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Similar to Animal Science Ppt || Animal Hormones || Human Hormones -- from Pituitary and Pineal Gland
Similar to Animal Science Ppt || Animal Hormones || Human Hormones -- from Pituitary and Pineal Gland (20)
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Animal Science Ppt || Animal Hormones || Human Hormones -- from Pituitary and Pineal Gland
- 1. Evolution of Hormones Vertebrate and Invertebrate Hormones Pituitary Gland Pineal Gland --Mohammed Valikarimwala --Fergusson College, Pune
- 2. ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF HORMONES In June 1905, Ernest Starling, a professor of physiology at University College London, first used the word “hormone” in his lecture – On the chemical correlation of the functions of the body. In addition to purely scientific advances, the study of hormones has led to enormous benefits to human health, social and economic progress, such as contraception, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and recombinant human hormones. By reconstructing a DNA sequence that existed more than 450 million years ago, Joe Thornton, a research scientist and evolutionary biologist at Columbia’s Earth Institute, concluded that the female hormone estrogen is the most ancient of all steroid hormones but that its role in differentiating the sexes from each other developed much later. The English physician E. H. Starling discovered in collaboration with the physiologist W. M. Bayliss, Secretin, the first hormone, in 1902.
- 3. The normal male cock was injected with the female hormone estrogen. In due course of time, there were remarkable changes in the chicken. The maleness character reduced and brought in femaleness. --Concise Biology H.S.Vishnoi
- 4. Among invertebrates, evidence of hormone control is less satisfactory in the acoelomate and pseudocoelomate animals. However, studies of endocrine function of the coelomate vertebrates have been mainly confined to the arthropods, annelids, molluscans and echinoderms; the arthropods (esp., the insects and crustaceans) are the best-studied group. 1. Hormones from Coelenterata The neurosecretory growth hormone, as it may be called, is credited with the following two functions : (a) It activates cell proliferation. (b) It causes interstitial cells to develop into somatic structures such as nematocysts. In the absence of this hormone, growth ceases and interstitial cells form gametes. 2. Hormones from Annelida The studies regarding regeneration of Nereis diversicolor have been conducted by Clark et at in 1962.Segment proliferation is regulated by hormones synthesized in the supra-oesophageal ganglia. It is, however, not known whether the growth-promoting and the regeneration-promoting hormones are identical (Jenkin, 1970)
- 5. 3. Hormones from Arthropods A. Insecta Among invertebrates, insects and crustaceans furnish excellent examples of hormone secretion. These hormones govern many metabolic processes including growth, development, reproduction, colour adaptation etc. The processes of moulting and metamorphosis are controlled by hormones secreted by the following three organs of endocrine nature. (a) neurosecretory cells of corpus cardiacum (b) prothoracic gland (c) corpus allatum. In the larva, corpus allatum secretes another hormone called status quo hormone (SQH) or neotenin. This delays metamorphosis of immature insects by maintaining the juvenile character of the growing insect for a longer period. B. Hormones from Crustacea. The hormones in crustaceans are usually produced in the neurosensory cells of the brain and in the central nervous system. The sinus glands of these invertebrates produce a moult-inhibiting hormone which is stored in the sinus glands found in the eye stalks or in the head in species without eye stalks. The chromatophores in crustaceans contain pigments concerned with the body colour. The relative dispersion and concentration of these pigments is controlled by colour-change hormones.
- 6. 5. Hormones from Echinodermata . According to Chaet (1967), in the starfishes, a simple system of hormones regulates sexual maturation and spawning. Two such hormones recognized are : (a) gonad- stimulating substance (GSS)—It is a low molecular weight (2,000) protein which is synthesized in the radial nerves. (b) maturation-inducing substance (MIS) and is produced by the ovarian follicles. 4. Hormones from Mollusca Molluscans have a sophisticated endocrine system because they have glands that secrete hormones and a circulatory system that transmits the hormones to the certain organ. The optic glands dominate the reproductive endocrinology in a manner somewhat comparable to the vertebrate pituitary. The optic glands are small areas, near the brain, that control body growth, gonadal maturation, and parts of the central nervous system. Octopuses also secrete a hormone, in the nervous system, that controls water balance. The cerebral ganglion, in snails, secretes a neurohormone that controls the development of both parts of the snail. An experiment was done with a chemical called trebutyltin. --Hormone Biochemistry : Animal Hormones
- 8. In human fetal life, this area produces melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH which causes the release of melanin pigment in skin melanocytes (pigment cells). In lower vertebrates (fish, amphibians) MSH from the pars intermedia is responsible for darkening of the skin, often in response to changes in background color. This color change is due to MSH stimulating the dispersion of melanin pigment in dermal (skin) melanophore cells. https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/pituitary-gland#diagram Pituitary gland
- 11. Pauline Musters (February 26, 1876 – March 1, 1895) at 24 inches (61 cm) tall, is recognized by the Guinness Book of Records as the shortest woman ever recorded. Born in Netherlands and died in New York City at the age of 19 from a combination of pneumonia and meningitis. At the time of her death, she measured exactly 61 cm (24 in) tall. Jyoti Kisange Amge (16 December 1993) is an Indian woman and actress notable for being the world's smallest living woman according to Guinness World Records. In 2011, she was officially declared the world's smallest woman by Guinness World Records with a height of 62.8 cm. Her restricted height is due to a growth abnormality called primordial dwarfism. Chandra Bahadur Dangi was the shortest man in recorded history for whom there is irrefutable evidence, measuring 54.6 cm. Dangi was a primordial dwarf. Born: 30 November 1939 Died: 3 September 2015
- 12. Robert Pershing Wadlow (Feb 22, 1918 – Jul 15, 1940), also known as the Giant of Illinois, was an American who became famous as the tallest person in recorded history . He was born and raised in Alton, Illinois. Wadlow reached 8 ft 11.1 in (2.72 m)in height and weighed 439 lb (199 kg) at his death at age 22. His great size and his continued growth in adulthood were due to hyperplasia of his pituitary gland, which results in an abnormally high level of human growth hormone (HGH). He showed no indication of an end to his growth even at the time of his death. Sultan Kösen (born 10 December 1982) is a Turkish-Kurdish farmer who holds the Guinness World Record for tallest living male at 251 cms (8 ft 2.82 in).His growth resulted from the condition acromegaly, caused by a tumour affecting his pituitary gland.His stature is such that he uses crutches in order to walk.
- 15. The precursor to melatonin is serotonin, a neurotransmitter that itself is derived from the amino acid tryptophan. Within the pineal gland, serotonin is acetylated and then methylated to yield melatonin. Synthesis and secretion of melatonin is dramatically affected by light exposure to the eyes.