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4. - Emphasizes core knowledge and skills
- Focuses on traditional disciplines
- Teacher-oriented classrooms
- Teacher determines important content
- Emphasizes basic skills, discipline, and
standardized testing

5. For example, in a math class, the teacher
provides a step-by-step explanation of a
mathematical concept, demonstrates
problem-solving techniques, and assigns
practice exercises to ensure mastery of
the subject.

6. - Perennialism is a teacher-centered philosophy.
- It emphasizes the importance of universal truths
and values.
- Perennialists believe that ideas from great
authors, thinkers, and artists are timeless and
should be included in the curriculum.
- The focus is on enduring knowledge and concepts
that have stood the test of time.

7. For example, in an English literature class, the
teacher may assign classic novels like “Pride and
Prejudice” by Jane Austen and facilitate
discussions on themes such as love, social class,
and morality.

9. - Learning through experience and hands-on
involvement
- Rejecting passive knowledge acquisition
- Emphasizing problem-solving and critical
thinking skills
- Integrating and thematically connecting
curriculum
- Encouraging cooperative learning, student
choice, and intrinsic motivation

10. For example, in a science class, the teacher may
organize a field trip to a local nature reserve
where students can observe and study
ecosystems, collect samples, and conduct
experiments to deepen their understanding of
ecological concepts.

11. - Individuals construct their own understanding and
knowledge.
- Learning occurs through active engagement and
reflection.
- Knowledge is constructed, not passively received.
- Teachers facilitate the learning process rather
than providing direct knowledge.
- Students assess how activities contribute to their
understanding.

12. For example, in an art class, the teacher
encourages students to explore their
creativity, experiment with different art
forms, and express their emotions
through their artwork.

13. - Belief in the potential of every person for good
- Emphasis on the development of the whole person
and individual potential
- Focus on personal growth, self-fulfillment, and
self-actualization
- Learning seen as a personal act for fulfilling one’s
potential, not just for school or career success

14. For example, in a history class, the
teacher may assign a project where
students have to research and analyze
primary sources to develop their own
understanding of a historical event or
period.

15. Hattie, J. (2009). Visible Learning: A Synthesis of
Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement.
This influential book provides a comprehensive
analysis of various teaching strategies and their
impact on student achievement. It includes
research evidence supporting the effectiveness of
teacher-centered approaches such as direct
instruction.

16. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society: The
Development of Higher Psychological Processes.
Vygotsky’s work on sociocultural theory
emphasizes the importance of learner-centered
approaches, focusing on the role of social
interaction and scaffolding in promoting cognitive
development and learning.

17. Resistance to Change: Managing the Shift:
Shifting from a teacher-centered to a learner-centered
approach may face resistance. Here are some strategies for
managing the resistance:
• Professional Development
• Collaboration
• Communication
• Gradual Implementation
• Assessment and Evaluation

18. - Professional Development: Provide comprehensive
training and support for teachers to understand and
implement learner-centered strategies effectively.
- Collaboration: Foster collaboration among teachers
to share experiences, resources, and best practices in
learner-centered teaching.

19. - Communication: Clearly communicate the rationale and
benefits of learner-centered approaches to all stakeholders,
including teachers, parents, and administrators.
- Gradual Implementation: Introduce learner-centered
practices gradually to allow for adjustment and build
confidence among teachers.
- Assessment and Evaluation: Develop appropriate
assessment methods that align with learner-centered
approaches and provide evidence of student growth and
achievement.