically mentioning Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Myanmar and Indian governments, could all benefit from this study's findings.
An Analytical Study on Impact of WTO on Agricultural Trade in IndiaEliza Sharma
This chapter comprises the review of studies related to the agriculture, agriculture trade across the globe, impact of WTO on agriculture sector of different economies including India, and the reforms or changes occurred in agriculture over the period due to the changes in technology and globalization of the economies. The major gaps found from the studies have been discussed at last based on which the objectives of the study have been framed.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF EXPORT AND IMPORT DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDIAN E...chelliah paramasivan
International trade is a major concept welfare of labour intensive, capital, investment and technology resources promote marketing background throughout world. International trade exchanges of goods and services between countries developing economy inflation. International trade is exchanges of capital good and consumed product transfer across the international borders or territiores. International trade is lockdown period faliure of commercial activities not supply of home appliance products, natural resources during COVID-19 pandemic in Indian economy. Government of India not finalised the export and import extend the marketing network, working capital and reduction of economy growth rate. This paper highlighted is international trade of export and import during COVID-19 pademic in Indian economy.
The Effects of Macroeconomic Variables on Stock Returns in the Jordanian Stoc...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of six macroeconomic variables on the stock returns in the Jordanian financial market between 1976 and 2016 using annual data. The study used the stock return data for 218 companies listed on the market and the quarterly data of the six macroeconomic variables (Industrial production, interest rates, money supply, inflation, GDP, import prices). Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was employed for the estimations. The reason to test these models in the Jordanian stock market was motivated by the fact that the returns of shares in the Arab markets in general do not follow the normal distribution. The results of the estimated ARDL model revealed that the industrial production has a statistically significant effect on the returns of shares at a significant level of 1 percent, and in line with the hypothesis of the study because the relationship was positive. The effect of the money supply on the stock returns is statistically significant, (positive impact of money supply on stock returns), while the impact of import prices was negative and statistically significant on the stock returns. This work has found that it is imperative to search for new markets for the disposal of Jordanian products, and not rely on traditional markets only such as Gulf markets, the Iraqi market, this requires policies to strengthen and support the role of local industries, to develop global quality requirements, and to develop preferential features for products to be compared with those in other foreign markets.
EFFECTS OF FOREIGN TRADE ON AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT IN NIGERIA (1981-2018) IAEME Publication
The current study examined the impact of foreign trade on agricultural output in
Nigeria based on data sourced from 1981 to 2018 by employing a number of
estimation techniques such as Cobb-Douglas, unit root testing, autoregressive
distributed lag among others within the context of two profound theories of exchange
rate - the vent – for surplus theory of international trade; factor endowments theory.
Our study observed that foreign trade exerts negatively on agricultural output. Our
results have some empirical implications.
Export-Play, Important Role of any country’s business India is one among these countries that have been exporting a large number of product and raw material to other countries to earn economy wealth. India is 19th largest export economy. India’s overall, export- in 2019-20 was US $ 313138.5 million and total import was US $ 473995.2 million and trade balance was US $ 160856.7 million. The main object of the paper is to analyse the structural change in foreign trade- Under new Exim policy. The period of the study is from 2010-11 to 2019-20. The result shows that USA, UAE, Hongkong, UK, Germany, Saudi Arbia and China accounted from more than 40% of export from India at the world level. India total export which was US $ 330078.1 million in the year 2018-19 decline to US $ 313138.5 million in the year 2019-20. The total export from India decreased by 5.13% from the year 2018-19 to year 2019-20. In the year 2019-20 the share in total export from India to USA is 16.95%, UAE 9.21%, China 5.30%, Hongkong 3.50%, UK 2.79%, Germany 2.64%, and Saudi Arbia 1.99%. India’s total import in the year 2019-20 was US $ 473995.2 million which China contributed by 37.76%, USA 7.52%, Saudi Ariba 3.60%, Hongkong 3.5%, UAE .38% and Germany 2.81%,. The result show that USA is most important trading partner followed by UAE an UK, Hongkong, China and other countries.
An Analytical Study on Impact of WTO on Agricultural Trade in IndiaEliza Sharma
This chapter comprises the review of studies related to the agriculture, agriculture trade across the globe, impact of WTO on agriculture sector of different economies including India, and the reforms or changes occurred in agriculture over the period due to the changes in technology and globalization of the economies. The major gaps found from the studies have been discussed at last based on which the objectives of the study have been framed.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF EXPORT AND IMPORT DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDIAN E...chelliah paramasivan
International trade is a major concept welfare of labour intensive, capital, investment and technology resources promote marketing background throughout world. International trade exchanges of goods and services between countries developing economy inflation. International trade is exchanges of capital good and consumed product transfer across the international borders or territiores. International trade is lockdown period faliure of commercial activities not supply of home appliance products, natural resources during COVID-19 pandemic in Indian economy. Government of India not finalised the export and import extend the marketing network, working capital and reduction of economy growth rate. This paper highlighted is international trade of export and import during COVID-19 pademic in Indian economy.
The Effects of Macroeconomic Variables on Stock Returns in the Jordanian Stoc...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of six macroeconomic variables on the stock returns in the Jordanian financial market between 1976 and 2016 using annual data. The study used the stock return data for 218 companies listed on the market and the quarterly data of the six macroeconomic variables (Industrial production, interest rates, money supply, inflation, GDP, import prices). Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was employed for the estimations. The reason to test these models in the Jordanian stock market was motivated by the fact that the returns of shares in the Arab markets in general do not follow the normal distribution. The results of the estimated ARDL model revealed that the industrial production has a statistically significant effect on the returns of shares at a significant level of 1 percent, and in line with the hypothesis of the study because the relationship was positive. The effect of the money supply on the stock returns is statistically significant, (positive impact of money supply on stock returns), while the impact of import prices was negative and statistically significant on the stock returns. This work has found that it is imperative to search for new markets for the disposal of Jordanian products, and not rely on traditional markets only such as Gulf markets, the Iraqi market, this requires policies to strengthen and support the role of local industries, to develop global quality requirements, and to develop preferential features for products to be compared with those in other foreign markets.
EFFECTS OF FOREIGN TRADE ON AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT IN NIGERIA (1981-2018) IAEME Publication
The current study examined the impact of foreign trade on agricultural output in
Nigeria based on data sourced from 1981 to 2018 by employing a number of
estimation techniques such as Cobb-Douglas, unit root testing, autoregressive
distributed lag among others within the context of two profound theories of exchange
rate - the vent – for surplus theory of international trade; factor endowments theory.
Our study observed that foreign trade exerts negatively on agricultural output. Our
results have some empirical implications.
Export-Play, Important Role of any country’s business India is one among these countries that have been exporting a large number of product and raw material to other countries to earn economy wealth. India is 19th largest export economy. India’s overall, export- in 2019-20 was US $ 313138.5 million and total import was US $ 473995.2 million and trade balance was US $ 160856.7 million. The main object of the paper is to analyse the structural change in foreign trade- Under new Exim policy. The period of the study is from 2010-11 to 2019-20. The result shows that USA, UAE, Hongkong, UK, Germany, Saudi Arbia and China accounted from more than 40% of export from India at the world level. India total export which was US $ 330078.1 million in the year 2018-19 decline to US $ 313138.5 million in the year 2019-20. The total export from India decreased by 5.13% from the year 2018-19 to year 2019-20. In the year 2019-20 the share in total export from India to USA is 16.95%, UAE 9.21%, China 5.30%, Hongkong 3.50%, UK 2.79%, Germany 2.64%, and Saudi Arbia 1.99%. India’s total import in the year 2019-20 was US $ 473995.2 million which China contributed by 37.76%, USA 7.52%, Saudi Ariba 3.60%, Hongkong 3.5%, UAE .38% and Germany 2.81%,. The result show that USA is most important trading partner followed by UAE an UK, Hongkong, China and other countries.
Does Macroeconomic factors Impact on Foreign Direct Investment in emerging ec...AI Publications
Foreign direct investment is essential for economic growth of a country. It acts as a promoter for the economic development of a country. Keeping this in mind, the objective of this study is to determine the effect of macroeconomic variables such as interest rate, real exchange rate,inflation rate and stock market on foreign direct investment in Pakistan. For this purpose,study used the authentic annual data for the period of 27 years i.e. from 1990-2016. We are use for analysis E-View software, The empirical analysis involved using the ADF test to check the stationary of the data.Results revealed that interest rate and exchange rate have significant negative effect on FDI and stock market index has negative and unsignificant effect on FDI while inflation rate has positive and significant effect on FDI.
Macroeconomic and Institutional Determinants of Capital Market Performance in...Fakir Tajul Islam
This paper examines the institutional and macroeconomic
determinants of stock market performance using data in the last 20 years starting from 1995 to 2015. In this
paper, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Consumer Price Index (CPI), inflation rate and Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI) inflows were used as the proxy of macroeconomic determinants, whereas market capitalization, total
issued capital and market turnover of Dhaka Stock Exchange were the proxy of institutional determinants of
capital market performance.
Growth and Significance of RMG Export in Total Export of Bangladeshijtsrd
The Ready made garments RMG are the major source of export income for Bangladesh. This study is an attempt to measure the change, instability, significance of RMG export to total export and relationship between RMG export and total export of Bangladesh based on secondary data during the period FY1997 98 to FY2016 17 collected from Export Promotion Bureau. Different statistical tools have been used to perform the analysis. The analysis reveals that the RMG export and total export of Bangladesh has increased and total export fully depends on RMG export. The analysis also reveals that the RMG export and total export of Bangladesh are not stable during the study period but its increasing trend is good sign for Bangladesh. Therefore, researcher, policy makers and government should give proper attention to develop technology to increase production of ready made garments and develop new market to increase ready made garments export that raises the total export of Bangladesh. Md. Rasadul Islam | Md. Yasseen Shanewaj Tanvir | Dr. Mohammed Taj Uddin "Growth and Significance of RMG Export in Total Export of Bangladesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29369.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/statistics/29369/growth-and-significance-of-rmg-export-in-total-export-of-bangladesh/md-rasadul-islam
Does the Gravity Model Explain Bangladesh’s Direction of Trade? A Panel Data ...iosrjce
The goal of this article is to investigate the determinants of bilateral trade flows of Bangladesh with
her fifty two major trading partners with the use of trade gravity model approach. The gravity model has been
estimated using pooled OLS, fixed effects, random effects estimation technique with the help of panel data for
the period 1975-2005. Our estimation results show that trade volume of Bangladesh responds more than
proportionally to per capita GDP and distance for OECD and NON –OECD trading partner countries
separately. Bangladesh’s direction of trade pattern is also strongly governed by geographical characteristics,
such as Area implying Bangladesh has a tendency to trade with larger countries. Membership in OECD and
GSP dummy has significant impact on trade. The results of gravity models have also been applied to calculate
the trade potentials indicating that Bangladesh has unexploited trade potentials with countries like UK,
Singapore, Netherlands, Germany, UAE, Canada, India, China, Italy, Australia, Germany, Switzerland &
Pakistan. We have found that the actual trade is converging towards equilibrium level of trade using average
speed of convergence measure. Therefore, identifying & utilizing unexploited trade potentials among some of
Bangladesh’s trading partners should stimulate growth to alleviate unemployment & poverty.
Shahid, M., & Kamran, F. (2015). Causal Relationship between Macroeconomic Factors and Stock Prices in Pakistan. International Journal Of Management And Commerce Innovations, 3(2), 172-178. Retrieved from http://researchpublish.com/journal/IJMCI/Issue-2-October-2015-March-2016/0
Foreign Direct Investment (Influx) from different nations and its impact on E...IJSRP Journal
In these research paper researchers examines emerging economic as well as implications on overall economic development and growth of Indian economic globalization. The paper focuses on the main motives of the Influx Foreign Direct Investment (IFDI) by the MNEs and its economic implications on the Indian economy. The originality of the study lies in its analysis of the overall investment pattern of MNEs companies and the nature of their global operations in a view to invest in India. Furthermore researchers explore the contribution of Service Sector that is one of highly demanded sectors towards economic development and growth of India through FDI in the current economic scenario in India.
The Relation Between Exports of Main Products And Economic Growth of Key Econ...inventionjournals
This paper clarifies the literature of key product export growth and regional economic growth. The paper analyses impacts of key product export on regional economic growth and vice versa. The paper provides recent empirical evidence of the relation. Besides an evaluation of the recent relation between export growth and economic growth in Viet Nam, the paper assesses the relation between key product export and economic growth during 1996-2012 period based on quantitative and qualitative approaches. With constructed models, the paper examines the relation between key product export and economic growth and concludes that it is positive. The research findings show that key product export in every economic region contributes positively to regional economic growth although it varies in different regions. Based on existing literature and empirical analysis, the paper provides a number of strategies to improve key product export contribution to key economic regions in the most effective manner and vice versa. The paper creates a fundament for researchers and policy makers both regionally and nationally in order for developing effective orientations, policies and measures for promoting export and sustainable eoconomic development.
Application of Management Information Systems in the Financial Sector: An ove...Samsul Alam
Technological innovation is transforming the world quickly, especially in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) age. The financial sector is also changing overwhelmingly with technology. This sector is considered the backbone of an economy. It is evident that without the direct support of Management Information Systems (MIS) in this sector, commonly known as Financial Management Information System (FMIS), or Financial Information System (FIS), or Financial Technology (FinTech), this milestone cannot be reached. Moreover, it is Information Technology (IT) that facilitates the rapid development of this sector while ensuring a high level of safety and security through the application of FinTech. The development of this sector demands security, transparency, efficiency, integrity, and accountability. The most widely adopted FinTech innovations include virtual currencies, instant payments, digital lending, Wealth Technology (WealthTech), Insurance Technology (InsurTech), Islamic FinTech or ShariahTech, Regulatory Technology (RegTech), Supervisory Technology (SupTech), etc., which are shaping the future of the financial sector. For instance, one of the major revolutions in the financial sector is green banking, made possible through FinTech, which creates a win-win situation for multiple stakeholders by accelerating financial services and preserving the environment. Therefore, embracing MIS not only facilitates the growth of the financial sector but ensures sustainable practices.
Predicting students’ intention to continue business courses on online platfor...Samsul Alam
The objective of this study was to analyze the intention of a University's business department students to continue their studies on e-learning platforms during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, a questionnaire was developed to collect primary data from students in business fields. The study took into account more than 285 respondents from two different universities and relied on the expectation confirmation model (ECM) theory and the structural equation model. The partial least squares (SEM-PLS) method was used to analyze the data. The results of the study showed that task skills (TS) and task challenges (TC) were significant for the enjoyment (EN) of the students which in turn had a positive effect on the satisfaction levels. Confirmation (CON) had an impact on the post adoption perceived usefulness (PAPU), which was deemed positive for student satisfaction (SAT). The SAT and psychological safety (PS) of online learning platforms were found to positively influence the continuance intention (CI) on e-learning platforms. Finally, both SAT and PS of online learning platforms were observed to positively influence CI on e-learning platforms. Further research in this area could be useful in making decisions about promoting educational programs based on e-learning. The researchers recommend that academicians and policymakers must ensure appropriate arrangements for teaching on e-learning platforms.
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Does Macroeconomic factors Impact on Foreign Direct Investment in emerging ec...AI Publications
Foreign direct investment is essential for economic growth of a country. It acts as a promoter for the economic development of a country. Keeping this in mind, the objective of this study is to determine the effect of macroeconomic variables such as interest rate, real exchange rate,inflation rate and stock market on foreign direct investment in Pakistan. For this purpose,study used the authentic annual data for the period of 27 years i.e. from 1990-2016. We are use for analysis E-View software, The empirical analysis involved using the ADF test to check the stationary of the data.Results revealed that interest rate and exchange rate have significant negative effect on FDI and stock market index has negative and unsignificant effect on FDI while inflation rate has positive and significant effect on FDI.
Macroeconomic and Institutional Determinants of Capital Market Performance in...Fakir Tajul Islam
This paper examines the institutional and macroeconomic
determinants of stock market performance using data in the last 20 years starting from 1995 to 2015. In this
paper, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Consumer Price Index (CPI), inflation rate and Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI) inflows were used as the proxy of macroeconomic determinants, whereas market capitalization, total
issued capital and market turnover of Dhaka Stock Exchange were the proxy of institutional determinants of
capital market performance.
Growth and Significance of RMG Export in Total Export of Bangladeshijtsrd
The Ready made garments RMG are the major source of export income for Bangladesh. This study is an attempt to measure the change, instability, significance of RMG export to total export and relationship between RMG export and total export of Bangladesh based on secondary data during the period FY1997 98 to FY2016 17 collected from Export Promotion Bureau. Different statistical tools have been used to perform the analysis. The analysis reveals that the RMG export and total export of Bangladesh has increased and total export fully depends on RMG export. The analysis also reveals that the RMG export and total export of Bangladesh are not stable during the study period but its increasing trend is good sign for Bangladesh. Therefore, researcher, policy makers and government should give proper attention to develop technology to increase production of ready made garments and develop new market to increase ready made garments export that raises the total export of Bangladesh. Md. Rasadul Islam | Md. Yasseen Shanewaj Tanvir | Dr. Mohammed Taj Uddin "Growth and Significance of RMG Export in Total Export of Bangladesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29369.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/statistics/29369/growth-and-significance-of-rmg-export-in-total-export-of-bangladesh/md-rasadul-islam
Does the Gravity Model Explain Bangladesh’s Direction of Trade? A Panel Data ...iosrjce
The goal of this article is to investigate the determinants of bilateral trade flows of Bangladesh with
her fifty two major trading partners with the use of trade gravity model approach. The gravity model has been
estimated using pooled OLS, fixed effects, random effects estimation technique with the help of panel data for
the period 1975-2005. Our estimation results show that trade volume of Bangladesh responds more than
proportionally to per capita GDP and distance for OECD and NON –OECD trading partner countries
separately. Bangladesh’s direction of trade pattern is also strongly governed by geographical characteristics,
such as Area implying Bangladesh has a tendency to trade with larger countries. Membership in OECD and
GSP dummy has significant impact on trade. The results of gravity models have also been applied to calculate
the trade potentials indicating that Bangladesh has unexploited trade potentials with countries like UK,
Singapore, Netherlands, Germany, UAE, Canada, India, China, Italy, Australia, Germany, Switzerland &
Pakistan. We have found that the actual trade is converging towards equilibrium level of trade using average
speed of convergence measure. Therefore, identifying & utilizing unexploited trade potentials among some of
Bangladesh’s trading partners should stimulate growth to alleviate unemployment & poverty.
Shahid, M., & Kamran, F. (2015). Causal Relationship between Macroeconomic Factors and Stock Prices in Pakistan. International Journal Of Management And Commerce Innovations, 3(2), 172-178. Retrieved from http://researchpublish.com/journal/IJMCI/Issue-2-October-2015-March-2016/0
Foreign Direct Investment (Influx) from different nations and its impact on E...IJSRP Journal
In these research paper researchers examines emerging economic as well as implications on overall economic development and growth of Indian economic globalization. The paper focuses on the main motives of the Influx Foreign Direct Investment (IFDI) by the MNEs and its economic implications on the Indian economy. The originality of the study lies in its analysis of the overall investment pattern of MNEs companies and the nature of their global operations in a view to invest in India. Furthermore researchers explore the contribution of Service Sector that is one of highly demanded sectors towards economic development and growth of India through FDI in the current economic scenario in India.
The Relation Between Exports of Main Products And Economic Growth of Key Econ...inventionjournals
This paper clarifies the literature of key product export growth and regional economic growth. The paper analyses impacts of key product export on regional economic growth and vice versa. The paper provides recent empirical evidence of the relation. Besides an evaluation of the recent relation between export growth and economic growth in Viet Nam, the paper assesses the relation between key product export and economic growth during 1996-2012 period based on quantitative and qualitative approaches. With constructed models, the paper examines the relation between key product export and economic growth and concludes that it is positive. The research findings show that key product export in every economic region contributes positively to regional economic growth although it varies in different regions. Based on existing literature and empirical analysis, the paper provides a number of strategies to improve key product export contribution to key economic regions in the most effective manner and vice versa. The paper creates a fundament for researchers and policy makers both regionally and nationally in order for developing effective orientations, policies and measures for promoting export and sustainable eoconomic development.
Similar to An Analysis of Indian Commercial Dynamism in International Trade: 2000-2021 (20)
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Technological innovation is transforming the world quickly, especially in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) age. The financial sector is also changing overwhelmingly with technology. This sector is considered the backbone of an economy. It is evident that without the direct support of Management Information Systems (MIS) in this sector, commonly known as Financial Management Information System (FMIS), or Financial Information System (FIS), or Financial Technology (FinTech), this milestone cannot be reached. Moreover, it is Information Technology (IT) that facilitates the rapid development of this sector while ensuring a high level of safety and security through the application of FinTech. The development of this sector demands security, transparency, efficiency, integrity, and accountability. The most widely adopted FinTech innovations include virtual currencies, instant payments, digital lending, Wealth Technology (WealthTech), Insurance Technology (InsurTech), Islamic FinTech or ShariahTech, Regulatory Technology (RegTech), Supervisory Technology (SupTech), etc., which are shaping the future of the financial sector. For instance, one of the major revolutions in the financial sector is green banking, made possible through FinTech, which creates a win-win situation for multiple stakeholders by accelerating financial services and preserving the environment. Therefore, embracing MIS not only facilitates the growth of the financial sector but ensures sustainable practices.
Predicting students’ intention to continue business courses on online platfor...Samsul Alam
The objective of this study was to analyze the intention of a University's business department students to continue their studies on e-learning platforms during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, a questionnaire was developed to collect primary data from students in business fields. The study took into account more than 285 respondents from two different universities and relied on the expectation confirmation model (ECM) theory and the structural equation model. The partial least squares (SEM-PLS) method was used to analyze the data. The results of the study showed that task skills (TS) and task challenges (TC) were significant for the enjoyment (EN) of the students which in turn had a positive effect on the satisfaction levels. Confirmation (CON) had an impact on the post adoption perceived usefulness (PAPU), which was deemed positive for student satisfaction (SAT). The SAT and psychological safety (PS) of online learning platforms were found to positively influence the continuance intention (CI) on e-learning platforms. Finally, both SAT and PS of online learning platforms were observed to positively influence CI on e-learning platforms. Further research in this area could be useful in making decisions about promoting educational programs based on e-learning. The researchers recommend that academicians and policymakers must ensure appropriate arrangements for teaching on e-learning platforms.
Linking Competitive Strategies with Human Resource Information System: A Comp...Samsul Alam
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The Role of Technology Entrepreneurship in Facilitating Corporate Donations: ...Samsul Alam
With the accelerated pace of technological innovation, many local and international corporations have been entering into e-Marketplace, launching new business models, and constantly generating new ideas for serving the society. The rising labor costs of business necessitate the exploitation of the evolving e-Business technologies for the optimal utilization of corporate donations. Such technologies have transformed the B2B global marketing of products and services from developing countries, as seen from the success of the Alibaba group in China. The purpose of this study is to develop a B2B social e-Business (SeB) model and subsequent implementation of a digital platform to facilitate donations from donors to eligible recipients all over the world. A case study has been presented to illustrate the practical feasibility of the model.
COVID-19 impact on Facebook-based social commerce in BangladeshSamsul Alam
Popular social media Facebook-oriented social commerce (S-commerce), commonly known as Facebook commerce (F-commerce) has progressed towards a bevy business in Bangladesh. Many young people, especially at the age of 20-28, are now in this industry. The pandemic situation due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) forces people to buy more from the online market because of the safety issue. People are getting more interested in the new trend of buying from an online store. The current study aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 on F-commerce, particularly in Bangladesh. It uses the non-probability purposive sampling method and collects 181 usable responses through an online questionnaire. A research model is developed following the social commerce acceptance model (SCAM), and structural equation model partial least square (SEM-PLS) using SmartPLS 3.0 is applied to find out and justify the result. Likert five-point scale for determining the independent variables, including COVID-19 awareness (CA), consumer behavior (CB), and purchase intention (PI), is used. The study result confirms that these three variables have a positive impact on F-commerce. The survey covers other measurable items that indicate some assumptions, which reflect F-commerce consumers’ behavior. The researchers recommend that F-commerce businesspeople must emphasize on mitigating trust issues and provide enhanced home delivery service.
Ready-made garments inclusion: A study on science and technology park of Extr...Samsul Alam
The ready-made garments (RMG) can have a noteworthy contribution to the economy of a country when it possesses a noticeable application of technology and innovation in its design attractiveness, healthier aspects of body and environment. The primary purpose of this study is to show the relevance of including RMG sector in Science and Technology Park of Extremadura (PCTEx), Spain in Badajoz zone. Based on the study result, it is proposed to include this promising sector in this area that has impact. The conclusion finds that the PCTEx can include the sector in this area that can ensure greater impact in social and financial gain of the economy. The study follows case study method and the results produced based on face to face interview using unstructured open-ended questionnaire. The findings support that if this industry tends to run and is supervised by the PCTEx authority in Badajoz, with the influence of this non-government association, it will flourish with its superior performance and in turn will contribute to the development of the region by creating employment opportunity for a number of unemployed people especially for women and to the country economy as a whole. The availability of low-cost human resources especially high-tech equipment and industry-friendly environment all work behind the motivation of the inclusion of this industry in Badajoz, Spain.
Is It Feasible to Include Ready-Made Garments Sector in Badajoz Zone under Sc...Samsul Alam
The Ready-Made Garments (RMG) might have a remarkable contribution to a country's economy once it possesses an understandable application of technology and innovation in its style attractiveness, healthier aspects of body and its environmental settings. The primary purpose of this study is to explore the relevance of including RMG sector in the Science and Technology Park of Extremadura (PCTEx) in Badajoz province of Spain. For this purpose, a case study based on face to face interview method is followed where primary data was collected through an unstructured open ended questionnaire. The author's observation in this case is also used. The findings of this qualitative study support that it is relevant to include the sector in this particular zone. It concludes with the statement that PCTEx has the opportunity to include the sector in this area which can ensure greater impact in social and financial gain in this region. The findings also support that if this proposal is implemented and is supervised by the PCTEx authority in Badajoz, with the influence of this non-government association, it will flourish with its superior performance and in turn will contribute to the development of the region by creating employment opportunity for a number of unemployed people especially for women as well as to the country economy as a whole. The availability of low cost human resources especially high tech infrastructure and industry-friendly environment all work behind the motivation of the sector inclusion in this region.
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The aim of this study is to investigate how the different dimensions of 4G service quality affect customer satisfaction level of 4G mobile service users in Dhaka city. This descriptive study is based on empirical research approach that is done through collecting primary data from 365 respondents. The well known SERVQUAL model is used for examining impacts of tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy on customer satisfaction. SmartPLS 3.0 and SPSS were used for data analysis. Based on previous studies, a model was developed and five hypotheses were proposed. SmartPLS booststrap was run to test the model validity and the hypotheses. Moreover, to find out the deviations between the expected and realized opinions towards all the dimensions of service quality gap analysis was done. The results shown that reliability, responsiveness and empathy positively influence customers’ satisfaction; where tangibility and assurance do not. The explanatory power of the model is 36.7% based on realized views about all the dimensions of service quality of 4G services.
Reviewing the Global Smartphone Industry Strategic Implication in Response to...Samsul Alam
The global smartphone brands were progressing aggressively over time. A sudden unexpected turbulent situation known as a global pandemic declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) about a century later in the history of human civilization stops this progress. It makes the industry bound to fall behind. This study aims to review and analyze the impact of the present pandemic situation due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the global smartphone industry. It shows its competitive scenarios focusing on smartphone demand and supply. Thus, the study suggest a strategic approach to combat this situation. It is done by reviewing the latest literature published explicitly in 2020. The findings of this study reveal a significant negative impact of COVID-19 on global smartphone brands, primarily especially in the big markets of this industry, namely China, India, USA, Europe. Conversely, it can also positively impact the industry, especially in some developing countries. The positivity is seen due to the expanded demand for smartphones in some sectors like education, business, and entertainment media shifted online, triggering the user’s need to purchase a new smart device. Lastly, based on the understanding of the current scenario, some strategic approaches are discussed, and appropriate solutions are given for the industry to cope up with the pandemic crisis and, at the same time, how to attain success. The strategic directions given at the end can be applied to the industry’s sustainability and growth.
The focus of this study is to seek the relevance of investing in Information Technology (IT) by the students. The research takes into account 50 students studying at different disciplines at Dhaka University. The respondents were visited randomly to get the relevant data. The result of the study suggests that students’ academic quality and knowledge enhancement have a relationship with investment in IT though the relationship is not significant. The result of hypothesis testing shows that students those have invested in personal computer and internet secure comparatively higher cumulative grade point average (CGPA) rather than those who haven’t invested on these IT tools. But the likelihood of investing higher amount in IT will pay-off better CGPA is not found thus there is no association of good result and investing heavily on IT. However, the findings of this exploratory study offer insights that the money invested in IT for academic purpose is more advantageous than otherwise be invested especially for those students whose academic curriculum mainly decorated in accordance with the modern up-to-date era of Information Technology. Eventually, this study will help concerned students, guardians and academicians understanding how important IT is for student’s academic performance.
Financial Analysis of Retail Business Organization: A Case of Wal-Mart Stores...Samsul Alam
The main objective of this study is to present the Walmart’s financial performance, making the important valuation of the company. The study used quantitative method using secondary sources. The finding of this descriptive study is that Walmart is the lucrative choice for the past, present and future investors with the estimation of terminal value at the end of the fiscal year 2026 estimated US $580 billion and the fundamental value of US $736 billion. The result shows that due to the emergence of stronger competitors and for being matured, Walmart is not performing as expected by investors, but its gigantic market size will make it capable of doing business profitably over a longer period of time. The ultimate decision given for the investors is to buy. The assumption is made on in-depth financial analysis with reliable data and calculation. The study has noteworthy importance to the financial market stakeholders.
Spain-Bangladesh international trade for small and medium enterprises: Explor...Samsul Alam
There exists no adverse relation between Spain and Bangladesh instead it is seen rare international as well as bilateral relation of these two countries and we found scopes for engaging international trade for both of the countries. Spain is a country capable of producing for example, a lot of electronic products. In Bangladesh, there are growing demand for some of the top listed goods like vehicles, machineries and more. The surplus of these goods if any, exported to that country, a huge foreign currency may be achieved and thus the country may be financially benefited to cope with the existing market recession. On the other hand, there are some top listed exporting goods of Bangladesh including clothing, labor, leather, and more. Spain might get economic advantage to some extent from international trade with Bangladesh. Thus, from both side export-import trade relationship of these Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), both countries can be economically benefited and thus Spain can get solution for reducing existing recession to some extent and Bangladesh can find a feasible solution to achieve the vision 2021 of digital Bangladesh and 2041 of being a developed country in the world. Again, there will be a bilateral relationship between these two countries. This study attempts to justify the relevance and feasibility for Spain of the goods to be exported to and imported from Bangladesh. The findings of this qualitative study show that there are possible scopes and fields to make a big deal between Spain and Bangladesh and thus the international trade for SMEs would positively contribute to the economic development of the both parties.
Impact of Blue Ocean Strategy on Organizational Performance: A literature rev...Samsul Alam
This study is based on the pros and cons of the Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS) that offers users a framework for creating uncontested market space and diverts the views from the current competition to the creation of innovative value and demand. The main objective of the study is to show the overall scenario of BOS and its impact on organizational performance. The study includes the history of BOS, comparison with Red Ocean Strategy (ROS), relevance of applying BOS, Applications, Critics, Findings, Recommendations and Conclusion. The Findings of the study tries to show the ultimate results of applying the BOS and the recommendations urge some precautions to apply BOS. The result found that BOS positively affects the organization performance if applied in organizations. Overall, the study is effective to decide the adoption of BOS within the organization. The recommendation for the organization is to do an in-depth analysis on BOS before implementation to see the suitability considering the company size, industry condition, and adaptability.
Country Risk and Its Effect on International Finance ManagementSamsul Alam
The purpose of this study was to show the effect of current country risk on international finance. The findings of this exploratory study shows that country risk considerably affect the operations of international finance but this correlation cannot be stated with sufficient level of confidence. Data and analysis of the study give us a notion that there are effects of country risk on international finance and that effect is negatively correlated that means when the country risk tends to be higher as in turn making the country rating lower, the international finance is negatively affected. In contrary, when the country risk is lower giving a higher country rating, international finance is positively affected. The result shown gives us perception that due to political instability, high interest rate, high inflation rate, and frequently volatile currency exchange rate cause disturbance in the normal operations of the international trade that reduce the country risk rating score and in turn the global international finance gets hampered.
Development of Social Business B2B Model for e-Business OrganizationSamsul Alam
In this modern age of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), many local and international firms are entering into the e-marketplace, launching new business models and constantly generating new ideas for serving the society. While there are a number of top rated companies running through e-Business platforms worldwide that thrive only for profit; they also can run non-profit, charity-based businesses (social business) which can utilize e-Business platforms to save administrative costs which can then be used to directly help the underprivileged sections of the population. This study develops a Social Business B2B model for the B2B market to help in developing effective strategies in a social business environment. Given the fact that Alibaba provides a very successful B2B e-Business model based in a developing country (China) and that there is an ongoing interest of the proprietor of Alibaba in social business, we examine the suitability of Alibaba as a model for social business B2B framework.
Internship report on HRIS: A case of Grameenphone Ltd.Samsul Alam
Being the leading telecommunication company Grameenphone Ltd. enters in
the business field that has already become the top telecommunication
company of the country. To achieve this goal P&O Division should play a
leading role. We know that proper management of people of an organization
using IS is essential for achievement of efficiency and effectiveness of
operation. If people are properly managed & organized then it will result in the
overall performance in a positive way to achieve short term & long term goal.
On the other hand, if these are not properly managed & organized then it will
result in poor performance. This report covers a thorough analysis about the
HRIS in P&O Division of Grameenphone Ltd.
This report covers the information necessary to understand the system
development process for HRIS. The system development process involves
multiple stages from initial design to implementation and evaluation. Failure to
follow these steps or rushing through them will result in a poorly designed
system that will ultimately fail when it is implemented. Thus, this report begins
to identify some of the information that is critical for the eventual
implementation of an HRIS. It is started with a focus on the users of the
system to help the system development process in its beginning steps. The
types of information about users/ customers of the HRIS, the sorting of HRIS
data into categories of human capital, and the main concepts of hardware and
database security are covered.
The first chapter covers the rationale, objective, research methodology,
limitation and organization of the report. The second chapter includes the
literature review, the third chapter includes the overall profile of
Grameenphone Ltd., the fourth chapter elucidates HRIS: A Case of
GrameenPhone Ltd. including all activities done through HRIS and HRMIS,
the fifth chapter describes analysis of the data and the remaining chapter
describes findings, conclusions, recommendations, references, and appendix.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
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how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
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what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
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1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
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7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
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A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
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I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
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@Pi_vendor_247
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What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Transkredit Finance Company Products Presentation (1).pptx
An Analysis of Indian Commercial Dynamism in International Trade: 2000-2021
1. 179
An Analysis of Indian Commercial Dynamism in
International Trade: 2000-2021
*
Samsul Alam, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur
Repon Miah, Daffodil International University
Rasheda Akter Rupa, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
E-mail: alam@mis.brur.ac.bd
Abstract: The study first looks at the fundamentals of growth rate, trade
balance, coverage rate, openness rate, and the share of global indicators
before presenting each of them in more detail. It thus assesses India's
overall commercial dynamism. A thorough analysis is made using data
gathered from the World Bank (WB)'s databank in order to carry out this
study. An analysis of time series data is performed using data from 2000 to
2021. MS Excel is then used to analyze the data and provide a suitable
interpretation. The results show that India has an average growth rate of
12.16 for imports and 12.02 for exports, a deficit trade balance over the
years, a coverage rate that ranges from 78.49 (2012) to 97.97 (2020),
trade openness that ranges from 26 (2001) to 56 (2012) percent, and a
total global market share of 2.52 (2021) and 0.79. (2000). Researchers,
other stakeholders in the field, and policymakers in nearby countries,
specifically mentioning Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Myanmar and Indian
governments, could all benefit from this study's findings.
Keywords: Commercial dynamism, Export-import analysis, India,
International trade, Time-series data
JEL Classification: F1, O2, O4
1. Introduction
Globalization has increased collaboration and communication among
various nations. International trading is also a byproduct of globalization
which leads to enhancing economic affiliation with other countries of the
world (Khandare, 2011). Most nations are allowing the free movement of
goods and services across their national borders. Ensuring trade balance is
the fundamental aim for all nations taking part in international trading, as
------------------------------
*Corresponding Author
2. An Analysis of Indian Commercial Dynamism in International....................
180
trade balance is the reflection of the collective effects of other
macroeconomic policies of the country (Uddin, 2009).
India is a growing economy (Raghuramapatruni, 2014). It is one of the
prominent nations in the world with a large population and economic
prospects (World Bank, 2018). In recent years, its economic growth has
accelerated. The real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was U.S. dollar
2,013.3 billion in 2018-19 fiscal year (WTO, 2020). There was a
prominent increase in export after liberalization. This trend continues to
increase for some other years. After that, it started to decline (Chakrabarty
& Chakravarty, 2012). The average real GDP growth was 7.4% from
2013-14 to 2018-19 (WTO, 2020). The per capita income was U.S. dollar
5,464.9 in 2015, which rose to 7,333.5 in 2021 (World Bank, 2022).
Although the country is performing well in various economic parameters,
Covid-19 has restricted the form of the economy (Phelps, 2008). Due to
Covid-19 and frequent lockdowns, there has been a significant negative
impact on international trading. The shutdown of workplaces negatively
affected trading of durable goods (Hayakawa & Mukunoki, 2021). On the
contrary, the inflation rate has increased significantly. In 2015, the
inflation rate was 2.3%, while in 2021, it becomes 9.6%. (World Bank,
2022).
However, India is performing well in various economic parameters
showing consistent growth in trade. Such growth demand dynamism in
trades and commercial activities. Dynamism requires a blending of
economic policies in international trade and economic activities (Phelps,
2008). Dynamism is a measure of sustainable economic growth. During
Covid-19, the dynamism of various nations has reshaped significantly
(Agresti et al., 2022). After Upender's (2007) study on India’s export-
import equilibrium from 1949-2005, no likely study is found that focused
on India’s international trade nature of dynamism. Therefore, based on the
discussion, the authors tend to seek the answer to the following question:
How dynamic the international trade of India is, and what affects this
dynamism pattern over time?
Thus, the study aims at representing the commercial dynamism of India.
Specifically, the authors show the ins and outs of Indian patterns of
commercial dynamism in various aspects and compare the performance
3. ISSN 2664-3413 (Print) 2664-3421 (Online)
Daffodil International University Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship Vol. 16 No. 1 PP. 179-200 June 2023
181
year to year. As a result, this study will provide necessary ideas about the
dynamism of trade and trade policies of India to policymakers, researchers,
economists, and various government agencies. Next, this study is divided
into several parts. In the first part, relevant literature has been reviewed
and presented briefly. The second part covers the analysis of commercial
dynamism in India using various charts, graphs, and tables of relevant data.
Finally, the last part reflects some recommendations for policymakers
regarding international trade in India.
2. Literature Review
International trade expedites the flow of goods and services across borders
and greatly boosts the countries' GDP (Poon & Rigby, 2017). Chakrabarty
and Chakravarty (2012) state that international trade is one of the major
elements of the growth of a nation. Taylor and Smith (2007) emphasize
international trade as it leads to expanding existing markets, adopting new
technologies, and developing efficient production processes. Phelps (2008)
defines commercial dynamism as the appropriate mixture of economic
policies of a country. Technological advancement and a well-planned
bureaucratic system contribute to commercial dynamism (Phelps, 2008).
Decker et al. (2016) emphasize business companies' formation, growth,
expansion, and contract to ensure dynamism in commercial activities.
Agresti et al. (2022) use the term business dynamism to reflect the
sustainable growth of a nation. They define it as the number of new firms
entering a market and leave from the market.
Trading and sharing of economic interests strive to improve dynamism
among countries through enhancing trade and exchanges (Agresti et al.,
2022). In the USA, the speed with which new firms enter the market and
old ones leave the market, and the pace with which new employment
opportunities are created are the measures of commercial dynamism for
that country. The creativity and innovation in starting a new business and
creating opportunities for others make the economy more dynamic than
ever (Decker et al., 2014). The commercial dynamism of India has been
investigated by Anoopkumar (2014). In that study, the author focuses on
the crops market and price stability as the major agent of dynamism in that
market. The revenue for the farmers from the crops market is unstable due
to changes in price in the market. Trading and sharing of economic
interests strive to improve dynamism among countries through enhancing
trade and exchanges. The interconnection of commercial interests between
4. An Analysis of Indian Commercial Dynamism in International....................
182
Chain and Taiwan has enhanced the economic dynamism of both countries
(Sutter, 2002).
Trade needs to determine the growth factors and drivers as well as to
separate the growth barriers to international trade (Loungani et al., 2017).
Usually, countries try to get a comparative advantage in international trade
by exporting quite similar products. There are inherent reasons for such
composition. The use of similar technologies is one of the reasons.
Interconnectivity among product mixing provides benefits of comparative
advantages in product space. The availability of materials and capabilities
of production determine nations exporting the products (Hausmann &
Klinger, 2007).
Carrasco and Tovar-García (2021) conducted a study using panel data
from 19 developing countries to assess the role of export and import
composition in economic development. They found that the impact of such
composition on development is insignificant. Utkulu and Seymen (2004)
conducted a study using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) indices
to examine Turkey's competitiveness and the sectoral patterns of trade
flows and trade specialization with the EU. Turkey gets a competitive edge
for seven products out of 63 product groups. Assadzadeh et al. (2013) also
studied the comparative competitiveness in the clothing industry of Turkey
and Iran using RCA to compare Turkey and Iran's textile and apparel
sectors' competitiveness. According to the findings, Turkey maintains a
comparative advantage over Iran in the markets for textiles and apparel
(Assadzadeh et al. 2013). Akgüngör et al. (2002) also evaluated the trade
pattern of Turkey especially focusing on the trade policies of the fruit and
vegetable industries. They found that Turkey’s performance is far better
than Greece, Spain, and Portugal's in the EU market.
Raghuramapatruni (2014) studied the trade pattern of India in comparison
to China applying Trade Intensity Index (TII) and Modified TII. It has
been found that China and India are the two economic engines of the
world, having skilled manpower and production processes. Both countries
complement each other in sharing factors of production. The
interdependence and agreement between these two counties made them a
giant in the global marketplace (Raghuramapatruni, 2014). Upender (2007)
studied the long-term equilibrium between the import and export of India
from 1949-50 to 2004-05. They discovered that import and export are co-
integrated based on root unit tests, co-integration, and error correction
models. It indicates that there is a significant relationship between export
5. ISSN 2664-3413 (Print) 2664-3421 (Online)
Daffodil International University Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship Vol. 16 No. 1 PP. 179-200 June 2023
183
and import. Although there is slight disequilibrium between India’s
imports and exports, economic reformation during 1992 has contributed a
lot to reducing that disequilibrium. The study revealed a bidirectional
relationship between export and import from a long-term perspective
(Uddin, 2009).
From the literature, it is obvious that no study specifically analyzes the
commercial dynamism of Indian international trade. This instigates the
authors' conduct of the current study. In this study, the writers examine the
basics of growth rate, trade balance, coverage rate, openness rate, and
share of world indicators before analyzing the commercial dynamism of
India and presenting each of them in depth.
3. Methodology
To achieve the study objective, the authors use time series data analysis. It
is regarded as one of the major ways to evaluate the commercial dynamism
of a country. For example, Uddin (2009) applied time series analysis to
assess the international trade behavior of a developing country like
Bangladesh. The authors conduct a quantitative study on the dynamic
nature of international trade in India. Various charts, graphs, and tables
have been prepared to analyze the statistical databases of the WB, which
are considered primary data. The data considered are from a time series
starting from 2000 through 2021.
The data are placed into the mathematically based recognized formulae
already applied in determining indicators of a country’s dynamic nature in
international trade, e.g., growth rate, trade balance, coverage rate, export
propensity, openness rate, share in world exports, imports, and total trade.
The sources of collecting the data are the databank of the WB, which are
reposited publicly available in the database. A total of 21 years, starting
from 2000 through 2021, is considered a series of times. On the other
hand, different secondary published sources have been analyzed to assess
the trade policies of the country. These data are collected from journals,
conference proceedings, reports, website servers, etc. Table 1 shows all the
relevant data useful in conducting this study.
6. An Analysis of Indian Commercial Dynamism in International....................
184
Table 1: India's Year-Over-Year Trade Data, Including Coverage and
Openness Rates
Yea
r
India
Export
(U.S.
dollar in
billion)
India
Import
(U.S.
dollar in
billion)
India
GDP
(U.S.
dollar in
billion)
World
Exports
(U.S.
dollar in
billion)
World
Imports
(U.S.
dollar in
billion)
World
GDP
(U.S.
dollar
in
billion)
200
0
60.88 65.12 468.39 8,032.68 8,005.77 33,830.8
8
200
1
60.96 65.22 485.44 7,781.99 7,798.78 33,615.4
4
200
2
73.45 78.50 514.94 8,172.33 8,100.60 34,911,4
3
200
3
90.84 95.07 607.70 9,462.66 9,387.15 39,146.9
9
200
4
126.65 139.31 709.15 11,493.71 11,365.36 44,117.6
0
200
5
160.84 183.74 820.38 13,065.70 12,892.76 47,779.7
1
200
6
199.97 229.96 940.26 15,058.64 14,748.54 51,779.8
5
200
7
253.08 302.80 1,216.74 17,509.11 17,100.97 58,355.0
1
200
8
288.90 350.93 1,198.90 20,000.60 19,605.07 64,123.7
0
200 273.75 347.18 1,341.89 16,124.80 15,756.16 60,809.1
7. ISSN 2664-3413 (Print) 2664-3421 (Online)
Daffodil International University Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship Vol. 16 No. 1 PP. 179-200 June 2023
185
Yea
r
India
Export
(U.S.
dollar in
billion)
India
Import
(U.S.
dollar in
billion)
India
GDP
(U.S.
dollar in
billion)
World
Exports
(U.S.
dollar in
billion)
World
Imports
(U.S.
dollar in
billion)
World
GDP
(U.S.
dollar
in
billion)
9 1
201
0
375.35 449.97 1,675.62 19,243.64 18,675.28 66,596.0
5
201
1
447.38 566.67 1,823.05 22,681.80 22,023.77 73,853.7
8
201
2
448.40 571.31 1,827.64 23,009.87 22,278.92 75,488.0
6
201
3
472.18 527.56 1,856.72 23,591.38 22,843.16 77,607.2
0
201
4
468.35 529.24 2,039.13 23,958.19 23,341.46 79,708.8
1
201
5
416.79 465.10 2,103.59 21,304.88 20,753.07 75,179.2
7
201
6
439.64 480.17 2,294.80 20,896.16 20,354.34 76,465.5
9
201
7
498.26 582.02 2,651.47 23,000.93 22,401.35 81,403.9
8
201
8
538.64 639.01 2,702.93 25,185.95 24,629.11 86,413.0
3
201
9
529.24 602.31 2,831.55 24,733.87 24,287.87 87,652.8
6
8. An Analysis of Indian Commercial Dynamism in International....................
186
Yea
r
India
Export
(U.S.
dollar in
billion)
India
Import
(U.S.
dollar in
billion)
India
GDP
(U.S.
dollar in
billion)
World
Exports
(U.S.
dollar in
billion)
World
Imports
(U.S.
dollar in
billion)
World
GDP
(U.S.
dollar
in
billion)
202
0
499.10 509.43 2,667.69 22,361.52 21,709.87 84,906.8
1
202
1
660.50 725.55 3173.40 27,926.60 26,982.56 96,100.0
9
Source: Authors’ Construction
4. Results and Discussion
The results and discussion are explained in details in this section in several
subsections.
4.1. Trade Analysis of India
This section calculates several aspects of India's global trade dynamism
based on its exports of commodities and services, imports of goods, and
the country's and the world's GDP. These terms and their descriptions are
elaborated in subsequent subsections from the WB perspective (i.e., the
currency used for the data is the current dollar), as the data are considered
from the WB data repository. All transactions involving a transfer of
ownership of general commodities, net exports of items under
merchanting, non-monetary gold, and services from citizens of a country to
the rest of the world are considered exports of goods and services. All
movable goods that are engaged in a transfer of ownership from non-
residents to residents are referred to as goods imports, including non-
monetary gold. The gross value contributed by all resident producers in the
economy, along with any applicable product taxes and any subsidies not
reflected in the value of the goods themselves, is what is referred to as the
GDP at the purchaser's prices. It is estimated without taking into account
natural resource deterioration or the depreciation of manufactured
assets. GDP data are translated to the dollar from local currencies using
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187
official exchange rates for one year. There are a few nations where an
alternate conversion factor is utilized since the official exchange rate does
not accurately represent the rate that is actually applied to actual foreign
exchange transactions.
4.1.1. Average Growth Rate
The average growth rate shows the rate of increase India experienced
during the research period. It is calculated in the following way:
Equation 1. The formula for the growth rate on average of India
Average growth rate of export/import = {(Latest Year Value/Past Year
Value)(1/21)
-1}×100
India's exports of products and services have grown at an average annual
rate of 12.02% over the past 21 (2000-2021) years, showing that the
country has increased its exports every year. The average rate of import
growth during the course of the study was 12.16 percent, indicating good
growth in imports as well. However, if we look at the growth rates of
imports and exports, we can see that India has increased both in terms of
imports and exports, meaning that its growth rate is positive. This leads us
to believe that India has been showing a surplus in its current economy and
that its dynamism is focused on the exporting side (See Figure 1).
Figure 1: India's Average Growth Rate
Source: Authors’ Construction
12.16
12.02
Import Export
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188
4.1.2. Trade Balance
The trade balance, which is the gap between India's exports and imports,
was discovered throughout the course of the 21-year investigation. It is
calculated in the following way:
Equation 2. The formula for the trade balance of India
Balance of Trade (BOT) = Value of Exports − Value of Imports
The authors discover from Figure 2 that the trade balance of India has been
negative for each of the financial years used for the analysis. Indicators
show that India has had a long-standing trade deficit. Since India's
economy had economic instability that insufficient GDP, the rising buyer
purchasing power, and people's quality of life, a trade deficit occurs as the
trade balance encounters a negative value. In 2003, there was the lowest
trade deficit of U.S. dollar 4.23 billion. On the other hand, 2012
experienced the highest deficit of U.S. dollar 122.91 billion in international
trade. Surprisingly, after a consecutive decline in the trade deficit from
2012, it rose from 2017 through 2018. Though 2020 enjoyed a lower
deficit of U.S. dollar 10.33 billion, 2021 faced again higher one (U.S.
dollar 65.05 billion). When India's deficit was reduced, the country's
economy was stable enough to support growth in GDP, allowing it to
export a sizeable sum that was significantly larger than in any of the prior
years while also incurring fewer costs than in prior years.
Figure 2: The Trade Balance of India
Source: Authors’ Construction
-150
-100
-50
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Trade Balance (U.S. dollar in billion)
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189
4.1.3. Coverage Rate
The capacity of exports to finance imports is known as the coverage rate. If
the outcome is more than 100, it means that any country's exports may
fully finance its imports while still having a trade surplus. It means that the
higher, the better. On the contrary, it suffers a trade deficit. The coverage
rate is calculated in the following way:
Equation 3. The formula for the coverage rate of India
Coverage rate = (Exports/Imports) × 100
Table 2: The Year-Wise Coverage Rate of India
Year Coverage Rate Year Coverage
Rate
2000 93.48 2011 78.95
2001 93.48 2012 78.49
2002 93.57 2013 89.50
2003 95.55 2014 88.49
2004 90.91 2015 89.61
2005 87.54 2016 91.56
2006 86.96 2017 85.61
2007 83.58 2018 84.29
2008 82.33 2019 87.87
2009 78.85 2020 97.97
2010 83.42 2021 91.03
Source: Authors’ Construction
Table 2 displays the results of India's coverage rate over time. It is
observed that not a single financial year of India could afford the imports
completely. Since there was volatility, all imports showed a trade
imbalance in the balance of payments. However, every year, there was
12. An Analysis of Indian Commercial Dynamism in International....................
190
variation in the coverage rate, where the highest trade deficit was seen in
FY 2012 (21.51). Besides, FY 2009 and 2011 have a coverage rate below
80. Conversely, the lowest trade deficit indicating the highest coverage rate
was found in FY 2020 (2.03), which is nearly 100% of the coverage rate.
Other FYs that have a coverage rate up 90 are 2000-2004, 2006, and 2021.
The remaining FYs have a coverage rate between the highest and lowest
figure. From Figure 3, it is depicted that India has a comparatively higher
growth in coverage rate after FY 2012 the trade balance is becoming
shortened. However, from 2000 to 2004, it was higher in comparison with
FY 2009 to 2012. In many instances, India can serve as a model for nations
attempting to achieve trade balance and surpluses, particularly for Asia's
fast-growing nations.
Figure 3: The Coverage Rate of India
Source: Authors’ Construction
4.2. Tools for Measuring Trade Openness
The following discussions pertain to tools for trade openness.
4.2.1. Export Propensity
The export to GDP ratio is known as the export propensity. It differentiates
the elements that affect whether or not subsidiaries export. It is calculated
in the following way:
93.48
93.48
93.57
95.55
90.91
87.54
86.96
83.58
82.33
78.85
83.42
78.95
78.49
89.50
88.49
89.61
91.56
85.61
84.29
87.87
97.97
91.03
C OVE RA GE RA T E
COVERAGE RATE
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
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Equation 4. The formula for the export propensity to India
Export propensity = (Exports/GDP) × 100
For the study's FYs, the export tendency is shown in Table 3. According to
the table, India had the highest export propensity in 2013 (25.43). 2001 is
the year with the lowest export propensity (12.56). It is also discovered
that the export tendency of previous years is variable. Although growth is
constant, the inclination to export is slightly increasing in some FYs. In
comparison to other developing nations, India has a respectable export
inclination. It is also discovered that the export tendency of previous years
is variable. In comparison to other developing nations, India's export
inclination is not too awful.
Table 3: India's Annual Propensity to Export
Year Propensity to export Year Propensity to export
2000 13.00 2011 24.54
2001 12.56 2012 24.53
2002 14.26 2013 25.43
2003 14.95 2014 22.97
2004 17.86 2015 19.81
2005 19.61 2016 19.16
2006 21.27 2017 18.79
2007 20.80 2018 19.93
2008 24.10 2019 18.69
2009 20.40 2020 18.71
2010 22.40 2021 20.81
Source: Authors’ Construction
4.2.2. Trade Openness Rate
The openness index gauges a nation's level of economic openness. It
refers, in other words, to the extent to which a nation can sell its products
and services to the rest of the world. The ratio of total imports to total
14. An Analysis of Indian Commercial Dynamism in International....................
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exports to GDP is used to measure the degree of trade openness. The
greater the openness rate, the more dependent the country or economic
zone is on foreign trade. When the outcome tends toward "0," the country
being studied has little or no trade with other nations. When the outcome
approaches toward "100," the majority of what is produced is exported,
and no contribution of domestic goods is provided to satisfy the demands
of domestic consumers. It is calculated in the following way:
Equation 5. The formula for the trade openness rate of India
Trade openness rate = (Exports+Imports)/GDP}×100
Figure 4: Rate of Trade Openness
Source: Authors’ Construction
Figure 4 illustrates the percentages of openness in India for different FYs.
Over the past 21 years, India's overall trade has fluctuated, ranging from
26% (in 2001) to 56%. (2012). From FY 2001 through 2007, there was a
growing rate of trade liberalization, where a sudden fall was observed in
2009 that rate again started rising in 2012. Afterward, it goes through ups
and downs rate. The percentage of domestic products intended for the
domestic market increased from 38% in 2020 to 44% in 2021 as a result of
the growing demands of the Indian populace. As one of the largest nations
in the world and a producer of a wide range of goods, the chart depicts that
India's openness rate varies, and the conclusion that follows suggests that
the nation is somewhat dependent on foreign trade. However, domestic
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Openness Trade
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production falls short of entirely satisfying the needs of the entire
population. India does not generate all the goods its residents require, just
as no other nation does so adequately.
4.3. World Trade Participation Indicators
Figure 5 shows that from 2000 to 2008, India's exports and imports both
increased quickly over that period. However, due to the unstable economy
in 2009, both indexes abruptly decreased. Once more, after that time, they
began to rise, and this trend persisted up until 2012. Imports abruptly
decreased and exports steadily increased after 2012, pointing to a strong
economic climate where the trade imbalance is at a minimum. After FY
2015 and 2016, both the exports and imports started rising; imports got
more growth. The growth stopped in FY 2018 after when the indicators
again fell down. In 2020, the decline in exports and imports. Nevertheless,
they reached the peak of the figure in both indicators. In other words, India
has gained prominence in global commerce (competitiveness) while
contributing a sizable amount to it.
Figure 5: India's Imports and Exports
Source: Authors’ Construction
The following metrics assess the flexibility and adaptation of India's
dynamic economic growth and global trade, as indicated in Table 4.
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Exports of India Imports of India
16. An Analysis of Indian Commercial Dynamism in International....................
194
According to the table, India has a considerable share in both the indicators
of exports and imports comparing other developing countries in the world.
Table 4: Comparison of India's Export and Import Data by Year
Year % World Export % World Import % World Trade
2000 0.758 0.81 0.79
2001 0.783 0.84 0.81
2002 0.899 0.97 0.93
2003 0.960 1.01 0.99
2004 1.102 1.23 1.16
2005 1.231 1.43 1.33
2006 1.328 1.56 1.44
2007 1.445 1.77 1.61
2008 1.444 1.79 1.62
2009 1.698 2.20 1.95
2010 1.951 2.41 2.18
2011 1.972 2.57 2.27
2012 1.949 2.56 2.25
2013 2.001 2.31 2.15
2014 1.955 2.27 2.11
2015 1.956 2.24 2.10
2016 2.104 2.36 2.23
2017 2.166 2.60 2.38
2018 2.139 2.59 2.36
2019 2.140 2.48 2.31
2020 2.232 2.35 2.29
2021 2.365 2.69 2.52
Source: Authors’ Construction
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195
4.3.1. Share of World Exports
Indian exports are currently concentrated in the United States of America
(USA), China, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Hong Kong, Germany,
and other nations, according to the OEC country profile. The exporting
goods of India involve a number of products, including refined petroleum,
packaged medicaments, diamonds, rice, and Jewelry (Figure 6). This
indicator's objective is to display India's share of global exports as a
percentage. It is calculated in the following way:
Equation 6. The formula for India’s share of world exports
Share of India’s exports to world exports = (Exports of India/Exports of
World)×100
The percentage of India's exports of goods and services to the global
market is shown in Table 4. According to the data, the lowest share
(0.76%) was discovered in 2000, while the largest participation (2.37%)
was discovered in 2021.
4.3.2. Share of World Imports
Based on data from the OEC country profile, the sourcing countries for
imports of Indians are mainly China, the United States of America (USA),
the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and other countries.
The importing goods include a variety of products, likely crude petroleum,
gold, coal briquettes, diamonds, and petroleum gas (Figure 6). The goal of
the share of world imports is to determine what proportion of global
imports are made by India. It is calculated in the following way:
Equation 7. The formula for India’s share of world imports
Share of India’s imports to world imports = (Imports of India/Imports of
World)×100
According to Table 4, the percentages in various years demonstrate that
involvement ranges from 0.79 in 2000 to 2.52 in 2021.
18. An Analysis of Indian Commercial Dynamism in International....................
196
4.3.3. Share of World Total Trade
This indicator compares India's imports and exports of goods and services
to those of the rest of the world. India's top exports in terms of global trade
include mineral fuels and oils, natural or cultured pearls, automobiles,
nuclear reactors, organic chemicals, pharmaceuticals, cereals, electrical
machinery, cotton, iron and steel, clothing and clothing accessories,
plastic, fish and crustaceans, aircraft, meat, textile products, ships, and
various other items. Contrarily, the primary imports into India include
petroleum, gold, silver, electronics, pearls, and precious stones (Figure 6).
The share of the world’s total trade is calculated in the following way:
Equation 8. The formula for India’s share of total trade
Share of India’s total trade to world’s total trade = {(Exports of
India+Imports of India)/Exports of World+Imports of World)}×100
However, the exporting side of the study country's global share of total
trade in figure 6 is important since it demonstrates that M>X over the
course of 21 years. It is also seen that all three indications, including share
of the world exports, imports, and total trade, are in growing condition
meaning the positiveness in India’s participation in international trade.
India's overall market share was at its best in 2021 (2.52) and at its lowest
in 2000 (0.79).
Figure 6: India's Involvement in Global Trade
Source: Authors’ Construction
0.760.780.900.961.101.231.331.451.441.701.951.971.952.001.951.962.102.172.142.142.232.37
0.810.840.971.011.231.431.561.771.79
2.20
2.412.572.562.312.272.242.362.602.592.482.35
2.69
0.790.81
0.930.99
1.16
1.33
1.44
1.611.62
1.95
2.182.272.252.152.112.10
2.23
2.382.362.312.29
2.52
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
Share of World Exports Share of World Imports Share of World Total Trade
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5. Recommendations and Conclusion
In a nutshell, this study shows what the commercial dynamism of India
looks like and gives a standpoint to be conscious of for further growth. All
the indicators mentioned here, including trade analysis, trade openness,
and participation in the world market, are good measures of the dynamic
nature of international trade for a country. As a result, policymakers get a
clear snapshot of what to do for further improvement at a particular
indicator.
Though the study does not seek any innovation, the findings are helpful for
stakeholders to think and rethink rebuilding the nature of commercial
dynamism where barriers exist. At the same time, the respective personnel
must keep up the good job. Some barriers work as the bottleneck to higher
growth in international trade for India. For the purpose of corrective
action, structural bottlenecks (such as slow project approval, poorly
targeted subsidies, a lack of manufacturing capacity and agricultural
productivity, difficulty acquiring land, a deficient transportation
infrastructure, inadequate power supplies, and stringent labor laws and
skill gaps) should be kept in mind. Governmental organizations must
invest in infrastructure and education, simplify the business environment
by reducing overregulation, and improve trade and investment regime
predictability in order to address these bottlenecks.
6. Limitation and Future Research Direction
The main limitation of this study is not to consider all the time series data
available in the database though data prior to the year 2000 is not much
feasible to include in this study. Other limitations include scarcity of
related studies published in reputed journals, not considering the expert
opinion, and not being compared with countries having almost similar
economic profiles.
It is the scope for future researchers to do studies on a comprehensive data
analysis considering the limitations prevailing in this current study. When
doing so, other important factors that also affect commercial dynamism for
India should be taken into consideration, like sectoral patterns,
geographical patterns, etc. Other researchers may consider other countries
taking this study as a replication to show that country’s commercial
dynamism nature. In this case, a similar study can be conducted on
developing countries like Bangladesh, China, Brazil, Mexico, Myanmar,
Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, et cetera. Furthermore, a study on a critical
20. An Analysis of Indian Commercial Dynamism in International....................
198
analysis comparing two or more emerging countries’ commercial
dynamism ought to be conducted. For example, a comparative analysis of
commercial dynamism between China and India, Bangladesh and Pakistan,
Bangladesh and Myanmar, and more similar group of country economies.
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