Pyriproxyfen is an insect growth regulator that can effectively control mosquito larvae at very low doses. It has low toxicity to mammals and minimal environmental impact. Field trials show that pyriproxyfen can inhibit the emergence of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that transmit dengue fever at concentrations as low as 0.012 parts per billion in water. Pyriproxyfen is over 100 times more toxic to Culex quinquefasciatus larvae than other common larvicides and remains effective for 4-5 weeks in rainy conditions and up to 11 weeks in dry conditions.
This document discusses the classification and mode of action of various acaricides (pesticides that kill mites and ticks) based on their chemical nature. It describes botanical acaricides like carvacrol and sanguinarine, bridged diphenyl acaricides such as dicofol and benzyl benzoate, carbamate acaricides including propoxur and carbaryl, and many other classes of acaricides. For each it provides details on the active ingredients and how they work, generally by disrupting the nervous systems of mites through various mechanisms like inhibiting acetylcholinesterase or sodium channels.
This document discusses isoprenoids, which are organic compounds composed of two or more units of hydrocarbons with each unit consisting of five carbon atoms arranged in a specific pattern. Isoprenoids are found naturally in plants and animals and have a variety of functions including pigments, vitamins, hormones, and commercial products. They are classified based on the number of isoprene units, with monoterpenes containing two units and polyterpenes containing many units. Isoprenoids are synthesized via both the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways, which produce the universal building block isopentenyl diphosphate. Key isoprenoids and their uses are discussed, along with
28 March 2012 1HBCT Weekly News Update: please pass along to Soldiers, Family and Friends of 1HBCT. You can always stay up to date with local events by going to 1st Infantry Division page at http://www.riley.army.mil/default.aspx or if you are having issues reading this you can click on this link to read the weekly news. http://www.riley.army.mil/UnitPage.aspx?unit=1bct. We are always up and posting new information on FaceBook! Join us on the Official 1HBCT FaceBook Page at www.facebook.com/1HBCTDEVILBRIGADE?v=wall&ref-sgm
The document lists various types of food, drinks, and desserts in English for third grade students in Indonesia. It includes foods like chicken fried, fried rice, donuts, fried egg, chocolate, meat ball, biscuits, vegetables, and fruits. It also lists drinks such as jam, bread, soup, candy, ice cream, fruit juice, soft drinks, water, coffee, milk, tea, and lemon tea. The list is intended to help students learn food and drink vocabulary in English.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) analyzed Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor (TMOF), an active ingredient used as a biopesticide. The EPA assessed TMOF's identity, mode of action, physical/chemical properties, human health effects, environmental effects, and efficacy. The EPA found that TMOF has low toxicity to humans and wildlife. While some data gaps remain, the EPA determined the risks are reasonable and TMOF qualifies for conditional registration as a biopesticide. The EPA will require some labeling restrictions around use and precautions.
January 2011 housing starts in vancouver, bc from cmhcMatt Collinge
Housing starts in the Vancouver CMA increased 57% in January 2011 compared to January 2010, totalling 1,436 homes. Multiple family homes such as townhouses and apartments made up over 85% of new construction, with most of these starts occurring in Vancouver, Surrey, and Burnaby. In the Abbotsford CMA, housing starts increased 35% to 35 units in January 2011 versus the previous year. Nationally, total housing starts increased marginally, while starts in British Columbia declined slightly.
This is a presentation of the text "Hermeneutics and horizons" by Tony Wilson.
Unfortunately, the original lay-out is missing, as are the graphics, making this an informative-only presentation.
Presentation to hundreds of students in Kelley School of Business at Indiana University about discovering and living their own personal brand knowing that graduation presents a clean slate for each student to define who they are as a person and professional.
This document discusses the classification and mode of action of various acaricides (pesticides that kill mites and ticks) based on their chemical nature. It describes botanical acaricides like carvacrol and sanguinarine, bridged diphenyl acaricides such as dicofol and benzyl benzoate, carbamate acaricides including propoxur and carbaryl, and many other classes of acaricides. For each it provides details on the active ingredients and how they work, generally by disrupting the nervous systems of mites through various mechanisms like inhibiting acetylcholinesterase or sodium channels.
This document discusses isoprenoids, which are organic compounds composed of two or more units of hydrocarbons with each unit consisting of five carbon atoms arranged in a specific pattern. Isoprenoids are found naturally in plants and animals and have a variety of functions including pigments, vitamins, hormones, and commercial products. They are classified based on the number of isoprene units, with monoterpenes containing two units and polyterpenes containing many units. Isoprenoids are synthesized via both the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways, which produce the universal building block isopentenyl diphosphate. Key isoprenoids and their uses are discussed, along with
28 March 2012 1HBCT Weekly News Update: please pass along to Soldiers, Family and Friends of 1HBCT. You can always stay up to date with local events by going to 1st Infantry Division page at http://www.riley.army.mil/default.aspx or if you are having issues reading this you can click on this link to read the weekly news. http://www.riley.army.mil/UnitPage.aspx?unit=1bct. We are always up and posting new information on FaceBook! Join us on the Official 1HBCT FaceBook Page at www.facebook.com/1HBCTDEVILBRIGADE?v=wall&ref-sgm
The document lists various types of food, drinks, and desserts in English for third grade students in Indonesia. It includes foods like chicken fried, fried rice, donuts, fried egg, chocolate, meat ball, biscuits, vegetables, and fruits. It also lists drinks such as jam, bread, soup, candy, ice cream, fruit juice, soft drinks, water, coffee, milk, tea, and lemon tea. The list is intended to help students learn food and drink vocabulary in English.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) analyzed Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor (TMOF), an active ingredient used as a biopesticide. The EPA assessed TMOF's identity, mode of action, physical/chemical properties, human health effects, environmental effects, and efficacy. The EPA found that TMOF has low toxicity to humans and wildlife. While some data gaps remain, the EPA determined the risks are reasonable and TMOF qualifies for conditional registration as a biopesticide. The EPA will require some labeling restrictions around use and precautions.
January 2011 housing starts in vancouver, bc from cmhcMatt Collinge
Housing starts in the Vancouver CMA increased 57% in January 2011 compared to January 2010, totalling 1,436 homes. Multiple family homes such as townhouses and apartments made up over 85% of new construction, with most of these starts occurring in Vancouver, Surrey, and Burnaby. In the Abbotsford CMA, housing starts increased 35% to 35 units in January 2011 versus the previous year. Nationally, total housing starts increased marginally, while starts in British Columbia declined slightly.
This is a presentation of the text "Hermeneutics and horizons" by Tony Wilson.
Unfortunately, the original lay-out is missing, as are the graphics, making this an informative-only presentation.
Presentation to hundreds of students in Kelley School of Business at Indiana University about discovering and living their own personal brand knowing that graduation presents a clean slate for each student to define who they are as a person and professional.
This puzzle required the use of Setti's rule on the number 1 to determine that 1s must be present in columns 1, 2, and 8. Many singles were then filled in until the puzzle was solved. The document provides a step-by-step solution and defines strategies abbreviations used.
The document discusses how spatial planning and development control measures do not always adequately address the historic environment. It explores how tools like Historic Landscape Characterisation could help bridge the gap by addressing the issue of significance. Significance can be evaluated using concepts from organizations like English Heritage, which provide guidance on assessing heritage values and integrity to help inform planning decisions that have long-term impacts.
Common tactics to circumvent illegal border crossing, and effective deterrents of law enforcement to combat them.
When border security comes to mind, people typically think of long lines at border crossing stations, fence lines, and the reported apprehension of illegal immigrants. Although those quintessential images accurately depict daily life at the border, they certainly don’t tell the whole story.
This presentatie was held in Zwolle. Pupose was to inform a delegation of the Council of Europ about de Dutch Riskmap in international (and future) perspective.
The document introduces Andre Olivan and his background in commercial insurance brokering. It discusses how a Professional Employer Organization (PEO) can help businesses save 20-40% on expenses like workers' compensation insurance by taking on employer responsibilities. It provides an overview of the benefits of using a PEO for reducing costs, improving risk management, and assisting with human resources obligations. The document aims to demonstrate how engaging a PEO allows businesses to focus on their core operations.
This photo album contains images of a wolf, the number 5, something green, an arrow, something saying "Westside", a group of 3 people, an advertisement, something to sit on like a chair, a textbook, something seasonal, littering, something that holds liquid like a container, an exit sign, an open door, and a group of people.
Many organisms reproduce asexually through binary fission or mitosis, which creates genetically identical offspring from a single parent. Binary fission occurs in prokaryotes where the parent cell duplicates its DNA before dividing into two daughter cells. The environment determines whether asexual or sexual reproduction is most advantageous, with asexual reproduction providing benefits in stable conditions and sexual reproduction allowing for variation in changing environments. Some eukaryotes reproduce asexually through budding, fragmentation, or vegetative reproduction using modified stems or underground structures.
The document appears to be a presentation about using data within an organization. It discusses that 70% of people feel confused, anxious or overwhelmed by big data. It then lists 10 laws for selling data within an organization, such as speaking the audience's language, demonstrating value through free products, making products easy to use, and involving customers in the process. The presentation concludes by listing 3 action items for the day, such as developing a new data product and practicing an elevator speech.
A smart roof is a roof that generates energy through integrated photovoltaic solar panels while providing a water-tight barrier. It has lower lifetime costs than a traditional roof and offsets carbon emissions. One example is a 150 kW smart roof installed on a marine facility in 2010. A smart roof combines a weather-resistant membrane and solar panels into one system with a 30-year warranty. Financial analysis shows that within 5 years a smart roof becomes a net asset, while a traditional roof continues to lose value over its lifespan. A smart roof provides both roofing and returns on investment through energy generation.
Gegevens uit de risicokaart kunnen op verschillende manier (her)gebruikt worden. In deze presentatie vind je welke manieren er zijn. Meer info: lbo@risicokaaert.nl.
Phosphite treatment:
- Significantly reduces the incidence of Microdochium nivale in various grass species and enhances fungicide suppression of the pathogen.
- Inhibits M. nivale mycelial growth, conidial germination, and disrupts hyphal morphology in vitro.
- Is rapidly absorbed and translocated in grass tissues where it accumulates.
1) The study evaluated the antifungal potential of homeopathic drug Thuja occidentalis against the human pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger.
2) Thuja at 30C and 200C potencies was found to highly inhibit the growth of A. flavus, while Thuja at 50M potency was found to be effective against A. niger.
3) Thuja at 30C and 200C inhibited over 77% of A. flavus growth compared to controls, similar to the inhibition produced by the antifungal drug Ketoconazole. Thuja at 50M inhibited over 52% of A. niger growth, comparable to
1) The study evaluated the antifungal potential of homeopathic drug Thuja occidentalis against the human pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger.
2) Thuja at 30C and 200C potencies was found to highly inhibit the growth of A. flavus, while Thuja at 50M potency was found to be effective against A. niger.
3) Thuja at 30C and 200C inhibited over 77% of A. flavus growth compared to controls, similar to the inhibition produced by the antifungal drug Ketoconazole. Thuja at 50M inhibited over 52% of A. niger growth, equivalent to
1) The study evaluated the antifungal potential of homeopathic drug Thuja occidentalis against the human pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger.
2) Thuja at 30C and 200C potencies was found to highly inhibit the growth of A. flavus, while Thuja at 50M potency was found to be effective against A. niger.
3) Thuja at 30C and 200C inhibited over 77% of A. flavus growth compared to controls, similar to inhibition by the antifungal drug Ketoconazole, demonstrating Thuja's potential as an alternative antifungal treatment.
This puzzle required the use of Setti's rule on the number 1 to determine that 1s must be present in columns 1, 2, and 8. Many singles were then filled in until the puzzle was solved. The document provides a step-by-step solution and defines strategies abbreviations used.
The document discusses how spatial planning and development control measures do not always adequately address the historic environment. It explores how tools like Historic Landscape Characterisation could help bridge the gap by addressing the issue of significance. Significance can be evaluated using concepts from organizations like English Heritage, which provide guidance on assessing heritage values and integrity to help inform planning decisions that have long-term impacts.
Common tactics to circumvent illegal border crossing, and effective deterrents of law enforcement to combat them.
When border security comes to mind, people typically think of long lines at border crossing stations, fence lines, and the reported apprehension of illegal immigrants. Although those quintessential images accurately depict daily life at the border, they certainly don’t tell the whole story.
This presentatie was held in Zwolle. Pupose was to inform a delegation of the Council of Europ about de Dutch Riskmap in international (and future) perspective.
The document introduces Andre Olivan and his background in commercial insurance brokering. It discusses how a Professional Employer Organization (PEO) can help businesses save 20-40% on expenses like workers' compensation insurance by taking on employer responsibilities. It provides an overview of the benefits of using a PEO for reducing costs, improving risk management, and assisting with human resources obligations. The document aims to demonstrate how engaging a PEO allows businesses to focus on their core operations.
This photo album contains images of a wolf, the number 5, something green, an arrow, something saying "Westside", a group of 3 people, an advertisement, something to sit on like a chair, a textbook, something seasonal, littering, something that holds liquid like a container, an exit sign, an open door, and a group of people.
Many organisms reproduce asexually through binary fission or mitosis, which creates genetically identical offspring from a single parent. Binary fission occurs in prokaryotes where the parent cell duplicates its DNA before dividing into two daughter cells. The environment determines whether asexual or sexual reproduction is most advantageous, with asexual reproduction providing benefits in stable conditions and sexual reproduction allowing for variation in changing environments. Some eukaryotes reproduce asexually through budding, fragmentation, or vegetative reproduction using modified stems or underground structures.
The document appears to be a presentation about using data within an organization. It discusses that 70% of people feel confused, anxious or overwhelmed by big data. It then lists 10 laws for selling data within an organization, such as speaking the audience's language, demonstrating value through free products, making products easy to use, and involving customers in the process. The presentation concludes by listing 3 action items for the day, such as developing a new data product and practicing an elevator speech.
A smart roof is a roof that generates energy through integrated photovoltaic solar panels while providing a water-tight barrier. It has lower lifetime costs than a traditional roof and offsets carbon emissions. One example is a 150 kW smart roof installed on a marine facility in 2010. A smart roof combines a weather-resistant membrane and solar panels into one system with a 30-year warranty. Financial analysis shows that within 5 years a smart roof becomes a net asset, while a traditional roof continues to lose value over its lifespan. A smart roof provides both roofing and returns on investment through energy generation.
Gegevens uit de risicokaart kunnen op verschillende manier (her)gebruikt worden. In deze presentatie vind je welke manieren er zijn. Meer info: lbo@risicokaaert.nl.
Phosphite treatment:
- Significantly reduces the incidence of Microdochium nivale in various grass species and enhances fungicide suppression of the pathogen.
- Inhibits M. nivale mycelial growth, conidial germination, and disrupts hyphal morphology in vitro.
- Is rapidly absorbed and translocated in grass tissues where it accumulates.
1) The study evaluated the antifungal potential of homeopathic drug Thuja occidentalis against the human pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger.
2) Thuja at 30C and 200C potencies was found to highly inhibit the growth of A. flavus, while Thuja at 50M potency was found to be effective against A. niger.
3) Thuja at 30C and 200C inhibited over 77% of A. flavus growth compared to controls, similar to the inhibition produced by the antifungal drug Ketoconazole. Thuja at 50M inhibited over 52% of A. niger growth, comparable to
1) The study evaluated the antifungal potential of homeopathic drug Thuja occidentalis against the human pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger.
2) Thuja at 30C and 200C potencies was found to highly inhibit the growth of A. flavus, while Thuja at 50M potency was found to be effective against A. niger.
3) Thuja at 30C and 200C inhibited over 77% of A. flavus growth compared to controls, similar to the inhibition produced by the antifungal drug Ketoconazole. Thuja at 50M inhibited over 52% of A. niger growth, equivalent to
1) The study evaluated the antifungal potential of homeopathic drug Thuja occidentalis against the human pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger.
2) Thuja at 30C and 200C potencies was found to highly inhibit the growth of A. flavus, while Thuja at 50M potency was found to be effective against A. niger.
3) Thuja at 30C and 200C inhibited over 77% of A. flavus growth compared to controls, similar to inhibition by the antifungal drug Ketoconazole, demonstrating Thuja's potential as an alternative antifungal treatment.
Bidirectional movement of transport of radioactive inorganic nutrition (P32) ...iosrjce
Orobanche and Dendrophthoefalcata are angiosperm parasite stimulates phosphorus absorption
rate of the host plant. An accumulation of phosphate, at the parasite contact zone of the host stem, has been
observed. Redistribution of Phosphate in the top leaves of the infected host is considerably reduced as
compared to the healthy one. This is due to the tapping of Phosphate by parasite from the host. Additional
proofs have also been obtained to indicate a bidirectional flow of P32 between parasite and the host. Singh et al
(11) have demonstrated an accumulation of phosphate compounds in the parasite which is perhaps indicating
an active transport mechanism at the point of host- parasite contact. Similar accumulation of phosphorus in
Loranthus –host associate has been reported (7). Littlefield et al (4), reported a substantial movement of sugar
from host’s body to dodder but was unable to establish any evidence of movement from the parasite to the host.
Some recent studies have indicated transmission of viruses by Cascuta. [ Price (8); Lackey (3); Weathers (13);
Miller & Troutman (5)]. On the hand, Polak (6) was unable to transmits a virus by dodder. No reference of movement.
This document discusses therapeutants and pesticides used in aquaculture. It outlines various compounds used as drugs, disinfectants, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, anesthetics, and more. Specific compounds are discussed in detail, including their mechanisms of action, recommended dosages, and effects on fish and aquatic life. A wide range of chemicals are presented, along with factors to consider for safe and effective use in aquaculture operations.
Antiseptics and disinfectants in aquaculture can be accepted alternative in minimizing use of antibiotics, if they meet maximum efficiency and minimum impact on fish health and the environment.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of different pre-emergence herbicides on the mineral nutrition of two sunflower hybrids. The study found that:
1) Fertilizers increased the biomass and nutrient content of shoots for both hybrids in all herbicide treatments.
2) Herbicides decreased the fresh and dry weight of shoots for the hybrids, with the herbicide Afalon Dispersion causing the largest decrease.
3) The herbicide treatments influenced the nutrient content of the two hybrids unevenly. The herbicide Stomp 330 most inhibited the uptake of nutrients in sunflowers, while Afalon Dispersal increased the concentration of N,
48.Effect of R394 on Ecdysteroid titre of haemolymph after fourth moult of Si...Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of the juvenile hormone mimic R394 on ecdysteroid titre levels in the haemolymph of Bombyx mori silkworms after their fourth moult. The study applied different doses of R394 topically to larvae at different time points during the fifth instar. Results found that applying 0.031 nl of R394 to one day old fifth instar larvae improved cocoon shell weight by 8% without prolonging the instar duration. Applying the same dose at 48, 72 and 96 hours prolonged the larval period by one day and improved cocoon and shell weight by 3-10%. Daily haemolymph ecdysteroid levels in treated larvae did not
The document discusses the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, which is the most destructive pest of cabbage in the Philippines. It notes that DBM has developed high levels of resistance to most insecticides used for its control. It provides background on various diamide insecticides such as flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole that have been used against DBM. However, field failures have been reported shortly after their introduction, indicating the development of resistance. The document emphasizes the importance of monitoring baseline susceptibility and implementing insecticide resistance management strategies to preserve the effectiveness of new insecticide classes.
Insecticidal and Anti-juvenile Hormone Activities of Precocene II against the...ijtsrd
The grasshopper Euprepocnemis plorans plorans caused a considerable damage to crops of the Nile Delta, Egypt. The present study was conducted aiming to assess the insecticidal and anti-hormonal effects of Precocene II on this grasshopper. The newly moulted 2nd or 4th (penultimate) instar nymphs were exposed to a series of doses: 60, 40, 20 and 10 -µg/cm2. Exposure of 2nd instar nymphs to the higher two doses resulted in complete mortality of nymphs within 24 h. At the lower two doses, PII exhibited a considerably extended low toxicity on the subsequently moulted instars and emerged adults. LD50 was calculated as 0.388 -µg/cm2. After exposure of the 4th instar nymphs to PII, no complete mortality was observed, but various mortality percentages among the treated nymphs, 5th instar nymphs and adults. LD50 was calculated as 17.022 -µg/cm2. PII exerted a slight inhibitory action on the nymphal growth of both 4th and 5th instars, after treatment of 2nd instar nymphs, regardless the dose level, but the growth rate was remarkably regressed after treatment of 4th instar nymphs with 40 and 20 -µg/cm2. Exposure of 2nd instar nymphs to PII led to 3.33% precociously moulted nymphs into 4th instar, skipping off the 3rd instar (only at the lowest dose). After exposure of 4th instar nymphs to PII, some treated nymphs precociously metamorphosed into adultoids, omitting the 5th instar, only at the higher tow doses. Another noticeable feature of the deranged development was permanent nymphs which induced in 2nd instar nymphs (3.85%) after exposure only to 20 -µg/cm2. Also, similar permanent nymphs were induced during the 4th instar. No permanent nymphs had been induced after exposure of 4th instar nymphs to PII. K. Ghoneim | A. Basiouny"Insecticidal and Anti-juvenile Hormone Activities of Precocene II against the Grasshopper Euprepocnemis plorans plorans (Charp.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)." Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd4603.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/4603/insecticidal-and-anti-juvenile-hormone-activities-of-precocene-ii-against-the-grasshopper-euprepocnemis-plorans-plorans-charp-orthoptera-acrididae/k-ghoneim
Quinolones are a class of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs that act by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, preventing DNA replication. Some key quinolones include nalidixic acid, the first marketed quinolone used for urinary tract infections, norfloxacin which was the first fluorinated quinolone with improved gram-positive activity, and ciprofloxacin which has a broad spectrum of uses. Other quinolones discussed are ofloxacin, lomefloxacin, sparfloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin, each with varying spectrums of activity and indications. Nitrof
This document is a research article that examines the effects of the pesticide carbofuran on the early life stages of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The article describes experiments exposing tilapia larvae to various concentrations of carbofuran to determine mortality rates, effects on cholinesterase enzyme activity, and impacts on behaviors like vision, swimming, prey capture, and response to predators. The results showed sublethal carbofuran exposure can inhibit cholinesterase activity, impair vision and reduce swimming speed, prey capture attempts, growth, and ability to avoid predators in tilapia larvae.
The Effect of Dipel and Spruzit Biopesticides on Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830...IJEAB
Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) is one of the important harmful insect species of the coastal areas of Eastern Black Sea Region. This insect poses a danger by feeding on the juices of hundreds of plants in the region. This study was designed to create a fight strategy against M.pruinosa, which has posed an intense danger in Artvin - Kemalpaşa in recent years, and the effect of Spruzit Neu and Dipel biopesticides on the nymphs and adults of the insect was investigated, and the applicability of these biopesticides was revealed. The study was conducted in the summer season of 2016 when the nymphs and adults of the insect are abundant in the region. In in vitro conditions, the Spruzit Neu (Pyrethrum) and Dipel DF (Bacillu thuringiensis) biopesticides were sprayed at different doses (DiPel® DF BT 100gr / 100lt, Dipel® DF BT 300gr / 100lt, Dipel® DF BT 500gr / 100lt ve Spruzit® Neu) on the nymphs and adults of the insect. The adults and nymphs were checked with 2-day intervals, and the results were assessed according to the One-Way Variance Analysis (ANOVA) and the Duncan Test. It was determined that the most effective applications for the nymphs were Dipel DF 300gr/100lt and 500gr/100lt. It was also determined that the most effective applications for the adult individuals were Spruzit Neu 600ml/100lt and Dipel DF 500gr/100lt doses. The highest death rates in the nymphs were determined in Spruzit Neu 600ml/100lt dose as 72,5%; and in Dipel DF dose as 80%. These rates were determined in Pyrethrum 600 ml/100lt dose as 78%, and in Dipel DF 500 gr/100lt dose as 75%. As a conclusion, it was determined that both biopesticides are influential on the nymphs and adults of M.pruinosa. However, it was also determined that the fight will be more influential in the nymph period of the insect.
Bioassay of insecticides against three honey bee species in laboratory condit...Muhammad Qasim
A study was conducted at the Eco-toxicology laboratory in the Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, against three species Apis florea, A. dorsata and A. mellifera of honey bees, to check long-term survival of honeybees when exposed to different insecticides. In this study, we used a modeling approach regarding survival data of caged bees under chronic exposure to seven insecticides (Carbosulfan, Chlorpyrifos, Bifenthrin, Spinosad, Indoxacarb, Emamectin benzoate and Imidacloprid), having three replicates and four concentrations (1000, 500, 250, 125 and 0 ppm). We demonstrate the chronic toxicity induced by these insecticides. Laboratory bioassay of these insecticides showed that carbosulfan and imidacloprid were the most toxic at their high dose (1000 ppm) with LT50 of 4 hours in each case for A. mellifera, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid were the most toxic at their high dose (1000 ppm) with LT50 of 5 hours in each case for A. florea whereas chlorpyrifos was the most toxic at high dose (1000 ppm) with LT50 of 5 hours for A. dorsata. However, LT50 of spinosad was increased up to 18 hrs with decreasing concentrations at 125 ppm against A. mellifera, LT50 of spinosad was increased up to 15 hrs with decreasing concentrations at 125 ppm against A. florea as well as LT50 of spinosad and Emamectin benzoate was increased up to 20 hrs with decreasing concentrations at 125 ppm against A. dorsata. However, LT50 of all controlled species was 91-103 hrs.
Effects of TMOF-Bti against Aedes outside labentogenex
1) The study evaluated the effectiveness and residual effects of trypsin modulating oostatic factor-Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis (TMOF-Bti) formulations against Aedes aegypti larvae outside the laboratory.
2) The results showed that all TMOF-Bti formulations were highly effective in the first two weeks, achieving 100% larval mortality for all concentrations tested.
3) The TMOF-Bti rice husk formulation containing 2% TMOF and 2% Bti had residual effects up to the third week. The TMOF-Bti rice husk formulation containing 4% TMOF and 4% Bti had
Evaluation of Mousticide against Aedes at High Rise Flat Setapakentogenex
This report summarizes a project evaluating formulations of an insect repellent and mosquito larvicide against dengue vectors. The project was led by Prof. Dr. Sallehudin Sulaiman from November 2008 to November 2010. As part of the project, two formulations of a trypsin modulating oostatic factor combined with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (TMOF-BTI) were tested against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae at high-rise flats in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The formulations achieved high larval mortality rates of 50-100% compared to the untreated control.
Simulated Field Trial of Mousticide against Aedes at UKM Campusentogenex
This project evaluated formulations combining trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. Over 24 months, the project tested proprietary rice husk and wettable powder formulations containing various concentrations of TMOF-Bti outdoors on the UKM campus. Results showed the formulations achieved over 90% larval mortality for the first 2 weeks and remained 80-90% effective for 5 weeks, demonstrating their potential as natural larvicides for dengue vector control.
MD Mousticide Efficacy Testing by MRI Sri Lankaentogenex
The document reports on testing the biological efficacy of two mosquito larvicides, WP/10/21 and RH/0/22 containing Bacillus thuringiensis, against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. Laboratory tests found 100% mortality of 4th instar A. aegypti larvae exposed to the larvicides. Field tests in artificial containers also found 100% mortality of 3rd instar field-collected A. aegypti larvae exposed to the larvicides, with residual efficacy observed for 30 days.
Larvicidal Activity of Mousticide RH and WP Against Anopheles sp.entogenex
1) Researchers tested the larvicidal effects of MousticideTM rice husk and wettable powder formulations against third instar larvae of Anopheles sinensis, a malaria vector mosquito.
2) MousticideTM achieved 100% larval mortality within 24 hours for both formulations, whereas the control chemical AbateTM only achieved 3.3% mortality over the same period.
3) The results suggest that MousticideTM can be an effective agent for controlling malaria transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Both formulations of MousticideTM proved to be highly effective against Anopheles sinensis larvae.
Synergy Between Aedes Aegypti Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor and bti by D...entogenex
The document discusses the synergistic effects between Aedes aegypti Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor (TMOF) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) toxins. TMOF and genes encoding Bti toxins were cloned and expressed individually and jointly in Pichia pastoris yeast cells. Larval bioassays found that P. pastoris cells expressing both TMOF and Bti toxins caused higher mortality in Aedes aegypti larvae than cells expressing either component alone. This demonstrates the synergistic potential of combining TMOF and Bti toxins as a biological control agent against mosquito larvae.
Bed bug testing icr lab - 505-0030 protocolentogenex
The document describes a study protocol to evaluate the efficacy of Bio d’ Bug Bed Bug Control Solution spray against bed bugs. Ten bed bugs will be sprayed with the test product or a control in 5 replicates each. Bed bugs will be observed for knockdown at various time points and mortality will be recorded at 24 and 48 hours. The objective is to determine the product's ability to knock down and kill bed bugs.
The document reports on testing the biological efficacy of two mosquito larvicides, WP/10/21 and RH/0/22 containing Bacillus thuringiensis, against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. Laboratory tests found 100% mortality of 4th instar A. aegypti larvae exposed to the larvicides. Field tests in artificial containers also found 100% mortality of 3rd instar field-collected A. aegypti larvae exposed to the larvicides, with residual efficacy observed for 30 days.
Larvicidal activity of mousticide in rice husk and wettable powder formulatio...entogenex
1. Researchers tested the larvicidal effects of MousticideTM rice husk and wettable powder formulations against third instar larvae of Anopheles sinensis, a malaria vector mosquito.
2. MousticideTM achieved 100% larval mortality within 24 hours for both formulations, whereas the control chemical AbateTM only achieved 3.3% mortality over the same period, demonstrating MousticideTM's greater effectiveness.
3. The results suggest that MousticideTM can be an effective agent for controlling malaria transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Both formulations of MousticideTM proved to be highly effective larvicides against An. sinensis larvae.
The document discusses a new mosquito larvicide called MOUSTIcide developed by Malaysian company EntoGeneX Industries. MOUSTIcide uses a peptide from yeast called TMOF that kills mosquito larvae when ingested. Field tests show MOUSTIcide can control mosquito populations for up to 4 weeks and help reduce dengue outbreaks. EntoGeneX also produces Moustique, a natural insect repellent made from wild tomatoes that protects against mosquito bites for up to 8 hours. Both products are considered safer alternatives to conventional insecticides and repellents.
Acute effect of tmof against op polinators not transformedentogenex
TMOF is a peptide that inhibits trypsin production in mosquitoes. This study tested the acute effects of TMOF formulations (wettable powder and rice husk) and the biopesticide Ecobac-1 on three populations of the oil palm pollinator Elaeidobius kamerunicus. Results showed that TMOF and Ecobac-1 caused no significant mortality of the pollinators after one week of exposure, while the chemical insecticide cypermethrin caused 100% mortality. This suggests that TMOF and Ecobac-1 are safe alternatives to chemical insecticides for controlling pests in oil palms without harming the important pollinator E. kamerunic
MOUSTICIDE™ - TMOF™ Published in The Journal of Tropical Medicine & Parasitologyentogenex
This study evaluated the larvicidal effects of various formulations of Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor (TMOF) against Aedes aegypti larvae. TMOF yeast cell paste and dried powder caused mortality in larvae from 24 to 96 hours of exposure and had residual effects for 4 weeks. TMOF and dried yeast powder caused 100% larval mortality after 96 hours. TMOF and Bti formulations in rice husk, wettable powder, and mosquito fudge cubes were highly effective, causing mortality within 1 hour and residual effects for 4 weeks without additional larvae. Mosquito fudge cubes remained effective for 3 months. TMOF and Bti formulations show potential for dengue vector control
This document from the EPA summarizes their reregistration eligibility decision for the pesticide EGX-101. It includes an overview of the chemical, its uses, the regulatory history and data requirements. It also analyzes the human health and environmental effects. The EPA determined that some uses of EGX-101 are eligible for reregistration but others will be phased out unless the registrants can demonstrate the risks can be mitigated. Registrants must submit additional data and make labeling changes to comply with the EPA's regulations.
The EPA is reregistering the pesticide EGX-101. EGX-101 is used as a dog and cat repellent and iris borer deterrent. Testing found EGX-101 has low toxicity. The EPA will reregister EGX-101 if required data is submitted and labels are updated with new safety restrictions and instructions. A public comment period will be held before finalizing the reregistration.
This document provides explanations for the IOBC database on the selectivity of pesticides. It summarizes toxicity test results from various sources, especially the IOBC Joint Pesticide Testing Programs, on the effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods and organisms. The document describes the classification system used to indicate a pesticide's toxicity and provides references and lists of pesticides and active ingredients included in the database for easy reference.
This document provides explanations for a database on the selectivity of pesticides from the International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). The database contains toxicity classifications for pesticides against beneficial arthropods, bees, earthworms, and fish based on test results. The classifications range from harmless to highly harmful. The document describes the sources and methodology used to compile the database, including the criteria used to determine toxicity classifications. It is intended to help users select pesticides while considering effects on non-target organisms.
The document compares using LMO (E. coli bacteria) and LMO (Pichia pastoris yeast) to produce insulin and TMOFTM. E. coli is used to produce insulin by transforming it with genes for insulin subunits A and B, while Pichia pastoris is used to express the TMOFTM molecule. Both production methods involve a two-step LMO elimination process using heat and drying to kill the LMOs, verified by culture simulations showing no LMO presence.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
Reports\icup886
1. 239
Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests
William H Robinson and Dániel Bajomi (editors), 2008
Printed by OOK-Press Kft., H-8200 Veszprém, Pápai út 37/a, Hungary
PYRIPROXYFEN AS A MOSQUITO LARVICIDE
J.F. INVEST AND J.R. LUCAS
Sumitomo Chemical (UK) Plc.
Horatio House, 77-85 Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8JA
Abstract Pyriproxyfen is an insect growth regulator that affects the physiology of morphogenesis, reproduction and
embryogenesis of insects. It exhibits a high level of activity against mosquito larvae inhibiting adult emergence at very
low dose rates. It has low mammalian toxicity and environmental impact. This paper reviews pyriproxyfen efficacy
against nuisance mosquitoes and vectors of dengue and malaria. Pyriproxyfen is useful in resistance prevention or
management strategies where chemical adulticides are being used since field resistance is unknown. Pyriproxyfen
can be transferred by adults to oviposition sites causing effects on egg eclosion and inhibition of emergence.
Key words pyriproxyfen, dengue, malaria, Aedes, Anopheles, Culex
INTRODUCTION
Control of urban and semi-urban mosquitoes has been the subject of many new initiatives over the past
few years. Initiatives in malaria control have focussed mainly on the use of long lasting insecticidal nets
and indoor residual sprays. These interventions can give good levels of control but rarely achieve compete
elimination of the vector or the disease agent. There is a need to increase both the level of mosquito control
and the percentage of disease reduction by integrating other control methodologies such as mosquito
larviciding into control programs. The use of larviciding has decreased over the years in malaria control
programs, but is still used as a major tool against Aedes aegypti (L.) for the control of dengue. Many
countries still prefer the option of space spraying.
The key criteria for an effective mosquito larvicide are low mammalian toxicity, low impact on the
environment, broad spectrum of activity against all target species of mosquito and a long duration of effect,
thus reducing the frequency of application.
Pyriproxyfen (Sumilarv 0.5G, Sumilarv® is a registered trademark of Sumitomo Chemical Company
Ltd) fulfils all of these criteria. Additionally with the potential of resistance to nearly every known class of
insecticide currently used as adulticides, there is an urgent need for insecticides such as pyriproxyfen that
have a novel mode of action and no recorded field resistance. The effects of pyriproxyfen can go beyond the
aquatic stages as the ability of any surviving females to reproduce can also be affected.
Mode of Action and Toxicity
Pyriproxyfen is an insect growth regulator with a unique mode of action affecting the morphogenesis,
reproduction and embryogenesis of insects. The morphogenetic effect of pyriproxyfen is primarily seen
during larval-pupal transformation. Therefore death occurs at the pupal stage and adult mosquitoes fail to
emerge. Pyriproxyfen (technical) mammalian toxicity is as follows: Oral (rat) LD50 >5000 mg/kg; Dermal
(rat) LD50 >2000 mg/kg; Inhalation (rat) LD50 >1000 mg/kg. Pyriproxyfen has a low environmental
impact and is suitable for the control of mosquito larvae but like any IGR may have some impact on other
arthropods or crustacea. Usually the impact is low and populations rapidly recover but care should be taken
to avoid application to natural rivers or lakes. When evaluated through the WHOPES it was concluded:
Laboratory and field data clearly indicates that pyriproxyfen will not adversely affect a vast majority of
aquatic invertebrates and fish when applied at rates usually <50 ppb in mosquito control programs.’
Pyriproxyfen has been passed by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues for mosquito
larval control in drinking water which is essential if the product is to be used in dengue control. The margin
of safety for pyriproxyfen applied to drinking water is shown in Fig 1, where the minimum and maximum
recommended dose rates are compared to the maximum dose allowed by WHO (WHO 2003).
2. 240 J.F. Invest and J.R. Lucas
Fig 1. Field dose of Sumilarv compared with WHO
drinking water limit
350
Figure 1. Field dose of
300
pyriproxyfen compared with
Parts per billion a.i. (PPB)
250 WHO drinking
200 water limit
150
100
50
0
Minimum Field dose Maximum Field dose Maximum allowed in
drinking water
Pyriproxyfen can inhibit emergence of Aedes aegypti at very low dose rates. The LC50 has been shown to
be 0.012 ppb (Sichuincha et al., 2005). However in order to achieve complete inhibition of adult emergence
and prolong the duration of control the actual field dose rates are higher than this, with label rates of 0.01 -
0.05 ppm of active ingredient (10 - 50 ppb). Using 0.5% pyriproxyfen equates to 2 g -10 g product per m³
water.
A comparison of the most popular larvicides was conducted in the laboratory but using field collected
Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Five to nine different concentrations of each larvicide or IGR were tested at
least 3 times. Results for insect growth regulators were measured over 7-10 days due to their different modes
of action compared to chemical larvicides. The toxicity of pyriproxyfen to Culex quinquefasciatus larvae
(Table 1) is greater than the other chemical larvicides or two other IGR`s (Arshad, 1999).
Table 1. (Figure 2) . Toxicity of pyriproxyfen to Culex quinquefasciatus.
LC90
Larvicide Relative Toxicity* Type
ppm
Pyriproxyfen 0.0011 118 IGR
Diflubenzuron 0.0034 39 IGR
Methoprene 0.052 3 IGR
Temephos 0.0096 13 OP
Fenthion 0.130 1 OP
Permethrin 0.017 8 Py
*The more active the insecticide, the higher the number. OP, organophosphate;
Py, pyrethroid
Field Trials
Culex. The most common nuisance mosquito and sometimes vector in tropical urban environments is Culex
quinquefasciatus. It is also invariably the toughest mosquito to control usually requiring much higher levels
of insecticide to control both larvae and adults. In addition this species favours highly organic or very
polluted environments such as ditches, soakaways and effluent systems. Trials conducted in Dar es Salaam
showed that when using pyriproxyfen 0.5G, control of Cx. quinquefasciatus was achieved for 4-5 weeks in
the rainy season and up to 11 weeks in the dry season, (Fig. 3), (Chavasse et al., 1995). The shorter duration
of control in the rainy season was due to heavy rains and continual dilution of the active ingredient in the
water. Despite this, duration of control was achieved that exceeds most larvicides in such situations.
3. Pyriproxyfen as a Mosquito Larvicide 241
Fig 3. Culex quinquefasciatus larval control with Sumilarv 0.5G
Dar es Salaam
100
90
Figure 3. Cx. quinquefasciatus larval 80
control with pyriproxyfen 0.5G (Dar 70
% Mortality
es Salaam) 60
50 Rainy Season
40
Dry Season
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Weeks
Fig 4. Malaria fever incidence rates (episodes/1000 person years)
Treatment
Control 21.5
25
Figure 4. Malaria fever incidence
rates, episodes per 1000 person 20
16.9 16.8
years.
Incidence Rates
15
65% Reduction in
malaria fever rates
10 6.0
5
0
Pre intervention Post intervention
Anopheles. Trials were conducted in Sri Lanka to control Anopheles spp. breeding in 12 villages in an
irrigated settlement scheme. Treatments were made using pyriproxyfen 0.5G at a dose rate of 0.01 mg a.i./l
(0.01 ppm). Entomological bioassays in the treatment sites indicated emergence inhibition of anopheline
adult mosquitoes for 190 days in river bed pools. The treatment caused 78% reduction of adult populations
of Anopheles culicifacies and 72% reduction of Anopheles subpictus. The impact of the larviciding caused
malaria fever incidence rates to fall by 65% in the treatment area compared to a rise of 22% in the control
area. (Fig. 4) (Yapabandara and Curtis, 2004).
Aedes aegypti. Trials were conducted in several countries for dengue control. Malaysia. Trials were
conducted in Malaysia against Ae. aegypti using 60 litre earthenware storage jars. To simulate actual usage
20% of the water was replaced every 2 weeks. Two dose rates of pyriproxyfen 0.5G were used - 0.01
mg/l (0.01 ppm) and 0.02 mg/l (0.02 ppm). Inhibition of emergence of adult mosquitoes was measured.
Good control was achieved for 4 months at both dose rates. Additional tests with Aedes albopictus (Skuse)
showed similar levels of efficacy. Results are shown in Figure 5 (Vythilingam et. al, 2005). Peru. A trial
was conducted in Iquitos, Peru where 16 water tanks which actively supported breeding Ae. aegypti were
selected. The volume of these tanks was 200, 300 and 600 litres. They were in constant use as water sources
and therefore subject to regular dilution by being topped up with fresh water. They were treated with doses
of 50, 67 and 83 ppb pyriproxyfen. Samples of the water were taken back to the laboratory each month for
5 months where batches of 25 laboratory-reared fourth instar Ae. aegypti were added. These were compared
with control pots containing 1 litre of clean tap water. Larval food was added to all pots and the number of
larvae and pupae that had died over a 6 day period was noted and expressed as percentage mortality. Results
(Figure 6) demonstrate continued efficacy of pyriproxyfen over the 5 month trial period (Sichuincha et al.,
2005). Cambodia. Concrete domestic water storage jars are a common larval habitat for Ae. aegypti in
Cambodia. Those used in these trials had a capacity of 200 litres.
4. 242 J.F. Invest and J.R. Lucas
100
90
% Emergance Inhibition (EI)
80
Figure 5. Evaluation of 70
Tests conducted in 0.02mg/l
pyriproxyfen 0.5G agains Ae. 60
50
60 litre
earthenware
0.01mg/l
aegypti (Malaysia) 40
storage jars - 20%
of water replaced
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5
Months
Fig 6. Larval/pupal mortality in water samples taken from
pyriproxyfen treated storage tanks - Iquitos, Peru
Figure 6. Larval/pupal mortality in
water samples from pyriproxyfen- 100
90
treated water tanks (Peru) 80
70
% mortality
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2 3 4 5
Months
These jars were treated with pyriproxyfen 0.5 granules. Efficacy was good for up to 6 months with the
higher dose rates inhibiting emergence of adult mosquitoes by >87% (Fig. 7). At a dosage of 27 ppb
pyriproxyfen, monthly removal and replacement of two thirds of the water did not reduce efficacy (Chang
Moh Seng et al., 2006).
100
90
% Emergence Inhibition
80
70
60 Note jars treated at 27 18ppb Figure 7. Inhibition of adult
50
ppb had 66% water 27ppb
28ppb
emergence of Ae. aegypti using
removed and replaced
40 monthly 37ppb pyriproxyfen 0.5G (Cambodia)
Control
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Months Post-treatment
jars treated with Sumilarv sticks (pyriproxyfen) at 0.039 ppm compared with
untreated control jars
120
100
Figure 8. Inhibition of adult
% Emergence inhibition
80 emergence of Ae. aegypti from water
60
Sumilarv stick jars treated with pyriproxyfen sticks
Control
at 0.39 ppm (top line) compared with
40 control (bottom line)
20
0
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35
Weeks
5. Pyriproxyfen as a Mosquito Larvicide 243
Pyriproxyfen Sticks
A trial was conducted using 100 water storage jars in 23 households with capacities of between 300-400 l.
The jars were treated with a slow release pyriproxyfen stick formulation at a rate equivalent to 0.039 mg a.i./l
(39 ppb). The jars were checked every two weeks and pupae were collected from the surface of the water
in each treated and control jar. These were transported with water from the jar back to the laboratory where
emergence was monitored. Results, presented in Fig. 8, demonstrate that emergence inhibition remained at
100% for at least 3 months at 39 ppb and above 98% for 22 weeks, remaining above 80% for 35 weeks when
the trial ceased (Chang Moh Seng et al., 2007)
Larviciding
Larviciding as a vector control tool has largely fallen out of fashion for malaria control but is still used
significantly for control of nuisance mosquitoes in urban environments and of the vectors of dengue. It
is generally believed that the control of Anophelines is difficult as the majority of species are rural and
their breeding sites are too widespread for practical application. As a consequence the major interventions
for malaria control are indoor residual sprays and the use of long lasting insecticidal nets. However these
interventions do not provide complete control. The addition of an effective larviciding program would
further increase the impact on vectors and their associated disease agents.
Studies conducted in Africa suggest that 80% of Anopheline breeding sites in Africa are man made and
close to human habitation. They are therefore relatively easy to find and treat. Studies have shown that many
of the so called breeding sites are temporary pools and are not pupal productive. Therefore even if treatment
regimes are limited within 100 metres of the confines of a village then the impact of larviciding can still be
significant. The most important breeding sites in the village are borrow pits created when soil is removed
to make bricks, also standing water around stand pipes and irrigation channels around crop gardens can be
also be important.
Resistance
Insecticide resistance has become a major concern in vector control with resistance now present in
mosquitoes to all major classes of chemical insecticides. This can lead to product failure and a rise in
disease transmission. There is no known field resistance to pyriproxyfen. Several papers have been
published supporting this. An organophosphate resistant strain of Cx. quinquefasciatus was pressurised with
pyriproxyfen for 17 generations to see if resistance developed, and no increased tolerance was observed
(Schaefer and Mulligan, 1991). Treatment of An. subpictus and A. nigerrimus in rice fields in Sri Lanka with
two organophosphates showed high resistance resulting in control failure. In contrast pyriproxyfen conferred
no selective advantage to larvae with either oxidase or acetylcholinesterase-based resistance mechanisms
and continued to provide control for 71 days (Hemingway et al., 1998). Strains of Culex pipiens molestus
were used to evaluate pyriproxyfen. There were 2 resistant strains, one resistant to organophosphates and
the other to both pyrethroids and methoprene. Pyriproxyfen showed potent activity against both strains and
even against the methoprene resistant strain, demonstrating a different mode of action and lack of cross
resistance, even to another insect growth regulator (Yoshiaki Kono et al., 1997).
Transfer Technology
It has been found by several researchers that if adult mosquitoes are allowed to contact pyriproxyfen treated
surfaces they can subsequently transfer it to oviposition sites where it can have a subsequent impact on pupal
emergence, causing inhibition of emergence (IE). The first publication demonstrating this effect investigated
blood-fed Ae. aegypti exposed to 1.0 g/m² of pyriproxyfen for 30 minutes that were then allowed to lay eggs
in cups of water containing 4th instar larvae. The IE rate varied according to the numbers of mosquitoes
exposed and subsequently allowed to access the oviposition site. With as few as 5 females accessing the
oviposition pot there was 100% IE of adults from pupae. The authors also evaluated the effect of treating
female Ae. aegypti before and after blood meals.
The results showed that mosquitoes exposed to pyriproxyfen 4 days before their meal laid very few
eggs but the number of eggs laid increased dramatically if the exposure was 3 days after the blood meal.
6. 244 J.F. Invest and J.R. Lucas
This indicates that exposure to pyriproxyfen prior to feeding has an effect on egg development in the female
mosquito.
However, pupae developed from the few eggs laid by females exposed 4 days before their blood meal
achieved 76.7% adult emergence. In contrast only 5% emergence was recorded from pupae developed
from eggs laid by females exposed 3 days after their blood meal. This could be related to the amount of
pyriproxyfen remaining on the cuticle of the mosquito and its’ resultant transfer to the oviposition site.
This was confirmed in another study detecting pyriproxyfen on females from 1-7 days after exposure. At
5 days pyriproxyfen had nearly all disappeared and at 7 days none was detectable on their cuticle. (Itoh et
al., 1994)
In another study adults were exposed to pyriproxyfen treated surfaces which resulted in between 43%
and 73% IE of Ae. albopictus. Rates of inhibition varied depending on the numbers of adults exposed
and hence the amount of pyriproxyfen transferred. There appeared to be no impact on fecundity, however
egg hatch rate declined by 30% from the 1st to 2nd gonotrophic cycles (Dell Chism and Apperson, 2003).
In a more recent study it was shown groups of 5 or 20 blood-fed Ae. aegypti exposed to residues of 3 mg
pyriproxyfen/m² could transfer enough chemical to new oviposition sites, this preventing approximately
80% of adult emergence from larvae developing in previously uncontaminated water. In addition the authors
found that while fecundity was unaffected, the subsequent eclosion of the eggs that these mosquitoes laid
was decreased by 70-90% (Sihuincha et al., 2005).
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